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Ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Microenvironment interactions and B-cell receptor signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Implications for disease pathogenesis and treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:401-413. [PMID: 26193078 PMCID: PMC4715999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B lymphocytes which are highly dependent on interactions with the tissue microenvironment for their survival and proliferation. Critical components of the microenvironment are monocyte-derived nurselike cells (NLCs), mesenchymal stromal cells, T cells and NK cells, which communicate with CLL cells through a complex network of adhesion molecules, chemokine receptors, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, and soluble factors. (Auto-) antigens and/or autonomous mechanisms activate the B-cell receptor (BCR) and its downstream signaling cascade in secondary lymphatic tissues, playing a central pathogenetic role in CLL. Novel small molecule inhibitors, including the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor idelalisib, target BCR signaling and have become the most successful new therapeutics in this disease. We here review the cellular and molecular characteristics of CLL cells, and discuss the cellular components and key pathways involved in the cross-talk with their microenvironment. We also highlight the relevant novel treatment strategies, focusing on immunomodulatory agents and BCR signaling inhibitors and how these treatments disrupt CLL-microenvironment interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Metastasis, Inflammation, and Immune Surveillance edited by Peter Ruvolo and Gregg L. Semenza.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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52
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Fernandes MT, Dejardin E, dos Santos NR. Context-dependent roles for lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:204-19. [PMID: 26923876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The LTα1β2 and LIGHT TNF superfamily cytokines exert pleiotropic physiological functions through the activation of their cognate lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). Interestingly, since the discovery of these proteins, accumulating evidence has pinpointed a role for LTβR signaling in carcinogenesis. Early studies have shown a potential anti-tumoral role in a subset of solid cancers either by triggering apoptosis in malignant cells or by eliciting an anti-tumor immune response. However, more recent studies provided robust evidence that LTβR signaling is also involved in diverse cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-dependent pro-oncogenic mechanisms, affecting several solid and hematological malignancies. Consequently, the usefulness of LTβR signaling axis blockade has been investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer. Considering the seemingly opposite roles of LTβR signaling in diverse cancer types and their key implications for therapy, we here extensively review the different mechanisms by which LTβR activation affects carcinogenesis, focusing on the diverse contexts and different models assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica T Fernandes
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Nuno R dos Santos
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200, Portugal; Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto 4200, Portugal.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are indolent B-cell malignancies characterized by a long preclinical phase and frequent relapses once treatment is initiated. The present review gathers recent findings on the occurrence, relevance, and dynamics of premalignant cells in the development of follicular lymphoma and CLL. RECENT FINDINGS The frequency of circulating cells bearing the follicular lymphoma hallmark translocation t(14;18) in healthy persons is correlated to the risk of developing follicular lymphoma later in life. Chronic B-cell receptor stimulation induces cyclic re-entries of BCL2 B cells into germinal centers that propagate clonal evolution and early follicular lymphoma progression. The lymph node microenvironment is a key activation/proliferation niche for malignant cells in CLL, also active in its preclinical antecedent monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. SUMMARY Considering recent studies of premalignant cells in both diseases and of their putative normal cell counterparts, we propose different models of premalignant evolution for the two pathologies. Before overt follicular lymphoma, t(14;18) B cells exploit the dynamics of memory B cells to re-enter multiple times into local or distant germinal centers, gather activation/proliferation signals, and gain additional mutations to progress to malignant lymphoma. In monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, CLL-like activated/memory B cells follow cycles of germinal center-independent activation/proliferation in lymph node. Finally, we discuss the next level genetic and functional analyses that should result in a better understanding of the origins and mechanisms of frequent relapses in follicular lymphoma and CLL.
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54
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Bresin A, D'Abundo L, Narducci MG, Fiorenza MT, Croce CM, Negrini M, Russo G. TCL1 transgenic mouse model as a tool for the study of therapeutic targets and microenvironment in human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2071. [PMID: 26821067 PMCID: PMC4816192 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy with a mature phenotype. In spite of its relatively indolent nature, no radical cure is as yet available. CLL is not associated with either a unique cytogenetic or a molecular defect, which might have been a potential therapeutic target. Instead, several factors are involved in disease development, such as environmental signals which interact with genetic abnormalities to promote survival, proliferation and an immune surveillance escape. Among these, PI3-Kinase signal pathway alterations are nowadays considered to be clearly important. The TCL1 gene, an AKT co-activator, is the cause of a mature T-cell leukemia, as well as being highly expressed in all B-CLL. A TCL1 transgenic mouse which reproduces leukemia with a distinct immunophenotype and similar to the course of the human B-CLL was developed several years ago and is widely used by many groups. This is a review of the CLL biology arising from work of many independent investigators who have used TCL1 transgenic mouse model focusing on pathogenetic, microenviroment and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bresin
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - L D'Abundo
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M G Narducci
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Fiorenza
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sezione di Neuroscienze, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - C M Croce
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, OSU School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Negrini
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Russo
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
B cells provide immunity to extracellular pathogens by secreting a diverse repertoire of antibodies with high affinity and specificity for exposed antigens. The B cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane antibody, which facilitates the clonal selection of B cells producing secreted antibodies of the same specificity. The diverse antibody repertoire is generated by V(D)J recombination of heavy and light chain genes, whereas affinity maturation is mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-mediated mutagenesis. These processes, which are essential for the generation of adaptive humoral immunity, also render B cells susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements and point mutations that in some cases lead to cancer. In this chapter, we will review the central role of PI3K s in mediating signals from the B cell receptor that not only facilitate the development of functional B cell repertoire, but also support the growth and survival of neoplastic B cells, focusing on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. Perhaps because of the central role played by PI3K in BCR signaling, B cell leukemia and lymphomas are the first diseases for which a PI3K inhibitor has been approved for clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Cell Survival
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Fernandes MT, Ghezzo MN, Silveira AB, Kalathur RK, Póvoa V, Ribeiro AR, Brandalise SR, Dejardin E, Alves NL, Ghysdael J, Barata JT, Yunes JA, dos Santos NR. Lymphotoxin-β receptor in microenvironmental cells promotes the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with cortical/mature immunophenotype. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:736-51. [PMID: 26456771 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-mediated activation of the lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR; LTBR) has been implicated in cancer, but its role in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) has remained elusive. Here we show that the genes encoding lymphotoxin (LT)-α and LTβ (LTA, LTB) are expressed in T-ALL patient samples, mostly of the TAL/LMO molecular subtype, and in the TEL-JAK2 transgenic mouse model of cortical/mature T-ALL (Lta, Ltb). In these mice, expression of Lta and Ltb is elevated in early stage T-ALL. Surface LTα1 β2 protein is expressed in primary mouse T-ALL cells, but only in the absence of microenvironmental LTβR interaction. Indeed, surface LT expression is suppressed in leukaemic cells contacting Ltbr-expressing but not Ltbr-deficient stromal cells, both in vitro and in vivo, thus indicating that dynamic surface LT expression in leukaemic cells depends on interaction with its receptor. Supporting the notion that LT signalling plays a role in T-ALL, inactivation of Ltbr results in a significant delay in TEL-JAK2-induced leukaemia onset. Moreover, young asymptomatic TEL-JAK2;Ltbr(-/-) mice present markedly less leukaemic thymocytes than age-matched TEL-JAK2;Ltbr(+/+) mice and interference with LTβR function at this early stage delayed T-ALL development. We conclude that LT expression by T-ALL cells activates LTβR signalling in thymic stromal cells, thus promoting leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica T Fernandes
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marinella N Ghezzo
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ravi K Kalathur
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vanda Póvoa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Thymus Development and Function Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nuno L Alves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Thymus Development and Function Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,CNRS UMR3306, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,INSERM U1005, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Andres Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nuno R dos Santos
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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McClanahan F, Riches JC, Miller S, Day WP, Kotsiou E, Neuberg D, Croce CM, Capasso M, Gribben JG. Mechanisms of PD-L1/PD-1-mediated CD8 T-cell dysfunction in the context of aging-related immune defects in the Eµ-TCL1 CLL mouse model. Blood 2015; 126:212-21. [PMID: 25979947 PMCID: PMC4497962 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-626754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell defects, immune suppression, and poor antitumor immune responses are hallmarks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signaling has emerged as a major immunosuppressive mechanism. However, the effect of different microenvironments and the confounding influence of aging are poorly understood. The current study uses the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model, which replicates human T-cell defects, as a preclinical platform to longitudinally examine patterns of T-cell dysfunction alongside developing CLL and in different microenvironments, with a focus on PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. The development of CLL was significantly associated with changes in T-cell phenotype across all organs and function. Although partly mirrored in aging wild-type mice, CLL-specific T-cell changes were identified. Murine CLL cells highly expressed PD-L1 and PD-L2 in all organs, with high PD-L1 expression in the spleen. CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells from leukemic and aging healthy mice highly expressed PD-1, identifying aging as a confounder, but adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated CLL-specific PD-1 induction. Direct comparisons of PD-1 expression and function between aging CLL mice and controls identified PD-1(+) T cells in CLL as a heterogeneous population with variable effector function. This is highly relevant for therapeutic targeting of CD8(+) T cells, showing the potential of reprogramming and selective subset expansion to restore antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin mu-Chains/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne McClanahan
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John C Riches
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Miller
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William P Day
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kotsiou
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Melania Capasso
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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58
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Pekarsky Y, Drusco A, Kumchala P, Croce CM, Zanesi N. The long journey of TCL1 transgenic mice: lessons learned in the last 15 years. Gene Expr 2015; 16:129-35. [PMID: 25700368 PMCID: PMC4963004 DOI: 10.3727/105221615x14181438356256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first transgenic mouse of the TCL1 oncogene was described more than 15 years ago, and since then, the overexpression of the gene in T- and B-cells in vivo has been extensively studied to reveal the molecular details in the pathogenesis of some lymphocytic leukemias. This review discusses the main features of the original TCL1 models and the different lines of research successively developed with particular attention to genetically compound mice and the therapeutic applications in drug development.
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59
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López-Guerra M, Xargay-Torrent S, Colomer D. CXCR5-mediated shaping of the lymphoid follicle in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1374-6. [PMID: 25477106 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heinig and colleagues, using the Eμ-Tcl1 mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), shed light on the trafficking routes of CLL cells into the protective microenvironmental niches in secondary lymphoid organs. The authors propose a crucial role of the resident follicular dendritic cells for leukemia pathogenesis that is essentially orchestrated by the chemokine receptor CXCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica López-Guerra
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Xargay-Torrent
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
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