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Kotchen TA. Genotypic and Phenotypic Heterogeneity-Hurdles and Opportunities in the Quest for Hypertension-Related Genes. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:466-467. [PMID: 28338746 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Kotchen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Tekola-Ayele F, Peprah E. Examining How Our Shared Evolutionary History Shapes Future Disease Outcomes. Glob Heart 2017; 12:169-171. [PMID: 28302556 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are major contributors to mortality and morbidity, and their burden displays global and regional disparities. Gene-environment interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. Population differences in genetic structure, ancient environmental pressures that shape the human genome, and early life environmental adversities (e.g., in utero conditions) all contribute to observed disparities in global cardiometabolic diseases. The genetic and sociocultural diversity of global populations presents opportunities for discovering genomic loci that influence cardiometabolic diseases as illustrated by a few genetic, epigenetic, and population-genetic discoveries leading to notable understanding of disease mechanisms. However, African, Latin American and Hispanic, and indigenous peoples represent <4% of all genome-wide association study samples analyzed to date. Using examples of recent studies in African populations, we discuss the crucial importance of conducting genomic studies in ancestrally diverse populations to understand disease mechanisms and to prepare fertile ground for future delivery of precise health care to all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Peprah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Recent studies show that subtle variations in thyroid function, including subclinical thyroid dysfunction, and even variation in thyroid function within the normal range, are associated with morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 40-65% of the inter-individual variation in serum TSH and FT4 levels is determined by genetic factors. To identify these factors, various linkage and candidate gene studies have been performed in the past, which have identified only a few genes. In the last decade, genome-wide association studies identified many new genes, while recent whole-genome sequencing efforts have also been proven to be effective. In the current review, we provide a systematic overview of these studies, including strengths and limitations. We discuss new techniques which will further clarify the genetic basis of thyroid function in the near future, as well as the potential use of these genetic markers in personalizing the management of thyroid disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Petros Z, Makonnen E, Aklillu E. Genome-Wide Association Studies for Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Looking Back-Looking Forward to Next-Generation Innovation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:123-131. [PMID: 28253087 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a formidable challenge for rational drug discovery and development, as well as the science of personalized medicine. There is evidence that hereditary factors, in part, contribute to drug toxicity. This expert analysis and review offer the insights gained, and the challenges ahead, for genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Published articles on genome-wide and subsequent replication studies were systematically searched in the PubMed electronic database. We found that the genetic risk variants that were identified genome-wide, and replication confirmed, are mainly related to polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region that include HLA-DQB1*06:02 for amoxicillin-clavulanate, HLA-B*57:01 for flucloxacillin, HLA-DRB1*15:01 for lumiracoxib, and HLA-DRB1*07:01 for lapatinib and ximelagatran-induced hepatotoxicity. Additionally, polymorphisms in ST6 β-galactosamide α-2, 6-sialyltranferase-1 (ST6GAL1), which plays a role in systemic inflammatory response, and variants in intron of family with sequence similarity-65 member-B (FAM65B) that play roles in liver inflammation displayed association with flucloxacillin and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, respectively. Taken together, these GWAS findings offer molecular leads on the central role that the immune system plays in idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity. We conclude the expert review with a brief discussion of the salient challenges ahead. These include, for example, the need for discursive discovery paradigms that incorporate alternating GWASs and candidate gene studies, as well as the study of the environtome, the entire complement of environmental factors, including science and innovation policies that enact on global society and the human host, and by extension, on susceptibility for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Petros
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- 2 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge C1:68, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Petros Z, Lee MTM, Takahashi A, Zhang Y, Yimer G, Habtewold A, Amogne W, Aderaye G, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Mushiroda T, Makonnen E, Kubo M, Aklillu E. Genome-wide association and replication study of anti-tuberculosis drugs-induced liver toxicity. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:755. [PMID: 27671213 PMCID: PMC5037629 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a well-recognized adverse event of anti tuberculosis drugs (ATD) possibly associated with genetic variations. The objective of this study was to perform genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with the risk for ATD induced liver toxicity in Ethiopian patients. Result Treatment-naïve newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 646) were enrolled prospectively and treated with rifampicin based short course anti-tuberculosis therapy. Whole genome genotyping was done using Illumina Omni Express Exome Bead Chip genotyping array with 951,117 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 48 DILI cases and 354 ATD tolerants. Replication study was carried out for 50 SNPs with the lowest P-values (top SNPs) using an independent cohort consisting of 27 DILI cases and 217 ATD tolerants. In the combined analysis, the top SNP identified was rs10946737 (P = 4.4 × 10−6, OR = 3.4, 95 % confidence interval = 2.2–5.3) in the intron of FAM65B in chromosome 6. In addition, we identified a cluster of SNPs with suggestive genome-wide significance in the intron of ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4 (AGBL4). Conclusion We identified genetic variants that are potentially associated with ATD induced liver toxicity. Further studies with larger sample sizes are essential to confirm the findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3078-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Petros
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ming-Ta Michael Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Habtewold
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- AstraZeneca R&D, Innovative Medicines Personalised Healthcare & Biomarkers, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taisei Mushiroda
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge C1:68, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wonkam A, Makani J, Ofori-Aquah S, Nnodu OE, Treadwell M, Royal C, Ohene-Frempong K. Sickle cell disease and H3Africa: enhancing genomic research on cardiovascular diseases in African patients. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 26:S50-5. [PMID: 25962948 PMCID: PMC4547555 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2015-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) has a high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. There are several cardiovascular phenotypes in SCD that contribute to its morbidity and mortality. Discussion SCD is characterised by marked clinical variability, with genetic factors playing key modulating roles. Studies in Tanzania and Cameroon have reported that singlenucleotide polymorphisms in BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB loci and co-inheritance of alpha-thalassaemia impact on foetal haemoglobin levels and clinical severity. The prevalence of overt stroke among SCD patients in Cameroon (6.7%) and Nigeria (8.7%) suggests a higher burden than in high-income countries. There is also some evidence of high burden of kidney disease and pulmonary hypertension in SCD; however, the burden and genetics of these cardiovascular conditions have seldom been investigated in Africa. Conclusions Several H3Africa projects are focused on cardiovascular diseases and present major opportunities to build genome-based research on existing SCD platforms in Africa to transform the health outcomes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Julie Makani
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Solomon Ofori-Aquah
- Center for Translational and International Hematology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Obiageli E Nnodu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria/Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Marsha Treadwell
- Hematology/Oncology Department, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, USA
| | - Charmaine Royal
- Department of African and African American Studies, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Kwaku Ohene-Frempong
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centre, Philadelphia, USA
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Srinivasan S, Clements JA, Batra J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in clinics: Fantasy or reality for cancer? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:29-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1075469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hart AB, Kranzler HR. Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1312-27. [PMID: 26110981 PMCID: PMC4515198 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex psychiatric disorder and a significant public health problem. Twin and family-based studies have consistently estimated its heritability to be approximately 50%, and many studies have sought to identify specific genetic variants associated with susceptibility to AD. These studies have been primarily linkage or candidate gene based and have been mostly unsuccessful in identifying replicable risk loci. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved the detection of specific loci associated with complex traits, including AD. However, findings from GWAS explain only a small proportion of phenotypic variance, and alternative methods have been proposed to investigate the associations that do not meet strict genome-wide significance criteria. METHODS This review summarizes all published AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses that have sought to exploit GWAS data to identify AD-associated loci. RESULTS Findings from AD GWAS have been largely inconsistent, with the exception of variants encoding the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Analyses of GWAS data that go beyond standard association testing have demonstrated the polygenic nature of AD and the large contribution of common variants to risk, nominating novel genes and pathways for AD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Findings from AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses have greatly increased our understanding of the genetic etiology of AD. However, it is clear that larger samples will be necessary to detect loci in addition to those that encode alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, which may only be possible through consortium-based efforts. Post-GWAS approaches to studying the genetic influences on AD are increasingly common and could greatly increase our knowledge of both the genetic architecture of AD and the specific genes and pathways that influence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Hart
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Karikari TK, Aleksic J. Neurogenomics: An opportunity to integrate neuroscience, genomics and bioinformatics research in Africa. Appl Transl Genom 2015; 5:3-10. [PMID: 26937352 PMCID: PMC4745356 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern genomic approaches have made enormous contributions to improving our understanding of the function, development and evolution of the nervous system, and the diversity within and between species. However, most of these research advances have been recorded in countries with advanced scientific resources and funding support systems. On the contrary, little is known about, for example, the possible interplay between different genes, non-coding elements and environmental factors in modulating neurological diseases among populations in low-income countries, including many African countries. The unique ancestry of African populations suggests that improved inclusion of these populations in neuroscience-related genomic studies would significantly help to identify novel factors that might shape the future of neuroscience research and neurological healthcare. This perspective is strongly supported by the recent identification that diseased individuals and their kindred from specific sub-Saharan African populations lack common neurological disease-associated genetic mutations. This indicates that there may be population-specific causes of neurological diseases, necessitating further investigations into the contribution of additional, presently-unknown genomic factors. Here, we discuss how the development of neurogenomics research in Africa would help to elucidate disease-related genomic variants, and also provide a good basis to develop more effective therapies. Furthermore, neurogenomics would harness African scientists' expertise in neuroscience, genomics and bioinformatics to extend our understanding of the neural basis of behaviour, development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Karikari
- Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Aleksic
- Wellcome Trust — Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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