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Yasmin-Karim S, King MR, Messing EM, Lee YF. E-selectin ligand-1 controls circulating prostate cancer cell rolling/adhesion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12097-110. [PMID: 25301730 PMCID: PMC4322988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating prostate cancer (PCa) cells preferentially roll and adhere on bone marrow vascular endothelial cells, where abundant E-selectin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) are expressed, subsequently initiating a cascade of activation events that eventually lead to the development of metastases. To elucidate the roles of circulating PCa cells' rolling and adhesion behaviors in cancer metastases, we applied a dynamic cylindrical flow-based microchannel device that is coated with E-selectin and SDF-1, mimicking capillary endothelium. Using this device we captured a small fraction of rolling PCa cells. These rolling cells display higher static adhesion ability, more aggressive cancer phenotypes and stem-like properties. Importantly, mice received rolling PCa cells, but not floating PCa cells, developed cancer metastases. Genes coding for E-selectin ligands and genes associated with cancer stem cells and metastasis were elevated in rolling PCa cells. Knock down of E-selectin ligand 1(ESL-1), significantly impaired PCa cells' rolling capacity and reduced cancer aggressiveness. Moreover, ESL-1 activates RAS and MAP kinase signal cascade, consequently inducing the downstream targets. In summary, circulating PCa cells' rolling capacity contributes to PCa metastasis, and that is in part controlled by ESL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeda Yasmin-Karim
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Edward M Messing
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
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Gajula RP, Chettiar ST, Williams RD, Nugent K, Kato Y, Wang H, Malek R, Taparra K, Cades J, Annadanam A, Yoon AR, Fertig E, Firulli BA, Mazzacurati L, Burns TF, Firulli AB, An SS, Tran PT. Structure-function studies of the bHLH phosphorylation domain of TWIST1 in prostate cancer cells. Neoplasia 2015; 17:16-31. [PMID: 25622896 PMCID: PMC4309734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The TWIST1 gene has diverse roles in development and pathologic diseases such as cancer. TWIST1 is a dimeric basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor existing as TWIST1-TWIST1 or TWIST1-E12/47. TWIST1 partner choice and DNA binding can be influenced during development by phosphorylation of Thr125 and Ser127 of the Thr-Gln-Ser (TQS) motif within the bHLH of TWIST1. The significance of these TWIST1 phosphorylation sites for metastasis is unknown. We created stable isogenic prostate cancer cell lines overexpressing TWIST1 wild-type, phospho-mutants, and tethered versions. We assessed these isogenic lines using assays that mimic stages of cancer metastasis. In vitro assays suggested the phospho-mimetic Twist1-DQD mutation could confer cellular properties associated with pro-metastatic behavior. The hypo-phosphorylation mimic Twist1-AQA mutation displayed reduced pro-metastatic activity compared to wild-type TWIST1 in vitro, suggesting that phosphorylation of the TWIST1 TQS motif was necessary for pro-metastatic functions. In vivo analysis demonstrates that the Twist1-AQA mutation exhibits reduced capacity to contribute to metastasis, whereas the expression of the Twist1-DQD mutation exhibits proficient metastatic potential. Tethered TWIST1-E12 heterodimers phenocopied the Twist1-DQD mutation for many in vitro assays, suggesting that TWIST1 phosphorylation may result in heterodimerization in prostate cancer cells. Lastly, the dual phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor BEZ235 strongly attenuated TWIST1-induced migration that was dependent on the TQS motif. TWIST1 TQS phosphorylation state determines the intensity of TWIST1-induced pro-metastatic ability in prostate cancer cells, which may be partly explained mechanistically by TWIST1 dimeric partner choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Gajula
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sivarajan T Chettiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Russell D Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katriana Nugent
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kato
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hailun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reem Malek
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kekoa Taparra
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Cades
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anvesh Annadanam
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elana Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beth A Firulli
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lucia Mazzacurati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy F Burns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven S An
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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53
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Hurley PJ, Hughes RM, Simons BW, Huang J, Miller RM, Shinder B, Haffner MC, Esopi D, Kimura Y, Jabbari J, Ross AE, Erho N, Vergara IA, Faraj SF, Davicioni E, Netto GJ, Yegnasubramanian S, An SS, Schaeffer EM. Androgen-Regulated SPARCL1 in the Tumor Microenvironment Inhibits Metastatic Progression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4322-34. [PMID: 26294211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men due to the subset of cancers that progress to metastasis. Prostate cancers are thought to be hardwired to androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but AR-regulated changes in the prostate that facilitate metastasis remain poorly understood. We previously noted a marked reduction in secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) expression during invasive phases of androgen-induced prostate growth, suggesting that this may be a novel invasive program governed by AR. Herein, we show that SPARCL1 loss occurs concurrently with AR amplification or overexpression in patient-based data. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that SPARCL1 expression is directly suppressed by androgen-induced AR activation and binding at the SPARCL1 locus via an epigenetic mechanism, and these events can be pharmacologically attenuated with either AR antagonists or HDAC inhibitors. We establish using the Hi-Myc model of prostate cancer that in Hi-Myc/Sparcl1(-/-) mice, SPARCL1 functions to suppress cancer formation. Moreover, metastatic progression of Myc-CaP orthotopic allografts is restricted by SPARCL1 in the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, we show that SPARCL1 both tethers to collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to the cell's cytoskeleton. SPARCL1 directly inhibits the assembly of focal adhesions, thereby constraining the transmission of cell traction forces. Our findings establish a new insight into AR-regulated prostate epithelial movement and provide a novel framework whereby SPARCL1 in the ECM microenvironment restricts tumor progression by regulating the initiation of the network of physical forces that may be required for metastatic invasion of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Hurley
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Robert M Hughes
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian W Simons
- The Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessie Huang
- The Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca M Miller
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Shinder
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Esopi
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yasunori Kimura
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Javaneh Jabbari
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley E Ross
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Erho
- Genome Dx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sheila F Faraj
- The Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elai Davicioni
- Genome Dx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George J Netto
- The Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven S An
- The Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. The Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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54
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Shiraishi T, Verdone JE, Huang J, Kahlert UD, Hernandez JR, Torga G, Zarif JC, Epstein T, Gatenby R, McCartney A, Elisseeff JH, Mooney SM, An SS, Pienta KJ. Glycolysis is the primary bioenergetic pathway for cell motility and cytoskeletal remodeling in human prostate and breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:130-43. [PMID: 25426557 PMCID: PMC4381583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a cancer cell to detach from the primary tumor and move to distant sites is fundamental to a lethal cancer phenotype. Metabolic transformations are associated with highly motile aggressive cellular phenotypes in tumor progression. Here, we report that cancer cell motility requires increased utilization of the glycolytic pathway. Mesenchymal cancer cells exhibited higher aerobic glycolysis compared to epithelial cancer cells while no significant change was observed in mitochondrial ATP production rate. Higher glycolysis was associated with increased rates of cytoskeletal remodeling, greater cell traction forces and faster cell migration, all of which were blocked by inhibition of glycolysis, but not by inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Thus, our results demonstrate that cancer cell motility and cytoskeleton rearrangement is energetically dependent on aerobic glycolysis and not oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial derived ATP is insufficient to compensate for inhibition of the glycolytic pathway with regard to cellular motility and CSK rearrangement, implying that localization of ATP derived from glycolytic enzymes near sites of active CSK rearrangement is more important for cell motility than total cellular ATP production rate. These results extend our understanding of cancer cell metabolism, potentially providing a target metabolic pathway associated with aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Shiraishi
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James E Verdone
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ulf D Kahlert
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R Hernandez
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonzalo Torga
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jelani C Zarif
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamir Epstein
- Department of Integrative Mathematical Oncology and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert Gatenby
- Department of Integrative Mathematical Oncology and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Annemarie McCartney
- The Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- The Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Mooney
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven S An
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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55
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Chang AT, Liu Y, Ayyanathan K, Benner C, Jiang Y, Prokop JW, Paz H, Wang D, Li HR, Fu XD, Rauscher FJ, Yang J. An evolutionarily conserved DNA architecture determines target specificity of the TWIST family bHLH transcription factors. Genes Dev 2015; 29:603-16. [PMID: 25762439 PMCID: PMC4378193 DOI: 10.1101/gad.242842.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors recognize the canonical E-box (CANNTG) to regulate gene transcription; however, given the prevalence of E-boxes in a genome, it has been puzzling how individual bHLH proteins selectively recognize E-box sequences on their targets. TWIST is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during development and tumor metastasis. High-resolution mapping of TWIST occupancy in human and Drosophila genomes reveals that TWIST, but not other bHLH proteins, recognizes a unique double E-box motif with two E-boxes spaced preferentially by 5 nucleotides. Using molecular modeling and binding kinetic analyses, we found that the strict spatial configuration in the double E-box motif aligns two TWIST-E47 dimers on the same face of DNA, thus providing a high-affinity site for a highly stable intramolecular tetramer. Biochemical analyses showed that the WR domain of TWIST dimerizes to mediate tetramer formation, which is functionally required for TWIST-induced EMT. These results uncover a novel mechanism for a bHLH transcription factor to recognize a unique spatial configuration of E-boxes to achieve target specificity. The WR-WR domain interaction uncovered here sets an example of target gene specificity of a bHLH protein being controlled allosterically by a domain outside of the bHLH region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA; The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Chris Benner
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yike Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA; The Biological Science Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Helicia Paz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Hai-Ri Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | | | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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56
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Shang B, Gao A, Pan Y, Zhang G, Tu J, Zhou Y, Yang P, Cao Z, Wei Q, Ding Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zhou Q. CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1285. [PMID: 24901056 PMCID: PMC4611718 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer/testis antigen (CTA)-45 family (CT45) belongs to a new family of genes in phylogenetics and is absent in normal tissues except for testis, but is aberrantly overexpressed in various cancer types. Whether CT45 and other CTAs act as proto-oncogenes has not been determined. Using breast cancer as a model, we found that CT45A1, a representative CT45 family member, alone had a weak tumorigenic effect. However, its neoplastic potency was greatly enhanced in the presence of growth factors. Overexpression of CT45A1 in breast cancer cells markedly upregulated various oncogenic and metastatic genes, constitutively activated ERK and CREB signaling pathways, promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and increased cell stemness, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis, whereas silencing CT45A1 significantly reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. We propose that CT45A1 functions as a novel proto-oncogene to trigger oncogenesis and metastasis. CT45A1 and other CT45 members are therefore excellent targets for anticancer drug discovery and targeted tumor therapy, and valuable genes in the study of a molecular phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - A Gao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Pan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Tu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - P Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Wei
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Ding
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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57
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Ohba K, Miyata Y, Matsuo T, Asai A, Mitsunari K, Shida Y, Kanda S, Sakai H. High expression of Twist is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:3158-3165. [PMID: 25031735 PMCID: PMC4097249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Twist has been reported to play crucial roles for malignant aggressiveness; however, detailed pathological significance of Twist in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not fully understood. The present study was to clarify clinical significance and molecular functions of Twist in patients with RCC. METHODS Twist expression was examined by immunohistochemical techniques in 156 formalin-fixed specimens. Cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis were measured as the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells (proliferation index, PI), CD31-stained vessels (microvessel density, MVD), and TUNEL-positive cells (apoptotic index, AI). In addition, semi-quantification of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 was performed. Macrophages were identified with anti-CD68 antibody, and the tumor associated macrophage (TAM) density was calculated as CD68-positive cells per high-power field. RESULTS Twist expression was positively associated with grade, pT stage, and metastasis (p<0.001). We also noticed that its expression was considerably higher in cancer cells of sarcomatoid RCC and in those at the edge of the tumors. Twist expression was positively correlated with PI, MVD, MMP2 expression, and TAM density (P<0.001), but not with AI, and MMP-2 expression and TAM density were independently correlate by multi-variate analyses. Kaplan-Meir survival curves showed high Twist expression was a worse predictor for cause-specific survival (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Twist plays important roles in tumor growth, progression, and survival in patients with RCC patients. Such pathological mechanisms are significantly associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, MMP2 expression, and macrophage recruitment. These findings are important information for discussion of treatment and observation strategies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Shida
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kanda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki, Japan
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58
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Ginnebaugh KR, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. The therapeutic potential of targeting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:731-45. [PMID: 24758643 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.909807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has long been advocated as a process during tumor progression and the acquisition of metastatic potential of human cancers. EMT has also been linked with resistance to cancer therapies. AREAS COVERED Basic research has provided evidence connecting EMT to increased invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. A number of signaling pathways such as notch, wnt, hedgehog and PI3K-AKT, and various other individual factors therein, have been intricately connected to the onset of EMT. Here, we provide latest updates on the evidences that further highlight an association between various signaling pathways and EMT, with a focus on therapeutic targets that may have the potential to reverse EMT. EXPERT OPINION Our understanding of EMT and its underlying causes is rapidly evolving and a number of putative targets have been identified. It is crucial, now than ever before, to design novel translational and clinical studies for the benefit of advanced stage cancer patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Ginnebaugh
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA
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59
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Ardiani A, Gameiro SR, Palena C, Hamilton DH, Kwilas A, King TH, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Vaccine-mediated immunotherapy directed against a transcription factor driving the metastatic process. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1945-57. [PMID: 24520078 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports have now demonstrated that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is involved in solid tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Several transcription factors have been implicated as drivers of EMT and metastatic progression, including Twist. Overexpression of Twist has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance for many carcinomas and other tumor types. The role of Twist in experimental cancer metastases has been principally studied in the 4T1 mammary tumor model, where silencing of Twist in vitro has been shown to greatly reduce in vivo metastatic spread. Transcription factors such as Twist are generally believed to be "undruggable" because of their nuclear location and lack of a specific groove for tight binding of a small molecule inhibitor. An alternative approach to drug therapy targeting transcription factors driving the metastatic process is T-cell-mediated immunotherapy. A therapeutic vaccine platform that has been previously characterized consists of heat-killed recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) capable of expressing tumor-associated antigen protein. We report here the construction and characterization of a recombinant yeast expressing the entire Twist protein, which is capable of inducing both CD8(+) and CD4(+) Twist-specific T-cell responses in vivo. Vaccination of mice reduced the size of primary transplanted 4T1 tumors and had an even greater antitumor effect on lung metastases of the same mice, which was dependent on Twist-specific CD8(+) T cells. These studies provide the rationale for vaccine-induced T-cell-mediated therapy of transcription factors involved in driving the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and GlobeImmune Inc., Louisville, Colorado
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