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Schafer JM, Lehmann BD, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Marshall CB, Beeler JS, Redman LN, Jin H, Sanchez V, Stubbs MC, Scherle P, Johnson KN, Sheng Q, Roland JT, Bauer JA, Shyr Y, Chakravarthy B, Mobley BC, Hiebert SW, Balko JM, Sanders ME, Liu PCC, Pietenpol JA. Targeting MYCN-expressing triple-negative breast cancer with BET and MEK inhibitors. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaw8275. [PMID: 32161105 PMCID: PMC7427123 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that does not respond to endocrine therapy or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies. Individuals with TNBC experience higher rates of relapse and shorter overall survival compared to patients with receptor-positive breast cancer subtypes. Preclinical discoveries are needed to identify, develop, and advance new drug targets to improve outcomes for patients with TNBC. Here, we report that MYCN, an oncogene typically overexpressed in tumors of the nervous system or with neuroendocrine features, is heterogeneously expressed within a substantial fraction of primary and recurrent TNBC and is expressed in an even higher fraction of TNBCs that do not display a pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We performed high-throughput chemical screens on TNBC cell lines with varying amounts of MYCN expression and determined that cells with higher expression of MYCN were more sensitive to bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) inhibitors. Combined BET and MEK inhibition resulted in a synergistic decrease in viability, both in vitro and in vivo, using cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Our preclinical data provide a rationale to advance a combination of BET and MEK inhibitors to clinical investigation for patients with advanced MYCN-expressing TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Schafer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Clayton B Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Beeler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay N Redman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Violeta Sanchez
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | - Kimberly N Johnson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph T Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joshua A Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bapsi Chakravarthy
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bret C Mobley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Gamble LD, Purgato S, Murray J, Xiao L, Yu DMT, Hanssen KM, Giorgi FM, Carter DR, Gifford AJ, Valli E, Milazzo G, Kamili A, Mayoh C, Liu B, Eden G, Sarraf S, Allan S, Di Giacomo S, Flemming CL, Russell AJ, Cheung BB, Oberthuer A, London WB, Fischer M, Trahair TN, Fletcher JI, Marshall GM, Ziegler DS, Hogarty MD, Burns MR, Perini G, Norris MD, Haber M. Inhibition of polyamine synthesis and uptake reduces tumor progression and prolongs survival in mouse models of neuroblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/477/eaau1099. [PMID: 30700572 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor outcome in childhood neuroblastoma. Polyamines are highly regulated essential cations that are frequently elevated in cancer cells, and the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1), is a direct transcriptional target of MYCN. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with the ODC1 inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), although a promising therapeutic strategy, is only partially effective at impeding neuroblastoma cell growth due to activation of compensatory mechanisms resulting in increased polyamine uptake from the surrounding microenvironment. In this study, we identified solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) as the key transporter involved in polyamine uptake in neuroblastoma. Knockdown of SLC3A2 in neuroblastoma cells reduced the uptake of the radiolabeled polyamine spermidine, and DFMO treatment increased SLC3A2 protein. In addition, MYCN directly increased polyamine synthesis and promoted neuroblastoma cell proliferation by regulating SLC3A2 and other regulatory components of the polyamine pathway. Inhibiting polyamine uptake with the small-molecule drug AMXT 1501, in combination with DFMO, prevented or delayed tumor development in neuroblastoma-prone mice and extended survival in rodent models of established tumors. Our findings suggest that combining AMXT 1501 and DFMO with standard chemotherapy might be an effective strategy for treating neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Gamble
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Stefania Purgato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Jayne Murray
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Lin Xiao
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Hanssen
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew J Gifford
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology (SEALS), Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Emanuele Valli
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Giorgio Milazzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alvin Kamili
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Georgina Eden
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Sara Sarraf
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Sophie Allan
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Simone Di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Claudia L Flemming
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andre Oberthuer
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wendy B London
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Toby N Trahair
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jamie I Fletcher
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Mark R Burns
- Aminex Therapeutics, Aminex Therapeutics Inc., Kirkland, WA 98034, USA
| | - Giovanni Perini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, PO Box 81, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. .,School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
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Currò M, Ferlazzo N, Giunta ML, Montalto AS, Russo T, Arena S, Impellizzeri P, Caccamo D, Romeo C, Ientile R. Hypoxia-Dependent Expression of TG2 Isoforms in Neuroblastoma Cells as Consequence of Different MYCN Amplification Status. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041364. [PMID: 32085516 PMCID: PMC7072980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme and two isoforms, TG2-L and TG2-S, exerting opposite effects in the regulation of cell death and survival, have been revealed in cancer tissues. Notably, in cancer cells a hypoxic environment may stimulate tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Here we aimed to characterize the role of TG2 isoforms in neuroblastoma cell fate under hypoxic conditions. The mRNA levels of TG2 isoforms, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, p16, cyclin D1 and B1, as well as markers of cell proliferation/death, DNA damage, and cell cycle were examined in SH-SY5Y (non-MYCN-amplified) and IMR-32 (MYCN-amplified) neuroblastoma cells in hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. The exposure to hypoxia induced the up-regulation of HIF-1α in both cell lines. Hypoxic conditions caused the up-regulation of TG2-S and the reduction of cell viability/proliferation associated with DNA damage in SH-SY5Y cells, while in IMR-32 did not produce DNA damage, and increased the levels of both TG2 isoforms and proliferation markers. Different cell response to hypoxia can be mediated by TG2 isoforms in function of MYCN amplification status. A better understanding of the role of TG2 isoforms in neuroblastoma may open new venues in a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (N.F.); (M.L.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Nadia Ferlazzo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (N.F.); (M.L.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria Laura Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (N.F.); (M.L.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Angela Simona Montalto
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.M.); (T.R.); (S.A.); (P.I.); (C.R.)
| | - Tiziana Russo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.M.); (T.R.); (S.A.); (P.I.); (C.R.)
| | - Salvatore Arena
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.M.); (T.R.); (S.A.); (P.I.); (C.R.)
| | - Pietro Impellizzeri
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.M.); (T.R.); (S.A.); (P.I.); (C.R.)
| | - Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (N.F.); (M.L.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Carmelo Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.M.); (T.R.); (S.A.); (P.I.); (C.R.)
| | - Riccardo Ientile
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (N.F.); (M.L.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Massó-Vallés D, Beaulieu ME, Soucek L. MYC, MYCL, and MYCN as therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:101-114. [PMID: 32003251 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Despite recent advances with personalized therapies and immunotherapy, the prognosis remains dire and recurrence is frequent. Myc is an oncogene deregulated in human cancers, including lung cancer, where it supports tumorigenic processes and progression. Elevated Myc levels have also been associated with resistance to therapy.Areas covered: This article summarizes the genomic and transcriptomic studies that compile evidence for (i) MYC, MYCN, and MYCL amplification and overexpression in lung cancer patients, and (ii) their prognostic significance. We collected the most recent literature regarding the development of Myc inhibitors where the emphasis is on those inhibitors tested in lung cancer experimental models and their potential for future clinical application.Expert opinion: The targeting of Myc in lung cancer is potentially an unprecedented opportunity for inhibiting a key player in tumor progression and maintenance and therapeutic resistance. Myc inhibitory strategies are on the path to their clinical application but further work is necessary for the assessment of their use in combination with standard treatment approaches. Given the role of Myc in immune suppression, a significant opportunity may exist in the combination of Myc inhibitors with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Edifici Cellex, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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55
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Ommer J, Selfe JL, Wachtel M, O'Brien EM, Laubscher D, Roemmele M, Kasper S, Delattre O, Surdez D, Petts G, Kelsey A, Shipley J, Schäfer BW. Aurora A Kinase Inhibition Destabilizes PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN and Synergizes with Navitoclax to Induce Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Death. Cancer Res 2019; 80:832-842. [PMID: 31888889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinically aggressive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) subtype is characterized by expression of the oncogenic fusion protein PAX3-FOXO1, which is critical for tumorigenesis and cell survival. Here, we studied the mechanism of cell death induced by loss of PAX3-FOXO1 expression and identified a novel pharmacologic combination therapy that interferes with PAX3-FOXO1 biology at different levels. Depletion of PAX3-FOXO1 in fusion-positive (FP)-RMS cells induced intrinsic apoptosis in a NOXA-dependent manner. This was pharmacologically mimicked by the BH3 mimetic navitoclax, identified as top compound in a screen from 208 targeted compounds. In a parallel approach, and to identify drugs that alter the stability of PAX3-FOXO1 protein, the same drug library was screened and fusion protein levels were directly measured as a read-out. This revealed that inhibition of Aurora kinase A most efficiently negatively affected PAX3-FOXO1 protein levels. Interestingly, this occurred through a novel specific phosphorylation event in and binding to the fusion protein. Aurora kinase A inhibition also destabilized MYCN, which is both a functionally important oncogene and transcriptional target of PAX3-FOXO1. Combined treatment with an Aurora kinase A inhibitor and navitoclax in FP-RMS cell lines and patient-derived xenografts synergistically induced cell death and significantly slowed tumor growth. These studies identify a novel functional interaction of Aurora kinase A with both PAX3-FOXO1 and its effector MYCN, and reveal new opportunities for targeted combination treatment of FP-RMS. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that Aurora kinase A and Bcl-2 family proteins are potential targets for FP-RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ommer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleanor M O'Brien
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Laubscher
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Roemmele
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kasper
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delattre
- France INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- France INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gemma Petts
- Department of Diagnostic Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Diagnostic Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for brain tumours: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Brain tumours are relatively rare disease but present a large medical challenge as there is currently no method for early detection of the tumour and are typically not diagnosed until patients have progressed to symptomatic stage which significantly decreases chances of survival and also minimises treatment efficacy. However, if brain cancers can be diagnosed at early stages and also if clinicians have the potential to prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ treatment efficacy and survival. In recent years, there have been several investigations to identify biomarkers for brain cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying which group of patients will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and methods:This paper reports on a review of 21 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis, and monitoring the response of treatment of brain cancers.Conclusion:Understanding biomarkers, molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways can potentially lead to personalised and targeted treatment via therapeutic targeting of specific genetic aberrant pathways which play key roles in malignant brain tumour formation. The future holds promising for the use of biomarker analysis as a major factor for personalised and targeted brain cancer treatment, since biomarkers have the potential to measure early disease detection and diagnosis, the risk of disease development and progression, improved patient stratification for various treatment paradigms, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and inform clinicians about the likely outcome of a brain cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received.
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57
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Molecular switch from MYC to MYCN expression in MYC protein negative Burkitt lymphoma cases. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:91. [PMID: 31748534 PMCID: PMC6868231 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is the most altered oncogene in human cancer, and belongs to a large family of genes, including MYCN and MYCL. Recently, while assessing the degree of correlation between MYC gene rearrangement and MYC protein expression in aggressive B-cell lymphomas, we observed few Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cases lacking MYC protein expression despite the translocation involving the MYC gene. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to better characterize such cases. Our results identified two sub-groups of MYC protein negative BL: one lacking detectable MYC protein expression but presenting MYCN mRNA and protein expression; the second characterized by the lack of both MYC and MYCN proteins but showing MYC mRNA. Interestingly, the two sub-groups presented a different pattern of SNVs affecting MYC gene family members that may induce the switch from MYC to MYCN. Particulary, MYCN-expressing cases show MYCN SNVs at interaction interface that stabilize the protein associated with loss-of-function of MYC. This finding highlights MYCN as a reliable diagnostic marker in such cases. Nevertheless, due to the overlapping clinic, morphology and immunohistochemistry (apart for MYC versus MYCN protein expression) of both sub-groups, the described cases represent bona fide BL according to the current criteria of the World Health Organization.
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58
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Combinatorial targeting of MTHFD2 and PAICS in purine synthesis as a novel therapeutic strategy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:786. [PMID: 31624245 PMCID: PMC6797810 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MYCN-amplified (MNA) neuroblastoma is an aggressive neural crest-derived pediatric cancer. However, MYCN is indispensable for development and transcriptionally regulates extensive network of genes. Integrating anti-MYCN ChIP-seq and gene expression profiles of neuroblastoma patients revealed the metabolic enzymes, MTHFD2 and PAICS, required for one-carbon metabolism and purine biosynthesis were concomitantly upregulated, which were more susceptible to metastatic neuroblastoma. Moreover, we found that MYCN mediated the folate cycle via MTHFD2, which contributed one-carbon unit to enhance purine synthesis, and further regulated nucleotide production by PAICS in response to cancer progression. Dual knockdown of the MYCN-targeted gene pair, MTHFD2 and PAICS, in MNA neuroblastoma cells synergically reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, migration ability, and DNA synthesis. By systematically screening the compound perturbagens, the gene expression levels of MTHFD2 and PAICS were specifically suppressed by anisomycin and apicidin across cell lines, and our co-treatment results also displayed synergistic inhibition of MNA neuroblastoma cell proliferation. Collectively, targeting a combination of MYCN-targeted genes that interrupts the interconnection of metabolic pathways may overcome drug toxicity and improve the efficacy of current therapeutic agents in MNA neuroblastoma.
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59
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Jiang P, Huang M, Qi W, Wang F, Yang T, Gao T, Luo C, Deng J, Yang Z, Zhou T, Zou Y, Gao G, Yang X. FUBP1 promotes neuroblastoma proliferation via enhancing glycolysis-a new possible marker of malignancy for neuroblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:400. [PMID: 31511046 PMCID: PMC6737630 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the deadliest paediatric solid tumours due to its rapid proliferative characteristics. Amplified copies of MYCN are considered the most important marker for the prediction of tumour relapse and progression in NB, but they were only detected in 20–30% of NB patients, indicating there might be other oncogenes in the development of NB. The far upstream element binding protein 1 (FUBP1) was first identified as a transcriptional regulator of the proto-oncogene MYC. However, the expression and role of FUBP1 in NB have not been documented. Methods FUBP1 expression was analysed from GEO database and verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting (WB) in NB tissues and cell lines. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, Colony formation assay, EDU, TUNEL staining and flow cytometric analysis. Several glycolytic metabolites production was confirmed by ELISA and oxygen consuming rate (OCR). Luciferase assay, WB, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) were used to explore the mechanisms of the effect of FUBP1 on NB. Results FUBP1 mRNA levels were increased along with the increase in International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stages. High expression of FUBP1 with low N-Myc expression accounted for 44.6% of NB patient samples (n = 65). In addition, FUBP1 protein levels were remarkably increased with NB malignancy in the NB tissue microarray (NB: n = 65; ganglioneuroblastoma: n = 31; ganglioneuroma: n = 27). Furthermore, FUBP1 expression was negatively correlated with patient survival rate but positively correlated with ki67 content. In vitro experiments showed that FUBP1 promotes NB cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via enhancing glycolysis and ATP production. Mechanistically, FUBP1 inhibited the degradation of HIF1α via downregulation of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), the E3 ligase for HIF1α, resulting in upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase isoform B (LDHB) expression to enhance glycolysis. Overexpressed or silenced N-Myc could not regulate FUBP1 or LDHB levels. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that elevated FUBP1 promotes NB glycolysis and growth by targeting HIF1α rather than N-Myc, suggesting that FUBP1 is a novel and powerful oncogene in the development of NB independent of N-Myc and may have potential in the diagnosis and treatment of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyou Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanghua Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sasada M, Iyoda T, Asayama T, Suenaga Y, Sakai S, Kase N, Kodama H, Yokoi S, Isohama Y, Fukai F. Inactivation of beta1 integrin induces proteasomal degradation of Myc oncoproteins. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4960-4972. [PMID: 31452837 PMCID: PMC6697639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC family oncogenes (MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) contribute to the genesis of many human cancers. Among them, amplification of the MYCN gene and over-expression of N-Myc protein are the most reliable risk factors in neuroblastoma patients. On the other hand, we previously found that a peptide derived from fibronectin, termed FNIII14, is capable of inducing functional inactivation in β1-integrins. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of β1-integrin by FNIII14 induced proteasomal degradation in N-Myc of neuroblastoma cells with MYCN amplification. This N-Myc degradation by FNIII14 reduced the malignant properties, including the anchorage-independent proliferation and invasive migration, of neuroblastoma cells. An in vivo experiment using a mouse xenograft model showed that the administration of FNIII14 can inhibit tumor growth, and concomitantly a remarkable decrease in N-Myc levels in tumor tissues. Of note, the activation of proteasomal degradation based on β1-integrin inactivation is applicable to another Myc family oncoprotein, c-myc, which also reverses cancer-associated properties in pancreatic cancer cells. Collectively, β1-integrin inactivation could be a new chemotherapeutic strategy for cancers with highly expressed Myc. FNIII14, which is a unique pharmacological agent able to induce β1-integrin inactivation, may be a promising drug targeting Myc oncoproteins for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sasada
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Cancer Genome Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Iyoda
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Asayama
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suenaga
- Cancer Genome Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Kase
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Sana Yokoi
- Cancer Genome Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Isohama
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukai
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Wilms tumour is the most common renal malignancy of childhood. The disease is curable in the majority of cases, albeit at considerable cost in terms of late treatment-related effects in some children. However, one in ten children with Wilms tumour will die of their disease despite modern treatment approaches. The genetic changes that underpin Wilms tumour have been defined by studies of familial cases and by unbiased DNA sequencing of tumour genomes. Together, these approaches have defined the landscape of cancer genes that are operative in Wilms tumour, many of which are intricately linked to the control of fetal nephrogenesis. Advances in our understanding of the germline and somatic genetic changes that underlie Wilms tumour may translate into better patient outcomes. Improvements in risk stratification have already been seen through the introduction of molecular biomarkers into clinical practice. A host of additional biomarkers are due to undergo clinical validation. Identifying actionable mutations has led to potential new targets, with some novel compounds undergoing testing in early phase trials. Avenues that warrant further exploration include targeting Wilms tumour cancer genes with a non-redundant role in nephrogenesis and targeting the fetal renal transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Dora Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Veneziani I, Fruci D, Compagnone M, Pistoia V, Rossi P, Cifaldi L. The BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 renders neuroblastoma cells more resistant to NK cell-mediated recognition and killing by downregulating ligands for NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptors. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2151-2160. [PMID: 31040907 PMCID: PMC6481332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Low expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors contributes to neuroblastoma (NB) aggressiveness. Recently, we demonstrated that the expression of MYCN, a poor prognosis marker in NB, inversely correlates with that of activating ligands. This indicates that MYCN expression level can predict the susceptibility of NB cells to NK cell-mediated immunotherapy and that its downregulation can be exploited as a novel therapeutic strategy to induce the expression of activating ligands. Here we evaluated the effect of the BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 on the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors in NB cell lines. Although downmodulating MYCN, JQ1 impaired the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors, rendering NB cell lines more resistant to NK cell-mediated killing. The downregulation of activating ligands was due to JQ1-mediated impaired functions of both c-MYC and p53, two transcription factors known to regulate the expression of ULBP1-3 ligands for NKG2D activating receptor. Moreover JQ1 strongly downregulated the levels of ROS, a stress-induced signaling event associated with the induction of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors. These results suggest that the use of JQ1 should be discourage in combination with NK cell-based immunotherapy in a perspective chemotherapeutic treatment of NB. Thus, further investigations, exploiting molecular strategies aimed to boost the NK cell-mediated killing of NB cells, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Veneziani
- Department of Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Doriana Fruci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirco Compagnone
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Department of Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cifaldi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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63
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Melnik S, Werth N, Boeuf S, Hahn EM, Gotterbarm T, Anton M, Richter W. Impact of c-MYC expression on proliferation, differentiation, and risk of neoplastic transformation of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30836996 PMCID: PMC6402108 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from bone marrow (MSC) represent an attractive source of adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, thorough research is required into their clinical application safety issues concerning a risk of potential neoplastic degeneration in a process of MSC propagation in cell culture for therapeutic applications. Expansion protocols could preselect MSC with elevated levels of growth-promoting transcription factors with oncogenic potential, such as c-MYC. We addressed the question whether c-MYC expression affects the growth and differentiation potential of human MSC upon extensive passaging in cell culture and assessed a risk of tumorigenic transformation caused by MSC overexpressing c-MYC in vivo. METHODS MSC were subjected to retroviral transduction to induce expression of c-MYC, or GFP, as a control. Cells were expanded, and effects of c-MYC overexpression on osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis were monitored. Ectopic bone formation properties were tested in SCID mice. A potential risk of tumorigenesis imposed by MSC with c-MYC overexpression was evaluated. RESULTS C-MYC levels accumulated during ex vivo passaging, and overexpression enabled the transformed MSC to significantly overgrow competing control cells in culture. C-MYC-MSC acquired enhanced biological functions of c-MYC: its increased DNA-binding activity, elevated expression of the c-MYC-binding partner MAX, and induction of antagonists P19ARF/P16INK4A. Overexpression of c-MYC stimulated MSC proliferation and reduced osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, c-MYC overexpression also caused an increased COL10A1/COL2A1 expression ratio upon chondrogenesis, suggesting a role in hypertrophic degeneration. However, the in vivo ectopic bone formation ability of c-MYC-transduced MSC remained comparable to control GFP-MSC. There was no indication of tumor growth in any tissue after transplantation of c-MYC-MSC in mice. CONCLUSIONS C-MYC expression promoted high proliferation rates of MSC, attenuated but not abrogated their differentiation capacity, and did not immediately lead to tumor formation in the tested in vivo mouse model. However, upregulation of MYC antagonists P19ARF/P16INK4A promoting apoptosis and senescence, as well as an observed shift towards a hypertrophic collagen phenotype and cartilage degeneration, point to lack of safety for clinical application of MSC that were manipulated to overexpress c-MYC for their better expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Werth
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephane Boeuf
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hahn
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gotterbarm
- Department of Orthopedics, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Martina Anton
- Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bellur S, Van der Kwast T, Mete O. Evolving concepts in prostatic neuroendocrine manifestations: from focal divergent differentiation to amphicrine carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 85:313-327. [PMID: 30481509 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic neuroendocrine manifestations encompass a heterogeneous spectrum of morphologic entities. In the era of evidence-based and precision-led treatment, distinction of biologically relevant clinical manifestations expanded the evolving clinical role of pathologists. Recent observations on the occurrence of hormone therapy-induced aggressive prostatic cancers with neuroendocrine features have triggered the need to refine the spectrum and nomenclature of prostatic neuroendocrine manifestations. Although the morphologic assessment still remains the basis of the diagnostic workup of prostatic neoplasms, the application of ancillary biomarkers is crucial in the accurate classification of such presentations. This review provides a diagnostic roadmap for the practicing pathologist by reviewing the characteristic morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular correlates of various faces of prostatic neuroendocrine manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Bellur
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Theodorus Van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Endocrine Oncology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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65
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Jung M, Russell AJ, Kennedy C, Gifford AJ, Mallitt KA, Sivarajasingam S, Bowtell DD, DeFazio A, Haber M, Norris MD, Henderson MJ. Clinical Importance of Myc Family Oncogene Aberrations in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2018; 2:pky047. [PMID: 31360864 PMCID: PMC6649713 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Myc oncogene family has been implicated in many human malignancies and is often associated with particularly aggressive disease, suggesting Myc as an attractive prognostic marker and therapeutic target. However, for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), there is little consensus on the incidence and clinical relevance of Myc aberrations. Here we comprehensively investigated alterations in gene copy number, expression, and activity for Myc and evaluated their clinical significance in EOC. Methods To address inconsistencies in the literature regarding the definition of copy number variations, we developed a novel approach using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) coupled with a statistical algorithm to estimate objective thresholds for detecting Myc gain/amplification in large cohorts of serous (n = 150) and endometrioid (n = 80) EOC. MYC, MYCN, and MYCL1 mRNA expression and Myc activity score for each case were examined by qPCR. Kaplan–Meier and Cox-regression analyses were conducted to assess clinical significance of Myc aberrations. Results Using a large panel of cancer cell lines (n = 34), we validated the statistical algorithm for determining clear thresholds for Myc gain/amplification. MYC was the most predominantly amplified of the Myc oncogene family members, and high MYC mRNA expression levels were associated with amplification in EOC. However, there was no association between prognosis and increased copy number or gene expression of MYC/MYCN/MYCL1 or with a pan-Myc transcriptional activity score, in EOC, although MYC amplification was associated with late stage and high grade in endometrioid EOC. Conclusion A systematic and comprehensive analysis of Myc genes, transcripts, and activity levels using qPCR revealed that although such aberrations commonly occur in EOC, overall they have limited impact on outcome, suggesting that the biological relevance of Myc oncogene family members is limited to certain subsets of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- MoonSun Jung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Kennedy
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Gifford
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kylie-Ann Mallitt
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health/School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Siva Sivarajasingam
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David D Bowtell
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Department of Gynecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group).,Centre for Big Data Research in Health/School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna DeFazio
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle J Henderson
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Bin X, Hongjian Y, Xiping Z, Bo C, Shifeng Y, Binbin T. Research progresses in roles of LncRNA and its relationships with breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30459529 PMCID: PMC6233376 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some progresses have been made in research of long non-coding RNA (hereunder referred to as LncRNA) related to breast cancer. Lots of data about LncRNA transcription concerning breast cancer have been obtained from large-scale omics research (e.g. transcriptomes and chips). Some LncRNAs would become indices for detecting breast cancer and judging its development and prognosis. LncRNAs may affect genesis and development of breast cancer in multiple ways. Perhaps they could develop into potential targets for treating breast cancer if they are carcinogenic. Like those from other studies of breast cancer, many data gained from omics research remain to be validated by much experimental work. For instance, it is still necessary to demonstrate reliability of LncRNAs as indices for diagnosing breast cancer and judging its prognosis (particularly for various subtypes of breast cancer), effectiveness and feasibility of these genes for treating breast cancer as targets. In this paper, recent years’ literatures about LncRNAs which are related to breast cancer are summarized and sorted out to review the research progresses in relationships between LncRNAs and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Bin
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Hongjian
- 2Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshanqiao, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhang Xiping
- 2Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshanqiao, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Chen Bo
- 3Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Shifeng
- 3Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, China
| | - Tang Binbin
- 4Second Outpatient Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang, China
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67
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Luo M, Zhang Q, Xia M, Hu F, Ma Z, Chen Z, Guo AY. Differential Co-expression and Regulatory Network Analysis Uncover the Relapse Factor and Mechanism of T Cell Acute Leukemia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:184-194. [PMID: 30195757 PMCID: PMC6023839 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) still remains a cancer with worst prognosis for high recurrence. Massive studies were conducted for the leukemia relapse based on diagnosis and relapse paired samples. However, the initially diagnostic samples may contain the relapse information and mechanism, which were rarely studied. In this study, we collected mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) data from initially diagnosed pediatric T-ALL samples with their relapse or remission status after treatment. Integrated differential co-expression and miRNA-transcription factor (TF)-gene regulatory network analyses were used to reveal the possible relapse mechanisms for pediatric T-ALL. We detected miR-1246/1248 and NOTCH2 served as key nodes in the relapse network, and they combined with TF WT1/SOX4/REL to form regulatory modules that influence the progress of T-ALL. A regulatory loop miR-429-MYCN-MFHAS1 was found potentially associated with the remission of T-ALL. Furthermore, we proved miR-1246/1248 combined with NOTCH2 could promote cell proliferation in the T-ALL cell line by experiments. Meanwhile, analysis based on the miRNA-drug relationships demonstrated that drugs 5-fluorouracil, ascorbate, and trastuzumab targeting miR-1246 could serve as potential supplements for the standard therapy. In conclusion, our findings revealed the potential molecular mechanisms of T-ALL relapse by the combination of co-expression and regulatory network, and they provide preliminary clues for precise treatment of T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengxuan Xia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feifei Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Brain Diseases Modulation, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Zehua Chen
- Joint Laboratory for the Research of Pharmaceutics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Infinitus, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Soundararajan R, Paranjape AN, Maity S, Aparicio A, Mani SA. EMT, stemness and tumor plasticity in aggressive variant neuroendocrine prostate cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:229-238. [PMID: 29981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers are lethal variants of the disease, with an aggressive clinical course and very short responses to conventional therapy. The age-adjusted incidence rate for this tumor sub-type has steadily increased over the past 20 years in the United States, with no reduction in the associated mortality rate. The molecular networks fueling its emergence and sustenance are still obscure; however, many factors have been associated with the onset and progression of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically typical adenocarcinomas including loss of androgen-receptor expression and/or signaling, conventional therapy, and dysregulated cytokine function. "Tumor-plasticity" and the ability to dedifferentiate into alternate cell lineages are central to this process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) signaling pathways are major promoters of stem-cell properties in prostate tumor cells. In this review, we examine the contributions of EMT-induced cellular-plasticity and stem-cell signaling pathways to the progression of Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers in the light of potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anurag N Paranjape
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sankar Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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69
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How to eliminate MYCN-positive hepatic cancer stem cells to prevent the recurrence? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6388-E6389. [PMID: 29941608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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70
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Mixed Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma and High-grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Case Description of a Previously Unreported Entity With Insights Into Its Molecular Pathogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2018; 36:76-89. [PMID: 27532149 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative cervical carcinomas are uncommon and typically encompass unusual histologic subtypes. Mesonephric adenocarcinoma is one such subtype. Mesonephric tumors in the female genital tract are thought to arise from Wolffian remnants, and are extremely rare tumors with widely variable morphology. Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation has been previously described in a few cases, but other forms of dedifferentiation have not been reported. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (e.g. small cell carcinoma) is associated with HPV infection, typically HPV 18. These tumors often arise in association with a conventional epithelial component such as squamous cell carcinoma or usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma. We describe a case of mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with an HPV-negative high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma at the morphologic and immunophenotypic level, for which we performed targeted massively parallel sequencing analysis of the 2 elements. Both components shared identical mutations in U2AF1 p.R156H (c.467G>A) and GATA3 p.M422fs (c.1263dupG), as well as MYCN amplification. In addition, the neuroendocrine carcinoma harbored TP53 and MST1R mutations not present in the mesonephric carcinoma. Our data suggest a clonal origin of the 2 components of this rare entity, rather than a collision tumor.
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71
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Nakagawara A, Li Y, Izumi H, Muramori K, Inada H, Nishi M. Neuroblastoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018; 48:214-241. [PMID: 29378002 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors in children and has a diverse clinical behavior that largely depends on the tumor biology. Neuroblastoma exhibits unique features, such as early age of onset, high frequency of metastatic disease at diagnosis in patients over 1 year of age and the tendency for spontaneous regression of tumors in infants. The high-risk tumors frequently have amplification of the MYCN oncogene as well as segmental chromosome alterations with poor survival. Recent advanced genomic sequencing technology has revealed that mutation of ALK, which is present in ~10% of primary tumors, often causes familial neuroblastoma with germline mutation. However, the frequency of gene mutations is relatively small and other aberrations, such as epigenetic abnormalities, have also been proposed. The risk-stratified therapy was introduced by the Japan Neuroblastoma Study Group (JNBSG), which is now moving to the Neuroblastoma Committee of Japan Children's Cancer Group (JCCG). Several clinical studies have facilitated the reduction of therapy for children with low-risk neuroblastoma disease and the significant improvement of cure rates for patients with intermediate-risk as well as high-risk disease. Therapy for patients with high-risk disease includes intensive induction chemotherapy and myeloablative chemotherapy, followed by the treatment of minimal residual disease using differentiation therapy and immunotherapy. The JCCG aims for better cures and long-term quality of life for children with cancer by facilitating new approaches targeting novel driver proteins, genetic pathways and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Life Science Research Institute, Saga Medical Center Koseikan
| | - Hideki Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Life Science Research Institute, Saga Medical Center Koseikan
| | | | - Hiroko Inada
- Department of Pediatrics, Saga Medical Center Koseikan
| | - Masanori Nishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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72
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Chen R, Dong X, Gleave M. Molecular model for neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression. BJU Int 2018; 122:560-570. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Urologic Sciences; Vancouver Prostate Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences; Vancouver Prostate Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences; Vancouver Prostate Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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73
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Liu PY, Sokolowski N, Guo ST, Siddiqi F, Atmadibrata B, Telfer TJ, Sun Y, Zhang L, Yu D, Mccarroll J, Liu B, Yang RH, Guo XY, Tee AE, Itoh K, Wang J, Kavallaris M, Haber M, Norris MD, Cheung BB, Byrne JA, Ziegler DS, Marshall GM, Dinger ME, Codd R, Zhang XD, Liu T. The BET bromodomain inhibitor exerts the most potent synergistic anticancer effects with quinone-containing compounds and anti-microtubule drugs. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79217-79232. [PMID: 27764794 PMCID: PMC5346709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BET bromodomain inhibitors are very promising novel anticancer agents, however, single therapy does not cause tumor regression in mice, suggesting the need for combination therapy. After screening a library of 2697 small molecule compounds, we found that two classes of compounds, the quinone-containing compounds such as nanaomycin and anti-microtubule drugs such as vincristine, exerted the best synergistic anticancer effects with the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 in neuroblastoma cells. Mechanistically, the quinone-containing compound nanaomycin induced neuroblastoma cell death but also activated the Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathway, and the BET bromodomain proteins BRD3 and BRD4 formed a protein complex with Nrf2. Treatment with JQ1 blocked the recruitment of Nrf2 to the antioxidant responsive elements at Nrf2 target gene promoters, and JQ1 exerted synergistic anticancer effects with nanaomycin by blocking the Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathway. JQ1 and vincristine synergistically induced neuroblastoma cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, aberrant mitotic spindle assembly formation and apoptosis, but showed no effect on cell survival in normal non-malignant cells. Importantly, co-treatment with JQ1 and vincristine synergistically suppressed tumor progression in neuroblastoma-bearing mice. These results strongly suggest that patients treated with BET bromodomain inhibitors in clinical trials should be co-treated with vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas Sokolowski
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Su T Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Faraz Siddiqi
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernard Atmadibrata
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Telfer
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuting Sun
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Denise Yu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua Mccarroll
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rui H Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiang Y Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Andrew E Tee
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Jenny Wang
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Byrne
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xu D Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Fielitz K, Althoff K, De Preter K, Nonnekens J, Ohli J, Elges S, Hartmann W, Klöppel G, Knösel T, Schulte M, Klein-Hitpass L, Beisser D, Reis H, Eyking A, Cario E, Schulte JH, Schramm A, Schüller U. Characterization of pancreatic glucagon-producing tumors and pituitary gland tumors in transgenic mice overexpressing MYCN in hGFAP-positive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74415-74426. [PMID: 27769070 PMCID: PMC5342675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification or overexpression of MYCN is involved in development and maintenance of multiple malignancies. A subset of these tumors originates from neural precursors, including the most aggressive forms of the childhood tumors, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma. In order to model the spectrum of MYCN-driven neoplasms in mice, we transgenically overexpressed MYCN under the control of the human GFAP-promoter that, among other targets, drives expression in neural progenitor cells. However, LSL-MYCN;hGFAP-Cre double transgenic mice did neither develop neural crest tumors nor tumors of the central nervous system, but presented with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and, less frequently, the pituitary gland. Pituitary tumors expressed chromogranin A and closely resembled human pituitary adenomas. Pancreatic tumors strongly produced and secreted glucagon, suggesting that they derived from glucagon- and GFAP-positive islet cells. Interestingly, 3 out of 9 human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressed MYCN, supporting the similarity of the mouse tumors to the human system. Serial transplantations of mouse tumor cells into immunocompromised mice confirmed their fully transformed phenotype. MYCN-directed treatment by AuroraA- or Brd4-inhibitors resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo. In summary, we provide a novel mouse model for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and pituitary gland that is dependent on MYCN expression and that may help to evaluate MYCN-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fielitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Althoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katleen De Preter
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Nonnekens
- Genetics and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Ohli
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Elges
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Günter Klöppel
- Department of Pathology, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Beisser
- Genome Informatics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Eyking
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Cario
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Childrens Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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75
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Zhang W, Liu B, Wu W, Li L, Broom BM, Basourakos SP, Korentzelos D, Luan Y, Wang J, Yang G, Park S, Azad AK, Cao X, Kim J, Corn PG, Logothetis CJ, Aparicio AM, Chinnaiyan AM, Navone N, Troncoso P, Thompson TC. Targeting the MYCN-PARP-DNA Damage Response Pathway in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:696-707. [PMID: 29138344 PMCID: PMC5823274 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated MYCN-regulated molecular pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) classified by morphologic criteria as adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine to extend the molecular phenotype, establish driver pathways, and identify novel approaches to combination therapy for neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC).Experimental Design and Results: Using comparative bioinformatics analyses of CRPC-Adeno and CRPC-Neuro RNA sequence data from public data sets and a panel of 28 PDX models, we identified a MYCN-PARP-DNA damage response (DDR) pathway that is enriched in CRPC with neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and CRPC-Neuro. ChIP-PCR assay revealed that N-MYC transcriptionally activates PARP1, PARP2, BRCA1, RMI2, and TOPBP1 through binding to the promoters of these genes. MYCN or PARP1 gene knockdown significantly reduced the expression of MYCN-PARP-DDR pathway genes and NED markers, and inhibition with MYCNsi and/or PARPsi, BRCA1si, or RMI2si significantly suppressed malignant activities, including cell viability, colony formation, and cell migration, in C4-2b4 and NCI-H660 cells. Targeting this pathway with AURKA inhibitor PHA739358 and PARP inhibitor olaparib generated therapeutic effects similar to those of gene knockdown in vitro and significantly suppressed tumor growth in both C4-2b4 and MDACC PDX144-13C subcutaneous models in vivoConclusions: Our results identify a novel MYCN-PARP-DDR pathway that is driven by N-MYC in a subset of CRPC-Adeno and in NEPC. Targeting this pathway using in vitro and in vivo CRPC-Adeno and CRPC-Neuro models demonstrated a novel therapeutic strategy for NEPC. Further investigation of N-MYC-regulated DDR gene targets and the biological and clinical significance of MYCN-PARP-DDR signaling will more fully elucidate the importance of the MYCN-PARP-DDR signaling pathway in the development and maintenance of NEPC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(3); 696-707. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dimitrios Korentzelos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Luan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nora Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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76
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Wang J, Huang S, Tian R, Chen J, Gao H, Xie C, Shan Y, Zhang Z, Gu S, Xu M. The protective autophagy activated by GANT-61 in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells is mediated by PERK. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14413-14427. [PMID: 29581853 PMCID: PMC5865679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene MYC can trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), one of three primary branches of the UPR, is a key regulator of autophagy, promoting tumorigenesis. Upon activation of PERK, there is an increase in phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2α), which in turn, activates the transcription factor-4 (ATF4), responsible for an increased expression of LC3, a common autophagy marker. PERK is repressed upon GLI1 and GLI2 induction. GANT-61 is an inhibitor of GLI1 and GLI2, known to reduce autophagy in MYCN non-amplified, but not in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma (NB) cells. In our study, we tested the effect of the joint administration of a PERK inhibitor (GSK2606414) and the GLI inhibitor GANT-61 to MYCN amplified and MYCN non-amplified NB cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of PERK impairs GANT-61 induced autophagy in NB cells with MYCN amplification, but had no effect on the MYCN non-amplified NB cells. In summary, PERK seems to be a good therapeutic target for NB. Inhibition of PERK reduces autophagy in MYCN amplified NB cells, thus amplifying the efficacy of the GLI inhibitor GANT-61 in reducing proliferation of this type of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ruicheng Tian
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hongxiang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chenjie Xie
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yuhua Shan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Shanghai Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Song Gu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
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77
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Büchel G, Carstensen A, Mak KY, Roeschert I, Leen E, Sumara O, Hofstetter J, Herold S, Kalb J, Baluapuri A, Poon E, Kwok C, Chesler L, Maric HM, Rickman DS, Wolf E, Bayliss R, Walz S, Eilers M. Association with Aurora-A Controls N-MYC-Dependent Promoter Escape and Pause Release of RNA Polymerase II during the Cell Cycle. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3483-3497. [PMID: 29262328 PMCID: PMC5746598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC proteins bind globally to active promoters and promote transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). To identify effector proteins that mediate this function, we performed mass spectrometry on N-MYC complexes in neuroblastoma cells. The analysis shows that N-MYC forms complexes with TFIIIC, TOP2A, and RAD21, a subunit of cohesin. N-MYC and TFIIIC bind to overlapping sites in thousands of Pol II promoters and intergenic regions. TFIIIC promotes association of RAD21 with N-MYC target sites and is required for N-MYC-dependent promoter escape and pause release of Pol II. Aurora-A competes with binding of TFIIIC and RAD21 to N-MYC in vitro and antagonizes association of TOP2A, TFIIIC, and RAD21 with N-MYC during S phase, blocking N-MYC-dependent release of Pol II from the promoter. Inhibition of Aurora-A in S phase restores RAD21 and TFIIIC binding to chromatin and partially restores N-MYC-dependent transcriptional elongation. We propose that complex formation with Aurora-A controls N-MYC function during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Büchel
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Carstensen
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ka-Yan Mak
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Roeschert
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eoin Leen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Olga Sumara
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hofstetter
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Herold
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Kalb
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Apoorva Baluapuri
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evon Poon
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Colin Kwok
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hans Michael Maric
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Rickman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, 413 E. 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Susanne Walz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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78
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Liu L, Xu F, Chang CK, He Q, Wu LY, Zhang Z, Li X. MYCN contributes to the malignant characteristics of erythroleukemia through EZH2-mediated epigenetic repression of p21. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3126. [PMID: 29022893 PMCID: PMC5682688 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MYC proto-oncogene family including c-myc and n-myc (MYCN) are critical for normal cell development and tumorigenesis. Overexpression of c-myc causes acute erythroleukemia in vivo. However, the role of MYCN in acute erythroleukemia remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the patients with erythroleukemia showed higher expression of MYCN than normal controls. In vitro experiments, knockdown of MYCN resulted in decreased cell proliferation, elevated autonomously cell apoptosis and increased P21-mediated cell senescence. On the contrary, overexpression of MYCN obviously promoted cell proliferation, and induced erythroid differentiation block and apoptosis resistance to cytotoxic agent. Further gene microarray and functional analysis revealed that EZH2 is a target of MYCN. Knockdown of MYCN inhibited the expression of EZH2, and then activated p21 expression through removal of H3K27me3 at the p21 promoter. Overexpression of ezh2 could antagonize the p21 activation caused by MYCN knockdown. In addition, Aurora inhibitor MLN8237 inhibited the proliferation of erythroleukemia cells through repression of MYCN/EZH2 axis, whereas it minimally affected the normal hematopoietic cells. In conclusion, MYCN contributes to the malignant characteristics of erythroleukemia through EZH2-meidated epigenetic repression of p21. MYCN may serve as a therapy target for the patients with acute erythroleukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chun-Kang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233, China
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79
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JQ1 synergizes with the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263 against MYCN-amplified small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86312-86324. [PMID: 29156797 PMCID: PMC5689687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a clinically aggressive cancer with very poor prognosis. Amplification of MYC family genes and overexpression of Bcl-2 protein are common in SCLC, and they are likely therapeutic targets for SCLC. Previous clinical study showed that single agent targeting Bcl-2 with ABT-263 was of limited efficacy in SCLC. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that co-targeting of N-Myc and Bcl-2 resulted in marked synergistic antitumor effects in MYCN-amplified SCLC. We found that MYCN-amplified SCLC cells were highly sensitive to a Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1, which was able to inhibit N-Myc protein expression. The inhibition of N-Myc by JQ1 induced the expression of Bim, and thereby sensitizing MYCN-amplified SCLC cells to ABT-263. The knockdown on Bim by siRNA reduced this JQ1/ABT-263 induced cell death. ABT-263 and JQ1 co-treatment in MYCN-amplified SCLC cells markedly disrupted Bim/Bcl-2 interaction, and prevented Bim's interaction with Mcl-1. Importantly, this JQ1/ABT-263 co-targeting substantially inhibited the growth of MYCN-amplified SCLC xenografts in vivo. Our study demonstrates a new JQ-1/ABT-263 co-targeting strategy that can be employed for MYCN-amplified SCLC with high efficacy.
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80
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Cavalheiro GR, Matos-Rodrigues GE, Zhao Y, Gomes AL, Anand D, Predes D, de Lima S, Abreu JG, Zheng D, Lachke SA, Cvekl A, Martins RAP. N-myc regulates growth and fiber cell differentiation in lens development. Dev Biol 2017; 429:105-117. [PMID: 28716713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myc proto-oncogenes regulate diverse cellular processes during development, but their roles during morphogenesis of specific tissues are not fully understood. We found that c-myc regulates cell proliferation in mouse lens development and previous genome-wide studies suggested functional roles for N-myc in developing lens. Here, we examined the role of N-myc in mouse lens development. Genetic inactivation of N-myc in the surface ectoderm or lens vesicle impaired eye and lens growth, while "late" inactivation in lens fibers had no effect. Unexpectedly, defective growth of N-myc-deficient lenses was not associated with alterations in lens progenitor cell proliferation or survival. Notably, N-myc-deficient lens exhibited a delay in degradation of DNA in terminally differentiating lens fiber cells. RNA-sequencing analysis of N-myc-deficient lenses identified a cohort of down-regulated genes associated with fiber cell differentiation that included DNaseIIβ. Further, an integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes in N-myc-deficient lens using normal lens expression patterns of iSyTE, N-myc-binding motif analysis and molecular interaction data from the String database led to the derivation of an N-myc-based gene regulatory network in the lens. Finally, analysis of N-myc and c-myc double-deficient lens demonstrated that these Myc genes cooperate to drive lens growth prior to lens vesicle stage. Together, these findings provide evidence for exclusive and cooperative functions of Myc transcription factors in mouse lens development and identify novel mechanisms by which N-myc regulates cell differentiation during eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Cavalheiro
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anielle L Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Danilo Predes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silmara de Lima
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose G Abreu
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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81
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Trop-Steinberg S, Azar Y. Is Myc an Important Biomarker? Myc Expression in Immune Disorders and Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2017; 355:67-75. [PMID: 29289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene Myc serves as a paradigm for understanding the dynamics of transcriptional regulation. Myc protein has been linked to immune dysfunction, cancer development and neoplastic transformation. We review recent research regarding functions of Myc as an important modulator in immune disorders, postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and several cancers. Myc overexpression has been repeatedly linked to immune disorders and specific cancers, such as myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, atherosclerosis, long-term allogeneic survival among HSCT patients, (primary) inflammatory breast cancer, (primary) ovarian carcinoma and hematological malignancies: acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, decreased expression of Myc has been observed in HSCT patients who did not survive. Understanding impaired or inappropriate expression of Myc may present a path for the discovery of new targets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivtia Trop-Steinberg
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences (ST-S), JCT Lev Academic Institute, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yehudit Azar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation (YA), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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82
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Kumari A, Folk WP, Sakamuro D. The Dual Roles of MYC in Genomic Instability and Cancer Chemoresistance. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8060158. [PMID: 28590415 PMCID: PMC5485522 DOI: 10.3390/genes8060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with genomic instability and aging. Genomic instability stimulates tumorigenesis, whereas deregulation of oncogenes accelerates DNA replication and increases genomic instability. It is therefore reasonable to assume a positive feedback loop between genomic instability and oncogenic stress. Consistent with this premise, overexpression of the MYC transcription factor increases the phosphorylation of serine 139 in histone H2AX (member X of the core histone H2A family), which forms so-called γH2AX, the most widely recognized surrogate biomarker of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). Paradoxically, oncogenic MYC can also promote the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin, clearly implying an antagonistic role of MYC in genomic instability. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of the conflicting functions of MYC in genomic instability and discuss when and how the oncoprotein exerts the contradictory roles in induction of DSBs and protection of cancer-cell genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Watson P Folk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Program, The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Daitoku Sakamuro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Tumor Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Program, The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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83
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Megiorni F, Colaiacovo M, Cialfi S, McDowell HP, Guffanti A, Camero S, Felsani A, Losty PD, Pizer B, Shukla R, Cappelli C, Ferrara E, Pizzuti A, Moles A, Dominici C. A sketch of known and novel MYCN-associated miRNA networks in neuroblastoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:3-20. [PMID: 28586032 PMCID: PMC5492854 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) originates from neural crest-derived precursors and represents the most common childhood extracranial solid tumour. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that participate in a wide variety of biological processes by regulating gene expression, appear to play an essential role within the NB context. High-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to study the miRNA transcriptome in a cohort of NB tumours with and without MYCN-amplification (MNA and MNnA, respectively) and in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), as a control. Out of the 128 miRNAs differentially expressed in the NB vs. DRG comparison, 47 were expressed at higher levels, while 81 were expressed at lower levels in the NB tumours. We also found that 23 miRNAs were differentially expressed in NB with or without MYCN-amplification, with 17 miRNAs being upregulated and 6 being downregulated in the MNA subtypes. Functional annotation analysis of the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs demonstrated that many mRNAs were involved in cancer-related pathways, such as DNA-repair and apoptosis as well as FGFR and EGFR signalling. In particular, we found that miR-628-3p negatively affects MYCN gene expression. Furthermore, we identified a novel miRNA candidate with variable expression in MNA vs. MNnA tumours, whose putative target genes are implicated in the mTOR pathway. The present study provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms that correlate miRNA dysregulation to NB development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Samantha Cialfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Heather P McDowell
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Camero
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paul D Losty
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, L12 2AP Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Pizer
- Department of Oncology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, L12 2AP Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajeev Shukla
- Department of Perinatal and Paediatric Pathology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, L12 2AP Liverpool, UK
| | - Carlo Cappelli
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Ferrara
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Genomnia s.r.l., I-20091 Bresso, MI, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Paediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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84
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Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a comparative study of histological and chromosomal characteristics between primary tumors and their corresponding metastases. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:107-115. [PMID: 28488172 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has a poor prognosis with a 50% risk of metastases. Little is known about the phenotypic and molecular profiles of metastases regarding their corresponding primary tumors. This study aimed to screen phenotypic and genotypic differences between metastases and their corresponding primary tumors. We selected four cases with available frozen material. The histological, immunohistochemical (VEGFA, CD31, SMA, Ki67, p53, PAR-3), FISH (VHL gene), next-generation sequencing (VHL and c-MET genes), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and array-(comparative genomic hybridization) CGH analyses were realized. Metastases were nodal, hepatic (synchronous), adrenal, and pulmonary (metachronous). High-grade tumor cells were significantly more frequent in metastases (p = 0.019). Metastases and high-grade zones of primary tumors shared similar characteristics compared to low-grade zones: a lower microscopic vascular density (43.5 vs 382.5 vessels/mm2; p = 0.0027), a higher expression of VEGF (73 vs 10%, p = 0.045), Ki67 (37.6 vs 8.3%; p = 0.011), and p53 (54 vs 10.6%; p = 0.081), and a cytoplasmic and membranous PAR-3 staining. Metastases exhibited more chromosomal imbalances than primary tumors in total (18.75 ± 6.8; p = 0.044) with more genomic gains (13.5 ± 7; p = 0.013). The loss of chromosome 9 and gain of Xq were found in both primary tumors and metastases but gains of loci or chromosomes 2p, 3q, 5, 8q, 12, and 20 were only found in metastases. The VHL gene status was similar in each tumor couple. Although metastases and primary tumors share common histological features, this study highlights chromosomal differences specific to metastases which could be involved in ccRCC metastatic evolution.
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85
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Salazar BM, Balczewski EA, Ung CY, Zhu S. Neuroblastoma, a Paradigm for Big Data Science in Pediatric Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E37. [PMID: 28035989 PMCID: PMC5297672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers rarely exhibit recurrent mutational events when compared to most adult cancers. This poses a challenge in understanding how cancers initiate, progress, and metastasize in early childhood. Also, due to limited detected driver mutations, it is difficult to benchmark key genes for drug development. In this review, we use neuroblastoma, a pediatric solid tumor of neural crest origin, as a paradigm for exploring "big data" applications in pediatric oncology. Computational strategies derived from big data science-network- and machine learning-based modeling and drug repositioning-hold the promise of shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms driving neuroblastoma pathogenesis and identifying potential therapeutics to combat this devastating disease. These strategies integrate robust data input, from genomic and transcriptomic studies, clinical data, and in vivo and in vitro experimental models specific to neuroblastoma and other types of cancers that closely mimic its biological characteristics. We discuss contexts in which "big data" and computational approaches, especially network-based modeling, may advance neuroblastoma research, describe currently available data and resources, and propose future models of strategic data collection and analyses for neuroblastoma and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Emily A Balczewski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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86
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Jung M, Russell AJ, Liu B, George J, Liu PY, Liu T, DeFazio A, Bowtell DDL, Oberthuer A, London WB, Fletcher JI, Haber M, Norris MD, Henderson MJ. A Myc Activity Signature Predicts Poor Clinical Outcomes in Myc-Associated Cancers. Cancer Res 2016; 77:971-981. [PMID: 27923830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myc transcriptional activity is frequently deregulated in human cancers, but a Myc-driven gene signature with prognostic ability across multiple tumor types remains lacking. Here, we selected 18 Myc-regulated genes from published studies of Myc family targets in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and neuroblastoma. A Myc family activity score derived from the 18 genes was correlated to MYC/MYCN/MYCL1 expression in a panel of 35 cancer cell lines. The prognostic ability of this signature was evaluated in neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and EOC microarray gene expression datasets using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses and was further validated in 42 primary neuroblastomas using qPCR. Cell lines with high MYC, MYCN, and/or MYCL1 gene expression exhibited elevated expression of the signature genes. Survival analysis showed that the signature was associated with poor outcome independently of well-defined prognostic factors in neuroblastoma, breast cancer, DLBCL, and medulloblastoma. In EOC, the 18-gene Myc activity signature was capable of identifying a group of patients with poor prognosis in a "high-MYCN" molecular subtype but not in the overall cohort. The predictive ability of this signature was reproduced using qPCR analysis of an independent cohort of neuroblastomas, including a subset of tumors without MYCN amplification. These data reveal an 18-gene Myc activity signature that is highly predictive of poor prognosis in diverse Myc-associated malignancies and suggest its potential clinical application in the identification of Myc-driven tumors that might respond to Myc-targeted therapies. Cancer Res; 77(4); 971-81. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MoonSun Jung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshy George
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pei Yan Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna DeFazio
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - André Oberthuer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wendy B London
- Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of Hematology/Oncology and Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamie I Fletcher
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle J Henderson
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
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87
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Brok J, Treger TD, Gooskens SL, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Pritchard-Jones K. Biology and treatment of renal tumours in childhood. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:179-195. [PMID: 27969569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, almost 1000 children are diagnosed with a malignant renal tumour each year. The vast majority of cases are nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms' tumour (WT). Most children are treated according to Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) protocols with pre-operative chemotherapy, surgery, and post-operative treatment dependent on stage and histology. Overall survival approaches 90%, but a subgroup of WT, with high-risk histology and/or relapsed disease, still have a much poorer prognosis. Outcome is similarly poor for the rare non-WT, particularly for malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney, metastatic clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Improving outcome and long-term quality of life requires more accurate risk stratification through biological insights. Biomarkers are also needed to signpost potential targeted therapies for high-risk subgroups. Our understanding of Wilms' tumourigenesis is evolving and several signalling pathways, microRNA processing and epigenetics are now known to play pivotal roles. Most rhabdoid tumours display somatic and/or germline mutations in the SMARCB1 gene, whereas CCSK and paediatric RCC reveal a more varied genetic basis, including characteristic translocations. Conducting early-phase trials of targeted therapies is challenging due to the scarcity of patients with refractory or relapsed disease, the rapid progression of relapse and the genetic heterogeneity of the tumours with a low prevalence of individual somatic mutations. A further consideration in improving population survival rates is the geographical variation in outcomes across Europe. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current biological knowledge of childhood renal tumours alongside the progress achieved through international collaboration. Ongoing collaboration is needed to ensure consistency of outcomes through standardised diagnostics and treatment and incorporation of biomarker research. Together, these objectives constitute the rationale for the forthcoming SIOP-RTSG 'UMBRELLA' study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Brok
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Taryn D Treger
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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88
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Sera Y, Yamasaki N, Oda H, Nagamachi A, Wolff L, Inukai T, Inaba T, Honda H. Identification of cooperative genes for E2A-PBX1 to develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:890-8. [PMID: 27088431 PMCID: PMC4946715 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
E2A-PBX1 is a chimeric gene product detected in t(1;19)-bearing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with B-cell lineage. To investigate the leukemogenic process, we generated conditional knock-in (cKI) mice for E2A-PBX1, in which E2A-PBX1 is inducibly expressed under the control of the endogenous E2A promoter. Despite the induced expression of E2A-PBX1, no hematopoietic disease was observed, strongly suggesting that additional genetic alterations are required to develop leukemia. To address this possibility, retroviral insertional mutagenesis was used. Virus infection efficiently induced T-cell, B-cell, and biphenotypic ALL in E2A-PBX1 cKI mice. Inverse PCR identified eight retroviral common integration sites, in which enhanced expression was observed in the Gfi1, Mycn, and Pim1 genes. In addition, it is of note that viral integration and overexpression of the Zfp521 gene was detected in one tumor with B-cell lineage; we previously identified Zfp521 as a cooperative gene with E2A-HLF, another E2A-involving fusion gene with B-lineage ALL. The cooperative oncogenicity of E2A-PBX1 with overexpressed Zfp521 in B-cell tumorigenesis was indicated by the finding that E2A-PBX1 cKI, Zfp521 transgenic compound mice developed B-lineage ALL. Moreover, upregulation of ZNF521, the human counterpart of Zfp521, was found in several human leukemic cell lines bearing t(1;19). These results indicate that E2A-PBX1 cooperates with additional gene alterations to develop ALL. Among them, enhanced expression of ZNF521 may play a clinically relevant role in E2A fusion genes to develop B-lineage ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Sera
- Department of Disease ModelResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Norimasa Yamasaki
- Department of Disease ModelResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of PathologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Linda Wolff
- Laboratory of Cellular OncologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Department of Disease ModelResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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89
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A MEK/PI3K/HDAC inhibitor combination therapy for KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15814-27. [PMID: 26158412 PMCID: PMC4599239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive, metastatic disease with limited treatment options. Factors contributing to the metastatic predisposition and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer are not well understood. Here, we used a mouse model of KRAS-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis to define distinct subtypes of PDAC metastasis: epithelial, mesenchymal and quasi-mesenchymal. We examined pro-survival signals in these cells and the therapeutic response differences between them. Our data indicate that the initiation and maintenance of the transformed state are separable, and that KRAS dependency is not a fundamental constant of KRAS-initiated tumors. Moreover, some cancer cells can shuttle between the KRAS dependent (drug-sensitive) and independent (drug-tolerant) states and thus escape extinction. We further demonstrate that inhibition of KRAS signaling alone via co-targeting the MAPK and PI3K pathways fails to induce extensive tumor cell death and, therefore, has limited efficacy against PDAC. However, the addition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors greatly improves outcomes, reduces the self-renewal of cancer cells, and blocks cancer metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting HDACs in combination with KRAS or its effector pathways provides an effective strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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90
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Lee JK, Phillips JW, Smith BA, Park JW, Stoyanova T, McCaffrey EF, Baertsch R, Sokolov A, Meyerowitz JG, Mathis C, Cheng D, Stuart JM, Shokat KM, Gustafson WC, Huang J, Witte ON. N-Myc Drives Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Initiated from Human Prostate Epithelial Cells. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:536-547. [PMID: 27050099 PMCID: PMC4829466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MYCN amplification and overexpression are common in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). However, the impact of aberrant N-Myc expression in prostate tumorigenesis and the cellular origin of NEPC have not been established. We define N-Myc and activated AKT1 as oncogenic components sufficient to transform human prostate epithelial cells to prostate adenocarcinoma and NEPC with phenotypic and molecular features of aggressive, late-stage human disease. We directly show that prostate adenocarcinoma and NEPC can arise from a common epithelial clone. Further, N-Myc is required for tumor maintenance, and destabilization of N-Myc through Aurora A kinase inhibition reduces tumor burden. Our findings establish N-Myc as a driver of NEPC and a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bryan A Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jung Wook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Erin F McCaffrey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Baertsch
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Artem Sokolov
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Justin G Meyerowitz
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Colleen Mathis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donghui Cheng
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua M Stuart
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W Clay Gustafson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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91
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Zito Marino F, Rocco G, Morabito A, Mignogna C, Intartaglia M, Liguori G, Botti G, Franco R. A new look at the ALK gene in cancer: copy number gain and amplification. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:493-502. [PMID: 26943457 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1162098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To date, ALK-rearrangement is a molecular target in several cancers, i.e. NSCLC. The dramatic benefits of crizotinib have prompted research into identifying other possible patients carrying ALK gene alterations with possible clinical significance. The ALK gene is involved not only in several rearrangements but also in other alterations such as amplification. ALK-amplification (ALK-A) is a common genetic event in several cancers, generally associated with poor outcome and more aggressive behaviour. Here we review the role of ALK-A in cancer as a prognostic and predictive biomarker. Furthermore, several critical issues regarding ALK-A in relation to; methods of detection, acquired resistance and ALK second generation inhibitors are analyzed. We conclude that ALK-A could be an intriguing alteration in the context of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zito Marino
- a Pathology Unit , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- b Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgical and Medical Oncology , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Alessandro Morabito
- c Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Thoracic Surgical and Medical Oncology , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- d Department of Heath Science, Pathology Unit , University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Martina Intartaglia
- a Pathology Unit , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- a Pathology Unit , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- a Pathology Unit , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- a Pathology Unit , Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS , Naples , Italy.,e Pathology Unit , Second University of Naples - SUN , Naples , Italy
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92
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Silberstein JL, Taylor MN, Antonarakis ES. Novel Insights into Molecular Indicators of Response and Resistance to Modern Androgen-Axis Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2016; 17:29. [PMID: 26902623 PMCID: PMC4888068 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-016-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While androgen ablation remains a mainstay for advanced prostate cancer therapy, nearly all patients will inevitably develop disease escape with time. Upon the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer, other androgen-axis-targeted treatments may be added in an effort to starve the disease of its androgen signaling. Nevertheless, additional androgen-pathway resistance usually develops to these novel hormonal therapies. In this review, we will discuss the resistance mechanisms to modern androgen-axis modulators and how these alterations can influence a patient's response to novel hormonal therapy. We conceptualize these resistance pathways as three broad categories: (1) reactivation of androgen/AR-signaling, (2) AR bypass pathways, and (3) androgen/AR-independent mechanisms. We highlight examples of each, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to overcome these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Silberstein
- Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maritza N. Taylor
- Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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93
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de Boisvilliers M, Perrin F, Hebache S, Balandre AC, Bensalma S, Garnier A, Vaudry D, Fournier A, Festy F, Muller JM, Chadéneau C. VIP and PACAP analogs regulate therapeutic targets in high-risk neuroblastoma cells. Peptides 2016; 78:30-41. [PMID: 26826611 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric cancer. New therapies for high-risk NB aim to induce cell differentiation and to inhibit MYCN and ALK signaling in NB. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are 2 related neuropeptides sharing common receptors. The level of VIP increases with NB differentiation. Here, the effects of VIP and PACAP analogs developed for therapeutic use were studied in MYCN-amplified NB SK-N-DZ and IMR-32 cells and in Kelly cells that in addition present the F1174L ALK mutation. As previously reported by our group in IMR-32 cells, VIP induced neuritogenesis in SK-N-DZ and Kelly cells and reduced MYCN expression in Kelly but not in SK-N-DZ cells. VIP decreased AKT activity in the ALK-mutated Kelly cells. These effects were PKA-dependent. IMR-32, SK-NDZ and Kelly cells expressed the genes encoding the 3 subtypes of VIP and PACAP receptors, VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1. In parallel to its effect on MYCN expression, VIP inhibited invasion in IMR-32 and Kelly cells. Among the 3 PACAP analogs tested, [Hyp(2)]PACAP-27 showed higher efficiency than VIP in Kelly cells. These results indicate that VIP and PACAP analogs act on molecular and cellular processes that could reduce aggressiveness of high-risk NB.
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MESH Headings
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mutation
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/chemical synthesis
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/chemical synthesis
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Madryssa de Boisvilliers
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Perrin
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Salima Hebache
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Annie-Claire Balandre
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Souheyla Bensalma
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Garnier
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Université de Rouen, INSERM U982, Equipe Neuropeptides, survie neuronale et plasticité cellulaire, IRIB, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Place E. Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alain Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Franck Festy
- Université de la Réunion, Stemcis c/o CYROI, 2, rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Jean-Marc Muller
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Corinne Chadéneau
- Université de Poitiers, Équipe Récepteurs, Régulations et Cellules Tumorales (2RCT), Pôle Biologie Santé, Bât. B36/B37, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue Georges Bonnet TSA, 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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94
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Pruitt HC, Devine DJ, Samant RS. Roles of N-Myc and STAT interactor in cancer: From initiation to dissemination. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:491-500. [PMID: 26874464 PMCID: PMC5069610 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N‐myc & STAT Interactor, NMI, is a protein that has mostly been studied for its physical interactions with transcription factors that play critical roles in tumor growth, progression and metastasis. NMI is an inducible protein, thus its intracellular levels and location can vary dramatically, influencing a diverse array of cellular functions in a context‐dependent manner. The physical interactions of NMI with its binding partners have been linked to many aspects of tumor biology including DNA damage response, cell death, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and stemness. Thus, discovering more details about the function(s) of NMI could reveal key insights into how transcription factors like c‐Myc, STATs and BRCA1 are contextually regulated. Although a normal, physiological function of NMI has not yet been discovered, it has potential roles in pathologies ranging from viral infection to cancer. This review provides a timely perspective of the unfolding roles of NMI with specific focus on cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley C Pruitt
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, AL
| | | | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, AL
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95
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Sanford EL, Choy KW, Donahoe PK, Tracy AA, Hila R, Loscertales M, Longoni M. MiR-449a Affects Epithelial Proliferation during the Pseudoglandular and Canalicular Phases of Avian and Mammal Lung Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149425. [PMID: 26891231 PMCID: PMC4758652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory distress, which result in high mortality and morbidity. Although several transgenic mouse models of lung hypoplasia exist, the role of miRNAs in this phenotype is incompletely characterized. In this study, we assessed microRNA expression levels during the pseudoglandular to canalicular phase transition of normal human fetal lung development. At this critical time, when the distal respiratory portion of the airways begins to form, microarray analysis showed that the most significantly differentially expressed miRNA was miR-449a. Prediction algorithms determined that N-myc is a target of miR-449a and identified the likely miR-449a:N-myc binding sites, confirmed by luciferase assays and targeted mutagenesis. Functional ex vivo knock-down in organ cultures of murine embryonic lungs, as well as in ovo overexpression in avian embryonic lungs, suggested a role for miR-449a in distal epithelial proliferation. Finally, miR-449a expression was found to be abnormal in rare pulmonary specimens of human fetuses with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in the pseudoglandular or canalicular phase. This study confirms the conserved role of miR-449a for proper pulmonary organogenesis, supporting the delicate balance between expansion of progenitor cells and their terminal differentiation, and proposes the potential involvement of this miRNA in human pulmonary hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Sanford
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Sciences and Technology Medical Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kwong W. Choy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patricia K. Donahoe
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Adam A. Tracy
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Regis Hila
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maria Loscertales
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (M. Longoni); (M. Loscertales)
| | - Mauro Longoni
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (M. Longoni); (M. Loscertales)
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96
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Transduction of Oct6 or Oct9 gene concomitant with Myc family gene induced osteoblast-like phenotypic conversion in normal human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:1110-6. [PMID: 26499074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoblasts play essential roles in bone formation and regeneration, while they have low proliferation potential. Recently we established a procedure to directly convert human fibroblasts into osteoblasts (dOBs). Transduction of Runx2 (R), Osterix (X), Oct3/4 (O) and L-myc (L) genes followed by culturing under osteogenic conditions induced normal human fibroblasts to express osteoblast-specific genes and produce calcified bone matrix both in vitro and in vivo Intriguingly, a combination of only two factors, Oct3/4 and L-myc, significantly induced osteoblast-like phenotype in fibroblasts, but the mechanisms underlying the direct conversion remains to be unveiled. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined which Oct family genes and Myc family genes are capable of inducing osteoblast-like phenotypic conversion. RESULTS As result Oct3/4, Oct6 and Oct9, among other Oct family members, had the capability, while N-myc was the most effective Myc family gene. The Oct9 plus N-myc was the best combination to induce direct conversion of human fibroblasts into osteoblast-like cells. DISCUSSION The present findings may greatly contribute to the elucidation of the roles of the Oct and Myc proteins in osteoblast direct reprogramming. The results may also lead to establishment of novel regenerative therapy for various bone resorption diseases.
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Sun Y, Bell JL, Carter D, Gherardi S, Poulos RC, Milazzo G, Wong JW, Al-Awar R, Tee AE, Liu PY, Liu B, Atmadibrata B, Wong M, Trahair T, Zhao Q, Shohet JM, Haupt Y, Schulte JH, Brown PJ, Arrowsmith CH, Vedadi M, MacKenzie KL, Hüttelmaier S, Perini G, Marshall GM, Braithwaite A, Liu T. WDR5 Supports an N-Myc Transcriptional Complex That Drives a Protumorigenic Gene Expression Signature in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5143-54. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Qi L, Toyoda H, Xu DQ, Zhou Y, Sakurai N, Amano K, Kihira K, Hori H, Azuma E, Komada Y. PDK1-mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors reduce cell proliferation in MK2206 resistant neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:91. [PMID: 26421002 PMCID: PMC4587771 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose AKT plays a pivotal role in the signal transduction of cancer cells. MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, has been shown to be an effective anti-cancer drug to a variety of cancer cell lines. However, some cancer cells acquire resistance to MK2206 and new strategies to suppress these cell lines remain to be developed. Experimental design Acquired MK-2206-resistant neuroblastoma (NB) cell sublines were induced by stepwise escalation of MK-2206 exposure (4–12 weeks). MTT assay was used to validate cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed for cell cycle analysis. Western blot assay was used for cell signaling study. Results MK2206 (5–10 µmol) significantly suppressed cell growth of MK2206 non-resistant NB cells (LAN-1, KP-N-SIFA, NB-19 and SK-N-DZ), but is less efficient in inhibiting that of resistant sublines, even after 2-week MK2206-free incubation. MK2206 acted in mTOR-S6K dependent and independent methods. MK-2206 resistant sublines (LAN-1-MK, KP-N-SIFA-MK, and SK-N-DZ-MK) showed lower IC50 of GSK2334470 (PDK1 inhibitor). The cell growth of all sublines was prohibited by AZD8805 (mTOR inhibitor), with IC50 of AZD8805 3–10 times lower than MK2206 non-resistant cells. The signaling profiles of these resistant sublines were characterized by elevated PDK1-mTOR-S6K activity, accompanying by low phosphorylation of AKT compared with non-resistant counterparts. GSK2334470 and AZD8055 effectively inhibited phosphorylation of PDK1 and mTOR, respectively, and induced higher G0–G1 ratio in LAN-1-MK than that in LAN-1 as well. PDK1 and mTOR inhibitors effected on phosphorylation of GSK3β in some of resistant sublines. Conclusion NB cells can acquire MK2206 resistance after exposure for 4–12 weeks. Resistant cells feature reliance on PDK1-mTOR-S6K pathway and are more sensitive to PDK1 and mTOR inhibitors than the non-resistant counterparts. Thus, suppression of PDK1-mTOR-S6K signaling pathway is an effective way to overcome the MK2206 resistance, and this may be a promising strategy for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Dong-Qing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Naoto Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Keishirou Amano
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kentaro Kihira
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Eiichi Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
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Vendrell V, López-Hernández I, Durán Alonso MB, Feijoo-Redondo A, Abello G, Gálvez H, Giráldez F, Lamonerie T, Schimmang T. Otx2 is a target of N-myc and acts as a suppressor of sensory development in the mammalian cochlea. Development 2015; 142:2792-800. [PMID: 26160903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks are essential during the formation and differentiation of organs. The transcription factor N-myc is required for proper morphogenesis of the cochlea and to control correct patterning of the organ of Corti. We show here that the Otx2 gene, a mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila orthodenticle homeobox gene, is a crucial target of N-myc during inner ear development. Otx2 expression is lost in N-myc mouse mutants, and N-myc misexpression in the chick inner ear leads to ectopic expression of Otx2. Furthermore, Otx2 enhancer activity is increased by N-myc misexpression, indicating that N-myc may directly regulate Otx2. Inactivation of Otx2 in the mouse inner ear leads to ectopic expression of prosensory markers in non-sensory regions of the cochlear duct. Upon further differentiation, these domains give rise to an ectopic organ of Corti, together with the re-specification of non-sensory areas into sensory epithelia, and the loss of Reissner's membrane. Therefore, the Otx2-positive domain of the cochlear duct shows a striking competence to develop into a mirror-image copy of the organ of Corti. Taken together, these data show that Otx2 acts downstream of N-myc and is essential for patterning and spatial restriction of the sensory domain of the mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vendrell
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Iris López-Hernández
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - María Beatriz Durán Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Ana Feijoo-Redondo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
| | - Gina Abello
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Héctor Gálvez
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Fernando Giráldez
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR UNS/CNRS 7277/INSERM 1091, Nice F-06108, France
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sanz y Forés 3, Valladolid E-47003, Spain
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Wang H, Ramakrishnan A, Fletcher S, Prochownik EV. A quantitative, surface plasmon resonance-based approach to evaluating DNA binding by the c-Myc oncoprotein and its disruption by small molecule inhibitors. J Biol Methods 2015; 2. [PMID: 26280010 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of small molecules to interfere with protein-protein interactions has tremendous therapeutic appeal and is an area of intense interest. Numerous techniques exist to assess these interactions and their disruption. Many, however, require large amounts of protein, do not allow interactions to be followed in real time, are technically demanding or require large capital expenditures and high levels of expertise. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represents a convenient alternative to these techniques with virtually none of their disadvantages. We have devised an SPR-based method that allows the heterodimeric association between the c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein and its obligate partner Max to be quantified in a manner that agrees well with values obtained by other methods. We have adapted it to examine the ability of previously validated small molecules to interfere with Myc-Max heterodimerization and DNA binding. These inhibitors comprised two distinct classes of molecules that inhibit DNA binding by preventing Myc-Max interaction or distorting pre-formed heterodimers and rendering them incapable of DNA binding. Our studies also point out several potential artifacts and pitfalls to be considered when attempting to employ similar SPR-based methods. This technique should be readily adaptable to the study of other protein-protein interactions and their disruption by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA ; University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA ; The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA ; The University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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