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Zoeller JJ, Whitelock JM, Iozzo RV. Perlecan regulates developmental angiogenesis by modulating the VEGF-VEGFR2 axis. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:284-91. [PMID: 19422911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using the zebrafish, we previously identified a central function for perlecan during angiogenic blood vessel development. Here, we explored the nature of perlecan function during developmental angiogenesis. A close examination of individual endothelial cell behavior revealed that perlecan is required for proper endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Because these events are largely mediated by VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling, we investigated the relationship between perlecan and the VEGF pathway. We discovered that perlecan knockdown caused an abnormal increase and redistribution of total VEGF-A protein suggesting that perlecan is required for the appropriate localization of VEGF-A. Importantly, we linked perlecan function to the VEGF pathway by efficiently rescuing the perlecan morphant phenotype by microinjecting VEGF-A(165) protein or mRNA. Combining the strategic localization of perlecan throughout the vascular basement membrane along with its growth factor-binding ability, we hypothesized a major role for perlecan during the establishment of the VEGF gradient which provides the instructive cues to endothelial cells during angiogenesis. In support of this hypothesis we demonstrated that human perlecan bound in a heparan sulfate-dependent fashion to VEGF-A(165). Moreover, perlecan enhanced VEGF mediated VEGFR2 activation of human endothelial cells. Collectively, our results indicate that perlecan coordinates developmental angiogenesis through modulation of VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling events. The identification of angiogenic factors, such as perlecan, and their role in vertebrate development will not only enhance overall understanding of the molecular basis of angiogenesis, but may also provide new insight into angiogenesis-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Zoeller
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Chyou S, Ekland EH, Carpenter AC, Tzeng TCJ, Tian S, Michaud M, Madri JA, Lu TT. Fibroblast-type reticular stromal cells regulate the lymph node vasculature. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3887-96. [PMID: 18768843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymph node vasculature is essential to immune function, but mechanisms regulating lymph node vascular maintenance and growth are not well understood. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of lymph node endothelial cell proliferation in stimulated lymph nodes. It is expressed basally in lymph nodes and up-regulated upon lymph node stimulation, but the identity of VEGF-expressing cells in lymph nodes is not known. We show that, at homeostasis, fibroblast-type reticular stromal cells (FRC) in the T zone and medullary cords are the principal VEGF-expressing cells in lymph nodes and that VEGF plays a role in maintaining endothelial cell proliferation, although peripheral node addressin (PNAd)(+) endothelial cells are less sensitive than PNAd(-) endothelial cells to VEGF blockade. Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR) blockade reduces homeostatic VEGF levels and endothelial cell proliferation, and LTbetaR stimulation of murine fibroblast-type cells up-regulates VEGF expression, suggesting that LTbetaR signals on FRC regulate lymph node VEGF levels and, thereby, lymph node endothelial cell proliferation. At the initiation of immune responses, FRC remain the principal VEGF mRNA-expressing cells in lymph nodes, suggesting that FRC may play an important role in regulating vascular growth in stimulated nodes. In stimulated nodes, VEGF regulates the proliferation and expansion of both PNAd(+) and PNAd(-) endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest a role for FRC as paracrine regulators of lymph node endothelial cells and suggest that modulation of FRC VEGF expression may be a means to regulate lymph node vascularity and, potentially, immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Whitelock JM, Melrose J, Iozzo RV. Diverse cell signaling events modulated by perlecan. Biochemistry 2008; 47:11174-83. [PMID: 18826258 DOI: 10.1021/bi8013938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a ubiquitous pericellular proteoglycan ideally placed to mediate cell signaling events controlling migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Its control of growth factor signaling usually involves interactions with the heparan sulfate chains covalently coupled to the protein core's N-terminus. However, this modular protein core also binds with relatively high affinity to a number of growth factors and surface receptors, thereby stabilizing cell-matrix links. This review will focus on perlecan-growth factor interactions and describe recent advances in our understanding of this highly conserved proteoglycan during development, cancer growth, and angiogenesis. The pro-angiogenic capacities of perlecan that involve proliferative and migratory signals in response to bound growth factors will be explored, as well as the anti-angiogenic signals resulting from interactions between the C-terminal domain known as endorepellin and integrins that control adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. These two somewhat diametrically opposed roles will be discussed in light of new data emerging from various fields which converge on perlecan as a key regulator of cell growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Zagotto G, Sissi C, Lucatello L, Pivetta C, Cadamuro SA, Fox KR, Neidle S, Palumbo M. Aminoacyl−Anthraquinone Conjugates as Telomerase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biophysical and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5566-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800160v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Pivetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A. Cadamuro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Fox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Neidle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Manlio Palumbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom, CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways are affording demonstrable therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of cancer and in an increasing number of human cancers. However, in both preclinical and clinical settings, the benefits are at best transitory and are followed by a restoration of tumour growth and progression. Emerging data support a proposition that two modes of unconventional resistance underlie such results: evasive resistance, an adaptation to circumvent the specific angiogenic blockade; and intrinsic or pre-existing indifference. Multiple mechanisms can be invoked in different tumour contexts to manifest both evasive and intrinsic resistance, motivating assessment of their prevalence and importance and in turn the design of pharmacological strategies that confer enduring anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bergers
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumour Research Center, UCSF Helen Diller, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Diabetes Center, and the UCSF Helen Diller, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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