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Kluger HM, Zito CR, Barr ML, Baine MK, Chiang VLS, Sznol M, Rimm DL, Chen L, Jilaveanu LB. Characterization of PD-L1 Expression and Associated T-cell Infiltrates in Metastatic Melanoma Samples from Variable Anatomic Sites. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3052-60. [PMID: 25788491 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) tumor expression represents a mechanism of immune escape for melanoma cells. Drugs blocking PD-L1 or its receptor have shown unprecedented activity in melanoma, and our purpose was to characterize tumor PD-L1 expression and associated T-cell infiltration in metastatic melanomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of two cores from 95 metastatic melanomas characterized for clinical stage, outcome, and anatomic site of disease. We assessed PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) content (total T cells and CD4/CD8 subsets) by quantitative immunofluorescence. RESULTS High PD-L1 expression was associated with improved survival (P = 0.02) and higher T-cell content (P = 0.0005). Higher T-cell content (total and CD8 cells) was independently associated with improved overall survival; PD-L1 expression was not independently prognostic. High TIL content in extracerebral metastases was associated with increased time to developing brain metastases (P = 0.03). Cerebral and dermal metastases had slightly lower PD-L1 expression than other sites, not statistically significant. Cerebral metastases had less T cells (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS T-cell-infiltrated melanomas, particularly those with high CD8 T-cell content, are more likely to be associated with PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, an improved prognosis, and increased time to development of brain metastases. Studies of T-cell content and subsets should be incorporated into trials of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors to determine their predictive value. Furthermore, additional studies of anatomic sites with less PD-L1 expression and T-cell infiltrate are needed to determine if discordant responses to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are seen at those sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet M Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Christopher R Zito
- Department of Biology, School of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Meaghan L Barr
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marina K Baine
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Veronica L S Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mario Sznol
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucia B Jilaveanu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Dieu-Nosjean MC, Goc J, Giraldo NA, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer and beyond. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:571-80. [PMID: 25443495 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid formations found in inflamed, infected, or tumoral tissues. They exhibit all the characteristics of structures in the lymph nodes (LN) associated with the generation of an adaptive immune response, including a T cell zone with mature dendritic cells (DC), a germinal center with follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and proliferating B cells, and high endothelial venules (HEV). In this review, we discuss evidence for the roles of TLS in chronic infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, and address the question of whether TLS present beneficial or deleterious effects in these contexts. We examine the relationship between TLS in tumors and patient prognosis, and discuss the potential role of TLS in building and/or maintaining local immune responses and how this understanding may guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory 'Cancer, Immune Control and Escape', INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, UMRS 1138, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Goc
- Laboratory 'Cancer, Immune Control and Escape', INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, UMRS 1138, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas A Giraldo
- Laboratory 'Cancer, Immune Control and Escape', INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, UMRS 1138, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Laboratory 'Cancer, Immune Control and Escape', INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, UMRS 1138, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- Laboratory 'Cancer, Immune Control and Escape', INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, UMRS 1138, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.
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Annexin A1 in primary tumors promotes melanoma dissemination. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:749-60. [PMID: 24997993 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and has a poor prognosis. We have previously identified Annexin A1 (ANXA1) as a potential murine melanoma-spreading factor that may modulate cell invasion by binding to formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). Here, we report that (1) in a B16Bl6 spontaneous metastasis model, a siRNA-induced decrease in tumoral ANXA1 expression significantly reduced tumoral MMP2 activity and number of lung metastases; (2) in a retrospective study of 61 patients, metastasis-free survival was inversely related to ANXA1 expression levels in primary tumors (HR 3.15 [1.03-9.69], p = 0.045); (3) in human melanoma cell lines, ANXA1 level was positively correlated with in vitro invasion capacity whereas normal melanocytes contained low ANXA1 levels, and (4) the ANXA1 N-terminal peptide ANXA12-26 stimulated MMP2 activity after interaction with FPRs and significantly stimulated the in vitro invasion of melanomas by acting on FPRs. These findings identify ANXA1 as a proinvasive protein in melanoma that holds promise as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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