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Finocchiaro G, Magavern E, Sinagra G, Ashley E, Papadakis M, Tome-Esteban M, Sharma S, Olivotto I. Impact of Demographic Features, Lifestyle, and Comorbidities on the Clinical Expression of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007161. [PMID: 29237589 PMCID: PMC5779031 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gherardo Finocchiaro
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Magavern
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Papadakis
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maite Tome-Esteban
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Luckey SW, Haines CD, Konhilas JP, Luczak ED, Messmer-Kratzsch A, Leinwand LA. Cyclin D2 is a critical mediator of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1820-1830. [PMID: 28901173 PMCID: PMC5714145 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217731503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of signaling pathways underlying pathological cardiac hypertrophy have been identified. However, few studies have probed the functional significance of these signaling pathways in the context of exercise or physiological pathways. Exercise studies were performed on females from six different genetic mouse models that have been shown to exhibit alterations in pathological cardiac adaptation and hypertrophy. These include mice expressing constitutively active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3βS9A), an inhibitor of CaMK II (AC3-I), both GSK-3βS9A and AC3-I (GSK-3βS9A/AC3-I), constitutively active Akt (myrAkt), mice deficient in MAPK/ERK kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1-/-), and mice deficient in cyclin D2 (cyclin D2-/-). Voluntary wheel running performance was similar to NTG littermates for five of the mouse lines. Exercise induced significant cardiac growth in all mouse models except the cyclin D2-/- mice. Cardiac function was not impacted in the cyclin D2-/- mice and studies using a phospho-antibody array identified six proteins with increased phosphorylation (greater than 150%) and nine proteins with decreased phosphorylation (greater than 33% decrease) in the hearts of exercised cyclin D2-/- mice compared to exercised NTG littermate controls. Our results demonstrate that unlike the other hypertrophic signaling molecules tested here, cyclin D2 is an important regulator of both pathologic and physiological hypertrophy. Impact statement This research is relevant as the hypertrophic signaling pathways tested here have only been characterized for their role in pathological hypertrophy, and not in the context of exercise or physiological hypertrophy. By using the same transgenic mouse lines utilized in previous studies, our findings provide a novel and important understanding for the role of these signaling pathways in physiological hypertrophy. We found that alterations in the signaling pathways tested here had no impact on exercise performance. Exercise induced cardiac growth in all of the transgenic mice except for the mice deficient in cyclin D2. In the cyclin D2 null mice, cardiac function was not impacted even though the hypertrophic response was blunted and a number of signaling pathways are differentially regulated by exercise. These data provide the field with an understanding that cyclin D2 is a key mediator of physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Luckey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Biology Department, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Chris D Haines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Luczak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antke Messmer-Kratzsch
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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53
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Mas-Stachurska A, Siegert AM, Batlle M, Gorbenko Del Blanco D, Meirelles T, Rubies C, Bonorino F, Serra-Peinado C, Bijnens B, Baudin J, Sitges M, Mont L, Guasch E, Egea G. Cardiovascular Benefits of Moderate Exercise Training in Marfan Syndrome: Insights From an Animal Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006438. [PMID: 28947563 PMCID: PMC5634291 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marfan syndrome (MF) leads to aortic root dilatation and a predisposition to aortic dissection, mitral valve prolapse, and primary and secondary cardiomyopathy. Overall, regular physical exercise is recommended for a healthy lifestyle, but dynamic sports are strongly discouraged in MF patients. Nonetheless, evidence supporting this recommendation is lacking. Therefore, we studied the role of long-term dynamic exercise of moderate intensity on the MF cardiovascular phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS In a transgenic mouse model of MF (Fbn1C1039G/+), 4-month-old wild-type and MF mice were subjected to training on a treadmill for 5 months; sedentary littermates served as controls for each group. Aortic and cardiac remodeling was assessed by echocardiography and histology. The 4-month-old MF mice showed aortic root dilatation, elastic lamina rupture, and tunica media fibrosis, as well as cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular fibrosis, and intramyocardial vessel remodeling. Over the 5-month experimental period, aortic root dilation rate was significantly greater in the sedentary MF group, compared with the wild-type group (∆mm, 0.27±0.07 versus 0.13±0.02, respectively). Exercise significantly blunted the aortic root dilation rate in MF mice compared with sedentary MF littermates (∆mm, 0.10±0.04 versus 0.27±0.07, respectively). However, these 2 groups were indistinguishable by aortic root stiffness, tunica media fibrosis, and elastic lamina ruptures. In MF mice, exercise also produced cardiac hypertrophy regression without changes in left ventricular fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results in a transgenic mouse model of MF indicate that moderate dynamic exercise mitigates the progression of the MF cardiovascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Maria Siegert
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monsterrat Batlle
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thayna Meirelles
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cira Rubies
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Bonorino
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bart Bijnens
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Baudin
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Institut Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Institut Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona, Spain .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain .,Institut de Nanociències i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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54
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Zhang X, Gao F. Exercise is good for the heart, but the intensity matters. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28646028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00323.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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55
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Wei EQ, Sinden DS, Mao L, Zhang H, Wang C, Pitt GS. Inducible Fgf13 ablation enhances caveolae-mediated cardioprotection during cardiac pressure overload. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4010-E4019. [PMID: 28461495 PMCID: PMC5441822 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616393114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologous factor FGF13, a noncanonical FGF, has been best characterized as a voltage-gated Na+ channel auxiliary subunit. Other cellular functions have been suggested, but not explored. In inducible, cardiac-specific Fgf13 knockout mice, we found-even in the context of the expected reduction in Na+ channel current-an unanticipated protection from the maladaptive hypertrophic response to pressure overload. To uncover the underlying mechanisms, we searched for components of the FGF13 interactome in cardiomyocytes and discovered the complete set of the cavin family of caveolar coat proteins. Detailed biochemical investigations showed that FGF13 acts as a negative regulator of caveolae abundance in cardiomyocytes by controlling the relative distribution of cavin 1 between the sarcolemma and cytosol. In cardiac-specific Fgf13 knockout mice, cavin 1 redistribution to the sarcolemma stabilized the caveolar structural protein caveolin 3. The consequent increase in caveolae density afforded protection against pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction by two mechanisms: (i) enhancing cardioprotective signaling pathways enriched in caveolae, and (ii) increasing the caveolar membrane reserve available to buffer membrane tension. Thus, our results uncover unexpected roles for a FGF homologous factor and establish FGF13 as a regulator of caveolae-mediated mechanoprotection and adaptive hypertrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Q Wei
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Daniel S Sinden
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lan Mao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
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56
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Vega RB, Konhilas JP, Kelly DP, Leinwand LA. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Adaptation to Exercise. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1012-1026. [PMID: 28467921 PMCID: PMC5512429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise elicits coordinated multi-organ responses including skeletal muscle, vasculature, heart, and lung. In the short term, the output of the heart increases to meet the demand of strenuous exercise. Long-term exercise instigates remodeling of the heart including growth and adaptive molecular and cellular re-programming. Signaling pathways such as the insulin-like growth factor 1/PI3K/Akt pathway mediate many of these responses. Exercise-induced, or physiologic, cardiac growth contrasts with growth elicited by pathological stimuli such as hypertension. Comparing the molecular and cellular underpinnings of physiologic and pathologic cardiac growth has unveiled phenotype-specific signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory programs. Studies suggest that exercise pathways likely antagonize pathological pathways, and exercise training is often recommended for patients with chronic stable heart failure or following myocardial infarction. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional cardiac responses to exercise as well as signaling pathways and downstream effector molecules responsible for these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick B Vega
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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57
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Zang J, Liu Y, Li W, Xiao D, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liang W, Liu F, Wei W. Voluntary exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing GSK-3β activity in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 354:122-135. [PMID: 28456716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been proven to promote learning and memory, and is closely related to increased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In our study, the β subunit of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3β) can be significantly regulated by exercise, and the modulation of GSK3β activity can enhance adult neurogenesis and memory. To explore the mechanism by which exercise can improve cognitive function and adult neurogenesis, and the role GSK3β plays in this process, we established a mouse model of voluntary exercise to examine the expression and activity of GSK3β, and its associated signaling pathways, in the hippocampus dentate gyrus. The results showed an obvious increase in adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and the up-regulation of GSK3β, after exercise. The activity of the insulin pathway, which negatively regulates GSK3β, was also increased. Moreover, our results showed that the dopamine D1 receptor (DARP D1) pathway and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were also activated, which indicates a relationship between GSK3β and neurogenesis. Overall, our findings demonstrated that voluntary exercise promotes cognition and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus by the regulation of GSK3β expression and activity, which may be implemented through the DARP D1 receptor-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Zang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wanying Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge-Grundke Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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58
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Safety profile and utility of treadmill exercise in patients with high-gradient hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2017; 184:47-54. [PMID: 27892886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise echocardiography in the evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) provides valuable information for risk stratification, selection of optimal treatment, and prognostication. However, HCM patients with left ventricular outflow tract gradients ≥30mm Hg are often excluded from exercise testing because of safety considerations. We examined the safety and utility of exercise testing in patients with high-gradient HCM. METHODS We evaluated clinical characteristics, hemodynamics, and imaging variables in 499 consecutive patients with HCM who performed 959 exercise tests. Patients were divided based on peak left ventricular outflow tract gradients using a 30-mm Hg threshold into the following: obstructive (n=152), labile-obstructive (n=178), and nonobstructive (n=169) groups. RESULTS There were no deaths during exercise testing. We noted 20 complications (2.1% of tests) including 3 serious ventricular arrhythmias (0.3% of tests). There was no difference in complication rate between groups. Patients with obstructive HCM had a higher frequency of abnormal blood pressure response (obstructive: 53% vs labile: obstructive: 41% and nonobstructive: 37%; P=.008). Obstructive patients also displayed a lower work capacity (obstructive: 8.4±3.4 vs labile obstructive: 10.9±4.2 and nonobstructive: 10.2±4.0, metabolic equivalent; P<.001). Exercise testing provided incremental information regarding sudden cardiac death risk in 19% of patients with high-gradient HCM, and we found a poor correlation between patient-reported functional class and work capacity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exercise testing in HCM is safe, and serious adverse events are rare. Although numbers are limited, exercise testing in high-gradient HCM appears to confer no significant additional safety hazard in our selected cohort and could potentially provide valuable information.
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common, inherited heart disease with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and natural history. Recently, advances in diagnosis and treatment options have been instrumental in decreasing the frequency of adverse clinical events; however, complete elimination of sudden cardiac death still remains an elusive gain. This article discusses several aspects of this condition in the young: epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, risk factors, prevention of sudden cardiac death, and risks of athletic participation.
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60
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Mont L, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Brugada Terradellas J, Carré F, Guasch E, Heidbuchel H, La Gerche A, Lampert R, McKenna W, Papadakis M, Priori SG, Scanavacca M, Thompson P, Sticherling C, Viskin S, Wilson M, Corrado D, Lip GYH, Gorenek B, Blomström Lundqvist C, Merkely B, Hindricks G, Hernández-Madrid A, Lane D, Boriani G, Narasimhan C, Marquez MF, Haines D, Mackall J, Manuel Marques-Vidal P, Corra U, Halle M, Tiberi M, Niebauer J, Piepoli M. Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: Position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 24:41-69. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487316676042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Mont
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mats Borjesson
- Inst of Neuroscience and Physiology and Food, Nutrition and Sport Science and Östra University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eduard Guasch
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - André La Gerche
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio Scanavacca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bela Merkely
- Semmelweis University, Heart and Vascular Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Madrid
- Unidad De Arritmias, Servicio De Cardiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Deirdre Lane
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Manlio F Marquez
- Departamento de Electrocardiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - David Haines
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Judith Mackall
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Ugo Corra
- IRCCS Rehabilitation Medical Center, Cardiology Department, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Veruno, Italy
| | - Martin Halle
- Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Josef Niebauer
- Sports Medicine, Prevention & Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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61
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Mont L, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Terradellas JB, Carré F, Guasch E, Heidbuchel H, Gerche AL, Lampert R, McKenna W, Papadakis M, Priori SG, Scanavacca M, Thompson P, Sticherling C, Viskin S, Wilson M, Corrado D, Lip GYH, Gorenek B, Lundqvist CB, Merkely B, Hindricks G, Hernández-Madrid A, Lane D, Boriani G, Narasimhan C, Marquez MF, Haines D, Mackall J, Marques-Vidal PM, Corra U, Halle M, Tiberi M, Niebauer J, Piepoli M. Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: Position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE. Europace 2016; 19:139-163. [PMID: 27815371 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Mont
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mats Borjesson
- Inst of Neuroscience and Physiology and Food, Nutrition and Sport Science and Östra University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eduard Guasch
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - André La Gerche
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio Scanavacca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bela Merkely
- Semmelweis University, Heart and Vascular Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Madrid
- Unidad De Arritmias, Servicio De Cardiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Manlio F Marquez
- Departamento de Electrocardiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - David Haines
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Judith Mackall
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Ugo Corra
- IRCCS Rehabilitation Medical Center, Cardiology Department, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Veruno, Italy
| | - Martin Halle
- Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Josef Niebauer
- Sports Medicine, Prevention & Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Hindieh W, Adler A, Weissler-Snir A, Fourey D, Harris S, Rakowski H. Exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A review of current evidence, national guideline recommendations and a proposal for a new direction to fitness. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:333-338. [PMID: 27707537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common genetic disorder with a prevalence of 1:500 in the general population. Amongst a varied spectrum of clinical presentations, the most feared complication of this cardiac disorder is sudden cardiac death. Although only a minority of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who suffer sudden cardiac death or resuscitated cardiac arrest do so during exercise, strenuous physical activity is regarded as an important trigger for these tragic outcomes. Furthermore, during exercise, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may develop augmentation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, myocardial ischemia, diastolic dysfunction and/or inappropriate vasodilation in non-exercising vascular beds. This in turn may lead to exertional dyspnea, chest pain or syncope. Accordingly, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are disqualified from competitive sports and in many cases are recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity of any kind. Nevertheless, avoidance of physical activity comes with a price. The positive effects of regular exercise have been extensively reported to convey a wide range of benefits including reduced cardiovascular events, weight reduction and improved wellbeing. Therefore, finding the right exercise level that will offer some of the benefits of physical activity without increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death is of utmost importance. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for and against exercise in this patient population and review national guideline recommendations. We also propose alternative fitness strategies including a novel fitness program implemented by our hypertrophic cardiomyopathy center which may be of particular usefulness for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnon Adler
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Dana Fourey
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Samak M, Fatullayev J, Sabashnikov A, Zeriouh M, Schmack B, Farag M, Popov AF, Dohmen PM, Choi YH, Wahlers T, Weymann A. Cardiac Hypertrophy: An Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Basis. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2016; 22:75-9. [PMID: 27450399 PMCID: PMC4976758 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.900437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular hypertrophy is an ominous escalation of hemodynamically stressful conditions such as hypertension and valve disease. The pathophysiology of hypertrophy is complex and multifactorial, as it touches on several cellular and molecular systems. Understanding the molecular background of cardiac hypertrophy is essential in order to protect the myocardium from pathological remodeling, or slow down the destined progression to heart failure. In this review we highlight the most important molecular aspects of cardiac hypertrophic growth in light of the currently available published research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Samak
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javid Fatullayev
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Sabashnikov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Zeriouh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bastian Schmack
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Farag
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Marfan Center - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aron-Frederik Popov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal M Dohmen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Weymann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Marfan Center - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sweeting J, Ingles J, Timperio A, Patterson J, Ball K, Semsarian C. Physical activity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence of inactivity and perceived barriers. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000484. [PMID: 27547438 PMCID: PMC4964183 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and perceived barriers to physical activity among individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and to determine potential demographic, clinical and health-related factors influencing likelihood of meeting physical activity guidelines. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of consecutive patients (n=198) with HCM attending a specialist HCM centre from July 2014 to November 2015. The primary outcome measure was physical activity (minutes per day), as measured by self-report (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)) and objective means (ActiGraph accelerometer). For both, participants were classified as meeting guidelines if they did at least 150 min per week of physical activity. Quality of life (Short Form-36 V.2, SF-36v2), barriers to exercise and clinical-demographic data were also collected. RESULTS In total, 54.8% of participants did not meet physical activity recommendations based on IPAQ, and 12.7% did not meet guidelines based on accelerometer data. The most commonly identified barriers to exercise were 'pain interferes with my exercise' (33%) and 'I have an injury/disability that stops me' (29%). Independent factors associated with meeting guidelines included older age (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.85, p=0.002), higher education level (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.93, p=0.03), better physical quality of life (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.09, p=0.05) and more reported barriers (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.91, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS More than half of the patients with HCM did not meet minimum physical activity recommendations. Several barriers to exercise among individuals with HCM exist, and provide the basis for targeted interventions to promote physical activity and improve overall health in patients with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sweeting
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodie Ingles
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jillian Patterson
- The Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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65
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Birch CL, Behunin SM, Lopez-Pier MA, Danilo C, Lipovka Y, Saripalli C, Granzier H, Konhilas JP. Sex dimorphisms of crossbridge cycling kinetics in transgenic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H125-36. [PMID: 27199124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00592.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease of the sarcomere and may lead to hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and/or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, or sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that hearts from transgenic HCM mice harboring a mutant myosin heavy chain increase the energetic cost of contraction in a sex-specific manner. To do this, we assessed Ca(2+) sensitivity of tension and crossbridge kinetics in demembranated cardiac trabeculas from male and female wild-type (WT) and HCM hearts at an early time point (2 mo of age). We found a significant effect of sex on Ca(2+) sensitivity such that male, but not female, HCM mice displayed a decrease in Ca(2+) sensitivity compared with WT counterparts. The HCM transgene and sex significantly impacted the rate of force redevelopment by a rapid release-restretch protocol and tension cost by the ATPase-tension relationship. In each of these measures, HCM male trabeculas displayed a gain-of-function when compared with WT counterparts. In addition, cardiac remodeling measured by echocardiography, histology, morphometry, and posttranslational modifications demonstrated sex- and HCM-specific effects. In conclusion, female and male HCM mice display sex dimorphic crossbridge kinetics accompanied by sex- and HCM-dependent cardiac remodeling at the morphometric, histological, and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Birch
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Samantha M Behunin
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marissa A Lopez-Pier
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christiane Danilo
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yulia Lipovka
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Chandra Saripalli
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Henk Granzier
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
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66
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Finocchiaro G, Sharma S. The Safety of Exercise in Individuals With Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:467-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Traynham CJ, Hullmann J, Koch WJ. "Canonical and non-canonical actions of GRK5 in the heart". J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:196-202. [PMID: 26829117 PMCID: PMC4789097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As the average world-wide lifespan continues to increase, heart failure (HF) has dramatically increased in incidence leading to the highest degree of mortality and morbidity of any disease presently studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a prominent role in regulation of cardiovascular function. GPCRs are effectively "turned off" by GPCR kinases (GRKs) in a process known as "desensitization". GRKs 2 and 5 are highly expressed in the heart, and known to be upregulated in HF. Over the last 20years, the role of GRK2 in HF has been widely studied. However, until recently, the role of GRK5 in cardiac pathophysiology had yet to be elucidated. In the present review, we will focus on GRK5's role in the myocardium in normal physiology, and its apparent critical role in the progression of HF. Further, we will also present potential therapeutic strategies (i.e. small molecule inhibition, gene therapy) that may have potential in combating the deleterious effects of GRK5 in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Traynham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | | | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Traynham CJ, Cannavo A, Zhou Y, Vouga AG, Woodall BP, Hullmann J, Ibetti J, Gold JI, Chuprun JK, Gao E, Koch WJ. Differential Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 in Physiological Versus Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2015; 117:1001-12. [PMID: 26515328 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are dynamic regulators of cellular signaling. GRK5 is highly expressed within myocardium and is upregulated in heart failure. Although GRK5 is a critical regulator of cardiac G protein-coupled receptor signaling, recent data has uncovered noncanonical activity of GRK5 within nuclei that plays a key role in pathological hypertrophy. Targeted cardiac elevation of GRK5 in mice leads to exaggerated hypertrophy and early heart failure after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) because of GRK5 nuclear accumulation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of GRK5 in physiological, swimming-induced hypertrophy (SIH). METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac-specific GRK5 transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermate control mice were subjected to a 21-day high-intensity swim protocol (or no swim sham controls). SIH and specific molecular and genetic indices of physiological hypertrophy were assessed, including nuclear localization of GRK5, and compared with TAC. Unlike after TAC, swim-trained transgenic GRK5 and nontransgenic littermate control mice exhibited similar increases in cardiac growth. Mechanistically, SIH did not lead to GRK5 nuclear accumulation, which was confirmed in vitro as insulin-like growth factor-1, a known mediator of physiological hypertrophy, was unable to induce GRK5 nuclear translocation in myocytes. We found specific patterns of altered gene expression between TAC and SIH with GRK5 overexpression. Further, SIH in post-TAC transgenic GRK5 mice was able to preserve cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that although nuclear-localized GRK5 is a pathological mediator after stress, this noncanonical nuclear activity of GRK5 is not induced during physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Traynham
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Alexandre G Vouga
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Benjamin P Woodall
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Jonathan Hullmann
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Jessica I Gold
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Erhe Gao
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Walter J Koch
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (C.J.T., A.C., A.G.V., B.P.W., J.H., J.I., J.I.G., J.K.C., E.G., W.J.K.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Helms
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI, USA
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Pugach EK, Richmond PA, Azofeifa JG, Dowell RD, Leinwand LA. Prolonged Cre expression driven by the α-myosin heavy chain promoter can be cardiotoxic. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:54-61. [PMID: 26141530 PMCID: PMC4558343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studying the importance of genetic factors in a desired cell type or tissue necessitates the use of precise genetic tools. With the introduction of bacteriophage Cre recombinase/loxP mediated DNA editing and promoter-specific Cre expression, it is feasible to generate conditional knockout mice in which particular genes are disrupted in a cell type-specific manner in vivo. In cardiac myocytes, this is often achieved through α-myosin heavy chain promoter (αMyHC)-driven Cre expression in conjunction with a loxP-site flanked gene of interest. Recent studies in other cell types demonstrate toxicity of Cre expression through induction of DNA damage. However, it is unclear to what extent the traditionally used αMyHC-Cre line [1] may exhibit cardiotoxicity. Further, the genotype of αMyHC-Cre(+/-) is not often included as a control group in cardiac myocyte-specific knockout studies. Here we present evidence that these αMyHC-Cre(+/-) mice show molecular signs of cardiac toxicity by 3months of age and exhibit decreased cardiac function by 6months of age compared to wild-type littermates. Hearts from αMyHC-Cre(+/-) mice also display evidence of fibrosis, inflammation, and DNA damage. Interestingly, some of the early functional changes observed in αMyHC-Cre(+/-) mice are sexually dimorphic. Given the high level of Cre recombinase expression resulting from expression from the αMyHC promoter, we asked if degenerate loxP-like sites naturally exist in the mouse genome and if so, whether they are affected by Cre in the absence of canonical loxP-sites. Using a novel bioinformatics search tool, we identified 619 loxP-like sites with 4 or less mismatches to the canonical loxP-site. 227 sites overlapped with annotated genes and 55 of these genes were expressed in cardiac muscle. Expression of ~26% of the 27 genes tested was disrupted in αMyHC-Cre(+/-) mice indicating potential targeting by Cre. Taken together, these results highlight both the importance of using αMyHC-Cre mice as controls in conditional knockout studies as well as the need for a less cardiotoxic Cre driver for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Pugach
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
| | - Phillip A Richmond
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
| | - Joseph G Azofeifa
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Computer Science, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
| | - Robin D Dowell
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
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71
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Alpert C, Day SM, Saberi S. Sports and Exercise in Athletes with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Clin Sports Med 2015; 34:489-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Our translational research group focuses on addressing the problem of exercise defects in diabetes with basic research efforts in cell and rodent models and clinical research efforts in subjects with diabetes mellitus. CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) regulates cellular differentiation of neurons, β-cells, adipocytes and smooth muscle cells; it is also a potent survival factor and an upstream regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. In diabetes and cardiovascular disease, CREB protein content is decreased in the vascular media, and its regulation in aberrant in β-cells, neurons and cardiomyocytes. Loss of CREB content and function leads to decreased vascular target tissue resilience when exposed to stressors such as metabolic, oxidative or sheer stress. This basic research programme set the stage for our central hypothesis that diabetes-mediated CREB dysfunction predisposes the diabetes disease progression and cardiovascular complications. Our clinical research programme revealed that diabetes mellitus leads to defects in functional exercise capacity. Our group has determined that the defects in exercise correlate with insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, decreased cardiac perfusion and diastolic dysfunction, slowed muscle perfusion kinetics, decreased muscle perfusion and slowed oxidative phosphorylation. Combined basic and clinical research has defined the relationship between exercise and vascular function with particular emphasis on how the signalling to CREB and eNOS [endothelial NOS (nitric oxide synthase)] regulates tissue perfusion, mitochondrial dynamics, vascular function and exercise capacity. The present review summarizes our current working hypothesis that restoration of eNOS/NOS dysfunction will restore cellular homoeostasis and permit an optimal tissue response to an exercise training intervention.
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73
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Costa ADF, Franco OL. Insights into RNA transcriptome profiling of cardiac tissue in obesity and hypertension conditions. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:959-68. [PMID: 25393239 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies suggest that obesity and hypertension are associated with cardiac transcriptome modifications that could be further associated with inflammatory processes and cardiac hypertrophy. In this field, transcriptome studies have demonstrated their importance to elucidate physiologic mechanisms, pathways or genes involved in many biologic processes. Over the past decade, RNA microarray and RNA-seq analysis has become an essential component to examine metabolic pathways in terms of mRNA expression in cardiology. In this review, cardiac muscle gene expression in response to effects of obesity and hypertension will be focused, providing a broad view on cardiac transcriptome and physiologic and biochemical mechanisms involved in gene expression changes produced by these events, emphasizing the use of new technologies for gene expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzenira de Fátima Costa
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Brazil
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74
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Cannon L, Yu ZY, Marciniec T, Waardenberg AJ, Iismaa SE, Nikolova-Krstevski V, Neist E, Ohanian M, Qiu MR, Rainer S, Harvey RP, Feneley MP, Graham RM, Fatkin D. Irreversible triggers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are established in the early postnatal period. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:560-9. [PMID: 25677315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by mutations in sarcomere protein genes, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) develops as an adaptive response to sarcomere dysfunction. It remains unclear whether persistent expression of the mutant gene is required for LVH or whether early gene expression acts as an immutable inductive trigger. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to use a regulatable murine model of HCM to study the reversibility of pathological LVH. METHODS The authors generated a double-transgenic mouse model, tTAxαMHCR403Q, in which expression of the HCM-causing Arg403Gln mutation in the α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene is inhibited by doxycycline administration. Cardiac structure and function were evaluated in groups of mice that received doxycycline for varying periods from 0 to 40 weeks of age. RESULTS Untreated tTAxαMHCR403Q mice showed increased left ventricular (LV) mass, contractile dysfunction, myofibrillar disarray, and fibrosis. In contrast, mice treated with doxycycline from conception to 6 weeks had markedly less LVH and fibrosis at 40 weeks. Transgene inhibition from 6 weeks reduced fibrosis but did not prevent LVH or functional changes. There were no differences in LV parameters at 40 weeks between mice with transgene inhibition from 20 weeks and mice with continuous transgene expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the critical role of the early postnatal period in HCM pathogenesis and suggest that mutant sarcomeres manifest irreversible cardiomyocyte defects that induce LVH. In HCM, mutation-silencing therapies are likely to be ineffective for hypertrophy regression and would have to be administered very early in life to prevent hypertrophy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cannon
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Ze-Yan Yu
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Marciniec
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Ashley J Waardenberg
- Cardiac Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Vesna Nikolova-Krstevski
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Elysia Neist
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Monique Ohanian
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Min Ru Qiu
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stephen Rainer
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Cardiac Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
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Konhilas JP, Chen H, Luczak E, McKee LA, Regan J, Watson PA, Stauffer BL, Khalpey ZI, Mckinsey TA, Horn T, LaFleur B, Leinwand LA. Diet and sex modify exercise and cardiac adaptation in the mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H135-45. [PMID: 25398983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heart adapts to exercise stimuli in a sex-dimorphic manner when mice are fed the traditional soy-based chow. Females undergo more voluntary exercise (4 wk) than males and exhibit more cardiac hypertrophy per kilometer run (18, 32). We have found that diet plays a critical role in cage wheel exercise and cardiac adaptation to the exercise stimulus in this sex dimorphism. Specifically, feeding male mice a casein-based, soy-free diet increases daily running distance over soy-fed counterparts to equal that of females. Moreover, casein-fed males have a greater capacity to increase their cardiac mass in response to exercise compared with soy-fed males. To further explore the biochemical mechanisms for these differences, we performed a candidate-based RT-PCR screen on genes previously implicated in diet- or exercise-based cardiac hypertrophy. Of the genes screened, many exhibit significant exercise, diet, or sex effects but only transforming growth factor-β1 shows a significant three-way interaction with no genes showing a two-way interaction. Finally, we show that the expression and activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase-α2 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase is dependent on exercise, diet, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Konhilas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Luczak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Laurel A McKee
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jessica Regan
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Peter A Watson
- University of Colorado Denver, and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Zain I Khalpey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Timothy A Mckinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Todd Horn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Bonnie LaFleur
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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Najafi A, Schlossarek S, van Deel ED, van den Heuvel N, Güçlü A, Goebel M, Kuster DWD, Carrier L, van der Velden J. Sexual dimorphic response to exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated MYBPC3-targeted knock-in mice. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1303-17. [PMID: 25010737 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common genetic cardiac disorder, is frequently caused by mutations in MYBPC3, encoding cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C). Moreover, HCM is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. Interestingly, SCD is more likely to occur in male than in female athletes. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to sex-specific differences are poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the effect of sex and exercise on functional properties of the heart and sarcomeres in mice carrying a MYBPC3 point mutation (G > A transition in exon 6) associated with human HCM. Echocardiography followed by isometric force measurements in left ventricular (LV) membrane-permeabilized cardiomyocytes was performed in wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) knock-in mice of both sex (N = 5 per group) in sedentary mice and mice that underwent an 8-week voluntary wheel-running exercise protocol. Isometric force measurements in single cardiomyocytes revealed a lower maximal force generation (F max) of the sarcomeres in male sedentary HET (13.0 ± 1.1 kN/m(2)) compared to corresponding WT (18.4 ± 1.8 kN/m(2)) male mice. Exercise induced a higher F max in HET male mice, while it did not affect HET females. Interestingly, a low cardiac troponin I bisphosphorylation, increased myofilament Ca(2+)-sensitivity, and LV hypertrophy were particularly observed in exercised HET females. In conclusion, in sedentary animals, contractile differences are seen between male and female HET mice. Male and female HET hearts adapted differently to a voluntary exercise protocol, indicating that physiological stimuli elicit a sexually dimorphic cardiac response in heterozygous MYBPC3-targeted knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Najafi
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Room B-156, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common inherited heart muscle disorder associated with sudden cardiac death, arrhythmias and heart failure. Genetic mutations can be identified in approximately 60% of patients; these are commonest in genes that encode proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Similar to other Mendelian diseases these mutations are characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expression. Our knowledge of this genetic diversity is rapidly evolving as high-throughput DNA sequencing technology is now used to characterize an individual patient's disease. In addition, the genomic basis of several multisystem diseases associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype has been elucidated. Genetic biomarkers can be helpful in making an accurate diagnosis and in identifying relatives at risk of developing the condition. In the clinical setting, genetic testing and genetic screening should be used pragmatically with appropriate counseling. Here we review the current role of genetic biomarkers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, highlight recent progress in the field and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Coats
- The Heart Hospital, 16-18 Westmoreland Street, London, W1G 8PH, UK
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78
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Duncker DJ, van Deel ED, de Waard MC, de Boer M, Merkus D, van der Velden J. Exercise training in adverse cardiac remodeling. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1079-91. [PMID: 24573174 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling in response to a myocardial infarction or chronic pressure-overload is an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure. In contrast, cardiac remodeling produced by regular physical exercise is associated with a decreased risk for heart failure. There is evidence that exercise training has a beneficial effect on disease progression and survival in patients with cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, but concern has also been expressed that exercise training may aggravate pathological remodeling and dysfunction. Here we present studies from our laboratory into the effects of exercise training on pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in mice. The results indicate that even in the presence of a large infarct, exercise training exerts beneficial effects on the heart. These effects were mimicked in part by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) overexpression and abrogated by eNOS deficiency, demonstrating the importance of nitric oxide signaling in mediating the cardiac effects of exercise. Exercise prior to a myocardial infarction was also cardioprotective. In contrast, exercise tended to aggravate pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in the setting of pressure-overload produced by an aortic stenosis. These observations emphasize the critical importance of the underlying pathological stimulus for cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, in determining the effects of exercise training. Future studies are needed to define the influence of exercise type, intensity and duration in different models and severities of pathological cardiac remodeling. Together such studies will aid in optimizing the therapy of exercise training in the setting of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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79
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Bereiter-Hahn J. Do we age because we have mitochondria? PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:3-23. [PMID: 23794102 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging remains a great riddle. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is an inevitable by-product of respiration, which has led to a hypothesis proposing the oxidative impairment of mitochondrial components (e.g., mtDNA, proteins, lipids) that initiates a vicious cycle of dysfunctional respiratory complexes producing more ROS, which again impairs function. This does not exclude other processes acting in parallel or targets for ROS action in other organelles than mitochondria. Given that aging is defined as the process leading to death, the role of mitochondria-based impairments in those organ systems responsible for human death (e.g., the cardiovascular system, cerebral dysfunction, and cancer) is described within the context of "garbage" accumulation and increasing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and glycation of proteins. Mitochondrial mass, fusion, and fission are important factors in coping with impaired function. Both biogenesis of mitochondria and their degradation are important regulatory mechanisms stimulated by physical exercise and contribute to healthy aging. The hypothesis of mitochondria-related aging should be revised to account for the limitations of the degradative capacity of the lysosomal system. The processes involved in mitochondria-based impairments are very similar across a large range of organisms. Therefore, studies on model organisms from yeast, fungi, nematodes, flies to vertebrates, and from cells to organisms also add considerably to the understanding of human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Lauestrasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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80
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Nicholson CK, Lambert JP, Chow CW, Lefer DJ, Calvert JW. Chronic exercise downregulates myocardial myoglobin and attenuates nitrite reductase capacity during ischemia-reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 64:1-10. [PMID: 23962643 PMCID: PMC3800246 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The infarct sparing effects of exercise are evident following both long-term and short-term training regimens. Here we compared the infarct-lowering effects of nitrite therapy, voluntary exercise, and the combination of both following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. We also compared the degree to which each strategy increased cardiac nitrite levels, as well as the effects of each strategy on the nitrite reductase activity of the heart. Mice subjected to voluntary wheel running (VE) for 4weeks displayed an 18% reduction in infarct size when compared to sedentary mice, whereas mice administered nitrite therapy (25mg/L in drinking water) showed a 53% decrease. However, the combination of VE and nitrite exhibited no further protection than VE alone. Although the VE and nitrite therapy mice showed similar nitrite levels in the heart, cardiac nitrite reductase activity was significantly reduced in the VE mice. Additionally, the cardiac protein expression of myoglobin, a known nitrite reductase, was also reduced after VE. Further studies revealed that cardiac NFAT activity was lower after VE due to a decrease in calcineurin activity and an increase in GSK3β activity. These data suggest that VE downregulates cardiac myoglobin levels by inhibiting calcineurin/NFAT signaling. Additionally, these results suggest that the modest infarct sparing effects of VE are the result of a decrease in the hearts ability to reduce nitrite to nitric oxide during MI/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad K. Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Jonathan P. Lambert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David J. Lefer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308
| | - John W. Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308
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81
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Molkentin JD. Parsing good versus bad signaling pathways in the heart: role of calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells. Circ Res 2013; 113:16-9. [PMID: 23788503 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nine years ago, we published an article that suggested a specialized role for calcineurin–nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling in regulating pathological cardiac hypertrophy preferentially over physiological growth and, in fact, the later response was associated with reduced calcineurin-NFAT activity. Since this time we and others have continued to uncover how this signaling effector pathway functions in the heart in regulating specific aspects of the growth response during disease and with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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82
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Chen H, Hwang H, McKee LAK, Perez JN, Regan JA, Constantopoulos E, Lafleur B, Konhilas JP. Temporal and morphological impact of pressure overload in transgenic FHC mice. Front Physiol 2013; 4:205. [PMID: 23986715 PMCID: PMC3753457 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is characterized as cardiac disease in the absence of overt stressors, disease penetrance, and pathological progression largely depend on modifying factors. Accordingly, pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was induced in 2-month-old, male mice with and without a FHC (R403Q) mutation in α-myosin heavy chain. A significantly greater number of FHC mice (n = 8) than wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5) died during the 9-week study period. TAC induced a significant increase in cardiac mass whether measured at 2 or 9 weeks post-TAC in both WT and FHC mice, albeit to a different extent. However, the temporal and morphological trajectory of ventricular remodeling was impacted by the FHC transgene. Both WT and FHC hearts responded to TAC with an early (2 weeks post-TAC) and significant augmentation of the relative wall thickness (RWT) indicative of concentric hypertrophy. By 9 weeks post-TAC, RWT decreased in WT hearts (eccentric hypertrophy) but remained elevated in FHC hearts. WT hearts following TAC demonstrated enhanced cardiac function as measured by the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, pre-load recruitable stroke work (PRSW), and myocardial relaxation indicative of compensatory hypertrophy. Similarly, TAC induced differential histological and cellular remodeling; TAC reduced expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (2a) (SERCA2a; 2 and 9 weeks) and phospholamban (PLN; 2 weeks) but increased PLN phosphorylation (2 weeks) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC; 9 weeks) in WT hearts. FHC-TAC hearts showed increased β-MyHC (2 and 9 weeks) and a late (9 weeks) decrease in PLN expression concomitant with a significant increase in PLN phosphorylation. We conclude that FHC hearts respond to TAC induced pressure overload with increased premature death, severe concentric hypertrophy, and a differential ability to undergo morphological, functional, or cellular remodeling compared to WT hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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83
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McKee LA, Chen H, Regan JA, Behunin SM, Walker JW, Walker JS, Konhilas JP. Sexually dimorphic myofilament function and cardiac troponin I phosphospecies distribution in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:39-48. [PMID: 23352598 PMCID: PMC3640654 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathological progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is sexually dimorphic such that male HCM mice develop phenotypic indicators of cardiac disease well before female HCM mice. Here, we hypothesized that alterations in myofilament function underlies, in part, this sex dimorphism in HCM disease development. Firstly, 10-12month female HCM (harboring a mutant [R403Q] myosin heavy chain) mice presented with proportionately larger hearts than male HCM mice. Next, we determined Ca(2+)-sensitive tension development in demembranated cardiac trabeculae excised from 10-12month female and male HCM mice. Whereas HCM did not impact Ca(2+)-sensitive tension development in male trabeculae, female HCM trabeculae were more sensitive to Ca(2+) than wild-type (WT) counterparts and both WT and HCM males. We hypothesized that the underlying cause of this sex difference in Ca(2+)-sensitive tension development was due to changes in Ca(2+) handling and sarcomeric proteins, including expression of SR Ca(2+) ATPase (2a) (SERCA2a), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC) and post-translational modifications of myofilament proteins. Female HCM hearts showed an elevation of SERCA2a and β-MyHC protein whereas male HCM hearts showed a similar elevation of β-MyHC protein but a reduced level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) phosphorylation. We also measured the distribution of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) phosphospecies using phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE. The distribution of cTnI phosphospecies depended on sex and HCM. In conclusion, female and male HCM mice display sex dimorphic myofilament function that is accompanied by a sex- and HCM-dependent distribution of sarcomeric proteins and cTnI phosphospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A.K. McKee
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jessica A. Regan
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Samantha M. Behunin
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Walker
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - John S. Walker
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John P. Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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84
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Schultz RL, Kullman EL, Waters RP, Huang H, Kirwan JP, Gerdes AM, Swallow JG. Metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle to voluntary wheel running exercise in hypertensive heart failure rats. Physiol Res 2013; 62:361-9. [PMID: 23590601 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) rat mimics the human progression of hypertension from hypertrophy to heart failure. However, it is unknown whether SHHF animals can exercise at sufficient levels to observe beneficial biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. Thirty-seven female SHHF and Wistar-Furth (WF) rats were randomized to sedentary (SHHFsed and WFsed) and exercise groups (SHHFex and WFex). The exercise groups had access to running wheels from 6-22 months of age. Hindlimb muscles were obtained for metabolic measures that included mitochondrial enzyme function and expression, and glycogen utilization. The SHHFex rats ran a greater distance and duration as compared to the WFex rats (P<0.05), but the WFex rats ran at a faster speed (P<0.05). Skeletal muscle citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme activity was not altered in the SHHFex group, but was increased (P<0.05) in the WFex animals. Citrate synthase protein and gene expression were unchanged in SHHFex animals, but were increased in WFex rats (P<0.05). In the WFex animals muscle glycogen was significantly depleted after exercise (P<0.05), but not in the SHHFex group. We conclude that despite robust amounts of aerobic activity, voluntary wheel running exercise was not sufficiently intense to improve the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in adult SHHF animals, indicating an inability to compensate for declining heart function by improving peripheral oxidative adaptations in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Schultz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA.
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85
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Libonati JR. Is exercise really deleterious for the hypertensive heart? J Physiol 2013; 591:2225-2226. [PMID: 23588504 PMCID: PMC3634532 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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86
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Reineck E, Rolston B, Bragg-Gresham JL, Salberg L, Baty L, Kumar S, Wheeler MT, Ashley E, Saberi S, Day SM. Physical activity and other health behaviors in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111:1034-9. [PMID: 23340032 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is undoubtedly influenced by modifying genetic and environmental factors. Lifestyle practices such as tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutritional intake, and physical inactivity are strongly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and increased mortality in the general population. Before addressing the direct effect of such modifiable factors on the natural history of HC, it is critical to define their prevalence in this population. A voluntary survey, drawing questions in part from the 2007 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), was posted on the HC Association website and administered to patients with HC at the University of Michigan. Propensity score matching to NHANES participants was used. Dichotomous and continuous health behaviors were analyzed using logistic and linear regression, respectively, and adjusted for body mass index and propensity score quintile. Compared to the matched NHANES participants, the patients with HC reported significantly less alcohol and tobacco use but also less time engaged in physical activity at work and for leisure. Time spent participating in vigorous or moderate activity was a strong predictor of self-reported exercise capacity. The body mass index was greater in the HC cohort than in the NHANES cohort. Exercise restrictions negatively affected emotional well-being in most surveyed subjects. In conclusion, patients with HC are less active than the general United States population. The well-established relation of inactivity, obesity, and cardiovascular mortality might be exaggerated in patients with HC. More data are needed on exercise in those with HC to strike a balance between acute risks and the long-term health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reineck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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87
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Sex differences in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:731-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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88
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Maillet M, van Berlo JH, Molkentin JD. Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: fundamental concepts and new players. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:38-48. [PMID: 23258295 PMCID: PMC4416212 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The heart hypertrophies in response to developmental signals as well as increased workload. Although adult-onset hypertrophy can ultimately lead to disease, cardiac hypertrophy is not necessarily maladaptive and can even be beneficial. Progress has been made in our understanding of the structural and molecular characteristics of physiological cardiac hypertrophy, as well as of the endocrine effectors and associated signalling pathways that regulate it. Physiological hypertrophy is initiated by finite signals, which include growth hormones (such as thyroid hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor) and mechanical forces that converge on a limited number of intracellular signalling pathways (such as PI3K, AKT, AMP-activated protein kinase and mTOR) to affect gene transcription, protein translation and metabolism. Harnessing adaptive signalling mediators to reinvigorate the diseased heart could have important medical ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Maillet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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89
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Warren SA, Briggs LE, Zeng H, Chuang J, Chang EI, Terada R, Li M, Swanson MS, Lecker SH, Willis MS, Spinale FG, Maupin-Furlowe J, McMullen JR, Moss RL, Kasahara H. Myosin light chain phosphorylation is critical for adaptation to cardiac stress. Circulation 2012; 126:2575-88. [PMID: 23095280 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is a common response to circulatory or neurohumoral stressors as a mechanism to augment contractility. When the heart is under sustained stress, the hypertrophic response can evolve into decompensated heart failure, although the mechanism(s) underlying this transition remain largely unknown. Because phosphorylation of cardiac myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v), bound to myosin at the head-rod junction, facilitates actin-myosin interactions and enhances contractility, we hypothesized that phosphorylation of MLC2v plays a role in the adaptation of the heart to stress. We previously identified an enzyme that predominantly phosphorylates MLC2v in cardiomyocytes, cardiac myosin light-chain kinase (cMLCK), yet the role(s) played by cMLCK in regulating cardiac function in health and disease remain to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that pressure overload induced by transaortic constriction in wild-type mice reduced phosphorylated MLC2v levels by ≈40% and cMLCK levels by ≈85%. To examine how a reduction in cMLCK and the corresponding reduction in phosphorylated MLC2v affect function, we generated Mylk3 gene-targeted mice and transgenic mice overexpressing cMLCK specifically in cardiomyocytes. Pressure overload led to severe heart failure in cMLCK knockout mice but not in mice with cMLCK overexpression in which cMLCK protein synthesis exceeded degradation. The reduction in cMLCK protein during pressure overload was attenuated by inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation systems. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the novel idea that accelerated cMLCK protein turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome system underlies the transition from compensated hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure as a result of reduced phosphorylation of MLC2v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonisha A Warren
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
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Distinct cardiac transcriptional profiles defining pregnancy and exercise. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42297. [PMID: 22860109 PMCID: PMC3409173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the hypertrophic responses of the heart to pregnancy and exercise are both considered to be physiological processes, they occur in quite different hormonal and temporal settings. In this study, we have compared the global transcriptional profiles of left ventricular tissues at various time points during the progression of hypertrophy in exercise and pregnancy. Methodology/Principal Findings The following groups of female mice were analyzed: non-pregnant diestrus cycle sedentary control, mid-pregnant, late-pregnant, and immediate-postpartum, and animals subjected to 7 and 21 days of voluntary wheel running. Hierarchical clustering analysis shows that while mid-pregnancy and both exercise groups share the closest relationship and similar gene ontology categories, late pregnancy and immediate post-partum are quite different with high representation of secreted/extracellular matrix-related genes. Moreover, pathway-oriented ontological analysis shows that metabolism regulated by cytochrome P450 and chemokine pathways are the most significant signaling pathways regulated in late pregnancy and immediate-postpartum, respectively. Finally, increases in expression of components of the proteasome observed in both mid-pregnancy and immediate-postpartum also result in enhanced proteasome activity. Interestingly, the gene expression profiles did not correlate with the degree of cardiac hypertrophy observed in the animal groups, suggesting that distinct pathways are employed to achieve similar amounts of cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that cardiac adaptation to the later stages of pregnancy is quite distinct from both mid-pregnancy and exercise. Furthermore, it is very dynamic since, by 12 hours post-partum, the heart has already initiated regression of cardiac growth, and 50 genes have changed expression significantly in the immediate-postpartum compared to late-pregnancy. Thus, pregnancy-induced cardiac hypertrophy is a more complex process than exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy and our data suggest that the mechanisms underlying the two types of hypertrophy have limited overlap.
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91
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McNally EM, Goldstein JA. Interplay between heart and skeletal muscle disease in heart failure: the 2011 George E. Brown Memorial Lecture. Circ Res 2012; 110:749-54. [PMID: 22383709 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.256776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The study of single gene disorders often provides insight for more complex human disease. Mutations in the genes encoding the dystrophin protein complex cause muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy by destabilizing the plasma membrane of skeletal myofibers and cardiomyocytes. In these diseases, progressive skeletal muscle degeneration and weakness contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, the pace and pattern of muscle weakness, along with onset of cardiomyopathy, is highly variable even when associated with the same identical mutation. Using a mouse model of muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy, we identified genetic loci that modify muscle pathology and cardiac fibrosis. Distinct genetic modifiers were identified for diaphragm and abdominal musculature, and these genetic intervals differ from those that regulate pathology in the skeletal muscle of the limbs and the heart. One modifier gene was identified and highlights the importance of the transforming growth factor-β pathway in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. We determined that canonical transforming growth factor-β signaling contributes to heart and muscle dysfunction using a Drosophila model. Together, these studies demonstrate the value of using a genetically sensitized model to uncover pathways that regulate heart failure and muscle weakness.
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92
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Cheng SM, Ho TJ, Yang AL, Chen IJ, Kao CL, Wu FN, Lin JA, Kuo CH, Ou HC, Huang CY, Lee SD. Exercise training enhances cardiac IGFI-R/PI3K/Akt and Bcl-2 family associated pro-survival pathways in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:478-85. [PMID: 22341695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased myocyte apoptosis in diabetic hearts has been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on cardiac survival pathways in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (Control), STZ-induced (65 mg/kg, i.p.) diabetes (DM), and DM rats with moderate aerobic exercise training (DM-EX) on a treadmill 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 10 weeks. Histopathological analysis, positive TUNEL assays and Western blotting were performed on the excised cardiac left ventricles from all three groups. RESULTS The components of cardiac survival pathway (insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI), IGFI-receptor (IGFI-R), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), and Akt) and the pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and p-BAD) were all significantly decreased in the DM group compared with the Control group whereas they were increased in the DM-EX group. In addition, the abnormal myocardial architecture, enlarged interstitial space and increased cardiac TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were observed in the DM group, but they were reduced in the DM-EX group. The apoptotic key component, caspase-3, was significantly increased in the DM group relative to the Control group whereas it was decreased in the DM-EX group. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training enhances cardiac IGFI-R/PI3K/Akt and Bcl-2 family associated pro-survival pathways, which provides one of the new beneficial effects for exercise training in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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93
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Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a cardiomyopathy associated with sporadic or familial disease, the latter having an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. The clinical features associated with LVNC vary from asymptomatic to symptomatic patients, with the potential for heart failure, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and sudden cardiac death. Echocardiography is the diagnostic modality of choice, revealing the pathognomonic features of a thick, bilayered myocardium; prominent ventricular trabeculations; and deep intertrabecular recesses. Widespread use and advances in the technology of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are increasing awareness of LVNC, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is improving the ability to stage the severity of the disease and potential for adverse clinical consequences. Study of LVNC through research in embryology, imaging, and genetics has allowed enormous strides in the understanding of this heterogeneous disease over the past 25 years.
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94
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Knöll R. Myosin binding protein C: implications for signal-transduction. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 33:31-42. [PMID: 22173300 PMCID: PMC3351598 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) is a crucial component of the sarcomere and an important regulator of muscle function. While mutations in different myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) genes are well known causes of various human diseases, such as hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) forms of cardiomyopathy as well as skeletal muscular disorders, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain not well understood. A variety of MYBPC3 (cardiac isoform) mutations have been studied in great detail and several corresponding genetically altered mouse models have been generated. Most MYBPC3 mutations may cause haploinsufficiency and with it they may cause a primary increase in calcium sensitivity which is potentially able to explain major features observed in HCM patients such as the hypercontractile phenotype and the well known secondary effects such as myofibrillar disarray, fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy and remodelling including arrhythmogenesis. However the presence of poison peptides in some cases cannot be fully excluded and most probably other mechanisms are also at play. Here we shall discuss MYBPC interacting proteins and possible pathways linked to cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Knöll
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, British Heart Foundation-Centre for Research Excellence, Myocardial Genetics, London, UK.
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95
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Lee SH, Kim J, Ryu JY, Lee S, Yang DK, Jeong D, Kim J, Lee SH, Kim JM, Hajjar RJ, Park WJ. Transcription coactivator Eya2 is a critical regulator of physiological hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:718-26. [PMID: 22197309 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite its significant clinical implications, physiological hypertrophy remains poorly understood. In this study, the transcription coactivator Eya2 was shown to be up-regulated during physiological hypertrophy. Transgene- or adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Eya2 led to up-regulation of mTOR, a critical mediator of physiological hypertrophy. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Eya2 directly binds to and activates mTOR expression. The phosphorylation of mTOR downstream molecules was significantly enhanced in Eya2 transgenic (TG) hearts, implying that the Eya2-mediated induction of mTOR expression leads to an elevated mTOR activity. The transcription factor Six1 was also up-regulated during physiological hypertrophy and formed a complex with Eya2. Luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the Eya2-Six1 complex binds to and enhances the expression of mTOR in a synergistic manner. Under pressure overload, Eya2 transgenic hearts developed hypertrophy which exhibited important molecular signatures of physiological hypertrophy, as assessed by gene expression profiling and measurements of expression levels of physiological hypertrophy-related genes by quantitative (q) RT-PCR. Examination of heart sections under electron microscopy revealed that the mitochondrial integrity remained largely intact in Eya2 transgenic mice, but not in wild-type littermates, under pressure overload. This finding was confirmed by measurements of mitochondrial DNA contents and the expression levels of mitochondrial function-related genes by qRT-PCR. These data suggest that Eya2 in a physical complex with Six1 plays a critical role in physiological hypertrophy. The cardioprotective effect of Eya2 appears to be due, at least in part, to its preservation of mitochondrial integrity upon pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Global Research Lab, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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96
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Riquelme CA, Magida JA, Harrison BC, Wall CE, Marr TG, Secor SM, Leinwand LA. Fatty acids identified in the Burmese python promote beneficial cardiac growth. Science 2011; 334:528-31. [PMID: 22034436 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Burmese pythons display a marked increase in heart mass after a large meal. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of this physiological heart growth with the goal of applying this knowledge to the mammalian heart. We found that heart growth in pythons is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy in the absence of cell proliferation and by activation of physiological signal transduction pathways. Despite high levels of circulating lipids, the postprandial python heart does not accumulate triglycerides or fatty acids. Instead, there is robust activation of pathways of fatty acid transport and oxidation combined with increased expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, a cardioprotective enzyme. We also identified a combination of fatty acids in python plasma that promotes physiological heart growth when injected into either pythons or mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Riquelme
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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97
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Libonati JR, Sabri A, Xiao C, Macdonnell SM, Renna BF. Exercise training improves systolic function in hypertensive myocardium. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1637-43. [PMID: 21921241 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00292.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The general purpose of this study was to test the effect of exercise training on the left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume relationship (LV/PV) and apoptotic signaling markers in normotensive and hypertensive hearts. Four-month-old female normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; n = 37) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 38) were assigned to a sedentary (WKY-SED, n = 21; SHR-SED, n = 19) or treadmill-trained (WKY-TRD, n = 16; SHR-TRD, n = 19) group (∼60% Vo(2 peak), 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, 12 wk). Ex vivo LV/PV were established in isovolumic Langendorff-perfused hearts, and LV levels of Akt, phosphorylated Akt (Akt(Pi)), Bad, phosphorylated Bad (Bad(Pi)) c-IAP, x-IAP, calcineurin, and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were measured. Heart-to-body weight ratio was increased in SHR vs. WKY (P < 0.05), concomitant with increased calcineurin mRNA (P < 0.05). There was a rightward shift in the LV/PV (P < 0.05) and a reduction in systolic elastance (E(s)) in SHR vs. WKY. Exercise training corrected E(s) in SHR (P < 0.05) but had no effect on the LV/PV in WKY. Caspase 3 was increased in SHR-SED relative to WKY-SED, while Bad(Pi,) c-IAP, and x-IAP were significantly lower in SHR relative to WKY (P < 0.05). Exercise training increased Bad(Pi) in both WKY and SHR but did not alter caspase 9 activity in either group. While caspase 3 activity was increased with training in WKY (P < 0.05), it was unchanged with training in SHR. We conclude that moderate levels of regular aerobic exercise attenuate systolic dysfunction early in the compensatory phase of hypertrophy, and that a differential phenotypical response to moderate-intensity exercise exists between WKY and SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Libonati
- Univ. of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Biobehavioral and Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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98
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Brum P, Bacurau A, Medeiros A, Ferreira J, Vanzelli A, Negrão C. Aerobic exercise training in heart failure: impact on sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac and skeletal muscle function. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:827-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Medeiros
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - C.E. Negrão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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99
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Atherosclerotic plaques induced by marble-burying behavior are stabilized by exercise training in experimental atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2011; 151:284-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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100
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Ashrafian H, McKenna WJ, Watkins H. Disease pathways and novel therapeutic targets in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2011; 109:86-96. [PMID: 21700950 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.242974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As described in earlier reviews in this series on the molecular basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), HCM is one of the archetypal monogenic cardiovascular disorders to be understood at the molecular level. Twenty years after the discovery of the first HCM disease gene, genetic studies still confirm that HCM is principally a disease of the sarcomere. At the biophysical level, myofilament mutations generally enhance Ca(2+) sensitivity, maximal force production, and ATPase activity. These defects ultimately appear to converge on energy deficiency and altered Ca(2+) handling as major common paths leading to the anatomic (hypertrophy, myofiber disarray, and fibrosis) and functional features (pathological signaling and diastolic dysfunction) characteristic of HCM. In this review, we provide an account of the consequences of HCM mutations and describe how specifically targeting these molecular features has already yielded early promise for novel therapies for HCM. Although substantial efforts are still required to understand the molecular link between HCM mutations and their clinical consequences, HCM endures as an exemplar of how novel insights derived from molecular characterization of Mendelian disorders can inform the understanding of biological processes and translate into rational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Ashrafian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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