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Roman BL, Finegold DN. Genetic and Molecular Basis for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Buell TJ, Ding D, Starke RM, Webster Crowley R, Liu KC. Embolization-induced angiogenesis in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1866-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Garrido-Martin EM, Nguyen HL, Cunningham TA, Choe SW, Jiang Z, Arthur HM, Lee YJ, Oh SP. Common and Distinctive Pathogenetic Features of Arteriovenous Malformations in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 1 and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 2 Animal Models—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2232-6. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Garrido-Martin
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Ha-Long Nguyen
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Tyler A. Cunningham
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Se-woon Choe
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
| | - S. Paul Oh
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (E.M.G.-M., H.-L.N., T.A.C., S.-w.C., S.P.O.) and Department of Surgery (Z.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea (S.-w.C.); Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (H.M.A.); and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.L., S.P.O.)
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Brain arteriovenous malformation modeling, pathogenesis, and novel therapeutic targets. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:316-29. [PMID: 24723256 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients harboring brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) are at life-threatening risk of rupture and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The pathogenesis of bAVM has not been completely understood. Current treatment options are invasive, and ≈ 20 % of patients are not offered interventional therapy because of excessive treatment risk. There are no specific medical therapies to treat bAVMs. The lack of validated animal models has been an obstacle for testing hypotheses of bAVM pathogenesis and testing new therapies. In this review, we summarize bAVM model development and bAVM pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets that have been identified during model development.
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Bhatt RS, Atkins MB. Molecular pathways: can activin-like kinase pathway inhibition enhance the limited efficacy of VEGF inhibitors? Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2838-45. [PMID: 24714770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is critical for tumor angiogenesis. However, VEGF pathway inhibition has been limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Simultaneously targeting multiple steps involved in tumor angiogenesis is a potential means of overcoming this resistance. Activin like kinase 1 (ALK1) and endoglin (ENG) have effects on angiogenesis that are distinct from those of VEGF. Whereas VEGF is important for vessel initiation, ALK1 and endoglin are involved in vessel network formation. Thus, ALK1 and endoglin pathway inhibitors are attractive partners for VEGF-based combination antiangiogenic therapy. Genetic evidence supports a role for this receptor family and its ligands, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) 9 and 10, in vascular development. Patients with genetic alterations in ALK1 or endoglin develop hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a disorder characterized by abnormal vessel development. There are several inhibitors of the ALK1 pathway advancing in clinical development for treatment of various tumor types, including renal cell and ovarian carcinomas. Targeting of alternate angiogenic pathways, particularly in combination with VEGF pathway blockade, holds the promise of optimally inhibiting angiogenically driven tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 20(11); 2838-45. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal S Bhatt
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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56
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Choi EJ, Chen W, Jun K, Arthur HM, Young WL, Su H. Novel brain arteriovenous malformation mouse models for type 1 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88511. [PMID: 24520391 PMCID: PMC3919779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (ENG) is a causative gene of type 1 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1). HHT1 patients have a higher prevalence of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) than the general population and patients with other HHT subtypes. The pathogenesis of brain AVM in HHT1 patients is currently unknown and no specific medical therapy is available to treat patients. Proper animal models are crucial for identifying the underlying mechanisms for brain AVM development and for testing new therapies. However, creating HHT1 brain AVM models has been quite challenging because of difficulties related to deleting Eng-floxed sequence in Eng2fl/2fl mice. To create an HHT1 brain AVM mouse model, we used several Cre transgenic mouse lines to delete Eng in different cell-types in Eng2fl/2fl mice: R26CreER (all cell types after tamoxifen treatment), SM22α-Cre (smooth muscle and endothelial cell) and LysM-Cre (lysozyme M-positive macrophage). An adeno-associated viral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (AAV-VEGF) was injected into the brain to induce focal angiogenesis. We found that SM22α-Cre-mediated Eng deletion in the embryo caused AVMs in the postnatal brain, spinal cord, and intestines. Induction of Eng deletion in adult mice using R26CreER plus local VEGF stimulation induced the brain AVM phenotype. In both models, Eng-null endothelial cells were detected in the brain AVM lesions, and formed mosaicism with wildtype endothelial cells. However, LysM-Cre-mediated Eng deletion in the embryo did not cause AVM in the postnatal brain even after VEGF stimulation. In this study, we report two novel HHT1 brain AVM models that mimic many phenotypes of human brain AVM and can thus be used for studying brain AVM pathogenesis and testing new therapies. Further, our data indicate that macrophage Eng deletion is insufficient and that endothelial Eng homozygous deletion is required for HHT1 brain AVM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Choi
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristine Jun
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - William L. Young
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are tangles of abnormal, dilated vessels that directly shunt blood between the arteries and veins. The pathogenesis of bAVM is currently unknown. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) have a higher prevalence of bAVM than the general population. Animal models are important tools for dissecting the disease etiopathogenesis and for testing new therapies. Here, we introduce a method that induces the bAVM phenotype through regional deletion of activin-like kinase 1 (Alk1, the causal gene for HHT2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Atri D, Larrivée B, Eichmann A, Simons M. Endothelial signaling and the molecular basis of arteriovenous malformation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:10.1007/s00018-013-1475-1. [PMID: 24077895 PMCID: PMC3969452 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations occur when abnormalities of vascular patterning result in the flow of blood from arteries to veins without an intervening capillary bed. Recent work has revealed the importance of the Notch and TGF-β signaling pathways in vascular patterning. Specifically, Notch signaling has an increasingly apparent role in arterial specification and suppression of branching, whereas TGF-β is implicated in vascular smooth muscle development and remodeling under angiogenic stimuli. These physiologic roles, consequently, have implicated both pathways in the pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformation. In this review, we summarize the studies of endothelial signaling that contribute to arteriovenous malformation and the roles of genes implicated in their pathogenesis. We further discuss how endothelial signaling may contribute to vascular smooth muscle development and how knowledge of signaling pathways may provide us targets for medical therapy in these vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Atri
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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Ardelean DS, Jerkic M, Yin M, Peter M, Ngan B, Kerbel RS, Foster FS, Letarte M. Endoglin and activin receptor-like kinase 1 heterozygous mice have a distinct pulmonary and hepatic angiogenic profile and response to anti-VEGF treatment. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:129-46. [PMID: 24061911 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular dysplasia associated with dysregulated angiogenesis and arteriovascular malformations. The disease is caused by mutations in endoglin (ENG; HHT1) or activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1; HHT2) genes, coding for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily receptors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in HHT and beneficial effects of anti-VEGF treatment were recently reported in HHT patients. To investigate the systemic angiogenic phenotype of Endoglin and Alk1 mutant mice and their response to anti-VEGF therapy, we assessed microvessel density (MVD) in multiple organs after treatment with an antibody to mouse VEGF or vehicle. Lungs were the only organ showing an angiogenic defect, with reduced peripheral MVD and secondary right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), yet distinctly associated with a fourfold increase in thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in Eng (+/-) versus a rise in angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in Alk1 (+/-) mice. Anti-VEGF treatment did reduce lung VEGF levels but interestingly, led to an increase in peripheral pulmonary MVD and attenuation of RVH; it also normalized TSP-1 and Ang-2 expression. Hepatic MVD, unaffected in mutant mice, was reduced by anti-VEGF therapy in heterozygous and wild type mice, indicating a liver-specific effect of treatment. Contrast-enhanced micro-ultrasound demonstrated a reduction in hepatic microvascular perfusion after anti-VEGF treatment only in Eng (+/-) mice. Our findings indicate that the mechanisms responsible for the angiogenic imbalance and the response to anti-VEGF therapy differ between Eng and Alk1 heterozygous mice and raise the need for systemic monitoring of anti-angiogenic therapy effects in HHT patients.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Endoglin
- Heterozygote
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver/blood supply
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/genetics
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/metabolism
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/drug therapy
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/metabolism
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/pathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Ardelean
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Pan J, Feng L, Vinuela F, He H, Wu Z, Zhan R. Angioarchitectural characteristics associated with initial hemorrhagic presentation in supratentorial brain arteriovenous malformations. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82:1959-63. [PMID: 23763861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The difference in arterial supply, venous drainage, functional localization in supratentorial and infratentorial compartments may contribute to the conflicting results about risk factors for hemorrhage in published case series of brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM). Further investigation focused on an individual brain compartment is thus necessary. This retrospective study aims to identify angioarchitectural characteristics associated with the initial hemorrhagic event of supratentorial bAVMs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical and angiographic features of 152 consecutive patients with supratentorial bAVMs who presented to our hospital from 2005 to 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. All these patients had new diagnosis of bAVM. Univariate (χ(2) test) and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the angiographic features in patients with and without initial hemorrhagic presentations. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant in each analysis. RESULTS In 152 patients with supratentorial AVMs, 70.6% of deep and 52.5% of superficial sbAVMs presented with hemorrhage. The deep location was correlated with initial hemorrhagic presentation in univariate analysis (χ(2)=3.499, p=0.046) but not in the multivariate model (p=0.144). There were 44 sbAVMs with perforating feeders, 39 (88.6%) of which bled at a significantly higher rate than those with terminal feeders (χ(2)=25.904, p=0.000). 87.5% (21/24) of exclusive deep venous drainage presented with hemorrhage, a significantly higher rate than those of the other type of venous drainage (χ(2)=11.099, p=0.004). All 10 patients with both perforating feeders and exclusive deep draining vein presented with initial hemorrhage. Hemorrhagic presentation was correlated with perforating feeders (p=0.000) and exclusive deep draining vein (p=0.007) in multivariate analysis as well. CONCLUSIONS Supratentorial bAVMs with perforating feeders and deep venous drainage have a higher risk of hemorrhage. In contrast with many previous reports, AVM location was not associated with hemorrhagic presentation in adjusted analyses. The correlation between deep location and initial hemorrhage in univariate analysis might be caused by the involved perforating feeders and deep draining vein in the deep located AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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LI XIONG, WANG RONG, WANG XUEJIANG, XUE XIAOWEI, RAN DUAN, WANG SHUO. Relevance of IL-6 and MMP-9 to cerebral arteriovenous malformation and hemorrhage. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1261-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Choi EJ, Walker EJ, Degos V, Jun K, Kuo R, Pile-Spellman J, Su H, Young WL. Endoglin deficiency in bone marrow is sufficient to cause cerebrovascular dysplasia in the adult mouse after vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation. Stroke 2013; 44:795-8. [PMID: 23306322 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.671974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) home to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced brain angiogenic foci, and VEGF induces cerebrovascular dysplasia in adult endoglin heterozygous (Eng(+/-)) mice. We hypothesized that Eng(+/-) BMDCs cause cerebrovascular dysplasia in the adult mouse after VEGF stimulation. METHODS BM transplantation was performed using adult wild-type (WT) and Eng(+/-) mice as donors/recipients. An adeno-associated viral vector expressing VEGF was injected into the basal ganglia 4 weeks after transplantation. Vascular density, dysplasia index (vessels >15 µm/100 vessels), and BMDCs in the angiogenic foci were analyzed. RESULTS The dysplasia index of WT/Eng(+/-) BM mice was higher than WT/WT BM mice (P<0.001) and was similar to Eng(+/-)/Eng(+/-) BM mice (P=0.2). Dysplasia in Eng(+/-) mice was partially rescued by WT BM (P<0.001). WT/WT BM and WT/Eng(+/-) BM mice had similar numbers of BMDCs in the angiogenic foci (P=0.4), most of which were CD68(+). Eng(+/-) monocytes/macrophages expressed less matrix metalloproteinase-9 and Notch1. CONCLUSIONS Endoglin-deficient BMDCs are sufficient for VEGF to induce vascular dysplasia in the adult mouse brain. Our data support a previously unrecognized role of BM in the development of cerebrovascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Choi
- UCSF, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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63
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Lopez-Novoa JM. Angiogenic stimuli and endoglin absence induces brain arteriovenous malformations: are local endoglin deletion and angiogenesis the 'second hit' that is necessary for arteriovenous malformations formation in HHT-1? Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 33:548. [PMID: 22571987 DOI: 10.1159/000338772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Lopez-Novoa
- Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Reina Sofía Institute for Renal Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
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