51
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Dayde D, Guerard M, Perron P, Hatat AS, Barrial C, Eymin B, Gazzeri S. Nuclear trafficking of EGFR by Vps34 represses Arf expression to promote lung tumor cell survival. Oncogene 2015; 35:3986-94. [PMID: 26686095 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a cell surface receptor that has an essential role in cell proliferation and survival, and overexpression of EGFR is a common feature of human cancers. In Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), activating mutations of EGFR have also been described. We recently showed that mutant EGFR-L858R inhibits the expression of the p14ARF tumor-suppressor protein to promote cell survival. In this study, we defined the molecular bases by which EGFR controls Arf expression. Using various lung tumor models, we showed that EGF stimulation inhibits Arf transcription by a mechanism involving the nuclear transport and recruitment of EGFR to the Arf promoter. We unraveled the vesicular trafficking protein Vps34 as a mediator of EGFR nuclear trafficking and showed that its neutralization prevents the accumulation of EGFR to the Arf promoter in response to ligand activation. Finally, in lung tumor cells that carry mutant EGFR-L858R, we demonstrated that inhibition of Vps34 using small interfering RNA restrains nuclear EGFR location and restores Arf expression leading to apoptosis. These findings identify the Arf tumor suppressor as a new transcriptional target of nuclear EGFR and highlight Vps34 as an important regulator of the nuclear EGFR/Arf survival pathway. As a whole, they provide a mechanistic explanation to the inverse correlation between nuclear expression of EGFR and overall survival in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dayde
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - M Guerard
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - P Perron
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - A-S Hatat
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - C Barrial
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - B Eymin
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - S Gazzeri
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.,Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
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52
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Saruhan BG, Sağsöz H, Akbalik ME, Erdoğan S. Functional characteristics of the growth factor receptor family and some ligands in the oropharyngeal cavity of the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar). Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:673-86. [PMID: 26569385 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1099611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study is to describe, immunohistochemically, the expression and cell type localisation of growth factor receptors and some of their ligands in the oropharyngeal organs of the Chukar partridge. 2. The tissue samples from 10 healthy adult partridges were dissected under ether anaesthesia and then embedded in paraffin following routine histological procedures. The immunoreaction for receptors and ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ligand system was localised in the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm of the luminal and glandular epithelial cells, stromal and striated muscle cells, and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. 3. Variations were observed in the avian oropharyngeal organs. The immunostaining for the erbB1/HER1 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 1) and the EGF (epidermal growth factor) and AREG (Amphiregulin) ligands in the luminal epithelial cells was higher than in the glandular epithelial, stromal and striated muscle cells. However, the immunostaining for erbB3/HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3) and erbB4/HER4 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 4) were similar in the luminal epithelium, stromal and striated muscle cells. 4. Growth factor receptors and some of their ligands were localised in different cell types in the oropharyngeal organs. We suggest that erbB/HERs (human epidermal growth factor receptors) and their ligands play an important role in proliferation, differentiation, growth, survival and migration of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna G Saruhan
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Hakan Sağsöz
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Mehmet E Akbalik
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Namık Kemal University , Tekirdağ , Turkey
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53
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Cuneo KC, Nyati MK, Ray D, Lawrence TS. EGFR targeted therapies and radiation: Optimizing efficacy by appropriate drug scheduling and patient selection. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:67-77. [PMID: 26205191 PMCID: PMC4570853 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in tumor progression and treatment resistance for many types of malignancies including head and neck, colorectal, and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Several EGFR targeted therapies are efficacious as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy. Given the toxicity associated with chemoradiation and poor outcomes seen in several types of cancers, combinations of EGFR targeted agents with or without chemotherapy have been tested in patients receiving radiation. To date, the only FDA approved use of an anti-EGFR therapy in combination with radiation therapy is for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Given the important role EGFR plays in lung and colorectal cancer and the benefit of EGFR inhibition combined with chemotherapy in these disease sites, it is perplexing why EGFR targeted therapies in combination with radiation or chemoradiation have not been more successful. In this review we summarize the clinical findings of EGFR targeted therapies combined with radiation and chemoradiation regimens. We then discuss the interaction between EGFR and radiation including radiation induced EGFR signaling, the effect of EGFR on DNA damage repair, and potential mechanisms of radiosensitization. Finally, we examine the potential pitfalls with scheduling EGFR targeted therapies with chemoradiation and the use of predictive biomarkers to improve patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Cuneo
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mukesh K Nyati
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dipankar Ray
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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54
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Wang HM, Cheng NM, Lee LY, Fang YHD, Chang JTC, Tsan DL, Ng SH, Liao CT, Yang LY, Yen TC. Heterogeneity of (18)F-FDG PET combined with expression of EGFR may improve the prognostic stratification of advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:731-8. [PMID: 26311121 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ang's risk profile (based on p16, smoking and cancer stage) is a well-known prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whether heterogeneity in (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomographic (PET) images and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression could provide additional information on clinical outcomes in advanced-stage OPSCC was investigated. Patients with stage III-IV OPSCC who completed primary therapy were eligible. Zone-size nonuniformity (ZSNU) extracted from pretreatment FDG PET scans was used as an index of image heterogeneity. EGFR and p16 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry. Disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) served as outcome measures. Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for survival analysis. A bootstrap resampling technique was applied to investigate the stability of outcomes. Finally, a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA)-based model was constructed. A total of 113 patients were included, of which 28 were p16-positive. Multivariate analysis identified the Ang's profile, EGFR and ZSNU as independent predictors of both DSS and OS. Using RPA, the three risk factors were used to devise a prognostic scoring system that successfully predicted DSS in both p16-positive and -negative cases. The c-statistic of the prognostic index for DSS was 0.81, a value which was significantly superior to both AJCC stage (0.60) and the Ang's risk profile (0.68). In patients showing an Ang's high-risk profile (N = 77), the use of our scoring system clearly identified three distinct prognostic subgroups. It was concluded that a novel index may improve the prognostic stratification of patients with advanced-stage OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Ming Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30071, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Dean Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Din-Li Tsan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hang Ng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ta Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Yan Yang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Biostatistics Unit, Clinical Trial Center, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33305, Taiwan
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55
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Zhang M, Piao L, Datta J, Lang JC, Xie X, Teknos TN, Mapp AK, Pan Q. miR-124 Regulates the Epithelial-Restricted with Serine Box/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Axis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2313-20. [PMID: 26227488 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-restricted with serine box (ESX), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, is elevated and regulates EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to ESX dysregulation remain to be elucidated. In this study, in silico analysis of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of ESX predicted two miR-124-binding sites. Delivery of miR-124 inhibited the 3'UTR ESX-driven reporter activity by 50% (P < 0.05) confirming ESX as a direct target of miR-124. Loss of miR-124 was found to be a frequent event in HNSCC. miR-124 expression was significantly depleted in the primary tumor compared with matched normal tissue in 100% (12/12) of HNSCC patients; relative mean miR-124 expression of 0.01197 and 0.00118 (P < 0.001, n = 12) in matched normal adjacent tissue and primary HNSCC tumor, respectively. Overexpression of miR-124 decreased ESX and EGFR levels in miR-124(low)/ESX(high)/EGFR(high) SCC15 HNSCC cells and reduced cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and colony formation. SCC15 cells with miR-124 restoration were less tumorigenic in vivo than miR-control SCC15 cells (70% inhibition, P < 0.01). Restoration of miR-124 in SCC15 cells enhanced the antiproliferative efficacy of the EGFR/Her2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, recapitulation of EGFR in miR-124-overexpressing SCC15 cells was sufficient to completely block the antiproliferative effects of lapatinib and afatinib. Taken together, our work provides intriguing evidence that miR-124 is a novel therapeutic approach to reduce ESX/EGFR, and may be a tractable strategy to enhance the response rate of HNSCC patients to current anti-EGFR/Her2 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Longzhu Piao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jharna Datta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James C Lang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiujie Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anna K Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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56
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Abstract
In recent years, our knowledge and understanding of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has expanded dramatically. New high-throughput sequencing technologies have accelerated these discoveries since the first reports of whole-exome sequencing of HNSCC tumors in 2011. In addition, the discovery of human papillomavirus in relationship with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has shifted our molecular understanding of the disease. New investigation into the role of immune evasion in HNSCC has also led to potential novel therapies based on immune-specific systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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57
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Ahel J, Dordevic G, Markic D, Mozetic V, Spanjol J, Grahovac B, Stifter S. Nuclear EGFR characterize still controlled proliferation retained in better differentiated clear cell RCC. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:183-5. [PMID: 25959864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid kidney tumor representing 2-3% of all cancers, with the highest frequency occurring in Western countries. There was a worldwide and European annual increase in incidence of approximately 2% although incidence has been stabilized in last few years. One third of the patients already have metastases in the time of the diagnosis with poor prognosis because RCC are radio and chemoresistant. The prognostic value of EGFR over-expression in RCC is a controversial issue that could be explained by different histological types of study tumors and non-standardized criteria for evaluation of expression. Recent evidences points to a new mode of EGFR signaling pathway in which activated EGFR undergoes nuclear translocalization and then, as transcription factor, mediates gene expression and other cellular events required for highly proliferating activities. According to our observations, the membranous expression of EGFR associates with high nuclear grade and poor differentiated tumors. On the other hand, nuclear EGFR expression was high in low nuclear graded and well differentiated tumors with good prognosis. We hypothesize that this mode of EGFR signaling characterizes still controlled proliferation retained in well differentiated RCC with Furhman nuclear grade I or II.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahel
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - G Dordevic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - D Markic
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - V Mozetic
- Medico Polyclinic, Agatićeva 8, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - J Spanjol
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Grahovac
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Stifter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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58
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Price KAR, Cohen EEW. Mechanisms of and therapeutic approaches for overcoming resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Oral Oncol 2015; 51:399-408. [PMID: 25725588 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which has been associated with poor treatment response and survival. However, only modest success has been achieved with the use of single agents that target EGFR, possibly due to primary and acquired resistance. This review will discuss key mechanisms of and therapeutic approaches to overcoming resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in SCCHN. Recent preclinical and clinical investigations have demonstrated that other ErbB family receptors (eg, HER2 and HER3) and other horizontal resistance mechanisms, as well as activation of downstream signaling pathways, epigenetic events, and nuclear EGFR, are possible mediators of resistance to anti-EGFR therapeutics. Key downstream pathways that may be implicated in EGFR resistance include phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Multiple agents that target EGFR and other ErbB family members (ie, lapatinib, afatinib, and dacomitinib), as well as combination therapies that target EGFR and selected other pathways (eg, VEGF, mTOR, and c-Met) are being investigated clinically. In addition, several phase II and III trials continue to investigate strategies to enhance the efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy in SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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59
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Mertens-Walker I, Lisle JE, Nyberg WA, Stephens CR, Burke L, Rutkowski R, Herington AC, Stephenson SA. EphB4 localises to the nucleus of prostate cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:105-15. [PMID: 25724901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is over-expressed in a variety of different epithelial cancers including prostate where it has been shown to be involved in survival, migration and angiogenesis. We report here that EphB4 also resides in the nucleus of prostate cancer cell lines. We used in silico methods to identify a bipartite nuclear localisation signal (NLS) in the extracellular domain and a monopartite NLS sequence in the intracellular kinase domain of EphB4. To determine whether both putative NLS sequences were functional, fragments of the EphB4 sequence containing each NLS were cloned to create EphB4NLS-GFP fusion proteins. Localisation of both NLS-GFP proteins to the nuclei of transfected cells was observed, demonstrating that EphB4 contains two functional NLS sequences. Mutation of the key amino residues in both NLS sequences resulted in diminished nuclear accumulation. As nuclear translocation is often dependent on importins we confirmed that EphB4 and importin-α can interact. To assess if nuclear EphB4 could be implicated in gene regulatory functions potential EphB4-binding genomic loci were identified using chromatin immunoprecipitation and Lef1 was confirmed as a potential target of EphB4-mediated gene regulation. These novel findings add further complexity to the biology of this important cancer-associated receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Mertens-Walker
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jessica E Lisle
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - William A Nyberg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Carson R Stephens
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Leslie Burke
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Raphael Rutkowski
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
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60
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Ang KK, Zhang Q, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tan PF, Sherman EJ, Weber RS, Galvin JM, Bonner JA, Harris J, El-Naggar AK, Gillison ML, Jordan RC, Konski AA, Thorstad WL, Trotti A, Beitler JJ, Garden AS, Spanos WJ, Yom SS, Axelrod RS. Randomized phase III trial of concurrent accelerated radiation plus cisplatin with or without cetuximab for stage III to IV head and neck carcinoma: RTOG 0522. J Clin Oncol 2015; 32:2940-50. [PMID: 25154822 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Combining cisplatin or cetuximab with radiation improves overall survival (OS) of patients with stage III or IV head and neck carcinoma (HNC). Cetuximab plus platinum regimens also increase OS in metastatic HNC. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group launched a phase III trial to test the hypothesis that adding cetuximab to the radiation-cisplatin platform improves progression-free survival (PFS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients with stage III or IV HNC were randomly assigned to receive radiation and cisplatin without (arm A) or with (arm B) cetuximab. Acute and late reactions were scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3). Outcomes were correlated with patient and tumor features and markers. RESULTS Of 891 analyzed patients, 630 were alive at analysis (median follow-up, 3.8 years). Cetuximab plus cisplatin-radiation, versus cisplatin-radiation alone, resulted in more frequent interruptions in radiation therapy (26.9% v. 15.1%, respectively); similar cisplatin delivery (mean, 185.7 mg/m2 v. 191.1 mg/m2, respectively); and more grade 3 to 4 radiation mucositis (43.2% v. 33.3%, respectively), rash, fatigue, anorexia, and hypokalemia, but not more late toxicity. No differences were found between arms A and B in 30-day mortality (1.8% v. 2.0%, respectively; P = .81), 3-year PFS (61.2% v. 58.9%, respectively; P = .76), 3-year OS (72.9% v. 75.8%, respectively; P = .32), locoregional failure (19.9% v. 25.9%, respectively; P = .97), or distant metastasis (13.0% v. 9.7%, respectively; P = .08). Patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC), compared with patients with p16-negative OPC, had better 3-year probability of PFS (72.8% v. 49.2%, respectively; P < .001) and OS (85.6% v. 60.1%, respectively; P < .001), but tumor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression did not distinguish outcome. CONCLUSION Adding cetuximab to radiation-cisplatin did not improve outcome and hence should not be prescribed routinely. PFS and OS were higher in patients with p16-positive OPC, but outcomes did not differ by EGFR expression.
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61
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Pereira NB, do Carmo ACDM, Diniz MG, Gomez RS, Gomes DA, Gomes CC. Nuclear localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in ameloblastomas. Oncotarget 2015; 6:9679-85. [PMID: 25991665 PMCID: PMC4496389 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ameloblastoma is a locally invasive neoplasm often associated with morbidity and facial deformities, showing increased Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression. Inhibition of EGFR was suggested as a treatment option for a subset of ameloblastomas. However, there are resistance mechanisms that impair anti-EGFR therapies. One important resistance mechanism for EGFR-inhibition is the EGFR nuclear localization, which activates genes responsible for its mitogenic effects, such as Cyclin D1. METHODS We assessed EGFR nuclear localization in encapsulated (unicystic, n = 3) and infiltrative (multicystic, n = 11) ameloblastomas and its colocalization with Cyclin D1 by using anti-EGFR and anti-lamin B1 double labeling immunofluorescence analyzed by confocal microscopy. Oral inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples were used for comparison. RESULTS Twelve cases of ameloblastoma exhibited nuclear EGFR colocalization with lamin B1. This positive staining was mainly observed in the ameloblast-like cells. The EGFR nuclear localization was also observed in control samples. In addition, nuclear EGFR colocalized with Cyclin D1 in ameloblastomas. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear EGFR occurs in ameloblastomas in association with Cyclin D1 expression, which is important in terms of tumor biology clarification and raises a concern about anti-EGFR treatment resistance in ameloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Braga Pereira
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Melo do Carmo
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina Gonçalves Diniz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cavalieri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Cortelazzi B, Verderio P, Ciniselli CM, Pizzamiglio S, Bossi P, Gloghini A, Gualeni AV, Volpi CC, Locati L, Pierotti MA, Licitra L, Pilotti S, Perrone F. Receptor tyrosine kinase profiles and human papillomavirus status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:734-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cortelazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Verderio
- Unit of Medical Statistics Biometry and Bioinformatics Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Chiara Maura Ciniselli
- Unit of Medical Statistics Biometry and Bioinformatics Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Sara Pizzamiglio
- Unit of Medical Statistics Biometry and Bioinformatics Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Ambra V. Gualeni
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Chiara C. Volpi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Laura Locati
- Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | | | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan Italy
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Su NW, Leu YS, Lee JC, Liu CJ, Cheng CY, Lin JS, Chen YJ, Chen CK, Fang IC, Hsieh RK, Chang YF. EGF and EGFR genetic polymorphisms predict prognosis in locally advanced pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients receiving postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:2197-204. [PMID: 25506224 PMCID: PMC4259259 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s70188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) are part of an important signaling pathway that is involved in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We hypothesized that EGF/EGFR genetic polymorphisms might have a prognostic impact on disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) in locally advanced SCCHN. Materials and methods The patient group included a consecutive cohort of 180 patients with locally advanced SCCHN who underwent postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy between 2002 and 2010. DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues was genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of EGF A61G A>G, EGFR R521K G>A and G-216T. The log-rank test was applied to evaluate the impact of SNPs on the outcomes. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier statistical method. Results We demonstrated that EGF/EGFR SNPs might predict prognosis in patients with primary pharyngolaryngeal tumors, but not in those with oral cavity tumors. In pharyngolaryngeal tumor subgroup, EGF61 G/G genotype led to worse 5 year OS rate when compared to G/A or A/A genotypes (13.3% versus 34.3% versus 50.0%, P=0.017). The 5 year OS of patients with EGFR R521K G/G (11.1%) and G/A (15.9%) were lower than the A/A (62.5%) genotype (P=0.054). Patients carrying one or two unfavorable alleles had worse 5 year OS than those without unfavorable allele (not available versus 20% versus 71.4%, P=0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that the highest risk of death was associated with the coexistence of two unfavorable genotypes (hazard ratio 25.7, 95% confidence interval =3.4–193.4; P=0.002). Conclusion In this study, we were able to demonstrate that the EGF A61G and EGFR R521K genetic polymorphisms might be important prognostic factors in patients with locally advanced primary pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Su
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Leu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jehn-Chuan Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Sheng Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chih Fang
- Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Kuen Hsieh
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Chang
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Egloff AM, Lee JW, Langer CJ, Quon H, Vaezi A, Grandis JR, Seethala RR, Wang L, Shin DM, Argiris A, Yang D, Mehra R, Ridge JA, Patel UA, Burtness BA, Forastiere AA. Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with cisplatin and radiation in unresectable, locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Eastern cooperative oncology group trial E3303. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5041-51. [PMID: 25107914 PMCID: PMC4184913 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment with cisplatin or cetuximab combined with radiotherapy each yield superior survival in locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (LA-SCCHN) compared with radiotherapy alone. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E3303 evaluated the triple combination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with stage IV unresectable LA-SCCHN received a loading dose of cetuximab (400 mg/m(2)) followed by 250 mg/m(2)/week and cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) q 3 weeks ×3 cycles concurrent with standard fractionated radiotherapy. In the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, patients continued maintenance cetuximab for 6 to 12 months. Primary endpoint was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). Patient tumor and blood correlates, including tumor human papillomavirus (HPV) status, were evaluated for association with survival. RESULTS A total of 69 patients were enrolled; 60 proved eligible and received protocol treatment. Oropharyngeal primaries constituted the majority (66.7%), stage T4 48.3% and N2-3 91.7%. Median radiotherapy dose delivered was 70 Gy, 71.6% received all three cycles of cisplatin, and 74.6% received maintenance cetuximab. Median PFS was 19.4 months, 2-year PFS 47% [95% confidence interval (CI), 33%-61%]. Two-year overall survival (OS) was 66% (95% CI, 53%-77%); median OS was not reached. Response rate was 66.7%. Most common grade ≥3 toxicities included mucositis (55%), dysphagia (46%), and neutropenia (26%); one attributable grade 5 toxicity occurred. Only tumor HPV status was significantly associated with survival. HPV was evaluable in 29 tumors; 10 (all oropharyngeal) were HPV positive. HPV(+) patients had significantly longer OS and PFS (P = 0.004 and P = 0.036, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Concurrent cetuximab, cisplatin, and radiotherapy were well tolerated and yielded promising 2-year PFS and OS in LA-SCCHN with improved survival for patients with HPV(+) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ju-Whei Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Harry Quon
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alec Vaezi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Lin Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Donghua Yang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Arlene A Forastiere
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wang X, Li S. Protein mislocalization: mechanisms, functions and clinical applications in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:13-25. [PMID: 24709009 PMCID: PMC4141035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The changes from normal cells to cancer cells are primarily regulated by genome instability, which foster hallmark functions of cancer through multiple mechanisms including protein mislocalization. Mislocalization of these proteins, including oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and other cancer-related proteins, can interfere with normal cellular function and cooperatively drive tumor development and metastasis. This review describes the cancer-related effects of protein subcellular mislocalization, the related mislocalization mechanisms, and the potential application of this knowledge to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wanebo HJ, Lee J, Burtness BA, Ridge JA, Ghebremichael M, Spencer SA, Psyrri D, Pectasides E, Rimm D, Rosen FR, Hancock MR, Tolba KA, Forastiere AA. Induction cetuximab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin followed by chemoradiation with cetuximab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin for stage III/IV head and neck squamous cancer: a phase II ECOG-ACRIN trial (E2303). Ann Oncol 2014; 25:2036-2041. [PMID: 25009013 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E2303 evaluated cetuximab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin used as induction therapy and concomitant with radiation therapy in patients with stage III/IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) determining pathologic complete response (CR), event-free survival (EFS), and toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with resectable stage III/IV HNSCC underwent induction therapy with planned primary site restaging biopsies (at week 8 in clinical complete responders and at week 14 if disease persisted). Chemoradiation (CRT) began week 9. If week 14 biopsy was negative, patients completed CRT (68-72 Gy); otherwise, resection was carried out. p16 protein expression status was correlated with response/survival. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were enrolled; 63 were eligible. Forty-four (70%) were free of surgery to the primary site, progression, and death 1-year post-treatment. Following induction, 41 (23 CR) underwent week 8 primary site biopsy and 24 (59%) had no tumor (pathologic CR). Week 14 biopsy during chemoradiation (50 Gy) in 34 (15 previously positive biopsy; 19 no prior biopsy) was negative in 33. Thus 90% of eligible patients completed CRT. Overall survival and EFS were 78% and 55% at 3 years, respectively. Disease progression in 23 patients (37%) was local only in 10 (16%), regional in 5 (8%), local and regional in 2 (3%), and distant in 5 patients (8%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Toxicity was primarily hematologic or radiation-related. p16 AQUA score was not associated with response/survival. CONCLUSIONS Induction cetuximab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin followed by the same drug CRT is safe and induces high primary site response and promising survival. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER NCT 00089297.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Wanebo
- Department of Surgery, Landmark Medical Center, Woonsocket.
| | - J Lee
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - B A Burtness
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia
| | - J A Ridge
- Department of Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia
| | - M Ghebremichael
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - S A Spencer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | - D Psyrri
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven
| | - E Pectasides
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven
| | - D Rimm
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven
| | - F R Rosen
- Department of Medical Oncology, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago
| | - M R Hancock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Porter Memorial Hospital, Denver
| | - K A Tolba
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami
| | - A A Forastiere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
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Activation of EGFR signaling from pilocytic astrocytomas to glioblastomas. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e69-77. [PMID: 24170555 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EGFR analyses allow for better correlation between genotype and phenotype in astrocytomas and represent an attractive therapeutic target. Most studies emphasize analyses of EGFR in glioblastomas (GBMs) but do not analyze all grades of astrocytomas (from pilocytic to GBM). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the status of EGFR (expression, deletion, and amplification) and EGFR protein expression in all grades of astrocytomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed a total of 145 surgical tumor specimens that included: 22 pilocytic astrocytomas, 22 grade II astrocytomas, 17 grade III astrocytomas and 84 GBMs. The specimens were compared to 17 non-neoplastic brain tissues obtained from epilepsy surgery. EGFR expression, EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII analyses were performed by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS EGFR relative overexpression and EGFR amplification were observed, respectively, in 50% and 20% of astrocytomas, while EGFRvIII was only found in GBMs (34.5%, p=0.005). Amongst EGFR-amplified GBM cases, 59% also presented EGFRvIII (p<0.001). Cytoplasmic accumulation of EGFR protein was detected in 75% of astrocytomas, and 21% of the astrocytomas showed nuclear localization (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS EGFR alterations were found in all grades of astrocytomas, from pilocytic to GBMs, while EGFRvIII was exclusively found in GBMs. These findings provide important information on the mechanisms involved in the progression of astrocytomas for determining whether EGFR status can be used for effective and specific therapy.
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MFAP3L activation promotes colorectal cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1423-32. [PMID: 24735981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of microfibril-associated glycoprotein 3-like (MFAP3L) significantly correlates with distant metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC), although the mechanism has yet to be explained. In this study, we observed that MFAP3L knock-down resulted in reduced CRC cell invasion and hepatic metastasis. We evaluated the cellular location and biochemical functions of MFAP3L and found that this protein was primarily localized in the nucleus of CRC cells and acted as a protein kinase. When EGFR translocated into the nucleus upon stimulation with EGF, MFAP3L was phosphorylated at Tyr287 within its SH2 motif, and the activated form of MFAP3L phosphorylated ERK2 at Thr185 and Tyr187. Moreover, the metastatic behavior of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo could be partially explained by activation of the nuclear ERK pathway through MFAP3L phosphorylation. Hence, we experimentally demonstrated for the first time that MFAP3L likely participates in the nuclear signaling of EGFR and ERK2 and acts as a novel nuclear kinase that impacts CRC metastasis.
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Markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in association with survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94273. [PMID: 24722213 PMCID: PMC3983114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the molecular phenotype of cancers with high metastatic potential will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to the disease. Gene expression profiles link epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype with high-risk HNSCC. We sought to determine the role of protein biomarkers of EMT in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) prognosis. METHODS Protein expression analysis of EGFR, β-catenin and E-cadherin was performed on a cohort of 102 patients with HNSCC recruited between 1992 and 2005 using automated quantitative protein analysis (AQUA). We evaluated associations with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. RESULTS There were 67 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in this cohort who met inclusion criteria and for whom we had complete E-cadherin, beta-catenin and EGFR expression data. High E-cadherin expressers had longer 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) compared to those with low E-cadherin (59.7% versus 40.6%, p = 0.04) and overall survival (OS) (69.6% versus 44.3%, p = 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with low beta-catenin-expressing tumors trended toward worse 5-year PFS (p = 0.057). High EGFR expressers had inferior OS compared to low EGFR expressers (27.7% vs. 54%, p = 0.029). In the multivariable analysis context, E-cadherin remained an independent predictor of improved OS (HR = 0.204, 95% CI 0.043 to 0.972, p = 0.046) while EGFR trended towards significance for OS. CONCLUSIONS The putative markers of EMT defined within a panel of HNSCC using AQUA are associated with tumors of poor prognosis.
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Mountzios G, Rampias T, Psyrri A. The mutational spectrum of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: targetable genetic events and clinical impact. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1889-1900. [PMID: 24718888 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) represents a heterogeneous disease entity, with various etiological factors implicated in the genesis of distinct molecular subsets of tumors, which exhibit different biological and clinical behavior. Treatment of SCCHN is expected to change in the next decade as targeted therapies continue to make strides. Recently, next-generation sequencing studies conducted on ∼190 SCCHN specimens shed light into the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. These studies discovered mutations in genes involved in the differentiation program of squamous epithelium and the Notch/p63 axis (such as NOTCH1, TP63 and FBXW7), and validated genetic alterations derived from previous studies (such as mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, CCND1 and HRAS) as driver genetic events in SCCHN neoplastic transformation. More recently, comprehensive data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project on 306 SCCHN specimens provided further insight into SCCHN inherent molecular complexity, identifying novel significantly mutated genes, including FAT1, MLL2, TGFRBR2, HLA-A, NFE2l2 and CASP8. In this article, we provide an overview of the mutational spectrum of SCCHN, with emphasis on the clinical implementation of this knowledge. We also discuss the potential integration of new data within the framework of precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mountzios
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - T Rampias
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA
| | - A Psyrri
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA.
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Rampias T, Giagini A, Siolos S, Matsuzaki H, Sasaki C, Scorilas A, Psyrri A. RAS/PI3K Crosstalk and Cetuximab Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2933-46. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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72
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Harter PN, Zinke J, Scholz A, Tichy J, Zachskorn C, Kvasnicka HM, Goeppert B, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Hattingen E, Senft C, Steinbach JP, Plate KH, Mehlen P, Schulte D, Mittelbronn M. Netrin-1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival in brain metastases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92311. [PMID: 24647424 PMCID: PMC3960244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional molecule netrin-1 is upregulated in various malignancies and has recently been presented as a major general player in tumorigenesis leading to tumor progression and maintenance in various animal models. However, there is still a lack of clinico-epidemiological data related to netrin-1 expression. Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the association of netrin-1 expression and patient survival in brain metastases since those constitute one of the most limiting factors for patient prognosis. We investigated 104 brain metastases cases for netrin-1 expression using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with regard to clinical parameters such as patient survival and MRI data. Our data show that netrin-1 is strongly upregulated in most cancer subtypes. Univariate analyses revealed netrin-1 expression as a significant factor associated with poor patient survival in the total cohort of brain metastasis patients and in sub-entities such as non-small cell lung carcinomas. Interestingly, many cancer samples showed a strong nuclear netrin-1 signal which was recently linked to a truncated netrin-1 variant that enhances tumor growth. Nuclear netrin-1 expression was associated with poor patient survival in univariate as well as in multivariate analyses. Our data indicate both total and nuclear netrin-1 expression as prognostic factors in brain metastases patients in contrast to other prognostic markers in oncology such as patient age, number of brain metastases or Ki67 proliferation index. Therefore, nuclear netrin-1 expression constitutes one of the first reported molecular biomarkers for patient survival in brain metastases. Furthermore, netrin-1 may constitute a promising target for future anti-cancer treatment approaches in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Tichy
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zachskorn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans M. Kvasnicka
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Steinbach
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl H. Plate
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Brand TM, Iida M, Dunn EF, Luthar N, Kostopoulos KT, Corrigan KL, Wleklinski MJ, Yang D, Wisinski KB, Salgia R, Wheeler DL. Nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor is a functional molecular target in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1356-68. [PMID: 24634415 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subclass of breast cancers (i.e., estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) that have poor prognosis and very few identified molecular targets. Strikingly, a high percentage of TNBCs overexpresses the EGF receptor (EGFR), yet EGFR inhibition has yielded little clinical benefit. Over the last decade, advances in EGFR biology have established that EGFR functions in two distinct signaling pathways: (i) classical membrane-bound signaling and (ii) nuclear signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) can enhance resistance to anti-EGFR therapies and is correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that nEGFR may promote intrinsic resistance to cetuximab in TNBC. To examine this question, a battery of TNBC cell lines and human tumors were screened and found to express nEGFR. Knockdown of EGFR expression demonstrated that TNBC cell lines retained dependency on EGFR for proliferation, yet all cell lines were resistant to cetuximab. Furthermore, Src Family Kinases (SFKs) influenced nEGFR translocation in TNBC cell lines and in vivo tumor models, where inhibition of SFK activity led to potent reductions in nEGFR expression. Inhibition of nEGFR translocation led to a subsequent accumulation of EGFR on the plasma membrane, which greatly enhanced sensitivity of TNBC cells to cetuximab. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting both the nEGFR signaling pathway, through the inhibition of its nuclear transport, and the classical EGFR signaling pathway with cetuximab may be a viable approach for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Brand
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Human Oncology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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74
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Lin HS, Siddiq F, Talwar HS, Chen W, Voichita C, Draghici S, Jeyapalan G, Chatterjee M, Fribley A, Yoo GH, Sethi S, Kim H, Sukari A, Folbe AJ, Tainsky MA. Serum prognostic biomarkers in head and neck cancer patients. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:1819-26. [PMID: 24347532 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS A reliable estimate of survival is important as it may impact treatment choice. The objective of this study is to identify serum autoantibody biomarkers that can be used to improve prognostication for patients affected with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS A panel of 130 serum biomarkers, previously selected for cancer detection using microarray-based serological profiling and specialized bioinformatics, were evaluated for their potential as prognostic biomarkers in a cohort of 119 HNSCC patients followed for up to 12.7 years. A biomarker was considered positive if its reactivity to the particular patient's serum was greater than one standard deviation above the mean reactivity to sera from the other 118 patients, using a leave-one-out cross-validation model. Survival curves were estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistically significant differences in survival were examined using the log rank test. Independent prognostic biomarkers were identified following analysis using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Poor overall survival was associated with African Americans (hazard ratio [HR] for death = 2.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-4.33; P = .000), advanced stage (HR = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.40-5.57; P = .004), and recurrent disease (HR = 6.66; 95% CI: 2.54-17.44; P = .000). On multivariable Cox analysis adjusted for covariates (race and stage), six of the 130 markers evaluated were found to be independent prognosticators of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The results shown here are promising and demonstrate the potential use of serum biomarkers for prognostication in HNSCC patients. Further clinical trials to include larger samples of patients across multiple centers may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sheng Lin
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute/Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
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75
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Yuan Y, Chen S, Paunesku T, Gleber SC, Liu WC, Doty CB, Mak R, Deng J, Jin Q, Lai B, Brister K, Flachenecker C, Jacobsen C, Vogt S, Woloschak GE. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted nuclear delivery and high-resolution whole cell X-ray imaging of Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles in cancer cells. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10502-17. [PMID: 24219664 PMCID: PMC3919441 DOI: 10.1021/nn4033294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sequestration within the cytoplasm often limits the efficacy of therapeutic nanoparticles that have specific subcellular targets. To allow for both cellular and subcellular nanoparticle delivery, we have created epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles that use the native intracellular trafficking of EGFR to improve internalization and nuclear translocation in EGFR-expressing HeLa cells. While bound to EGFR, these nanoparticles do not interfere with the interaction between EGFR and karyopherin-β, a protein that is critical for the translocation of ligand-bound EGFR to the nucleus. Thus, a portion of the EGFR-targeted nanoparticles taken up by the cells also reaches cell nuclei. We were able to track nanoparticle accumulation in cells by flow cytometry and nanoparticle subcellular distribution by confocal fluorescent microscopy indirectly, using fluorescently labeled nanoparticles. More importantly, we imaged and quantified intracellular nanoparticles directly, by their elemental signatures, using X-ray fluorescence microscopy at the Bionanoprobe, the first instrument of its kind in the world. The Bionanoprobe can focus hard X-rays down to a 30 nm spot size to map the positions of chemical elements tomographically within whole frozen-hydrated cells. Finally, we show that photoactivation of targeted nanoparticles in cell nuclei, dependent on successful EGFR nuclear accumulation, induces significantly more double-stranded DNA breaks than photoactivation of nanoparticles that remain exclusively in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | - William C. Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Caroline B. Doty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Mak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Qiaoling Jin
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Keith Brister
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Chris Jacobsen
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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76
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HER. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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77
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Gomez GG, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. Therapeutic resistance in cancer: microRNA regulation of EGFR signaling networks. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 10:192-205. [PMID: 24349829 PMCID: PMC3860350 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulate cellular homeostatic processes. EGFR activates downstream signaling cascades that promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. Dysregulation of EGFR signaling as a consequence of overexpression, amplification and mutation of the EGFR gene occurs frequently in several types of cancers and many become dependent on EGFR signaling to maintain their malignant phenotypes. Consequently, concerted efforts have been mounted to develop therapeutic agents and strategies to effectively inhibit EGFR. However, limited therapeutic benefits to cancer patients have been derived from EGFR-targeted therapies. A well-documented obstacle to improved patient survival is the presence of EGFR-inhibitor resistant tumor cell variants within heterogeneous tumor cell masses. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which tumors resist EGFR-targeted therapies and highlight the emerging role of microRNAs (miRs) as downstream effector molecules utilized by EGFR to promote tumor initiation, progression and that play a role in resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We also examine evidence supporting the utility of miRs as predictors of response to targeted therapies and novel therapeutic agents to circumvent EGFR-inhibitor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German G Gomez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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78
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Schmitz S, Ang KK, Vermorken J, Haddad R, Suarez C, Wolf GT, Hamoir M, Machiels JP. Targeted therapies for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: current knowledge and future directions. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:390-404. [PMID: 24176789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in the therapeutic management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), the mortality rate of patients presenting with advanced disease remains high. One approach to improve treatment efficacy is to add novel molecular targeted agents to the classical treatment regimens. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have shown clinical benefits in palliative and curative settings. However, only a minority of patients presenting with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) SCCHN have meaningful tumor regression with these agents and virtually all who do develop acquired tumor resistance after a few months of treatment. For these reasons, other inhibitors of EGFR or molecules that interfere with known molecular pathways activated in SCCHN are of considerable interest, either as single agents or in combination with other treatment modalities. In this review, we discuss the different molecular therapeutic approaches explored in SCCHN. We also briefly outline new trial designs that could be used to accelerate the investigation of emerging therapeutic agents in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schmitz
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (Pole MIRO), Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Kie Kian Ang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jan Vermorken
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Robert Haddad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Head and Neck Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Carlos Suarez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo, Celestino Villamil SN, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc Hamoir
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (Pole MIRO), Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (Pole MIRO), Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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79
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Zhu X, Zhang F, Zhang W, He J, Zhao Y, Chen X. Prognostic role of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancer: A meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:387-97. [PMID: 24038070 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Beijing PR China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai PR China
- School of Life Science; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Jing He
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- School of Life Science; East China Normal University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Xingming Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Beijing PR China
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80
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Burtness B, Bauman JE, Galloway T. Novel targets in HPV-negative head and neck cancer: overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibition. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:e302-9. [PMID: 23816296 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the head and neck that arise from habitual exposure to carcinogens have lower cure rates than those that arise from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), and intensification of cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation has not improved outcomes. HPV-negative head and neck cancers abundantly express EGFR, and the monoclonal antibody cetuximab, directed against EGFR, is the only targeted therapy that has improved disease survival so far. However, response rates to single-agent cetuximab are lower than 15%, and cetuximab given with chemotherapy or radiation leads to only a modest effect on survival. Thus, investigating the mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibition in HPV-negative head and neck cancer might help identify novel and active therapies. In this Review, we focus on therapies in development that target redundant receptor tyrosine kinases (eg, HER2 and MET), reduce or abrogate nuclear functions of EGFR, affect cellular trafficking by inhibition of histone deacetylase, or treatments that might address resistance that arises in the EGFR signalling stream (eg, aurora-kinase inhibitors and STAT decoys).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Burtness
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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81
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Mapping C-terminal transactivation domains of the nuclear HER family receptor tyrosine kinase HER3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71518. [PMID: 23951180 PMCID: PMC3738522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localized HER family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been observed in primary tumor specimens and cancer cell lines for nearly two decades. Inside the nucleus, HER family members (EGFR, HER2, and HER3) have been shown to function as co-transcriptional activators for various cancer-promoting genes. However, the regions of each receptor that confer transcriptional potential remain poorly defined. The current study aimed to map the putative transactivation domains (TADs) of the HER3 receptor. To accomplish this goal, various intracellular regions of HER3 were fused to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 (Gal4DBD) and tested for their ability to transactivate Gal4 UAS-luciferase. Results from these analyses demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of HER3 (CTD, amino acids distal to the tyrosine kinase domain) contained potent transactivation potential. Next, nine HER3-CTD truncation mutants were constructed to map minimal regions of transactivation potential using the Gal4 UAS-luciferase based system. These analyses identified a bipartite region of 34 (B1) and 27 (B2) amino acids in length that conferred the majority of HER3’s transactivation potential. Next, we identified full-length nuclear HER3 association and regulation of a 122 bp region of the cyclin D1 promoter. To understand how the B1 and B2 regions influenced the transcriptional functions of nuclear HER3, we performed cyclin D1 promoter-luciferase assays in which HER3 deleted of the B1 and B2 regions was severely hindered in regulating this promoter. Further, the overexpression of HER3 enhanced cyclin D1 mRNA expression, while HER3 deleted of its identified TADs was hindered at doing so. Thus, the ability for HER3 to function as a transcriptional co-activator may be dependent on specific C-terminal TADs.
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82
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Brand TM, Iida M, Luthar N, Starr MM, Huppert EJ, Wheeler DL. Nuclear EGFR as a molecular target in cancer. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:370-7. [PMID: 23830194 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most targeted receptors in the field of oncology. While anti-EGFR inhibitors have demonstrated clinical success in specific cancers, most patients demonstrate either intrinsic or acquired resistance within one year of treatment. Many mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, one of these being attributed to alternatively localized EGFR from the cell membrane into the cell's nucleus. Inside the nucleus, EGFR functions as a co-transcription factor for several genes involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and as a tyrosine kinase to activate and stabilize proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA dependent protein kinase. Nuclear localized EGFR is highly associated with disease progression, worse overall survival in numerous cancers, and enhanced resistance to radiation, chemotherapy, and the anti-EGFR therapies gefitinib and cetuximab. In this review the current knowledge of how nuclear EGFR enhances resistance to cancer therapeutics is discussed, in addition to highlighting ways to target nuclear EGFR as an anti-cancer strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Brand
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, USA
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83
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Boeckx C, Baay M, Wouters A, Specenier P, Vermorken JB, Peeters M, Lardon F. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: focus on potential molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. Oncologist 2013; 18:850-64. [PMID: 23821327 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most promising molecular therapeutics for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EGFR is overexpressed in a wide range of malignancies, including HNSCC, and initiates important signal transduction pathways in HNSCC carcinogenesis. However, primary and acquired resistance are serious problems and are responsible for low single-agent response rate and tumor recurrence. Therefore, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors may provide valuable indications to identify biomarkers that can be used clinically to predict response to EGFR blockade and to establish new treatment options to overcome resistance. To date, no predictive biomarker for HNSCC is available in the clinic. Therapeutic resistance to anti-EGFR therapy may arise from mechanisms that can compensate for reduced EGFR signaling and/or mechanisms that can modulate EGFR-dependent signaling. In this review, we will summarize some of these molecular mechanisms and describe strategies to overcome that resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Boeckx
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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84
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Zhang M, Taylor CE, Piao L, Datta J, Bruno PA, Bhave S, Su T, Lang JC, Xie X, Teknos TN, Mapp AK, Pan Q. Genetic and chemical targeting of epithelial-restricted with serine box reduces EGF receptor and potentiates the efficacy of afatinib. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1515-25. [PMID: 23723125 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EGF receptor (EGFR) is elevated in more than 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, a majority of patients with HNSCC do not respond to anti-EGFR therapeutics. Insensitivity to EGFR inhibitors may be due to kinase-independent actions of EGFR and/or activation of Her2. Strategies to reduce EGFR and Her2 protein levels in concert may be an optimal approach to enhance the efficacy of current anti-EGFR molecules. In this study, knockdown of epithelial-restricted with serine box (ESX) decreased EGFR and Her2 promoter activity, expression, and levels. ESX was elevated in primary HNSCC tumors and associated with increased EGFR and Her2. Genetic ablation of ESX decreased EGFR and Her2 levels and enhanced the antiproliferative effects of EGFR/Her2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), lapatinib and afatinib. Biphenyl isoxazolidine, a novel small-molecule ESX inhibitor, reduced EGFR and Her2 levels and potentiated the antiproliferative efficacy of afatinib. Single-agent biphenyl isoxazolidine retarded the in vivo tumorigenicity of CAL27 cells. Importantly, the combination of biphenyl isoxazolidine and afatinib was significantly superior in vivo and resulted in a 100% response rate with a 94% reduction in tumor volume. Targeting EGFR/Her2 levels with an ESX inhibitor and EGFR/Her2 kinase activity with a TKI simultaneously is a highly active therapeutic approach to manage HNSCC. Our work provides evidence to support the further development of ESX inhibitors as an adjuvant to enhance the response rate of patients with HNSCC to current anti-EGFR/Her2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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85
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Traynor AM, Weigel TL, Oettel KR, Yang DT, Zhang C, Kim K, Salgia R, Iida M, Brand TM, Hoang T, Campbell TC, Hernan HR, Wheeler DL. Nuclear EGFR protein expression predicts poor survival in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:138-41. [PMID: 23628526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) has been identified in various human tumor tissues, including cancers of the breast, ovary, oropharynx, and esophagus, and has predicted poor patient outcomes. We sought to determine if protein expression of nEGFR is prognostic in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Resected stages I and II NSCLC specimens were evaluated for nEGFR protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cases with at least one replicate core containing ≥5% of tumor cells demonstrating strong dot-like nucleolar EGFR expression were scored as nEGFR positive. RESULTS Twenty-three (26.1% of the population) of 88 resected specimens stained positively for nEGFR. Nuclear EGFR protein expression was associated with higher disease stage (45.5% of stage II vs. 14.5% of stage I; p = 0.023), histology (41.7% in squamous cell carcinoma vs. 17.1% in adenocarcinoma; p = 0.028), shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS 8.7 months [95% CI 5.1-10.7 mo] for nEGFR positive vs. 14.5 months [95% CI 9.5-17.4 mo] for nEGFR negative; hazard ratio (HR) of 1.89 [95% CI 1.15-3.10]; p = 0.011), and shorter overall survival (OS) (median OS 14.1 months [95% CI 10.3-22.7 mo] for nEGFR positive vs. 23.4 months [95% CI 20.1-29.4 mo] for nEGFR negative; HR of 1.83 [95% CI 1.12-2.99]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Expression of nEGFR protein was associated with higher stage and squamous cell histology, and predicted shorter PFS and OS, in this patient cohort. Nuclear EGFR serves as a useful independent prognostic variable and as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Traynor
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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86
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Yu YL, Chou RH, Liang JH, Chang WJ, Su KJ, Tseng YJ, Huang WC, Wang SC, Hung MC. Targeting the EGFR/PCNA signaling suppresses tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells with cell-penetrating PCNA peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61362. [PMID: 23593472 PMCID: PMC3620387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine 211 (Y211) phosphorylation of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) coincides with pronounced cancer cell proliferation and correlates with poor survival of breast cancer patients. In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant cells, both nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) expression and PCNA Y211 phosphorylation are increased. Moreover, the resistance to EGFR TKI is a major clinical problem in treating EGFR-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, effective treatment to combat resistance is urgently needed. Here, we show that treatment of cell-penetrating PCNA peptide (CPPP) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human TNBC cells. The Y211F CPPP specifically targets EGFR and competes directly for PCNA tyrosine Y211 phosphorylation and prevents nEGFR from binding PCNA in vivo; it also suppresses tumor growth by sensitizing EGFR TKI resistant cells, which have enhanced nEGFR function and abrogated classical EGFR membrane signaling. Furthermore, we identify an active motif of CPPP, RFLNFF (RF6 CPPP), which is necessary and sufficient to inhibit TKI-resistant TNBC cell growth of orthotopic implanted tumor in mice. Finally, the activity of its synthetic retro-inverted derivative, D-RF6 CPPP, on an equimolar basis, is more potent than RF6 CPPP. Our study reveals a drug candidate with translational potential for the future development of safe and effective therapeutic for EGFR TKI resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Liang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
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87
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Impact of p16, p53, smoking, and alcohol on survival in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with primary intensity-modulated chemoradiation. Head Neck 2013; 35:1698-706. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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88
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Hoeben A, Martin D, Clement PM, Cools J, Gutkind JS. Role of GRB2-associated binder 1 in epidermal growth factor receptor-induced signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:1042-50. [PMID: 22865653 PMCID: PMC3498529 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite the high expression of EGFR in HNSCC, EGFR inhibitors have only limited success as monotherapy. The Grb2-associated binder (GAB) family of adaptor proteins acts as docking/scaffolding molecules downstream of tyrosine kinase receptors. We hypothesized that GAB1 may amplify EGFR-induced signaling in HNSCCs and therefore could play a role in the reduced sensitivity of HNSCC to EGFR inhibitors. We used representative human HNSCC cell lines overexpressing wild type EGFR, and expressing GAB1 but not GAB2. We demonstrated that baseline Akt and MAPK signaling were reduced in HNSCC cells in which GAB1 expression was reduced. Furthermore, the maximal EGF-induced activation of the Akt and MAPK pathway was reduced and delayed, and the duration of the EGF-induced activation of these pathways was reduced in cells with GAB1 knock-down. In agreement with this, HNSCC cells in which GAB1 levels were reduced showed an increased sensitivity to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. Our work demonstrates that GAB1 plays an important role as part of the mechanism of by which EGFR induces induced activation of the MAPK and AKT pathway. Our results identify GAB1 as an amplifier of the EGFR-initiated signaling, which may also interfere with EGFR degradation. These findings support the emerging notion that reducing GAB1 function may sensitize HNSCC to EGFR inhibitors, hence representing a new therapeutic target HNSCC treatment in combination with EGFR targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoeben
- General Medical Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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89
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Iida M, Brand TM, Campbell DA, Li C, Wheeler DL. Yes and Lyn play a role in nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncogene 2013; 32:759-67. [PMID: 22430206 PMCID: PMC3381861 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a central regulator of tumor progression in human cancers. Cetuximab is an anti-EGFR antibody that has been approved for use in oncology. Previously we investigated mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab using a model derived from the non-small cell lung cancer line NCI-H226. We demonstrated that cetuximab-resistant clones (Ctx(R)) had increased nuclear localization of the EGFR. This process was mediated by Src family kinases (SFKs), and nuclear EGFR had a role in resistance to cetuximab. To better understand SFK-mediated nuclear translocation of EGFR, we investigated which SFK member(s) controlled this process as well as the EGFR tyrosine residues that are involved. Analyses of mRNA and protein expression indicated upregulation of the SFK members Yes (v-Yes-1 yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene) and Lyn (v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral-related oncogene homolog) in all Ctx(R) clones. Further, immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that EGFR interacts with Yes and Lyn in Ctx(R) clones, but not in cetuximab-sensitive (Ctx(S)) parental cells. Using RNAi interference, we found that knockdown of either Yes or Lyn led to loss of EGFR translocation to the nucleus. Conversely, overexpression of Yes or Lyn in low nuclear EGFR-expressing Ctx(S) parental cells led to increased nuclear EGFR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed nuclear EGFR complexes associated with the promoter of the known EGFR target genes B-Myb and iNOS. Further, all Ctx(R) clones exhibited upregulation of B-Myb and iNOS at the mRNA and protein levels. siRNAs directed at Yes or Lyn led to decreased binding of EGFR complexes to the B-Myb and iNOS promoters based on ChIP analyses. SFKs have been shown to phosphorylate EGFR on tyrosines 845 and 1101 (Y845 and Y1101), and mutation of Y1101, but not Y845, impaired nuclear entry of the EGFR. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Yes and Lyn phosphorylate EGFR at Y1101, which influences EGFR nuclear translocation in this model of cetuximab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Campbell
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR 3159, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705 USA
| | - Chunrong Li
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR 3159, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705 USA
| | - Deric L. Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR 3159, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705 USA
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90
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M. Fatthy M, Mahmoud AAE, Elsheikh AMA, Eldin Elha HS. Applicability of Biomarkers for Differentiation of Inverted Papilloma Assigned for Endoscopic Surgery. TRENDS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH 2013; 8:16-26. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2013.16.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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91
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Gururaj AE, Gibson L, Panchabhai S, Bai M, Manyam G, Lu Y, Latha K, Rojas ML, Hwang Y, Liang S, Bogler O. Access to the nucleus and functional association with c-Myc is required for the full oncogenic potential of ΔEGFR/EGFRvIII. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3428-38. [PMID: 23250739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ΔEGFR is a potent glioblastoma oncogene which has been studied primarily as a plasma membrane kinase. Using intracranial xenograft studies in mice, we show that blocking ΔEGFR access to the nucleus attenuates its tumorigenicity and, conversely, that promoting nuclear accumulation enhances this, providing the first in vivo evidence that the nuclear actions of ΔEGFR contribute strongly to its oncogenic function. Nuclear actions of ΔEGFR include regulation of gene expression by participation in chromatin-bound complexes, and genome-wide mapping of these sequences by chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing identified 2294 peaks. Bioinformatic analysis showed enrichment of the E-box motif in the dataset, and c-Myc and ΔEGFR were corecruited to the promoters of and transcriptionally activated a subset of nuclear ΔEGFR chromatin targets. Knockdown of c-Myc decreased the expression of these targets and diminished ΔEGFR-stimulated anchorage-independent colony formation. We conclude that transcriptional regulation of target genes by association with gene regulatory chromatin in cooperation with c-Myc by nuclear ΔEGFR makes a unique contribution to its oncogenicity and propose that this venue provides new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama E Gururaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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92
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Agulnik M. New approaches to EGFR inhibition for locally advanced or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Med Oncol 2012; 29:2481-91. [PMID: 22252310 PMCID: PMC3466428 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy, survival rates for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have remained poor. The focus of SCCHN therapy has more recently shifted to the molecular level, particularly the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB) pathway. Several agents that target the EGFR pathway, including monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are under investigation for SCCHN. Searches of PubMed and results of key oncology congresses were performed to identify relevant articles and abstracts. The EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody cetuximab is approved for the treatment of locally advanced SCCHN in combination with radiotherapy, for first-line treatment of recurrent or metastatic SCCHN in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy and 5-fluorouracil, and for recurrent or metastatic SCCHN following progression with platinum-based chemotherapy. Other investigational EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies (e.g., panitumumab, nimotuzumab, zalutumumab) are in clinical development for SCCHN. Inhibition of the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR has also been explored as a therapeutic approach in SCCHN using small-molecule reversible inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib. However, a key challenge in SCCHN is the development of resistance, and strategies are being pursued to delay or overcome resistance to EGFR-targeted agents. These strategies include development of agents that inhibit multiple ErbB receptors simultaneously (e.g., lapatinib) or that bind multiple ErbB family receptors irreversibly (e.g., afatinib, PF-00299804) and investigation of combinations of agents that target multiple pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of SCCHN. Ongoing large clinical trials are evaluating these emerging agents and combinations for the treatment of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agulnik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611-2942, USA.
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93
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Prognostic features, human papillomavirus status, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma in young adults. Am J Otolaryngol 2012; 33:650-6. [PMID: 22387125 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is still debate in literature about the survival outcomes of patients who have cancer of the oral cavity when young. Hence the aims were (1) to estimate disease-free survival, overall survival, and cause-specific survival in patients who developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma between 18 and 40 years of age and (2) to assess the clinicopathologic factors including detection of human papillomavirus and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression in primary lesions affecting recurrence. METHODS This is a retrospective case-note review and reevaluation of histopathologic slides of patients treated more than 25 years. Descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazard models, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 62 patients were treated, with mean follow-up of 11.4 years. Forty-five were oral tongue tumors and 43 had stage I or II disease. The 5-year disease-free survival was 73.5%. The 10-year overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were 81.8% and 83.4%, respectively. Smoking and alcohol intake were not seen as risk factors in this population. Multivariate modeling identified only nodal involvement as significantly associated with overall survival and only extracapsular spread as significantly associated with locoregional recurrence. At 5 years after treatment, the cause-specific survival was 100% for patients with low EGFR expression and 81.1% for patients with high EGFR expression (hazard ratio for high vs low, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-406.9; P = .46). Human papillomavirus was not detected in all but 2 tumor specimens. CONCLUSIONS Survival outcomes are quite good in young patients with oral cancer.
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Husain H, Psyrri A, Markovic A, Rampias T, Pectasides E, Wang H, Slebos R, Yarbrough WG, Burtness B, Chung CH. Nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor and p16 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:2762-8. [PMID: 23086695 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p16 (a surrogate marker of human papillomavirus [HPV] infection) expression are strong prognostic factors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). STUDY DESIGN We examined expression levels of total and nuclear EGFR as well as p16 status based on evidence that nuclear EGFR may have a role in DNA damage repair. METHODS An HPV-negative (SQ20B) and an HPV-positive (UMSCC47) HNSCC cell line were examined for EGFR and γH2AX expression. A tissue microarray containing 123 cores obtained from 101 HNSCC tumors was analyzed for EGFR expression by automated quantitative analysis and p16 expression by immunohistochemical staining, and these results were correlated with available clinical data. RESULTS SQ20B had higher EGFR expression than UMSCC47. Nuclear localization of EGFR on activation with transforming growth factor-α was observed in SQ20B, but not in UMSCC47. SQ20B also had increased γH2AX foci compared to UMSCC47, suggesting that SQ20B has more DNA damage compared to UMSCC47. Total and nuclear EGFR was reliably obtained from 80 of 101 patients. p16 levels were determined in 87 of 101 patients. p16 levels were strongly associated with the oropharyngeal subsite and poorly differentiated histology. Expression of total and nuclear EGFR was higher in p16-negative tumors compared to p16-positive tumors (Wilcoxon rank test, P = .038 and P = .014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to determine a mechanistic link between these two prognostic factors and the significance of EGFR localization to nucleus in DNA damage repair pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Husain
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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95
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EGFR and HER2 inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:558-66. [PMID: 23076814 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lapatinib, a selective inhibitor of EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinases, on pancreatic cancer cell lines both alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Two cell lines, BxPc-3 and HPAC, displayed the greatest sensitivity to lapatinib (IC(50)<2 μM). Lapatinib also demonstrated some activity in three K-Ras mutated pancreatic cancer cell lines which displayed resistance to erlotinib. Drug effect/combination index (CI) isobologram analysis was used to study the interactions of lapatinib with gemcitabine, cisplatin and 5'deoxy-5'fluorouridine. Concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects of lapatinib in combination with chemotherapy were observed. To evaluate the potential effect of lapatinib in pancreatic cancer tumours, and to identify a subset of patient most likely to benefit from lapatinib, expression of EGFR and HER2 were investigated in 72 pancreatic cancer tumour specimens by immunohistochemistry. HER2 membrane expression was observed in only 1 % of cases, whereas 44 % of pancreatic tumours expressed EGFR. Based on our in vitro results, lapatinib may provide clinical benefit in EGFR positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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96
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Rainsbury JW, Ahmed W, Williams HK, Roberts S, Paleri V, Mehanna H. Prognostic biomarkers of survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2012; 35:1048-55. [PMID: 22997051 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity improves prognosis in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Combining HPV status with other biomarkers may improve its prognostic power. METHODS The approach was a literature search for longitudinal studies of biomarkers in OPSCC, with systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULTS In all, 3130 articles were identified; 32 satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. On meta-analysis, there was a significant overall survival (OS) benefit for patients with HPV positive and p16 positive tumors. There was some evidence of improved OS of OPSCC patients with raised bcl2; amplification of 11q3 and loss of 16q genes; and low c-met, ki67, IMD, PLK, FHIT, nuclear surviving, or nuclear cyclin D1. However, none of these was suitable for meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Survival from OPSCC is associated with several biomarkers, which constitute potential targets for research into improving the prognostic power of HPV in OPSCC. Larger trials are needed, with standardization of cut-points and adherence to consensus reporting guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Rainsbury
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
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97
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Feng Z, Xu Q, Chen W. Epigenetic and genetic alterations-based molecular classification of head and neck cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:279-90. [PMID: 22468818 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The long-term survival rates for patients diagnosed with advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) remain poor. Many perplexing factors, including etiology and comorbidity, lead to different molecular malfunctions of HNC cells and determine the prognosis of the disease. Traditional diagnostic methods are limited in that they fail to provide an effective classification diagnosis, such as a more precise prediction of prognosis and decisions for personalized treatment regimens. Recently, molecular biology techniques, especially epigenetic and genetic techniques, have been developed that have enabled us to gain a greater insight into the molecular pathways underlying the cancers. Translating the research into a format that will facilitate effective molecular classification, support personalized treatment and determine prognosis remains a challenge. In this review, the authors provide an overview of cancer epigenetic and genetic alterations, tissue banks, and several promising biomarkers or candidates that may ultimately prove to be beneficial in a clinical setting for patients with HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhien Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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98
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Dolled-Filhart MP, Gustavson MD. Tissue microarrays and quantitative tissue-based image analysis as a tool for oncology biomarker and diagnostic development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:569-83. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.708336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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99
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Hung MC. On mammary gland growth factors: roles in normal development and in cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a013532. [PMID: 22855727 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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100
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Aquino G, Pannone G, Santoro A, Liguori G, Franco R, Serpico R, Florio G, De Rosa A, Mattoni M, Cozza V, Botti G, Losito S, Longo F, Staibano S, Cuda G, Lo Muzio L, Sbordone C, Bufo P, Grimaldi A, Caraglia M, Di Domenico M. pEGFR-Tyr 845 expression as prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a tissue-microarray study with clinic-pathological correlations. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:967-77. [PMID: 22825335 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) a member of the family of transmembrane protein kinase receptors known as the erbB family shows a significant correlation with the presence of metastases and poorly differentiated oral cancer. Aim of the present work is to define the key-role of EGFR in oral cancer prognosis. We have analyzed the EGFR expression on 149 cases of oral squamous cell cancers (OSCC) and we have found that it was poorly expressed in normal oral epithelium, but its expression was significantly increased in OSCCs. Moreover, we have recorded that both pEGFR-Tyr 845 and pEGFR-Tyr 1068 were mainly distributed in high histological grading and in advanced stages. Western blotting has confirmed the total absence of EGFR phosphorylation in normal oral epithelium and the higher level of protein phosphorylation in representative cases of OSCCs. The EGF-R amplification was found by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 14% of OSCC; interestingly, EGF-R amplification was mainly observed in OSCC with higher histological grading (G2 and G3) and advanced stage (pT4) sub-groups. Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis suggested that patients with positive pEGFR-Tyr 845 tumors had a worse prognosis and were bad responders to chemotherapy. These results confirm the central role of EGF-R activation status as a prognostic biomarker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Aquino
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Fourth Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione G.Pascale, Naples, Italy
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