51
|
Dallinga-Thie GM, Groenendijk M, Blom RN, De Bruin TW, De Kant E. Genetic heterogeneity in the apolipoprotein C-III promoter and effects of insulin. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
52
|
Talmud PJ, Berglund L, Hawe EM, Waterworth DM, Isasi CR, Deckelbaum RE, Starc T, Ginsberg HN, Humphries SE, Shea S. Age-related effects of genetic variation on lipid levels: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study. Pediatrics 2001; 108:E50. [PMID: 11533368 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.3.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the genotype:phenotype association in children compared with their parents. METHODS Variations at 4 key gene loci, namely lipoprotein lipase (LPL S447X), hepatic lipase (HL -480C>T), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), and apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3 -455T>C and -482C>T), were examined in children (n = 495) and their parents (n = 353) in the Columbia University BioMarkers Study, 1994 to 1998. RESULTS The frequencies of the rare alleles of the HL -480C>T and APOC3 -455T>C and -482C>T (but not LPL S447X or CETP TaqIB) were significantly lower in non-Hispanic white participants compared with Hispanics. Overall, genotype effects seen in the adults were weaker in the children, although similar trends were seen. In an examination of the effect of body fat on the genotypic effects in the children, there was significant HL -480C>T:sum of skinfold interaction. CONCLUSIONS All genotypes were associated with clear relationships to plasma lipid levels in adults, but the effects were weaker in their children, unless stressed by body fat. atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, child, lipids, genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Talmud
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo)C-I and apoC-III are constituents of HDL and of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that slow the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by a variety of mechanisms. ApoC-I is an inhibitor of lipoprotein binding to the LDL receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and VLDL receptor. It also is the major plasma inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and appears to interfere directly with fatty acid uptake. ApoC-III also interferes with lipoprotein particle clearance, but its principal role is as an inhibitor of lipolysis, both through the biochemical inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and by interfering with lipoprotein binding to the cell-surface glycosaminoglycan matrix where lipolytic enzymes and lipoprotein receptors reside. Variation in the expression of apoC-III has been credibly documented to have an important role in hypertriglyceridemia. Variation in the expression of apoC-I may also be important for hypertriglyceridemia under certain circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Shachter
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, and Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032-3702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Affiliation(s)
- J R Burnett
- Department of Core Clinical Pathology and Biochemistry, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Talmud PJ. Genetic determinants of plasma triglycerides: impact of rare and common mutations. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001; 3:191-9. [PMID: 11286640 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-001-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Raised plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), and thus understanding the genetic and environmental determinants of TG levels are of major importance. TG metabolism is a process for delivering free fatty acids for energy storage or b-oxidation, and involves a number of different hydrolytic enzymes and apolipoproteins (apo). The genes encoding these proteins are, therefore, candidates for determining plasma TGs. Although rare mutations in lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the major TG-hydrolyzing enzyme, and apo CII (APOC2), its essential activator, result in extremely high plasma TG levels, their low frequency means they have little impact upon TG levels in the general population. Common mutations in LPL, apo CIII (APOC3), and apo E (APOE) have the strongest effect on plasma TG levels at the population level. In addition, environmental factors such as diet, obesity, and smoking interact with genetic determinants of TG to produce a modulating high-risk environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Talmud
- Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hubacek JA, Waterworth DM, Poledne R, Pitha J, Skodová Z, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Genetic determination of plasma lipids and insulin in the Czech population. Clin Biochem 2001; 34:113-8. [PMID: 11311220 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(01)00184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between plasma lipids and insulin and variation in the genes for apolipoproteins (APO) E (CfoI), B (insertion/deletion), C1 (HpaI), and C3 (C-482T, C3238G) in a population-based Czech Slavonic study. DESIGN AND METHODS In 131 men and 154 women, polymorphisms were investigated using PCR. In the same subjects plasma lipid levels and insulin were measured. RESULTS In the women, carriers of the e4 allele had higher apoB (p = 0.03) and triglyceride (p = 0.03) compared to e3 homozygotes, whereas in the men, the effect of the e4 allele was seen on total cholesterol (p = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.003) and apoB (p = 0.001). Compared with SP27 (insertion) homozygotes of the APOB polymorphism, women SP24 (deletion) homozygotes had higher levels of total (p = 0.003) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.007) and apoB (p = 0.05). No significant effect was seen in the men. Women homozygous for the APOC3 -482T allele had higher insulin levels than -482C homozygotes (p = 0.03). Men homozygous for APOC3 -482T allele have the highest plasma triglyceride level (p = 0.02). The APOC1 polymorphism exhibited no significant effect on any of the parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS In this sample, variation at the APOE, APOB and APOC3 genes play a role in determining plasma levels of insulin and lipids, and emphasize the importance of gender-associated effects in the genetic determinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Hubacek
- Cardiovascular Genetic, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, WC1E 6JJ, London, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Pallaud C, Stranieri C, Sass C, Siest G, Pignatti F, Visvikis S. Candidate gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease: a comparative study of frequencies between a French and an Italian population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39:146-54. [PMID: 11341749 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2001.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multilocus assay was used to genotype up to 27 variable sites in 15 genes in French and Italian, presumed to be healthy populations (n=1480, n=162, respectively). These genes are involved in lipid metabolism (APOE, APOB, APOC3, CETP, LPL, PON), homocysteine metabolism (CBS, MTHFR), blood viscosity (Fibrinogen, FV), platelet aggregation (GpIIIa), leukocyte adhesion (SELE), and renin-angiotensin system (AT1R, ACE, AGT). Allele frequencies for all the markers were compared between the two populations. Five allele frequencies differed between the two European countries: APOB 71Ile (p < 0.001), SELE 98T (p < 0.001), SELE 128Arg (p < or = 0.01), APOE E4 (p < or = 0.01) and MTHFR 677T (p < or = 0.01), suggesting the existence of a north-south gradient in European allele frequencies. The other allele frequencies : APOC3 -482T, -455C, 1100T, 3175G, 3206G; LPL -93G, 9Asn, 291Ser; CETP 405Val; PON 192Arg; ACE Del; AGT 235Thr; AT1R 1166C; CBS 278Thr, GpIIIa P1A2; Fibrinogen -455A, FV 506Gln and SELE 554Phe, were similar between the two populations. They were also similar to those observed in other European countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Pallaud
- INSERM U525, Centre de Médecine Préventive, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Miller M, Rhyne J, Khatta M, Parekh H, Zeller K. Prevalence of the APOC3 promoter polymorphisms T-455C and C-482T in Asian-Indians. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:220-1, A8. [PMID: 11152845 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Potential mechanisms accounting for the high cardiovascular death rates observed in Asian-Indians are dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Polymorphisms in the APOC3 promoter (-455 T/C and -482 C/T) were frequently encountered in young Asian-Indians and they correlated with reduced concentrations of apolipoprotein A-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Miller
- Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Liu H, Labeur C, Xu CF, Ferrell R, Lins L, Brasseur R, Rosseneu M, Weiss KM, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Characterization of the lipid-binding properties and lipoprotein lipase inhibition of a novel apolipoprotein C-III variant Ala23Thr. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
60
|
Tiret L, Gerdes C, Murphy MJ, Dallongeville J, Nicaud V, O'Reilly DS, Beisiegel U, De Backer G. Postprandial response to a fat tolerance test in young adults with a paternal history of premature coronary heart disease - the EARS II study (European Atherosclerosis Research Study). Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:578-85. [PMID: 10886297 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Atherosclerosis Research Study (EARS) I had shown that fasting plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B (apo B) and triglycerides were the most discriminant variables between offspring with a paternal history of coronary heart disease (CHD) and controls. The EARS II study was undertaken to investigate whether a paternal history of CHD was associated with differences in postprandial lipemia. DESIGN Male subjects with a paternal history of CHD (cases, n = 407) and age-matched male controls (n = 415) were recruited from 14 European universities. All subjects had an oral fat tolerance test. RESULTS In the sample as a whole, the postprandial triglyceride responses did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, in the upper tertile of fasting triglycerides, cases displayed a higher area under the curve (5.71 vs. 4.49 mmol.h L-1, P < 0.001), a higher peak (1.76 vs. 1.43 mmol L-1, P < 0.001) and a more delayed time to peak (3.15 vs. 2.91 h, P < 0.05) than controls. In the upper tertile, fasting apo B levels (P < 0.05) and triglyceride area under the curve (P = 0.002) significantly discriminated cases from controls in a multivariate analysis. Cases had also higher Lp C-III:B levels at 4 h than controls (11.2 vs. 9.9 mg dL-1, P < 0.01) and this difference remained significant after adjustment for apo B and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in subjects with a moderate elevation of fasting triglycerides, an impaired postprandial response to a fat load constitutes an early biological expression of a paternal history of premature CHD.
Collapse
|
61
|
Waterworth D, Hubacek J, Pitha J, Kovar J, Poledne R, Humphries S, Talmud P. Plasma levels of remnant particles are determined in part by variation in the APOC3 gene insulin response element and the APOCI–APOE cluster. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
62
|
Abstract
A number of cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of postprandial lipemia or single postprandial triglyceride values predict asymptomatic and symptomatic atherosclerosis, independent of risk factors measured in the fasting state. Postprandial lipemia reflects an integrated measure of an individual's triglyceride metabolic capacity. Numerous genetic and environmental factors that are known or suspected to affect triglyceride transport contribute to the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. In this article, mechanisms linking postprandial lipemia with the development and progression of atherosclerosis are described, and determinants of the extent and duration of postprandial lipemia are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Patsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Landeskliniken Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Genetic determinants of plasma lipid response to dietary intervention: the role of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and the APOE gene. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 Suppl 1:S127-36. [PMID: 10889803 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms at the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and the APOE gene have been extensively studied in order to examine their potential association with plasma lipid levels, coronary heart disease risk and more recently with inter-individual variability in response to dietary therapies. Although the results have not been uniform across studies, the current research supports the concept that variation at these genes explains a significant, but still rather small, proportion of the variability in fasting and postprandial plasma lipid responses to dietary interventions. This information constitutes the initial frame to develop panels of genetic markers that could be used to predict individual responsiveness to dietary therapy for the prevention of coronary heart disease. Future progress in this complex area will come from experiments carried out using animal models, and from carefully controlled dietary protocols in humans that should include the assessment of several other candidate gene loci coding for products that play a relevant role in lipoprotein metabolism (i.e. APOB, CETP, LPL, FABP2, SRBI, ABC1 and CYP7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Association studies of gene variants and response to dietary challenges represent one way of investigating gene-nutrient interactions. Several studies reported in the present review concentrate on evaluating variation at the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV and apolipoprotein E gene loci, as well as the fatty acid binding protein gene. In addition, the effect of nutrients can be directly evaluated at the level of gene expression, and reports of in-vitro studies of control of fatty acid and triglycerides synthesis are discussed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Talmud
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
There is a growing interest in determining the genetic predictors of plasma lipid response to diet intervention. Several candidate gene loci, namely, apolipoprotein (APO) A1, APOA4, APOC3, APOB, APOE, CETP, LPL, and FABP2, have been shown to explain a significant, but still rather small, proportion of the interindividual variability in dietary response. Other gene loci code for products that play a relevant role in lipoprotein metabolism and are prime candidates for future studies (ie, CYP7). Future progress in this complex area will come from experiments carried out using animal models and from carefully controlled dietary protocols in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|