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Qian B, Zhao L, Wang X, Xu J, Teng F, Gao L, Shen R. RETRACTED: miR-149 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by targeting GIT1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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52
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Patwardhan PP, Musi E, Schwartz GK. Preclinical Evaluation of Nintedanib, a Triple Angiokinase Inhibitor, in Soft-tissue Sarcoma: Potential Therapeutic Implication for Synovial Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2329-2340. [PMID: 30166401 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare cancers that make up about 1% of all cancers in adults; however, they occur more commonly among children and young adolescents. Sarcomas are genetically complex and are often difficult to treat given the lack of clinical efficacy of any of the currently available therapies. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as c-Kit, c-Met, PDGFR, IGF-1R, as well as FGFR have all been reported to be involved in driving tumor development and progression in adult and pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma. These driver kinases often act as critical determinants of tumor cell proliferation and targeting these signal transduction pathways remains an attractive therapeutic approach. Nintedanib, a potent triple angiokinase inhibitor, targets PDGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR pathways critical for tumor angiogenesis and vasculature. In this study, we evaluated the preclinical efficacy of nintedanib in soft-tissue sarcoma cell lines. Nintedanib treatment resulted in significant antiproliferative effect in vitro in cell lines with high expression of RTK drug targets. Furthermore, treatment with nintedanib showed significant downregulation of downstream phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2. Finally, treatment with nintedanib resulted in significant tumor growth suppression in mouse xenograft model of synovial sarcoma. Notably, both the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of nintedanib was superior to that of imatinib, another multikinase inhibitor, previously tested with minimal success in clinical trials in sarcoma. Overall, the data from this study provide a strong rationale to warrant further clinical exploration of this drug in patients with synovial sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2329-40. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag P Patwardhan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Elgilda Musi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Medicine, New York, New York
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53
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Shi G, Li D, Ren J, Li X, Wang T, Dou H, Hou Y. mTOR inhibitor INK128 attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by promotion of MDSCs on Treg cell expansion. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1618-1629. [PMID: 30132862 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are involved in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). INK128 is a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor in clinical development. However, the exact roles of MDSCs and INK128 in IBD are unclear. Here, we showed that the INK128 treatment enhanced the resistance of mice to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and inhibited the differentiation of MDSCs into macrophages. Moreover, interferon (IFN)-α level was elevated in INK128-treated colitis mice. When stimulated with IFN-α in vitro, MDSCs showed a superior immunosuppression activity. Of note, the regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased but Th1 cells decreased in INK128-treated colitis mice. These results indicate that mTOR inhibitor INK128 attenuates DSS-induced colitis via Treg expansion promoted by MDSCs. Our work provides a new evidence that INK128 is potential to be a therapeutic drug on DSS-induced colitis via regulating MDSCs as well as maintaining Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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54
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Rubens JA, Wang SZ, Price A, Weingart MF, Allen SJ, Orr BA, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. The TORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 sensitizes atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1361-1371. [PMID: 28582547 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are deadly pediatric brain tumors driven by LIN28. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated in many deadly, drug-resistant cancers and governs important cellular functions such as metabolism and survival. LIN28 regulates mTOR in normal cells. We therefore hypothesized that mTOR is activated downstream of LIN28 in AT/RT, and the brain-penetrating mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) kinase inhibitor TAK228 would reduce AT/RT tumorigenicity. Methods Activation of mTOR in AT/RT was determined by measuring pS6 and pAKT (Ser473) by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray of 18 primary AT/RT tumors. In vitro growth assays (BrdU and MTS), death assays (CC3, c-PARP by western blot), and survival curves of AT/RT orthotopic xenograft models were used to measure the efficacy of TAK228 alone and in combination with cisplatin. Results Lentiviral short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of LIN28A led to decreased mTOR activation. Primary human AT/RT had high levels of pS6 and pAKT (Ser473) in 21% and 87% of tumors by immunohistochemistry. TAK228 slowed cell growth, induced apoptosis in vitro, and nearly doubled median survival of orthotopic xenograft models of AT/RT. TAK228 combined with cisplatin synergistically slowed cell growth and enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Suppression of AKT sensitized cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and forced activation of AKT protected cells. Combined treatment with TAK228 and cisplatin significantly extended survival of orthotopic xenograft models of AT/RT compared with each drug alone. Conclusions TAK228 has efficacy in AT/RT as a single agent and synergizes with conventional chemotherapies by sensitizing tumors to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest TAK228 may be an effective new treatment for AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rubens
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sabrina Z Wang
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Antoinette Price
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Melanie F Weingart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Brent A Orr
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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55
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Badawi M, Kim J, Dauki A, Sutaria D, Motiwala T, Reyes R, Wani N, Kolli S, Jiang J, Coss CC, Jacob ST, Phelps MA, Schmittgen TD. CD44 positive and sorafenib insensitive hepatocellular carcinomas respond to the ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor INK128. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26032-26045. [PMID: 29899840 PMCID: PMC5995255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR pathway is activated in about 50% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In an effort to identify new pathways and compounds to treat advanced HCC, we considered the ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor INK128. ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors attenuate both mTORC1 and mTORC2. INK128 was evaluated in sorafenib sensitive and insensitive HCC cell lines, CD44low and CD44high HCC and those cell lines with acquired sorafenib resistance. CD44 was significantly increased in Huh7 cells made resistant to sorafenib. Forced expression of CD44 enhanced cellular proliferation and migration, and rendered the cells more sensitive to the anti-proliferative effects of INK128. INK128 suppressed CD44 expression in HCC cells while allosteric mTOR inhibitors did not. CD44 inhibition correlated with 4EBP1 phosphorylation status. INK128 showed better anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects on the mesenchymal-like HCC cells, CD44high HCC cells compared to the allosteric mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Moreover, a combination of INK128 and sorafenib showed improved anti-proliferative effects in CD44high HCC cells. INK128 was efficacious at reducing tumor growth in CD44high SK-Hep1 xenografts in mice when given as monotherapy or in combination with sorafenib. Since the clinical response to sorafenib is highly variable, our findings suggest that ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors may be effective in treating advanced, CD44-expressing HCC patients who are insensitive to sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Badawi
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anees Dauki
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dhruvitkumar Sutaria
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tasneem Motiwala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Reyes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nissar Wani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shamalatha Kolli
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jinmai Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samson T. Jacob
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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56
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Tang Z, Shen Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Wen J, Qian C, Zhuang W, Shi X, Yi N. Group spike-and-slab lasso generalized linear models for disease prediction and associated genes detection by incorporating pathway information. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:901-910. [PMID: 29077795 PMCID: PMC5860634 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Large-scale molecular data have been increasingly used as an important resource for prognostic prediction of diseases and detection of associated genes. However, standard approaches for omics data analysis ignore the group structure among genes encoded in functional relationships or pathway information. Results We propose new Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear models, called group spike-and-slab lasso GLMs, for predicting disease outcomes and detecting associated genes by incorporating large-scale molecular data and group structures. The proposed model employs a mixture double-exponential prior for coefficients that induces self-adaptive shrinkage amount on different coefficients. The group information is incorporated into the model by setting group-specific parameters. We have developed a fast and stable deterministic algorithm to fit the proposed hierarchal GLMs, which can perform variable selection within groups. We assess the performance of the proposed method on several simulated scenarios, by varying the overlap among groups, group size, number of non-null groups, and the correlation within group. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method provides not only more accurate estimates of the parameters but also better prediction. We further demonstrate the application of the proposed procedure on three cancer datasets by utilizing pathway structures of genes. Our results show that the proposed method generates powerful models for predicting disease outcomes and detecting associated genes. Availability and implementation The methods have been implemented in a freely available R package BhGLM (http://www.ssg.uab.edu/bhglm/). Contact nyi@uab.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixiang Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yueping Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Chen’ao Qian
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhuang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nengjun Yi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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57
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Morisot N, Novotny CJ, Shokat KM, Ron D. A new generation of mTORC1 inhibitor attenuates alcohol intake and reward in mice. Addict Biol 2018; 23:713-722. [PMID: 28681511 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition associated with devastating socioeconomic consequences. Yet, pharmacotherapies to treat behavioral phenotypes such as uncontrolled heavy drinking are limited. Studies in rodents suggest that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays an important role in mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking behaviors as well as alcohol seeking and relapse. These preclinical evidence suggest that mTORC1 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of AUD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the potential use of newly developed mTORC1 inhibitors, RapaLink-1 and MLN0128, in preclinical mouse models of AUD. First, we used the intermittent access to 20 percent alcohol in a two-bottle choice paradigm and tested the efficacy of the drugs to reduce alcohol intake in mice with a history of binge drinking and withdrawal. We found that both inhibitors reduce excessive alcohol intake and preference with RapaLink-1 exhibiting higher efficacy. We further observed that RapaLink-1 attenuates alcohol consumption during the first alcohol-drinking session in naïve mice, and interestingly, the effect was still present 14 days after the initial treatment with the drug. We also found that RapaLink-1 did not alter the consumption of water or saccharin, revealing a specific effect of the inhibitor on alcohol intake. Finally, we report that RapaLink-1 blocks the retrieval but not acquisition of alcohol place preference without affecting locomotion. Together, our findings suggest that RapaLink-1 may be developed as a new medication to treat and prevent the development of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Morisot
- Department of Neurology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Christopher J. Novotny
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
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58
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Yu H, Ge Y, Guo L, Huang L. Potential approaches to the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5523-5539. [PMID: 27740934 PMCID: PMC5354928 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic tumor in children and young adults caused by a chromosomal fusion between the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene and the transcription factor FLI1 gene. ES is managed with standard treatments, including chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. Although the 5-year survival rate for primary ES has improved, the survival rate for ES patients with metastases or recurrence remains low. Several novel molecular targets in ES have recently been identified and investigated in preclinical and clinical settings, and targeting the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the fusion protein EWS-FLI1 and mTOR has shown promise. There has also been increasing interest in the immune responses of ES patients. Immunotherapies using T cells, NK cells, cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been considered for ES, especially for recurrent patients. Because understanding the pathogenesis of ES is extremely important for the development of novel treatments, this review focuses on the mechanisms and functions of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in ES. It is anticipated that integrating the knowledge obtained from basic research and translational and clinical studies will lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.,Department of VIP, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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59
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Saraf AJ, Fenger JM, Roberts RD. Osteosarcoma: Accelerating Progress Makes for a Hopeful Future. Front Oncol 2018; 8:4. [PMID: 29435436 PMCID: PMC5790793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who develop osteosarcoma in 2017 receive treatment that remains essentially unchanged since the 1970s. Outcomes likewise remain largely unimproved. Large, collaborative, multinational efforts to improve therapy have evaluated strategies leveraging both cytotoxic intensification and immunomodulatory agents. While these have confirmed our capacity to conduct such trials, results have proved largely disappointing. This has motivated efforts to focus on the basic biology of osteosarcoma, where understanding remains poor but has improved significantly. Recent advances have identified characteristic genetic features of osteosarcoma, including profound chromosomal disruption, marked patient-patient heterogeneity, and a paucity of recurrent mutations. Analyses suggest genesis in early catastrophic genetic events, although the nature of the inciting events remains unclear. While p53 and Rb inactivation occurs in most osteosarcomas, the landscape of associated driver mutations has proved extensive. Few mutations recur with high frequency, though patterns continue to emerge that suggest recurrent alterations within specific pathways. Biological pathways implicated in osteosarcoma biology through genetic and other preclinical studies include PI3K/mTOR, WNT/βcatenin, TGFβ, RANKL/NF-κB, and IGF. Unfortunately, clinical studies evaluating targeted agents have to date yielded disappointing results, as have studies examining modern immunotherapeutics. It remains unclear whether this pattern of clinical failures exposes inadequacies of our preclinical models, unrealistic expectations for single-agent responses in heavily pretreated patients, or biology less relevant than suggested. Nearly all patients who succumb to osteosarcoma develop lung metastases, which exhibit marked chemoresistance. Much scientific effort has recently sought to enhance our mechanistic understanding of metastasis biology. This research has potential to reveal novel targets for preventing and treating metastasis and for uncovering key vulnerabilities of osteosarcoma cells. Efforts to implement drug development strategies that leverage clinical studies in veterinary patients have potential to accelerate the translation of novel experimental regimens toward human studies. These could reduce costs and development timelines, prioritize agents, and refine regimens prior to human clinical trials. The rise of philanthropic groups focused on osteosarcoma has enhanced cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional focus and provided much needed resources. Transformative new therapies will likely arise from collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts that extend our understanding of osteosarcoma's most basic inner workings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Saraf
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joelle M. Fenger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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mTOR: An attractive therapeutic target for osteosarcoma? Oncotarget 2018; 7:50805-50813. [PMID: 27177330 PMCID: PMC5226621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignant bone tumor with high morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. How to improve poor prognosis of OS due to resistance to chemotherapy remains a challenge. Recently, growing findings show activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is associated with OS cell growth, proliferation, metastasis. Targeting mTOR may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating OS. This review summarizes the roles of mTOR pathway in OS and present research status of mTOR inhibitors in the context of OS. In addition, we have attempted to discuss how to design a better treatment project for OS by combining mTOR inhibitor with other drugs.
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61
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Zeng Z, Wang RY, Qiu YH, Mak DH, Coombes K, Yoo SY, Zhang Q, Jessen K, Liu Y, Rommel C, Fruman DA, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. MLN0128, a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, disrupts survival signaling and triggers apoptosis in AML and AML stem/ progenitor cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55083-55097. [PMID: 27391151 PMCID: PMC5342403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR activation leads to enhanced survival signaling in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. The active-site mTOR inhibitors (asTORi) represent a promising new approach to targeting mTOR in AKT/mTOR signaling. MLN0128 is an orally-administered, second-generation asTORi, currently in clinical development. We examined the anti-leukemic effects and the mechanisms of action of MLN0128 in AML cell lines and primary samples, with a particular focus on its effect in AML stem/progenitor cells. MLN0128 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in AML by attenuating the activity of mTOR complex 1 and 2. Using time-of-flight mass cytometry, we demonstrated that MLN0128 selectively targeted and functionally inhibited AML stem/progenitor cells with high AKT/mTOR signaling activity. Using the reverse-phase protein array technique, we measured expression and phosphorylation changes in response to MLN0128 in 151 proteins from 24 primary AML samples and identified several pro-survival pathways that antagonize MLN0128-induced cellular stress. A combined blockade of AKT/mTOR signaling and these pro-survival pathways facilitated AML cell killing. Our findings provide a rationale for the clinical use of MLN0128 to target AML and AML stem/progenitor cells, and support the use of combinatorial multi-targeted approaches in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zeng
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rui-Yu Wang
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yi Hua Qiu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Coombes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Suk Young Yoo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katti Jessen
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Wellspring Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Fruman
- Institute for Immunology, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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62
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Rad E, Murray JT, Tee AR. Oncogenic Signalling through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR): A Driver of Metabolic Transformation and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010005. [PMID: 29301334 PMCID: PMC5789355 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the years, research into signalling pathways involved in cancer progression has led to many discoveries of which mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key player. mTOR is a master regulator of cell growth control. mTOR is historically known to promote cell growth by enhancing the efficiency of protein translation. Research in the last decade has revealed that mTOR’s role in promoting cell growth is much more multifaceted. While mTOR is necessary for normal human physiology, cancer cells take advantage of mTOR signalling to drive their neoplastic growth and progression. Oncogenic signal transduction through mTOR is a common occurrence in cancer, leading to metabolic transformation, enhanced proliferative drive and increased metastatic potential through neovascularisation. This review focuses on the downstream mTOR-regulated processes that are implicated in the “hallmarks” of cancer with focus on mTOR’s involvement in proliferative signalling, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Rad
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - James T Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Andrew R Tee
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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63
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Passacantilli I, Frisone P, De Paola E, Fidaleo M, Paronetto MP. hnRNPM guides an alternative splicing program in response to inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in Ewing sarcoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:12270-12284. [PMID: 29036465 PMCID: PMC5716164 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are biologically aggressive tumors of bone and soft tissues for which no cure is currently available. Most ES patients do not respond to chemotherapeutic treatments or acquire resistance. Since the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis is often deregulated in ES, its inhibition offers therapeutic perspective for these aggressive tumors. Herein, by using splicing sensitive arrays, we have uncovered an extensive splicing program activated upon inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by BEZ235. Bioinformatics analyses identified hnRNPM as a key factor in this response. HnRNPM motifs were significantly enriched in introns flanking the regulated exons and proximity of binding represented a key determinant for hnRNPM-dependent splicing regulation. Knockdown of hnRNPM expression abolished a subset of BEZ235-induced splicing changes that contained hnRNPM binding sites, enhanced BEZ235 cytotoxicity and limited the clonogenicity of ES cells. Importantly, hnRNPM up-regulation correlates with poor outcome in sarcoma patients. These findings uncover an hnRNPM-dependent alternative splicing program set in motion by inhibition of the mTOR/AKT/PI3K pathway in ES cells that limits therapeutic efficacy of pharmacologic inhibitors, suggesting that combined inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and hnRNPM activity may represent a novel approach for ES treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Passacantilli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frisone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa De Paola
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.,University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.,University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Wozniak A, Gebreyohannes YK, Debiec-Rychter M, Schöffski P. New targets and therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17:1117-1129. [PMID: 29110548 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1400386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are driven by an abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, occurring mainly due to somatic mutations in KIT or platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Although the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized therapy for GIST patients, with time the vast majority of them develop TKI resistance. Advances in understanding the molecular background of GIST resistance allows for the identification of new targets and the development of novel strategies to overcome or delay its occurrence. Areas covered: The focus of this review is on novel, promising therapeutic approaches to overcome heterogeneous resistance to registered TKIs. These approaches involve new TKIs, including drugs specific for a mutated form of KIT/PDGFRA, drugs with inhibitory effect against multiple RTKs, compounds targeting dysregulated downstream signaling pathways, drugs affecting KIT expression and degradation, inhibitors of cell cycle, and immunotherapeutics. Expert commentary: As the resistance to standard TKI treatment can be heterogeneous, a combinational approach for refractory GIST could be beneficial. Moreover, the understanding of the molecular background of resistant disease would allow development of a more personalized approach for these patients and their response to targeted therapy could be monitored closely using 'liquid biopsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wozniak
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick Schöffski
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of General Medical Oncology , University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute , Leuven , Belgium
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65
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Advances in chromosomal translocations and fusion genes in sarcomas and potential therapeutic applications. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 63:61-70. [PMID: 29247978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations and fusion genes are very common in human cancer especially in subtypes of sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma and liposarcoma. The discovery of novel chromosomal translocations and fusion genes in different tumors are due to the advancement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies such as whole genome sequencing. Recently, many novel chromosomal translocations and gene fusions have been identified in different types of sarcoma through NGS approaches. In addition to previously known sarcoma fusion genes, these novel specific fusion genes and associated molecular events represent important targets for novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of sarcomas. This review focuses on recent advances in chromosomal translocations and fusion genes in sarcomas and their potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of sarcomas.
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66
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Zhang S, Song X, Cao D, Xu Z, Fan B, Che L, Hu J, Chen B, Dong M, Pilo MG, Cigliano A, Evert K, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Pascale RM, Cossu A, Vidili G, Porcu A, Simile MM, Pes GM, Giannelli G, Gordan J, Wei L, Evert M, Cong W, Calvisi DF, Chen X. Pan-mTOR inhibitor MLN0128 is effective against intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in mice. J Hepatol 2017; 67:1194-1203. [PMID: 28733220 PMCID: PMC5696057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a lethal malignancy without effective treatment options. MLN0128, a second generation pan-mTOR inhibitor, shows efficacy for multiple tumor types. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of MLN0128 vs. gemcitabine/oxaliplatin in a novel ICC mouse model. METHODS We established a novel ICC mouse model via hydrodynamic transfection of activated forms of AKT (myr-AKT) and Yap (YapS127A) protooncogenes (that will be referred to as AKT/YapS127A). Genetic approaches were applied to study the requirement of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in mediating AKT/YapS127A driven tumorigenesis. Gemcitabine/oxaliplatin and MLN0128 were administered in AKT/YapS127A tumor-bearing mice to study their anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Multiple human ICC cell lines were used for in vitro experiments. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were applied for the characterization and mechanistic study. RESULTS Co-expression of myr-AKT and YapS127A promoted ICC development in mice. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes were required for AKT/YapS127A ICC development. Gemcitabine/oxaliplatin had limited efficacy in treating late stage AKT/YapS127A ICC. In contrast, partial tumor regression was achieved when MLN0128 was applied in the late stage of AKT/YapS127A cholangiocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, when MLN0128 was administered in the early stage of AKT/YapS127A carcinogenesis, it led to disease stabilization. Mechanistically, MLN0128 efficiently inhibited AKT/mTOR signaling both in vivo and in vitro, inducing strong ICC cell apoptosis and only marginally affecting proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that mTOR kinase inhibitors may be beneficial for the treatment of ICC, even in tumors that are resistant to standard of care chemotherapeutics, such as gemcitabine/oxaliplatin-based regimens, especially in the subset of tumors exhibiting activated AKT/mTOR cascade. Lay summary: We established a novel mouse model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Using this new preclinical model, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitor MLN0128 vs. gemcitabine/oxaliplatin (the standard chemotherapy for ICC treatment). Our study shows the anti-neoplastic potential of MLN0128, suggesting that it may be superior to gemcitabine/oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for the treatment of ICC, especially in the tumors exhibiting activated AKT/mTOR cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xinhua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Biao Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mingjie Dong
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Maria G. Pilo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rosa M. Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Vidili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria M. Simile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni M. Pes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - John Gordan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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67
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Sheikh TN, Patwardhan PP, Cremers S, Schwartz GK. Targeted inhibition of glutaminase as a potential new approach for the treatment of NF1 associated soft tissue malignancies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94054-94068. [PMID: 29212209 PMCID: PMC5706855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells rely on glutamine as the source of carbon molecules to feed the biosynthetic pathways and are often addicted to glutaminolysis. Inhibitors of glutaminase activity have gained attention in the last few years due to their anti-proliferative effect and ability to induce apoptosis in some cancers. Although it is a promising therapeutic approach, its efficacy or the role played by glutamine in modulating cell proliferation in NF1 associated tumors has never been studied. We report for the first time, a strong correlation between the NF1 status of tumor cells and increased sensitivity to glutamine deprivation and glutaminase inhibition. Soft-tissue cell lines null for NF1 were highly dependent on glutamine for proliferation and showed decreased mTORC1 and Ras activity in response to glutaminase inhibition. Re-addition of glutamine or intermediary metabolite such as glutamate to the media restored mTORC1 and Ras activity. SiRNA mediated NF1 knockdown in wild-type NF1 cell line shows increased sensitivity to glutaminase inhibition. Conversely, NF1 overexpression in NF1 null cell lines results in reduced sensitivity to glutaminase inhibition, and restores mTORC1 signaling and Ras activity. These findings provide new insights into the role played by glutamine metabolism in NF1 associated tumors and strongly warrant further investigation as a potential therapy in the NF1 disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir N Sheikh
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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68
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Dual abrogation of MNK and mTOR: a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of aggressive cancers. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1539-1555. [PMID: 28841037 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the translational machinery has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Cancer cells require elevated protein synthesis and exhibit augmented activity to meet the increased metabolic demand. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is necessary for mRNA translation, its availability and phosphorylation are regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MNK1/2 pathways. The phosphorylated form of eIF4E drives the expression of oncogenic proteins including those involved in metastasis. In this article, we will review the role of eIF4E in cancer, its regulation and discuss the benefit of dual inhibition of upstream pathways. The discernible interplay between the MNK and mTOR signaling pathways provides a novel therapeutic opportunity to target aggressive migratory cancers through the development of hybrid molecules.
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69
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Burris HA, Kurkjian CD, Hart L, Pant S, Murphy PB, Jones SF, Neuwirth R, Patel CG, Zohren F, Infante JR. TAK-228 (formerly MLN0128), an investigational dual TORC1/2 inhibitor plus paclitaxel, with/without trastuzumab, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:261-273. [PMID: 28601972 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I trial evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and antitumor activity of investigational oral TORC1/2 inhibitor TAK-228 plus paclitaxel, with/without trastuzumab, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. METHODS Sixty-seven patients received TAK-228 6-40 mg via three dosing schedules; once daily for 3 days (QDx3d QW) or 5 days per week (QDx5d QW), and once weekly (QW) plus paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 (dose-escalation phase, n = 47) and with/without trastuzumab 2 mg/kg (expansion phase, n = 20). Doses were escalated using a modified 3 + 3 design, based upon dose-limiting toxicities in cycle 1. RESULTS TAK-228 pharmacokinetics exhibited dose-dependent increase in exposure when dosed with paclitaxel and no apparent differences when administered with or 24 h after paclitaxel. Dose-limiting toxicities were dehydration, diarrhea, stomatitis, fatigue, rash, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, and nausea. The maximum tolerated dose of TAK-228 was determined as 10-mg QDx3d QW; the expansion phase proceeded with 8-mg QDx3d QW. Overall, the most common grade ≥3 drug-related toxicities were neutropenia (21%), diarrhea (12%), and hyperglycemia (12%). Of 54 response-evaluable patients, eight achieved partial response and six had stable disease lasting ≥6 months. CONCLUSION TAK-228 demonstrated a safety profile consistent with other TORC inhibitors and promising preliminary antitumor activity in a range of tumor types; no meaningful difference was noted in the pharmacokinetics of TAK-228 when administered with or 24 h after paclitaxel. These findings support further investigation of TAK-228 in combination with other agents including paclitaxel, with/without trastuzumab, in patients with advanced solid tumors. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01351350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Burris
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. .,Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - C D Kurkjian
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - L Hart
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Florida Cancer Specialists, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - S Pant
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P B Murphy
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S F Jones
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - R Neuwirth
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C G Patel
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Zohren
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Avenue North, #100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA
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Miyahara H, Yadavilli S, Natsumeda M, Rubens JA, Rodgers L, Kambhampati M, Taylor IC, Kaur H, Asnaghi L, Eberhart CG, Warren KE, Nazarian J, Raabe EH. The dual mTOR kinase inhibitor TAK228 inhibits tumorigenicity and enhances radiosensitization in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:110-116. [PMID: 28450157 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an invasive and treatment-refractory pediatric brain tumor. Primary DIPG tumors harbor a number of mutations including alterations in PTEN, AKT, and PI3K and exhibit activation of mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2). mTORC1/2 regulate protein translation, cell growth, survival, invasion, and metabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 is minimally effective in DIPG. However, the activity of dual TORC kinase inhibitors has not been examined in this tumor type. Nanomolar levels of the mTORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 reduced expression of p-AKTS473 and p-S6S240/244 and suppressed the growth of DIPG lines JHH-DIPG1, SF7761, and SU-DIPG-XIII. TAK228 induced apoptosis in DIPG cells and cooperated with radiation to further block proliferation and enhance apoptosis. TAK228 monotherapy inhibited the tumorigenicity of a murine orthotopic model of DIPG, more than doubling median survival (p = 0.0017) versus vehicle. We conclude that dual mTOR inhibition is a promising potential candidate for DIPG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rubens
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louis Rodgers
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhuri Kambhampati
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Isabella C Taylor
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Asnaghi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine E Warren
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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71
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Müller S, Cañeque T, Acevedo V, Rodriguez R. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Small Molecules. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie Research Center; CNRS UMR 3666; Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group; 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris France
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- Institut Curie Research Center; CNRS UMR 3666; Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group; 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris France
| | - Verónica Acevedo
- Institut Curie Research Center; CNRS UMR 3666; Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group; 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Institut Curie Research Center; CNRS UMR 3666; Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group; 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris France
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72
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Okada T, Lee AY, Qin LX, Agaram N, Mimae T, Shen Y, O'Connor R, López-Lago MA, Craig A, Miller ML, Agius P, Molinelli E, Socci ND, Crago AM, Shima F, Sander C, Singer S. Integrin-α10 Dependency Identifies RAC and RICTOR as Therapeutic Targets in High-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1148-1165. [PMID: 27577794 PMCID: PMC5050162 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myxofibrosarcoma is a common mesenchymal malignancy with complex genomics and heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Through gene-expression profiling of 64 primary high-grade myxofibrosarcomas, we defined an expression signature associated with clinical outcome. The gene most significantly associated with disease-specific death and distant metastasis was ITGA10 (integrin-α10). Functional studies revealed that myxofibrosarcoma cells strongly depended on integrin-α10, whereas normal mesenchymal cells did not. Integrin-α10 transmitted its tumor-specific signal via TRIO and RICTOR, two oncoproteins that are frequently co-overexpressed through gene amplification on chromosome 5p. TRIO and RICTOR activated RAC/PAK and AKT/mTOR to promote sarcoma cell survival. Inhibition of these proteins with EHop-016 (RAC inhibitor) and INK128 (mTOR inhibitor) had antitumor effects in tumor-derived cell lines and mouse xenografts, and combining the drugs enhanced the effects. Our results demonstrate the importance of integrin-α10/TRIO/RICTOR signaling for driving myxofibrosarcoma progression and provide the basis for promising targeted treatment strategies for patients with high-risk disease. SIGNIFICANCE Identifying the molecular pathogenesis for myxofibrosarcoma progression has proven challenging given the highly complex genomic alterations in this tumor type. We found that integrin-α10 promotes tumor cell survival through activation of TRIO-RAC-RICTOR-mTOR signaling, and that inhibitors of RAC and mTOR have antitumor effects in vivo, thus identifying a potential treatment strategy for patients with high-risk myxofibrosarcoma. Cancer Discov; 6(10); 1148-65. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Okada
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Ann Y Lee
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Li-Xuan Qin
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Narasimhan Agaram
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takahiro Mimae
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yawei Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachael O'Connor
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel A López-Lago
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amanda Craig
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Martin L Miller
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Phaedra Agius
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Evan Molinelli
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aimee M Crago
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Fumi Shima
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samuel Singer
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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73
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Hu K, Dai HB, Qiu ZL. mTOR signaling in osteosarcoma: Oncogenesis and therapeutic aspects (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1219-25. [PMID: 27430283 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase family. Oncogenic activation of mTOR signaling significantly contributes to the progression of different types of cancers including osteosarcoma (OS; the most common primary malignant tumor of bone). In the present study, we review the association of the mTOR signaling pathway with OS, and the possible effective treatment strategies by targeting this pathway. In the metastatic behavior of OS, one of the most common actionable aberrations was found in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Upon phosphorylation, activated mTOR contributes to OS cellular transformation and poor cancer prognosis via downstream effectors such as S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E, which are overexpressed in OS. Targeting the mTOR complex is a significant approach in cancer therapeutic research, and of course, rapamycin is the primary inhibitor of mTOR. Various other chemotherapeutic molecules have also shown potential activity against mTOR. As mTOR is a new promising oncological target and blockade of the mTOR pathway with selective inhibitors has significant potential in OS therapeutic research, the development of the optimal dose, regimen and a rationale for the use of mTOR inhibitors in combination with other anticancer agents may provide a successful treatment strategy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Long Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
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74
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Cohen PR, Tomson BN, Elkin SK, Marchlik E, Carter JL, Kurzrock R. Genomic portfolio of Merkel cell carcinoma as determined by comprehensive genomic profiling: implications for targeted therapeutics. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23454-67. [PMID: 26981779 PMCID: PMC5029639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is an ultra-rare cutaneous neuroendocrine cancer for which approved treatment options are lacking. To better understand potential actionability, the genomic landscape of Merkel cell cancers was assessed. The molecular aberrations in 17 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes) and analyzed by N-of-One, Inc. (Lexington, MA). There were 30 genes harboring aberrations and 60 distinct molecular alterations identified in this patient population. The most common abnormalities involved the TP53 gene (12/17 [71% of patients]) and the cell cycle pathway (CDKN2A/B, CDKN2C or RB1) (12/17 [71%]). Abnormalities also were observed in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (AKT2, FBXW7, NF1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN or RICTOR) (9/17 [53%]) and DNA repair genes (ATM, BAP1, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, FANCA or MLH1) (5/17 [29%]). Possible cognate targeted therapies, including FDA-approved drugs, could be identified in most of the patients (16/17 [94%]). In summary, Merkel cell carcinomas were characterized by multiple distinct aberrations that were unique in the majority of analyzed cases. Most patients had theoretically actionable alterations. These results provide a framework for investigating tailored combinations of matched therapies in Merkel cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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75
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Lv D, Liu J, Guo L, Wu D, Matsumoto K, Huang L. PRAS40 deregulates apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma family tumors by enhancing the insulin receptor/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:486-497. [PMID: 27186418 PMCID: PMC4859675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EWS expression in Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) is decreased due to the haploinsufficiency elicited by chromosomal translocation. The abnormal expression levels of EWS and its downstream factors contribute to the manifestation of ESFTs. Previously, we reported that increased Proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), which is encoded by an EWS mRNA target, promotes the development of ESFTs. However, the mechanism remains elusive. To clarify the role of PRAS40 in ESFTs, we silenced PRAS40 expression in ESFT cells using siRNAs and found increased levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Cleaved caspase 3 levels and cytochrome C release were increased simultaneously. Furthermore, with PRAS40 knockdown, the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR downstream factors, i.e., S6K and S6, was attenuated notably. Ectopic expression of PRAS40 increased Akt and S6 phosphorylation. Activation of Akt only partially reversed the apoptosis induced by PRAS40 knockdown, and downregulation of S6 phosphorylation by PRAS40 silencing could not be sufficiently restored via Akt activation. Searching the upstream factors in this pathway, the autophosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) was found to be inhibited significantly by PRAS40 silencing but increased by PRAS40 overexpression. Therefore, PRAS40 may enhance IR phosphorylation to facilitate Akt and mTOR signaling leading to the apoptosis deregulation in ESFTs. Moreover, in vivo results confirmed that PRAS40 deletion suppressed the growth of ESFT xenografts and downregulated IR and S6 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest a novel functioning model for PRAS40, which represents a novel therapeutic target for ESFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Jinye Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
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76
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Chen H, Shen J, Choy E, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Targeting protein kinases to reverse multidrug resistance in sarcoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 43:8-18. [PMID: 26827688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a group of cancers that arise from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. They can be classified into over 50 subtypes, accounting for approximately 1% of adult and 15% of pediatric cancers. Wide surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the most common treatments for the majority of sarcomas. Among these therapies, chemotherapy can palliate symptoms and prolong life for some sarcoma patients. However, sarcoma cells can have intrinsic or acquired resistance after treatment with chemotherapeutics drugs, leading to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR attenuates the efficacy of anticancer drugs and results in treatment failure for sarcomas. Therefore, overcoming MDR is an unmet need for sarcoma therapy. Certain protein kinases demonstrate aberrant expression and/or activity in sarcoma cells, which have been found to be involved in the regulation of sarcoma cell progression, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and survival. Inhibiting these protein kinases may not only decrease the proliferation and growth of sarcoma cells, but also reverse their resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs to subsequently reduce the doses of anticancer drugs and decrease drug side-effects. The discovery of novel strategies targeting protein kinases opens a door to a new area of sarcoma research and provides insight into the mechanisms of MDR in chemotherapy. This review will focus on the recent studies in targeting protein kinase to reverse chemotherapeutic drug resistance in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Emergency Surgery, ShenZhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, No. 1017 Dongmenbei Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518020, China
| | - Jacson Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Edwin Choy
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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77
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Momcilovic M, McMickle R, Abt E, Seki A, Simko SA, Magyar C, Stout DB, Fishbein MC, Walser TC, Dubinett SM, Shackelford DB. Heightening Energetic Stress Selectively Targets LKB1-Deficient Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4910-22. [PMID: 26574479 PMCID: PMC4654699 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a frequent event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) leading to the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and sensitivity to the metabolic stress inducer phenformin. In this study, we explored the combinatorial use of phenformin with the mTOR catalytic kinase inhibitor MLN0128 as a treatment strategy for NSCLC bearing comutations in the LKB1 and KRAS genes. NSCLC is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disease, giving rise to lung tumors of varying histologies that include adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs. Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis. Combinatorial use of the mTOR inhibitor and AKT inhibitor MK2206 robustly inhibited the growth and viability of squamous lung tumors, thus providing an effective strategy to overcome resistance. Taken together, our findings define new personalized therapeutic strategies that may be rapidly translated into clinical use for the treatment of KRAS/LKB1-mutant adenocarcinomas and squamous cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Momcilovic
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert McMickle
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Evan Abt
- Department of Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Atsuko Seki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah A Simko
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clara Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David B Stout
- Department of Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael C Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tonya C Walser
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David B Shackelford
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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78
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Zhen X, Wu B, Wang J, Lu C, Gao H, Qiao J. Increased Incidence of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 Gene Mutations in Patients with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225554 PMCID: PMC4520565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure (POF), is defined as more than six months of cessation of menses before the age of 40 years, with two serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (at least 1 month apart) falling in the menopause range. The cause of POI remains undetermined in the majority of cases, although some studies have reported increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in idiopathic POF. The role of mitochondrial DNA in the pathogenesis of POI has not been studied extensively. This aim of this study was to uncover underlying mitochondrial genetic defects in patients with POI. The entire region of the mitochondrial genome was amplified in subjects with idiopathic POI (n=63) and age-matched healthy female controls (n=63) using nine pair sets of primers, followed by screening of the mitochondrial genome using an Illumina MiSeq. We identified a total of 96 non-synonymous mitochondrial variations in POI patients and 93 non-synonymous variations in control subjects. Of these, 21 (9 in POI and 12 in control) non-synonymous variations had not been reported previously. Eight mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase 1 (MT-CO1) missense variants were identified in POI patients, whereas only four missense mutations were observed in controls. A high incidence of MT-CO1 missense variants were identified in POI patients compared with controls, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (13/63 vs. 5/63, p=0.042). Our results show that patients with primary ovarian insufficiency exhibit an increased incidence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene mutations, suggesting that MT-CO1 gene mutation may be causal in POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Genetic Diagnosis Lab Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Bailin Wu
- Genetic Diagnosis Lab Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Jian Wang
- Genetic Diagnosis Lab Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Cuiling Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huafang Gao
- Genetic Diagnosis Lab Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- Human Genetic Resource Center, National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
- * E-mail: (HG); (JQ)
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- * E-mail: (HG); (JQ)
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79
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Xi Y, Chen Y. Oncogenic and Therapeutic Targeting of PTEN Loss in Bone Malignancies. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics; Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division in Signaling Biology; Princess Margaret Cancer Center; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
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80
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Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9412-7. [PMID: 26170311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511144112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV necessitates host factors for successful completion of its life cycle. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that forms two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR that selectively inhibits mTORC1. Rapamycin interferes with viral entry of CCR5 (R5)-tropic HIV and with basal transcription of the HIV LTR, potently inhibiting replication of R5 HIV but not CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV in primary cells. The recently developed ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Using INK128 as a prototype TOR-KI, we demonstrate potent inhibition of both R5 and X4 HIV in primary lymphocytes (EC50 < 50 nM), in the absence of toxicity. INK128 inhibited R5 HIV entry by reducing CCR5 levels. INK128 also inhibited both basal and induced transcription of HIV genes, consistent with inhibition of mTORC2, whose activity is critical for phosphorylation of PKC isoforms and, in turn, induction of NF-κB. INK128 enhanced the antiviral potency of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, and had favorable antiviral interactions with HIV inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease. In humanized mice, INK128 decreased plasma HIV RNA by >2 log10 units and partially restored CD4/CD8 cell ratios. Targeting of cellular mTOR with INK128 (and perhaps others TOR-KIs) provides a potential strategy to inhibit HIV, especially in patients with drug resistant HIV strains.
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81
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Zhang X, Shi H, Tang H, Fang Z, Wang J, Cui S. miR-218 inhibits the invasion and migration of colon cancer cells by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1301-8. [PMID: 25760926 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide. Despite major advances in the treatment of colon cancer, the prognosis remains very poor. Thus, novel and effective therapies for colon cancer are urgently needed. In the present study, the expression status of miR-218 and the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were investigated in colon cancer samples. Firstly, we observed that miR-218 expression was significantly reduced, while PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity was enhanced. The overexpression of miR-218 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of LoVo colon cancer cells, whereas the inhibition of miR-218 promoted these processes. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was identified as a direct target of miR-218. The upregulation of miR-218 inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, as well as the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9. The downregulation of miR-218 activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promoted MMP9 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-218 suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of LoVo colon cancer cells by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and MMP9. Our data indicate that miR-218 is a potential target in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital affiliated to Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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