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Huang Y, Zou J, Badar M, Liu J, Shi W, Wang S, Guo Q, Wang X, Kessel S, Chan LLY, Li P, Liu Y, Qiu J, Zhou C. Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30799861 DOI: 10.3791/59020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor spheroids have been developed as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model in cancer research and anti-cancer drug discovery. However, currently, high-throughput imaging modalities utilizing bright field or fluorescence detection, are unable to resolve the overall 3D structure of the tumor spheroid due to limited light penetration, diffusion of fluorescent dyes and depth-resolvability. Recently, our lab demonstrated the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a label-free and non-destructive 3D imaging modality, to perform longitudinal characterization of multicellular tumor spheroids in a 96-well plate. OCT was capable of obtaining 3D morphological and physiological information of tumor spheroids growing up to about 600 µm in height. In this article, we demonstrate a high-throughput OCT (HT-OCT) imaging system that scans the whole multi-well plate and obtains 3D OCT data of tumor spheroids automatically. We describe the details of the HT-OCT system and construction guidelines in the protocol. From the 3D OCT data, one can visualize the overall structure of the spheroid with 3D rendered and orthogonal slices, characterize the longitudinal growth curve of the tumor spheroid based on the morphological information of size and volume, and monitor the growth of the dead-cell regions in the tumor spheroid based on optical intrinsic attenuation contrast. We show that HT-OCT can be used as a high-throughput imaging modality for drug screening as well as characterizing biofabricated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyang Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University
| | - Jinyun Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University
| | - Mudabbir Badar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University
| | - Wentao Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University
| | | | - Qiongyu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University
| | - Sarah Kessel
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC
| | | | - Peter Li
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University; Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University
| | - Jean Qiu
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University; Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University; Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University;
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Tsai MT, Huang BH, Yeh CC, Lei KF, Tsang NM. Non-Invasive Quantification of the Growth of Cancer Cell Colonies by a Portable Optical Coherence Tomography. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10010035. [PMID: 30621072 PMCID: PMC6356435 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of tumor development is essential in cancer research. In the laboratory, living cell culture is a standard bio-technology for studying cellular response under tested conditions to predict in vivo cellular response. In particular, the colony formation assay has become a standard experiment for characterizing the tumor development in vitro. However, quantification of the growth of cell colonies under a microscope is difficult because they are suspended in a three-dimensional environment. Thus, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging was develop in this study to monitor the growth of cell colonies. Cancer cell line of Huh 7 was used and the cells were applied on a layer of agarose hydrogel, i.e., a non-adherent surface. Then, cell colonies were gradually formed on the surface. The OCT technique was used to scan the cell colonies every day to obtain quantitative data for describing their growth. The results revealed the average volume increased with time due to the formation of cell colonies day-by-day. Additionally, the distribution of cell colony volume was analyzed to show the detailed information of the growth of the cell colonies. In summary, the OCT provides a non-invasive quantification technique for monitoring the growth of the cell colonies. From the OCT images, objective and precise information is obtained for higher prediction of the in vivo tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tsan Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Huei Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chih Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
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Facile Tumor Spheroids Formation in Large Quantity with Controllable Size and High Uniformity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6837. [PMID: 29717201 PMCID: PMC5931581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method for generation of tumor spheroids in large quantity with controllable size and high uniformity is presented. HCT-116 cells are used as a model cell line. Individual tumor cells are sparsely seeded onto petri-dishes. After a few days of growth, separated cellular islets are formed and then detached by dispase while maintaining their sheet shape. These detached cell sheets are transferred to dispase-doped media under orbital shaking conditions. Assisted by the shear flow under shaking and inhibition of cell-to-extracellular matrix junctions by dispase, the cell sheets curl up and eventually tumor spheroids are formed. The average size of the spheroids can be controlled by tuning the cell sheet culturing period and spheroid shaking period. The uniformity can be controlled by a set of sieves which were home-made using stainless steel meshes. Since this method is based on simple petri-dish cell culturing and shaking, it is rather facile for forming tumor spheroids with no theoretical quantity limit. This method has been used to form HeLa, A431 and U87 MG tumor spheroids and application of the formed tumor spheroids in drug screening is also demonstrated. The viability, 3D structure, and necrosis of the spheroids are characterized.
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Tang Q, Nagaya T, Liu Y, Horng H, Lin J, Sato K, Kobayashi H, Chen Y. 3D mesoscopic fluorescence tomography for imaging micro-distribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates during near infrared photoimmunotherapy in vivo. J Control Release 2018; 279:171-180. [PMID: 29673644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a novel low-side-effect cancer therapy, photo-immunotherapy (PIT) is based on conjugating monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a near-infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye IRDye700DX (IR 700). IR700 is not only fluorescent to be used as an imaging agent, but also phototoxic. When illuminating with NIR light, PIT can induce highly-selective cancer cell death while leaving most of tumor blood vessels unharmed, leading to an effect termed super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR), which can significantly improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug. Currently, the therapeutic effects of PIT are monitored using 2D macroscopic fluorescence reflectance imager, which lacks the resolution and depth information to reveal the 3D distribution of mAb-IR700. In the study, we applied a multi-modal optical imaging approach including high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-sensitivity fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT), to provide 3D tumor micro-structure and micro-distribution of mAb-IR700 in the tumor simultaneously during PIT in situ and in vivo. The multi-wavelength FLOT can also provide the blood vessels morphology of the tumor. Thus, the 3D FLOT reconstructed images allow us to evaluate the IR700 fluorescence distribution change with respect to the blood vessels and at different tumor locations/depths non-invasively, thereby enabling evaluation of the therapeutic effects in vivo and optimization of treatment regimens accordingly. The mAb-IR700 can access more tumor areas after PIT treatment, which can be explained by increased vascular permeability immediately after NIR-PIT. Two-photon microscopy was also used to record the mAb-IR700 on the tumor surface near the blood vessels to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Hannah Horng
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States.
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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