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Toda M, Den R, Hasegawa-Ohira M, Morimoto K. Effects of woodland walking on salivary stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A. Complement Ther Med 2012; 21:29-34. [PMID: 23374202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of walking through woodland on salivary endocrinological stress markers, cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). DESIGN From 20 healthy males, saliva samples were collected immediately before and after the walk, and 20min and 40min after that. In addition, using visual analog scales, subjective perceptions of stress and of feeling tired and uplifted were evaluated. On another day, as a control, they sat around in their office and samples were collected at the same times. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Samples taken after the walk showed a significant increase in the levels of CgA. Meanwhile, there was no significant change in the levels of cortisol. In control samples, there was a statistically significant decrease in the levels of both CgA and cortisol. Feelings uplifted and tired increased and subjective perception of stress decreased significantly after the walk. During the control period, there were no such changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, while walking in woodland becomes a physical stressor, such activity may also bring about feeling uplifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
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Measurement of chromogranin A in porcine saliva: validation of a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and evaluation of its application as a marker of acute stress. Animal 2012; 7:640-7. [PMID: 23137814 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA) for porcine salivary chromogranin A (CgA) measurements, using a species-specific antibody, and evaluate its behaviour in an acute stress model. Polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a synthetic porcine fragment of CgA359-379 and used to develop a sandwich TR-IFMA. This TR-IFMA was analytically validated and showed intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 6.23% and 5.82%, respectively, an analytical limit of detection of 4.27 × 10-3 μg/ml and a limit of quantification of 24.5 × 10-3 μg/ml. The assay also demonstrated a high level of accuracy, as determined by linearity under dilution (r = 0.975) and recovery tests. When a model of experimental acute stress, in which animals were immobilized for 3 min with a nose snare (stressor stimulus), was applied, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in CgA levels in saliva was detected at 15 min post-stressor stimulus. These results indicate that the assay developed in this study could measure CgA in porcine saliva in a reliable way and that the concentrations of CgA in saliva samples of pigs increase after an acute stress situation.
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Tsukinoki K, Saruta J. Role of stress-related brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat submandibular gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:261-7. [PMID: 23209335 PMCID: PMC3496862 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) family comprises NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophins (NTs)-3, -4/5, -6 and -7, all of which are collectively referred to as neurotrophins. However, the expression of neurotrophins other than NGF in the salivary gland has not been described in detail. Through interaction with the TrkB receptor, BDNF plays an important role in long-term potentiation. We found that BDNF expression increased within submandibular gland tissue in response to stress, suggesting that the salivary glands are sensitive to stress. In addition, stress caused increases in plasma BDNF derived from the submandibular gland and in TrkB receptor mRNA in the adrenal medulla. Plasma BDNF might activate TrkB receptors in the adrenal medulla during acute stress. The salivary glands are likely to influence not only oral health, but also systemic organs. This review addressed the relationship between hormone-like effects and stress-related BDNF expression in the rat submandibular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
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Kondo Y, To M, Saruta J, Hayashi T, Sugiyama H, Tsukinoki K. Role of TrkB expression in rat adrenal gland during acute immobilization stress. J Neurochem 2012; 124:224-32. [PMID: 23017014 PMCID: PMC3563005 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is markedly elevated in the adrenal medulla during immobilization stress. Catecholamine release was confirmed in vitro by stimulating chromaffin cells with recombinant BDNF. We investigated the role of TrkB and the localization of BDNF in the adrenal gland during immobilization stress for 60 min. Blood catecholamine levels increased after stimulation with TrkB expressed in the adrenal medulla during 60-min stress; however, blood catecholamine levels did not increase in adrenalectomized rats. Furthermore, expression of BDNF mRNA and protein was detected in the adrenal medulla during 60-min stress. Similarly, in rats undergoing sympathetic nerve block with propranolol, BDNF mRNA and protein were detected in the adrenal medulla during 60-min stress. These results suggest that signal transduction of TrkB in the adrenal medulla evokes catecholamine release. In addition, catecholamine release was evoked by both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and autocrine signaling by BDNF in the adrenal gland. BDNF–TrkB interaction may play a role in a positive feedback loop in the adrenal medulla during immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Graduate School of Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan
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Matsumoto T, Asakura H, Hayashi T. Increased salivary chromogranin A in women with severe negative mood states in the premenstrual phase. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 33:120-8. [PMID: 22779913 DOI: 10.3109/0167482x.2012.697498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether salivary chromogranin A (CgA), a psychological stress marker associated with sympathetic nervous system activity, changes during the menstrual cycle in women with different degrees of premenstrual psychoemotional symptoms. Forty-five women (28.6 ± 1.3 years) with regular menstrual cycles participated in this study. Salivary CgA and cortisol were measured during the follicular and late-luteal phases. The authors used the Profile of Mood State (POMS) to assess current mood states of subjects in each menstrual phase and divided the subjects into three groups depending on increase of total mood disturbance (TMD), a global measure of affective states of POMS from the follicular to the late-luteal phase: Low (4.1 ± 0.7%), Middle (18.7 ± 1.2%) and High (51.7 ± 7.4%). Results showed no intramenstrual cycle differences in salivary CgA in the Low and Middle groups. Women in the High group, in contrast, had a significantly higher level of salivary CgA in the late-luteal phase compared to that of the follicular phase. Additionally, salivary CgA level significantly and positively correlated with TMD and four emotional subscales: tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility and confusion in the late-luteal phase. No intergroup or menstrual-cycle difference occurred in the salivary cortisol. This study indicates a significant late-luteal increase in salivary CgA, reflecting an increase of sympathetic nerve activity in women who experience a substantial increase (>30%) in a cluster of negative psychoemotional symptoms premenstrually. Furthermore, salivary CgA, as opposed to salivary cortisol, could serve as a reliable noninvasive biomarker to more sensitively evaluate neuropsychophysiological fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Matsumoto
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University, Habikino, Japan.
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Saruta J, Fujino K, To M, Tsukinoki K. Expression and localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in human submandibular gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:211-8. [PMID: 23012486 PMCID: PMC3445760 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes cell survival and differentiation in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Previously, we reported that BDNF is produced by salivary glands under acute immobilization stress in rats. However, expression of BDNF is poorly understood in humans, although salivary gland localization of BDNF in rodents has been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the expression and localization of BDNF in the human submandibular gland (HSG) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and ELISA. BDNF was consistently localized in HSG serous and ductal cells, as detected by ISH and IHC, with reactivity being stronger in serous cells. In addition, immunoreactivity for BDNF was observed in the saliva matrix of ductal cavities. Western blotting detected one significant immunoreactive 14 kDa band in the HSG and saliva. Immunoreactivities for salivary BDNF measured by ELISA in humans were 40.76±4.83 pg/mL and 52.64±8.42 pg/mL, in men and women, respectively. Although salivary BDNF concentrations in females tended to be higher than in males, the concentrations were not significantly different. In conclusion, human salivary BDNF may originate from salivary glands, as the HSG appears to produce BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saruta
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Kazuhiro Fujino
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
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Akcali A, Huck O, Tenenbaum H, Davideau JL, Buduneli N. Periodontal diseases and stress: a brief review. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 40:60-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Akcali
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
| | - O. Huck
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - H. Tenenbaum
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - J. L. Davideau
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - N. Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
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Petrone G, Santoro A, Angrisani B, Novello M, Scarano E, Rindi G, Lauriola L. Neuroendocrine tumors of the submandibular gland: literature review and report of a case. Int J Surg Pathol 2012; 21:85-8. [PMID: 22614165 DOI: 10.1177/1066896912446747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary salivary neuroendocrine neoplasms are extremely rare, with only 1 case of carcinoid tumor and 7 cases of primary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas having been reported. Salivary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are more frequent, accounting for less than 2% of all salivary malignancies. In addition to a literature review on the subject, the authors describe a rare case of malignant intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumor of the submandibular gland.
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Toda M, Ichikawa H. Effect of laughter on salivary flow rates and levels of chromogranin A in young adults and elderly people. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 17:494-9. [PMID: 22481535 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-012-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary chromogranin A (CgA) levels and salivary flow rates were measured to evaluate the stress relief effect of laughter on the young and the elderly. METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers (15 aged 20-25 years; 15 aged 62-83 years) performed a serial arithmetic task for 15 min and then watched a comedy video for 30 min. On a different day, as a control, they watched a non-humorous video after performing a task similar to the first one. Saliva samples were collected immediately before and after the arithmetic task, 30 min after completing the task (immediately after watching the film), and 30 min after watching the film (60 min after completing mental task). Salivary CgA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In the elderly group, salivary flow rates, which had declined by the end of the arithmetic task, were statistically significantly higher after watching the comedy video. In the young group, salivary CgA levels, which had increased by the end of the task, had statistically significantly declined after watching the comedy video. No such post-task changes were apparent in control results; in the young group, there was a statistically significant interprotocol difference in salivary CgA levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that laughter may relieve stress, particularly in the young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
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60
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Haririan H, Bertl K, Laky M, Rausch WD, Böttcher M, Matejka M, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Salivary and serum chromogranin A and α-amylase in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1314-21. [PMID: 22264209 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary stress-related biomarkers in connection with periodontal disease have not been extensively studied. In addition to cortisol as a well-known marker of stress loading, chromogranin A (CgA) and α-amylase (AA) are supposed to link the activity of the neuroendocrine system to local and systemic immune functions and to be related to periodontitis. This study aims to determine CgA and AA in saliva and serum in periodontal health and disease to assess their potential relationship to periodontitis. METHODS Patients with aggressive (AgP) (n = 24) and chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 34) as well as healthy control (CO) (n = 30) individuals participated in this study. CgA and AA were determined in saliva and serum with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an adapted clinical amylase test; salivary cortisol was determined using mass spectrometry. Clinical parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated, and their possible correlations with stress-related biomarkers were assessed. RESULTS Significantly higher CgA levels were found in the saliva of patients with AgP compared with those in patients with CP and CO individuals (P <0.001). Salivary cortisol levels were higher in the AgP group compared with those in patients with CP (P <0.05). No differences in serum CgA levels and salivary and serum AA activities were found among all groups. A positive correlation was revealed between salivary AA activity or salivary CgA levels and the extent of periodontitis (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest an association of CgA and cortisol levels as well as AA activity in saliva with periodontitis, especially a significant relationship of salivary CgA and cortisol to AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Haririan
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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61
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Determination of the lactate threshold by means of salivary biomarkers: chromogranin A as novel marker of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3195-203. [PMID: 22227853 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined intra-individual variations in salivary lactate (sLac), alpha-amylase (sAA) and chromogranin A (sCgA) with reference to the accumulation of blood lactate (bLac) during incremental maximal exercise in swimmers. Samples of blood and saliva were collected simultaneously from 12 male professional athletes during an incremental test that consisted of eight series of 100 m in front crawl with increasing velocity (0.03 m s(-1) each) and 70-s intervals. The concentration of blood and salivary lactate was determined by an electro-enzymatic assay, whereas sAA and CgA were analysed by Western blotting. Inflection points in the concentration of bLAc, sLac, sAA and CgA were found in all subjects. The accumulation of lactate in saliva followed the same pattern observed in blood with a high correlation between the two (r = 0.91). Similar results were observed between the dynamics of sAA (r = 0.81) and sCgA (r = 0.82) in relation to bLac. These findings support the usefulness of saliva for the determination of the lactate threshold and provide the first demonstration of sCgA as a novel marker of exercise intensity in well-trained men.
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Nadaoka I, Yasue M, Kitagawa Y, Koga Y. Oral administration of Cimicifuga racemosa extract attenuates psychological and physiological stress responses. Biomed Res 2012; 33:145-52. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.33.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Effectiveness of salivary chromogranin A as a stress index in young children during dental treatment. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(12)70267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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64
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Gallina S, Di Mauro M, D'Amico MA, D'Angelo E, Sablone A, Di Fonso A, Bascelli A, Izzicupo P, Di Baldassarre A. Salivary chromogranin A, but not α-amylase, correlates with cardiovascular parameters during high-intensity exercise. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:747-52. [PMID: 21671973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in the increased secretion of α-amylase (sAA), an enzyme produced by salivary glands. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a soluble protein costored and coreleased with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings, has been proposed as a marker of sympathoadrenal medullary system (SAM) activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of salivary chromogranin A (sCgA) and sAA during high-intensity exercise and to analyse their possible correlation with cardiovascular and psychological parameters. METHODS Before and during a standardized treadmill stress test, and at 5, 15 and 30 min during the recovery phase, sCgA and sAA were monitored in 21 healthy men. The double product (DP) of blood pressure and heart rate responses, and the product of the subjective ratings of perceived exertion recorded at the final step (RPE) and the exercise duration were used as indices of cardiovascular and exercise intensity, respectively. RESULTS With respect to baseline, significant (P < 0·001) increases in peak sCgA (median 64%) and sAA (median 86%) were observed at the end of exercise. During the recovery phase, sAA levels fell abruptly, whereas sCgA remained elevated (P < 0·001). Significant correlations emerged only for sCgA with respect to %DP (r = 0·84; P < 0·001) and last step-RPE (r = 0·82; P = 0·024). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest sCgA as a reliable marker of SAM activation. Furthermore, the relationship between sCgA and exercise intensity highlights the potential use of this noninvasive parameter in monitoring the adrenergic response during intense physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Gallina
- Department of Human Movement, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti - Pescara, Italy
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Kanehira T, Nakamura Y, Nakamura K, Horie K, Horie N, Furugori K, Sauchi Y, Yokogoshi H. Relieving occupational fatigue by consumption of a beverage containing γ-amino butyric acid. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:9-15. [PMID: 21512285 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on both psychological and physical fatigue and on the performance advances for task solving, we assigned an arithmetic task for the Uchida-Kraepelin Psychodiagnostic Test (UKT) to 30 healthy Japanese subjects, 9 of whom were diagnosed as having chronic fatigue. The subjects were administered 250 mL of a test beverage containing GABA at the dose of 0, 25, and 50 mg before assigning task for the UKT. Psychological fatigue assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was significantly lower in the group administrated the beverage containing 50 mg GABA than in the control group (p<0.05). The results of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) also indicated that psychological fatigue was significantly reduced in the 50-mg-GABA group. The salivary secretion levels of chromogranin A and cortisol-markers of physical fatigue-in both 25-mg and 50-mg-GABA groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The 50-mg-GABA group also showed higher score on UKT by solving the arithmetic task more accurately than the control group (p<0.01). The results suggest that intake of GABA-containing beverages, especially those containing 50 mg of GABA, may help reduce both psychological and physical fatigue and improve task-solving ability.
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Kondo Y, Saruta J, To M, Shiiki N, Sato C, Tsukinoki K. Expression and Role of the BDNF Receptor-TrkB in Rat Adrenal Gland under Acute Immobilization Stress. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2010; 43:139-47. [PMID: 21245980 PMCID: PMC3015051 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was maximally elevated following a 60-min period of acute immobilization stress and that salivary glands were the main source of plasma BDNF under this stress condition. However, the expression pattern of the BDNF receptor, Tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), under this condition has yet to be determined. We therefore investigated the effect of this stress on the expression level of TrkB in various rat organs using real-time PCR. No significant differences were found between controls and 60 min-stressed rats with respect to TrkB level in various organs. Only adrenal glands showed significantly increased TrkB mRNA levels after 60 min of stress. TrkB mRNA and protein were observed to localize in chromaffin cells. In addition, we investigated whether BDNF-TrkB interaction influences the release of stress hormones from PC12 cells, derived from chromaffin cells. Truncated receptor, TrkB-T1, was identified in PC12 cells using RT-PCR. Exposure of PC12 cells to BDNF induced the release of catecholamine. This BDNF-evoked release was totally blocked by administration of the K252a in which an inhibitor of Trk receptors. Thus, BDNF-TrkB interactions may modulate catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells under acute stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Naoto Shiiki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Chikatoshi Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
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67
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Den R, Toda M, Ohira M, Morimoto K. Levels of awakening salivary CgA in response to stress in healthy subjects. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 16:155-7. [PMID: 21431800 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-010-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTS To determine the changes in salivary chromogranin A (CgA) levels upon awakening in response to of stress by investigating the relationship between salivary CgA levels and the stress response as assessed by GHQ-28 tests. METHODS The study cohort comprised 40 healthy male university students (age range 19-22 years). Salivary CgA levels were measured at 7:00 a.m. (awakening) and at 7:30, 8:00, and 8:30 a.m. (after awakening). RESULTS The salivary CgA level was 0.91 ± 0.20 and 0.42 ± 0.1 pmol/ml at 7:00 a.m. in students scoring low (n = 26) and high (n = 14), respectively, on the "severe depression" subscale. This difference in salivary CgA levels at 7:00 between high and low scorers was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that depression may influence secretions of salivary CgA via chronic stress-related attenuation of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Den
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Guérin M, Guillemot J, Thouënnon E, Pierre A, El-Yamani FZ, Montero-Hadjadje M, Dubessy C, Magoul R, Lihrmann I, Anouar Y, Yon L. Granins and their derived peptides in normal and tumoral chromaffin tissue: Implications for the diagnosis and prognosis of pheochromocytoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:21-9. [PMID: 20600356 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine-secreting tumors that arise from chromaffin tissue within the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal sites. Typical clinical manifestations are sustained or paroxysmal hypertension, severe headaches, palpitations and sweating resulting from hormone excess. However, their presentation is highly variable and can mimic many other diseases. The diagnosis of pheochromocytomas depends mainly upon the demonstration of catecholamine excess by 24-h urinary catecholamines and metanephrines or plasma metanephrines. Occurrence of malignant pheochromocytomas can only be asserted by imaging of metastatic lesions, which are associated with a poor survival rate. The characterization of tissue, circulating or genetic markers is therefore crucial for the management of these tumors. Proteins of the granin family and their derived peptides are present in dense-core secretory vesicles and secreted into the bloodstream, making them useful markers for the identification of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms. In this context, we will focus here on reviewing the distribution and characterization of granins and their processing products in normal and tumoral chromaffin cells, and their clinical usefulness for the diagnosis and prognosis of pheochromocytomas. It appears that, except SgIII, all members of the granin family i.e. CgA, CgB, SgII, SgIV-SgVII and proSAAS, and most of their derived peptides are present in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and in pheochromocytes. Moreover, besides the routinely used CgA test assays, other assays have been developed to measure concentrations of tissue and/or circulating granins or their derived peptides in order to detect the occurrence of pheochromocytomas. In most cases, elevated levels of these entities were found, in correlation with tumor occurrence, while rarely discriminating between benign and malignant neoplasms. Nevertheless, measurement of the levels of granins and derived peptides improves the diagnostic sensitivity and may therefore provide a complementary tool for the management of pheochromocytomas. However, the existing data need to be substantiated in larger groups of patients, particularly in the case of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Guérin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Sugimoto K, Kanai A, Shoji N. The effectiveness of the Uchida-Kraepelin test for psychological stress: an analysis of plasma and salivary stress substances. Biopsychosoc Med 2009; 3:5. [PMID: 19341484 PMCID: PMC2679058 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system are the major stress-response pathways. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) represents HPA axis activity, while plasma catecholamines are used as markers of the SAM system. Salivary alpha amylase (AA), chromogranin A (CgA), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) are candidate markers of stress activation, although their role has not been established. The Uchida-Kraepelin (U-K) test is a questionnaire that requires intense concentration and effort, and has been used as a tool to induce mental stress. However, it is not clear whether or not the test is effective as a psychological/mental stressor. Methods In this study, normal young women took the U-K test and serial measurements of plasma ACTH and catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) (n = 10), as well as salivary AA, CgA, and IgA (n = 16) before, during and after the test. Results We found no changes in any of these parameters at any time point during or after the U-K test. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the U-K test is not a suitable for measuring the psychological/mental stress of young women because the plasma data showed that it did not affect the HPA axis and SAM system. The U-K test should be employed carefully as a psychological/mental stressor due to insufficient scientific evidence of its effectiveness. In addition, salivary AA, CgA, and IgA should not simply be compared with previous reports, because the mechanism of secretion and normal range of each salivary parameter remain unknown. Salivary AA, CgA, and IgA may not be suitable candidate markers of psychological/mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koreaki Sugimoto
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine and Oral Medicine, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan.
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70
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The masticatory organ and stress management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY & OCCLUSION MEDICINE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12548-008-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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71
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Porto IM, Rocha LB, Rossi MA, Gerlach RF. In situ zymography and immunolabeling in fixed and decalcified craniofacial tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:615-22. [PMID: 19188488 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.952127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ zymography is a very important technique that shows the proteolytic activity in sections and allows researchers to observe the specific sites of proteolysis in tissues or cells. It is normally performed in non-fixed frozen sections and is not routinely performed in calcified tissues. In this study, we describe a technique that maintains proteolytic activity in fixed and decalcified sections obtained after routine paraffin sectioning in conventional microtome and cryostat sections. We used adult rat hemimandibles, which presented bone, enamel, and dentine matrices; the substrate used was dye-quenched-gelatin. Gelatinolytic activity was colocalized with MMP-2 using fluorescent antibodies. Specific proteolytic activity was observed in all sections, compatible with metalloproteinase activity, particularly in dentine and bone. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-2 was colocalized to the sites of green fluorescence in dentine. In conclusion, the technique presented here will allow in situ zymography reactions in fixed, decalcified, and paraffin-embedded tissues, and we showed that paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate-fixed cryostat sections are suitable for colocalization of gelatinolytic activity and protein labeling with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Porto
- Department of Morphology, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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72
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Kanai K, Hino M, Hori Y, Nakao R, Hoshi F, Itoh N, Higuchi S. Circadian variations in salivary chromogranin a concentrations during a 24-hour period in dogs. J Vet Sci 2009; 9:421-3. [PMID: 19052500 PMCID: PMC2811785 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if salivary chromogranin a secretion in dogs exhibits a circadian rhythm. Saliva sampling was performed during three different sessions occurring in three nonconsecutive 24-h periods. Sixteen healthy adult beagle dogs (8 males and 8 females) were moved to a sampling room and housed individually in cages. Saliva samples were obtained every 4 h from 12:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. the following day. In the interest of habituation, saliva was obtained hourly from each dog 3 h before the experiment was started. Salivary chromogranin A concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No circadian rhythm was detected for salivary chromogranin A secretion, and no differences in salivary chromogranin A concentrations measured every 4 h were demonstrated during the 24-h cycle in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato, University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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73
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Shigeyama C, Ansai T, Awano S, Soh I, Yoshida A, Hamasaki T, Kakinoki Y, Tominaga K, Takahashi T, Takehara T. Salivary levels of cortisol and chromogranin A in patients with dry mouth compared with age-matched controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:833-9. [PMID: 18755621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the salivary levels of cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) in patients with dry mouth (perceived xerostomia and hyposalivation) compared with age-matched controls. STUDY DESIGN We studied 174 subjects, including those with dry mouth, classified into 2 subgroups based on perceived xerostomia and salivation, and those without (control subjects). The control subjects were patients at the same hospital and healthy volunteers. Cortisol and CgA levels in stimulated whole saliva were measured using ELISA kits. RESULTS All subjects with dry mouth had significantly higher cortisol and CgA levels than the control subjects. The statistical associations remained significant when they were divided into the 2 subgroups, although somewhat weaker associations were observed. The influences of xerogenic drugs were found to be minimal on salivary flow rate and levels of cortisol and CgA. CONCLUSIONS We found significant associations between salivary cortisol and CgA levels and symptoms of oral dryness and reduced salivary flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Shigeyama
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Effect of lavender aroma on salivary endocrinological stress markers. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:964-8. [PMID: 18635155 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the stress relief effect of lavender aroma by measuring sensitive salivary endocrinological stress markers, cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). DESIGN Thirty healthy students performed a serial arithmetic task for 10min and then rested for 10min. During the resting period, 16 students (aroma group) were exposed to airborne organic essential oil of lavender. Saliva samples were collected immediately before and after the arithmetic task, and at 5 and 10min after that. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In the aroma group, levels of CgA that had been elevated at the end of the arithmetic task were statistically significantly lower 10min later. The control group showed no such change. During the protocol, no statistically significant changes in levels of cortisol were detected in either the aroma group or the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that lavender aroma has a stress relief effect.
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Takatsuji K, Sugimoto Y, Ishizaki S, Ozaki Y, Matsuyama E, Yamaguchi Y. The effects of examination stress on salivary cortisol, immunoglobulin A, and chromogranin A in nursing students. Biomed Res 2008; 29:221-4. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.29.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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HIRONAKA M, ANSAI T, SOH I, ISHISAKA A, AWANO S, YOSHIDA A, HAMASAKI T, SONOKI K, TAKATA Y, TAKEHARA T. Association between salivary levels of chromogranin A and periodontitis in older Japanese. Biomed Res 2008; 29:125-30. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.29.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ZHENG A, MORITANI T. Effect of the Combination of Ginseng, Oriental Bezoar and Glycyrrhiza on Autonomic Nervous Activity and Immune System under Mental Arithmetic Stress. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54:244-9. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kanamaru Y, Kikukawa A, Miyamoto Y, Hirafuji M. Dimenhydrinate effect on cerebral oxygen status and salivary chromogranin-A during cognitive tasks. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:107-15. [PMID: 17765381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dimenhydrinate on cerebral oxygen status (COS; cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes) and salivary chromogranin-A (CgA) during a cognitive test battery, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover protocol was used to examine the effect of 50 mg of dimenhydrinate or placebo in 12 subjects. This test battery includes tests of both reaction time and fundamental cognitive ability and was used in the assessment of pilots. Poor cognitive performance was observed in the subjects taking dimenhydrinate. We used two-channel near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the effects of dimenhydrinate on the COS. With the one exception of shifting attention task in the left forehead, no significant difference was found between dimenhydrinate and placebo during the tasks of the test battery. Under placebo treatment, on the other hand, CgA levels were significantly elevated during cognitive testing when compared with baseline. However, CgA levels were not significantly elevated above baseline following dimenhydrinate. The present study is one of the first to demonstrate that the first-generation antihistamine drugs altered the responses of salivary CgA during cognitive tasks. The changes in salivary CgA secretion, as a result of dimenhydrinate administration, may serve as a sensitive biomarker of a psychological status such as a drug-induced sedation during the performance of a cognitive test battery. Further studies, however, are required to examine the usefulness of this sensitive biomarker in investigation of psychological agents during cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kanamaru
- 2nd Division, Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, 1-2-10 Sakae-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8585, Japan
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Den R, Toda M, Nagasawa S, Kitamura K, Morimoto K. Circadian rhythm of human salivary chromogranin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 28:57-60. [PMID: 17379958 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the circadian rhythm of chromogranin A (CgA) concentrations in saliva and blood samples from 40 male college students collected at 7 : 00, 8 : 00, 10 : 30, 12 : 30, 17 : 30, and 22 : 30. CgA concentrations were determined by ELISA. Salivary CgA levels peaked upon awakening, and then quickly decreased to the nadir after 1 hour and maintained a low level throughout the day. On the other hand, plasma CgA did not show any obvious circadian rhythm. These findings suggest that salivary and plasma CgA has different routes of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Den
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
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81
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Soo-Quee Koh D, Choon-Huat Koh G. The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64:202-10. [PMID: 17339296 PMCID: PMC2092532 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2006.026567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Soo-Quee Koh
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Toda M, Kusakabe S, Nagasawa S, Kitamura K, Morimoto K. Effect of laughter on salivary endocrinological stress marker chromogranin A. Biomed Res 2007; 28:115-8. [PMID: 17510497 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of laughter on salivary endocrinological stress marker chromogranin A (CgA). In saliva samples collected from 11 healthy males before and after watching a comic film or a non-humorous control film, salivary CgA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples taken after watching the comic film showed increased levels of CgA. This tendency was more pronounced in individuals with lower initial levels of stress. The control samples showed no significant change in CgA levels. Stress score, subjectively evaluated using a visual analog scale, decreased significantly after watching the comic film. These findings suggest that, in addition to a stress relief effect, laughter can bring about feeling uplifted or fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Toda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, Furukawa Y, Miwa K, Morinaga Y. Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans. Biomed Res 2007; 28:85-90. [PMID: 17510493 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with an essential amino acid L-lysine has been shown to reduce chronic anxiety in humans with low dietary intake of L-lysine. A combination of L-lysine and L-arginine has been documented to normalize hormonal stress responses in humans with high trait anxiety. The present study was carried out in one hundred eight healthy Japanese adults. The aim of study was to find out whether a week-long oral treatment with L-lysine (2.64 g per day) and L-arginine (2.64 g per day) reduces trait and stress-induced state anxiety and basal levels of stress hormones. We confirmed that, without regard to gender, the amino acid treatment significantly reduced both trait anxiety and state anxiety induced by cognitive stress battery. In addition, we found that the treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine decreased the basal levels of salivary cortisol and chromogranin-A (a salivary marker of the sympatho-adrenal system) in male subjects. These results of this double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized study confirm the previous findings in humans and animals and point to a combination of L-lysine and L-arginine as a potentially useful dietary intervention in otherwise healthy humans with high subjective levels of mental stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro Smriga
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajimoto Co. Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, 210-8681 Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan.
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Kanamaru Y, Kikukawa A, Shimamura K. Salivary chromogranin-A as a marker of psychological stress during a cognitive test battery in humans. Stress 2006; 9:127-31. [PMID: 17060047 DOI: 10.1080/14769670600909594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the salivary Chromogranin-A (CgA) response to the psychological stress induced by a cognitive test battery. The subjects were 14 healthy volunteers administered the cognitive test battery CogScreen Aeromedical Edition (CogScreen-AE). CogScreen-AE is a test of reaction time and fundamental cognitive ability in the assessment of aeroplane pilots. The subjects were given five batteries of the test (1st approximately 5th) on separate days with 2 week intervals. Saliva samples were collected at 20 min before the test (BASE), immediately before the test (PRE), in the middle of the test (MID), and 5 min after the test (POS) for each subject. The concentration of CgA was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ANOVA revealed a significant by time interaction (BASE, PRE, MID and POS) without a significant effect of battery interaction (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th). The CgA concentration increased at PRE (2.46 +/- 0.24 pmol.mg protein- 1) from BASE (1.19 +/- 0.10 pmol.mg protein- 1). CgA level remained increased in the MID (2.90 +/- 0.26 pmol.mg protein- 1) and remained high in the POS samples (2.81 +/- 0.23 pmol.mg protein- 1). Salivary CgA remained at basal levels during a control study over the same time course without exposure to CogScreen-AE. The changes in salivary CgA secretion as a result of exposure to a cognitive task may indicate psychological stress in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kanamaru
- Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, 1-2-10 Sakae-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8585, Japan
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