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Gwathmey JK, Yerevanian A, Hajjar RJ. Targeting sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase by gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:937-47. [PMID: 24164241 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pharmacologic therapies have provided gains in reducing the mortality of heart failure, the rising incidence of the disease requires new approaches to combat its health burden. Twenty-five years ago, abnormal calcium cycling was identified as a characteristic of failing human myocardium. Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a), the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump, was found to be a key factor in the alteration of calcium cycling. With the advancement of gene vectors, SERCA2a emerged as an attractive clinical target for gene delivery purposes. Using adeno-associated virus constructs, SERCA2a upregulation has been found to improve myocardial function in animal models. The clinical benefits of overexpressing SERCA2a have been demonstrated in the phase I study Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease (CUPID). This study has demonstrated that a persistent expression of the transgene SERCA2a is associated with a significant improvement in associated biochemical alterations and clinical symptoms of heart failure. In the coming years, additional targets will likely emerge that are amenable to genetic manipulations along with the development of more advanced vector systems with safer delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Gwathmey
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine , New York, NY 10029
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52
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Koontz J, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A. Competition through dimerization between antiapoptotic and proapoptotic HS-1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1). J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3468-77. [PMID: 24347163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on Hax-1 have mainly focused on variant (v) 1, demonstrating its antiapoptotic properties. However, HAX1 is heavily spliced, generating structurally distinct isoforms. We sought to characterize the Hax-1 isoforms expressed in rat heart before and after insult. We confirmed the presence of at least four Hax-1 transcripts in healthy rat cardiac muscle. These exhibited differential expression before and after induction of myocardial infarction, with v2 being up-regulated 12-fold at the transcript level and 1.5-fold at the protein level post-insult. Contrary to antiapoptotic rat and human v1, overexpression of rat v2 or human v4 (the human homologue of rat v2) in epithelial cells exacerbated cell death by 30% following H2O2 treatment compared with control vector. Coexpression of rat v1 and v2 or human v1 and v4 neutralized the protective effects of rat and human v1 and the proapoptotic effects of rat v2 and human v4 by modulating cytochrome c release. This is, at least partly, mediated by the ability of Hax-1 proteins to form homotypic and heterotypic dimers with binding affinities ranging from ~3.8 nm for v1 dimers to ~97 nm for v1/v2 dimers. The minimal binding region supporting these interactions lies between amino acids 97-278, which are shared by nearly all Hax-1 proteins, indicating that additional factors regulate the preferential formation of Hax-1 homo- or heterodimers. Our studies are the first to show that Hax-1 is a family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators that may modulate cell survival and death through homo- or heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Koontz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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53
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Expression of HAX-1 in human colorectal cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1411-5. [PMID: 24057929 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) has been highlighted as an important marker in many types of cancers. However, little is known about the role of HAX-1 in CRC. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of HAX-1 expression with the clinicopathological features of CRC. The protein and mRNA levels of HAX-1 were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in CRC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Survival curves were made with follow-up data. The relations of the prognosis with clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed. Using IHC and RT-qPCR, we showed that HAX-1 expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues (P < 0.05). High HAX-1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.034) and tumor (T) node (N) metastasis (M) stage (P = 0.028) of patients with CRC. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that overall survival was significantly worse in CRC patients with HAX-1 overexpression. Multivariate analysis showed that high HAX-1 expression was an independent predictor of overall survival. In conclusion, our data for the first time provide a basis for the concept that overexpression of HAX-1 may contribute to the malignant progression of CRC and predict poor prognosis for patients with this disease. HAX-1 might be an important marker for tumor progression and prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target of CRC.
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54
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Li M, Tang Y, Zang W, Xuan X, Wang N, Ma Y, Wang Y, Dong Z, Zhao G. Analysis of HAX-1 gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:47. [PMID: 23531395 PMCID: PMC3617057 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the expression of HAX-1 mRNA and protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its relation with the prognosis of patients with ESCC. Methods The expression of HAX-1 mRNA and protein were detected with quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method in 112 ESCC samples and 112 corresponding non-neoplastic samples. Survival curves were made with follow-up data. The relations of the prognosis with clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed. Results The expression level of HAX-1 mRNA and the strong positive rate of HAX-1 protein were significantly higher in ESCC samples (0.527 ± 0.060 and 45.54%) than that in non-neoplastic samples (0.121 ± 0.017 and 0.00%), and in ESCC samples with lymph node metastasis (0.554 ± 0.054 and 71.11%) than that in ESCC samples without lymph node metastasis (0.509 ± 0.058 and 28.36%) (all P < 0.01). HAX-1 mRNA expression level was a risk factor of lymph node metastasis in patients with ESCC (P = 0.000). There were significant differences in survival curves between lymph node metastatic group and non-metastatic group (P = 0.000), and among groups of HAX-1 protein expression +, ++and +++(,P = 0.000); but no statistical significance between male patients and female patients (P = 0.119), and between ≥60 years old patients and <60 years old patients (P = 0.705). The level of HAX-1 mRNA (P = 0.000) and protein (P = 0.005) were risk factors of survival, but lymph node metastasis (P = 0.477) was not. Conclusion There is HAX-1 over-expression in ESCC tissue and HAX-1 mRNA level is a risk factor of lymph node metastasis. The level of HAX-1 mRNA and protein were risk factors of survival in patients with ESCC. HAX-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for ESCC treatment. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5130393079296037
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bae S, Singh SS, Yu H, Lee JY, Cho BR, Kang PM. Vitamin D signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:979-87. [PMID: 23429874 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01506.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency plays a crucial role in heart failure. However, whether vitamin D signaling itself plays an important role in cardioprotection is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the mechanism of modulating vitamin D signaling on progression to heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Vitamin D signaling was activated by administration of paricalcitol (PC), an activated vitamin D analog. Wild-type (WT) mice underwent sham or MI surgery and then were treated with either vehicle or PC. Compared with vehicle group, PC attenuated development of heart failure after MI associated with decreases in biomarkers, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. There was also improvement of cardiac function with PC treatment after MI. Furthermore, vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA and protein levels were restored by PC treatment. Next, to explore whether defective vitamin D signaling exhibited deleterious responses after MI, WT and VDR knockout (KO) mice underwent sham or MI surgery and were analyzed 4 wk after MI. VDR KO mice displayed a significant decline in survival rate and cardiac function compared with WT mice after MI. VDR KO mice also demonstrated a significant increase in heart failure biomarkers, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Vitamin D signaling promotes cardioprotection after MI through anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antiapoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Bae
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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56
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Fejzo MS, Anderson L, von Euw EM, Kalous O, Avliyakulov NK, Haykinson MJ, Konecny GE, Finn RS, Slamon DJ. Amplification Target ADRM1: Role as an Oncogene and Therapeutic Target for Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3094-109. [PMID: 23377018 PMCID: PMC3588033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25,000 ovarian cancers are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, and 75% are in the advanced stage and largely incurable. There is critical need for early detection tools and novel treatments. Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 is a protein that is encoded by the ADRM1 gene. Recently, we showed that among 20q13-amplified genes in ovarian cancer, ADRM1 overexpression was the most highly correlated with amplification and was significantly upregulated with respect to stage, recurrence, and metastasis. Its overexpression correlated significantly with shorter time to recurrence and overall survival. Array-CGH and microarray expression of ovarian cancer cell lines provided evidence consistent with primary tumor data that ADRM1 is a 20q13 amplification target. Herein, we confirm the ADRM1 amplicon in a second ovarian cancer cohort and define a minimally amplified region of 262 KB encompassing seven genes. Additionally, using RNAi knock-down of ADRM1 in naturally amplified cell line OAW42 and overexpression of ADRM1 via transfection in ES2, we show that (1) ADRM1 overexpression increases proliferation, migration, and growth in soft agar, and (2) knock-down of ADRM1 results in apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of cells with ADRM1 knock-down reveals dysregulation of proteins including CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1. Taken together, the results indicate that amplified ADRM1 is involved in cell proliferation, migration and survival in ovarian cancer cells, supporting a role as an oncogene and novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena S. Fejzo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-310-206-1408; Fax: +1-310-825-3761
| | - Lee Anderson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Erika M. von Euw
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Ondrej Kalous
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Nuraly K. Avliyakulov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (N.K.A.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Michael J. Haykinson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (N.K.A.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Gottfried E. Konecny
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Richard S. Finn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Dennis J. Slamon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: (L.A.); (E.M.E.); (O.K.); (G.E.K.); (R.S.F.); (D.J.S.)
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Grzybowska EA, Zayat V, Konopiński R, Trębińska A, Szwarc M, Sarnowska E, Macech E, Korczyński J, Knapp A, Siedlecki JA. HAX-1 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with a possible role in mRNA processing. FEBS J 2013; 280:256-72. [PMID: 23164465 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HAX-1 is a multi-functional protein that is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cell motility and calcium homeostasis. It is also reported to bind RNA: it associates with structural motifs present in the 3' untranslated regions of at least two transcripts, but the functional significance of this binding remains unknown. Although HAX-1 has been detected in various cellular compartments, it is predominantly cytoplasmic. Our detailed localization studies of HAX-1 isoforms revealed partial nuclear localization, the extent of which depends on the protein isoform. Further studies demonstrated that HAX-1 is in fact a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, dependent on the exportin 1 nuclear export receptor. Systematic mutagenesis allowed identification of the two nuclear export signals in the HAX-1 sequence. HAX-1 nuclear accumulation was observed after inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B, but also after specific cellular stress. The biological role of HAX-1 nuclear localization and shuttling remains to be established, but the HAX-1 transcript-binding properties suggest that it may be connected to mRNA processing and surveillance. In this study, HAX-1 status was shown to influence mRNA levels of DNA polymerase β, one of the HAX-1 mRNA targets, although this effect becomes pronounced only after specific stress is applied. Moreover, HAX-1 tethering to the reporter transcript caused a significant decrease in its expression. Additionally, the HAX-1 co-localization with P-body markers, reported here, implies a role in mRNA processing. These results suggest that HAX-1 may be involved in the regulation of expression of bound transcripts, possibly as part of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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58
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Hu J, Mu C, Hao J. Cerebral ischemia reduces expression of Hs1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1) in mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2012; 534:338-43. [PMID: 23262083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hax-1, a multi-functional protein, recently was found to be involved in apoptosis and nerve system development. The purpose of this study was to detect the effect of cerebral ischemia on Hax-1 expression. We have detected the expression of Hax-1 in normal brain tissue and in ischemic brain tissue. Hax-1 was expressed in all brain regions detected with a level similar to the level of β-actin. There were no differences in the expression of Hax-1 in different brain regions detected. The confocal images confirmed that neurons expressed Hax-1. The results of ischemic stroke in vivo indicated that Hax-1 level was significantly reduced at 24h after ischemia in the ischemic hemisphere, which was only 37%±4.8 of healthy hemisphere (p<0.05), and there was a strong reverse correlation between the level of Hax-1 and infarct size indicated by the regress analysis (R(2)=0.84). The expression of Hax-1 was also reduced in the cells subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) (p<0.01). The expression of Hax-1 was 87%±4.6, 78%±4.9 and 54%±8.2 of control in the murine brain endothelial cell (bEND5 cell) at 1h, 2h and 16h OGD, respectively. The Hax-1 level was 82%±7.3 and 61%±8.1 of control in neuronal cell line (neuro-2a cells) at 5h and 12h OGD, respectively. The percentage of neuro-2a cell death was 40%±11 induced by a 5h of OGD compared to only 10%±4.2 cell death in the control group (p<0.01). Our present study provides preliminary evidence of the effect of cerebral ischemia on Hax-1 expression. The expression of Hax-1 in normal brain tissue and reduction of Hax-1 in ischemic brain tissue indicate its possible involvement in pathophysiological functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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59
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Lam CK, Zhao W, Cai W, Vafiadaki E, Florea SM, Ren X, Liu Y, Robbins N, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Jiang M, Rubinstein J, Jones WK, Kranias EG. Novel role of HAX-1 in ischemic injury protection involvement of heat shock protein 90. Circ Res 2012; 112:79-89. [PMID: 22982986 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.279935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ischemic heart disease is characterized by contractile dysfunction and increased cardiomyocyte death, induced by necrosis and apoptosis. Increased cell survival after an ischemic insult is critical and depends on several cellular pathways, which have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the anti-apoptotic hematopoietic lineage substrate-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), recently identified as regulator of cardiac Ca cycling, also may ameliorate cellular injury with an ischemic insult. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with significant decreases in HAX-1 levels ex vivo and in vivo. Accordingly, overexpression of HAX-1 improved contractile recovery, coupled with reduced infarct size, plasma troponin I level, and apoptosis. The beneficial effects were associated with decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response through specific inhibition of the inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE-1) signaling pathway, including its downstream effectors caspase-12 and the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein. Conversely, HAX-1 heterozygous-deficient hearts exhibited increases in infarct size and IRE-1 activity. The inhibitory effects of HAX-1 were mediated by its binding to the N-terminal fragment of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Moreover, HAX-1 sequestered Hsp90 from IRE-1 to the phospholamban-sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase complex. The HAX-1 regulation was further supported by loss of IRE-1 inhibition in presence of the Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with decreases in HAX-1 levels. Consequently, overexpression of HAX-1 promotes cardiomyocyte survival, mediated by its interaction with Hsp90 and specific inhibition of IRE-1 signaling at the ER/sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world. Current therapies aim at treating the symptoms rather than the subcellular mechanisms, underlying the etiology and pathological remodeling in heart failure. A universal characteristic, contributing to the decreased contractile performance in human and experimental failing hearts, is impaired calcium sequestration into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). SR calcium uptake is mediated by a Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2), whose activity is reversibly regulated by phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN is an inhibitor of SERCA and phosphorylation of PLN relieves this inhibition. However, the initial simple view of a PLN/SERCA regulatory complex has been modified by our recent identification of SUMO, S100 and the histidine-rich Ca-binding protein as regulators of SERCA activity. In addition, PLN activity is regulated by 2 phosphoproteins, the inhibitor-1 of protein phosphatase 1 and the small heat shock protein 20, which affect the overall SERCA-mediated Ca-transport. This review will highlight the regulatory mechanisms of cardiac contractility by the multimeric SERCA/PLN-ensemble and the potential for new therapeutic avenues targeting this complex by using small molecules and gene transfer methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA.
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Li B, Hu Q, Xu R, Ren H, Fei E, Chen D, Wang G. Hax-1 is rapidly degraded by the proteasome dependent on its PEST sequence. BMC Cell Biol 2012; 13:20. [PMID: 22827267 PMCID: PMC3432607 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-13-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HS-1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1), is a multifunctional protein that has sequence homology to Bcl-2 family members. HAX-1 knockout animals reveal that it plays an essential protective role in the central nervous system against various stresses. Homozygous mutations in the HAX-1 gene are associated with autosomal recessive forms of severe congenital neutropenia along with neurological symptoms. The protein level of Hax-1 has been shown to be regulated by cellular protease cleavage or by transcriptional suppression upon stimulation. RESULTS Here, we report a novel post-translational mechanism for regulation of Hax-1 levels in mammalian cells. We identified that PEST sequence, a sequence rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine and threonine, is responsible for its poly-ubiquitination and rapid degradation. Hax-1 is conjugated by K48-linked ubiquitin chains and undergoes a fast turnover by the proteasome system. A deletion mutant of Hax-1 that lacks the PEST sequence is more resistant to the proteasomal degradation and exerts more protective effects against apoptotic stimuli than wild type Hax-1. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Hax-1 is a short-lived protein and that its PEST sequence dependent fast degradation by the proteasome may contribute to the rapid cellular responses upon different stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 201203, People's Republic of China
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Sun SJ, Feng L, Zhao GQ, Dong ZM. HAX-1 promotes the chemoresistance, invasion, and tumorigenicity of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1838-46. [PMID: 22451114 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HAX-1 is an anti-apoptotic factor and regulates the expression of DNA pol β. Interestingly, DNA polymerase pol β is overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the functional role of HAX-1 in ESCC remains unclear. AIMS To investigate the role of HAX-1 in chemoresistance, invasion, and tumorigenicity of ESCC. METHODS Lentivirus-mediated overexpression or knockdown of HAX-1 was employed to establish ESCC EC9706 cell lines that expressed HAX-1 at different levels. The biological behaviors of these engineered cells were characterized in vitro and in vivo using a xenograft nude mice model. In addition, HAX-1 and pol β expression in the tumor tissues was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HAX-1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and resistance against cisplatin, increased cell invasion and suppressed apoptosis along with increased pol β expression. Conversely, HAX-1 knockdown inhibited the malignant phenotypes of EC9706 cells. The xenograft nude mice model demonstrated that HAX-1 overexpression or depletion led to increased or decreased tumor growth in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, a positive correlation of HAX-1 and pol β expression in the tumor tissues was observed. CONCLUSIONS HAX-1 promotes the proliferation, chemoresistance, invasion, and tumorigenicity of ESCC, and this is correlated with increased poly β expression. HAX-1 may represent a potential target to overcome the resistance and metastasis of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-jia Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Specific Alterations of the HtrA2/HAX-1 Ratio in the Penumbra Upon Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:548-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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64
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Alterations in the Expression of the Anti-Apoptotic Factor HAX-1 upon Seizures-Induced Hippocampal Injury in the Neonatal Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:116-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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65
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Yap SV, Koontz JM, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A. HAX-1: A family of apoptotic regulators in health and disease. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2752-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Klein C. Genetic defects in severe congenital neutropenia: emerging insights into life and death of human neutrophil granulocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:399-413. [PMID: 21219176 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic defects causing congenital neutropenia has illuminated mechanisms controlling differentiation, circulation, and decay of neutrophil granulocytes. Deficiency of the mitochondrial proteins HAX1 and AK2 cause premature apoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells associated with dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas mutations in ELA2/ELANE and G6PC3 are associated with signs of increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mutations in the transcriptional repressor GFI1 and the cytoskeletal regulator WASP also lead to defective neutrophil production. This unexpected diversity of factors suggests that multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of congenital neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Bae S, Yalamarti B, Ke Q, Choudhury S, Yu H, Karumanchi SA, Kroeger P, Thadhani R, Kang PM. Preventing progression of cardiac hypertrophy and development of heart failure by paricalcitol therapy in rats. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:632-9. [PMID: 21565836 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and vitamin D therapy prevents the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in animal models. Here, we examine whether vitamin D therapy prevents progression of pre-existing cardiac hypertrophy and development of heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS When male Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a high salt (HS) diet, all rats developed cardiac hypertrophy after 5 weeks. Thereafter, rats were treated with vehicle (V), paricalcitol (PC, an active vitamin D analogue, at 200 ng, IP 3x/week), enalapril (EP, 90 μg/day), and PC + EP. All groups were continued on the HS diet and evaluated after 4 weeks of therapy. The PC and PC + EP groups, but not the V and EP only groups, showed significant prevention of progression of pre-existing cardiac hypertrophy. The signs of decompensated heart failure were evident in the vehicle-treated group; these heart failure parameters significantly improved with PC, EP or PC + EP therapy. The expression of PKCα, which is regulated by Ca(2+)and known to stimulate cardiac hypertrophy, was significantly increased in the vehicle group, and PC, EP or PC + EP effectively decreased PKCα activation. We also observed normalization of genetic alterations during progression to heart failure with PC treatment. CONCLUSION PC treatment resulted in both the prevention of progression of pre-existing cardiac hypertrophy and the development of heart failure, compared with improvement in progression to heart failure by EP alone. These beneficial findings in heart were associated with inhibition of PKCα activation and reversal of gene alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Bae
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS 910, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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68
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Vandecaetsbeek I, Vangheluwe P, Raeymaekers L, Wuytack F, Vanoevelen J. The Ca2+ pumps of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004184. [PMID: 21441596 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The various splice variants of the three SERCA- and the two SPCA-pump genes in higher vertebrates encode P-type ATPases of the P(2A) group found respectively in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the secretory pathway. Of these, SERCA2b and SPCA1a represent the housekeeping isoforms. The SERCA2b form is characterized by a luminal carboxy terminus imposing a higher affinity for cytosolic Ca(2+) compared to the other SERCAs. This is mediated by intramembrane and luminal interactions of this extension with the pump. Other known affinity modulators like phospholamban and sarcolipin decrease the affinity for Ca(2+). The number of proteins reported to interact with SERCA is rapidly growing. Here, we limit the discussion to those for which the interaction site with the ATPase is specified: HAX-1, calumenin, histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding protein, and indirectly calreticulin, calnexin, and ERp57. The role of the phylogenetically older and structurally simpler SPCAs as transporters of Ca(2+), but also of Mn(2+), is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vandecaetsbeek
- Laboratory of Ca-transport ATPases, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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69
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He B, Xiao J, Ren AJ, Zhang YF, Zhang H, Chen M, Xie B, Gao XG, Wang YW. Role of miR-1 and miR-133a in myocardial ischemic postconditioning. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:22. [PMID: 21406115 PMCID: PMC3066105 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic postconditioning (IPost) has aroused much attention since 2003 when it was firstly reported. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in IPost has rarely been reported. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether miRNAs were involved in the protective effect of IPost against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and the probable mechanisms involved. Methods Thirty SD rats weighing 250-300 g were equally randomized to three groups: Control group, where the rats were treated with thoracotomy only; IR group, where the rats were treated with ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 180 min; and IPost group, where the rats were treated with 3 cycles of transient IR just before reperfusion. The extent of myocardial infarction, LDH and CK activities were measured immediately after treatment. Myocardial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. The myocardial tissue was collected after IR or IPost stimulation to evaluate the miRNAs expression level by miRNA-microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Real-time PCR was conducted to identify changes in mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes such as Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 (CASP9), and Western blot was used to compare the protein expression level of CASP9 in the three groups. The miRNA mimics and anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMO) were transferred into the cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes and myocardium before they were treated with IR. The effect of miRNAs on apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. CASP9, as one of the candidate target of miR-133a, was compared during IR after the miR-133a mimic or AMO-133a was transferred into the myocardium. Results IPost reduced the IR-induced infarct size of the left ventricle, and decreased CK and LDH levels. TUNEL assay showed that myocardial apoptosis was attenuated by IPost compared with IR. MiRNA-microarray and RT-PCR showed that myocardial-specific miR-1 and miR-133a were down-regulated by IR, and up-regulated by IPost compared with IR. Furthermore, IPost up-regulated the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, down-regulated that of Bax and CASP9. Western blot showed that IPost also down-regulated the CASP9 protein expression compared with IR. The results of flow cytometry and TUNEL assay showed that up-regulation of miR-1 and miR-133a decreased apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. MiR-133a mimic down-regulated CASP9 protein expression and attenuated IR-induced apoptosis. Conclusion MiRNAs are associated with the protective effect of IPost against myocardial IR injury. IPost can up-regulate miR-1 and miR-133a, and decrease apoptosis of cardiomyocyte. Myocardial-specific miR-1 and miR-133a may play an important role in IPost protection by regulating apoptosis-related genes. MiR-133a may attenuate apoptosis of myocardiocytes by targeting CASP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China
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Simmen T. Hax-1: a regulator of calcium signaling and apoptosis progression with multiple roles in human disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:741-51. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.561787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Traumatic brain injury induces an up-regulation of Hs1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1) in rat brain cortex. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:375-82. [PMID: 21136158 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HS1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1) is an intracellular protein with anti-apoptotic properties that, in addition to suppressing cell death by inhibiting the activation of initiator caspase-9 and death caspase-3, is involved in an increasing number of signaling cascades. However, its expression and function in the central nervous system lesion are still unclear. In this study, we performed a traumatic brain injury (TBI) model in adult rats and investigated the dynamic changes of Hax-1 expression in the brain cortex. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that Hax-1 was present in normal brain. It gradually increased, reached a peak at day 3 after TBI, and then declined during the following days. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that Hax-1 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in neurons, but not astrocytes and microglia. Moreover, the 3rd day post injury was the apoptotic peak implied by the alteration of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and TUNEL. All these results suggested that Hax-1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of TBI and further research is needed to have a good understanding of its function and mechanism.
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72
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Bae S, Siu PM, Choudhury S, Ke Q, Choi JH, Koh YY, Kang PM. Delayed activation of caspase-independent apoptosis during heart failure in transgenic mice overexpressing caspase inhibitor CrmA. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1374-81. [PMID: 20833960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00168.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although caspase activation is generally thought to be necessary to induce apoptosis, recent evidence suggests that apoptosis can be activated in the setting of caspase inhibition. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that caspase-independent apoptotic pathways contribute to the development of heart failure in the absence of caspase activation. Acute cardiomyopathy was induced using a single dose of doxorubicin (Dox, 20 mg/kg) injected into male wild-type (WT) and transgenic (Tg) mice with a cardiac-specific expression of cytokine response modifier A (CrmA), a known caspase inhibitor. Early (6 day) survival was significantly better in CrmA Tg (81%) than WT (38%) mice. Twelve days after Dox injection, however, the mortality benefit had dissipated, and increased cardiac apoptosis was observed in both groups. There was, however, a significantly greater release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol in CrmA Tg compared with WT mice, which suggests that an enhancement of activation in caspase-independent apoptotic pathways had occurred. The administration of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor, 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (4-AN), to Dox-treated mice resulted in significantly improved cardiac function, a significant blockade of AIF released from mitochondria, and decreased cardiac apoptosis. There were also significantly improved survival in WT (18% without 4-AN vs. 89% with 4-AN) and CrmA Tg (13% without 4-AN vs. 93% with 4-AN) mice 12 days after Dox injection. In conclusion, these findings suggest that apoptosis can be induced in the heart lacking caspase activation via caspase-independent pathways and that enabling the inhibition of AIF activation may provide a significant cardiac benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Bae
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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73
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated, cell deletion process that plays an important role in various cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Since cardiomyocyte loss is the most important determinant of patient morbidity and mortality, fully understanding the regulatory mechanisms of apoptotic signaling is crucial. In fact, the inhibition of cardiac apoptosis holds promise as an effective therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases. Caspase, a critical enzyme in the induction and execution of apoptosis, has been the main potential target for achieving anti-apoptotic therapy. Studies suggest, however, that a caspase-independent pathway may also play an important role in cardiac apoptosis, although the mechanism and potential significance of caspase-independent apoptosis in the heart remain poorly understood. Herein we discuss the role of apoptosis in various cardiovascular diseases, provide an update on current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that govern apoptosis, and discuss the clinical implications of anti-apoptotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Medical School, Iksan, Korea
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74
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Han J, Goldstein LA, Hou W, Froelich CJ, Watkins SC, Rabinowich H. Deregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential by mitochondrial insertion of granzyme B and direct Hax-1 cleavage. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22461-72. [PMID: 20388708 PMCID: PMC2903387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasm and the nucleus have been identified as activity sites for granzyme B (GrB) following its delivery from cytotoxic lymphocyte granules into target cells. Here we report on the ability of exogenous GrB to insert into and function within a proteinase K-resistant mitochondrial compartment. We identified Hax-1 (HS-1-associated protein X-1), a mitochondrial protein involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, as a GrB substrate within the mitochondrion. GrB cleaves Hax-1 into two major fragments: an N-terminal fragment that localizes to mitochondria and a C-terminal fragment that localizes to the cytosol after being released from GrB-treated mitochondria. The N-terminal Hax-1 fragment major cellular impact is on the regulation of mitochondrial polarization. Overexpression of wild-type Hax-1 or its uncleavable mutant form protects the mitochondria against GrB or valinomycin-mediated depolarization. The N-terminal Hax-1 fragment functions as a dominant negative form of Hax-1, mediating mitochondrial depolarization in a cyclophilin D-dependent manner. Thus, induced expression of the N-terminal Hax-1 fragment results in mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent lysosomal degradation of such altered mitochondria. This study is the first to demonstrate GrB activity within the mitochondrion and to identify Hax-1 cleavage as a novel mechanism for GrB-mediated mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- From the Departments of Pathology and
| | | | - Wen Hou
- From the Departments of Pathology and
| | | | - Simon C. Watkins
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- From the Departments of Pathology and
- the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
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75
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Kokoszyńska K, Rychlewski L, Wyrwicz LS. Distant homologs of anti-apoptotic factor HAX1 encode parvalbumin-like calcium binding proteins. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:197. [PMID: 20633251 PMCID: PMC2914655 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is a highly ordered and orchestrated multiphase process controlled by the numerous cellular and extra-cellular signals, which executes the programmed cell death via release of cytochrome c alterations in calcium signaling, caspase-dependent limited proteolysis and DNA fragmentation. Besides the general modifiers of apoptosis, several tissue-specific regulators of this process were identified including HAX1 (HS-1 associated protein X-1) - an anti-apoptotic factor active in myeloid cells. Although HAX1 was the subject of various experimental studies, the mechanisms of its action and a functional link connected with the regulation of apoptosis still remains highly speculative. Findings Here we provide the data which suggests that HAX1 may act as a regulator or as a sensor of calcium. On the basis of iterative similarity searches, we identified a set of distant homologs of HAX1 in insects. The applied fold recognition protocol gives us strong evidence that the distant insects' homologs of HAX1 are novel parvalbumin-like calcium binding proteins. Although the whole three EF-hands fold is not preserved in vertebrate our analysis suggests that there is an existence of a potential single EF-hand calcium binding site in HAX1. The molecular mechanism of its action remains to be identified, but the risen hypothesis easily translates into previously reported lines of various data on the HAX1 biology as well as, provides us a direct link to the regulation of apoptosis. Moreover, we also report that other family of myeloid specific apoptosis regulators - myeloid leukemia factors (MLF1, MLF2) share the homologous C-terminal domain and taxonomic distribution with HAX1. Conclusions Performed structural and active sites analyses gave new insights into mechanisms of HAX1 and MLF families in apoptosis process and suggested possible role of HAX1 in calcium-binding, still the analyses require further experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kokoszyńska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
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76
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Johns HL, Doceul V, Everett H, Crooke H, Charleston B, Seago J. The classical swine fever virus N-terminal protease N(pro) binds to cellular HAX-1. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2677-86. [PMID: 20631090 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive-stranded RNA genome of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) encodes 12 known proteins. The first protein to be translated is the N-terminal protease (N(pro)). N(pro) helps evade the innate interferon response by targeting interferon regulatory factor-3 for proteasomal degradation and also participates in the evasion of dsRNA-induced apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanisms by which N(pro) functions, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen in which the anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1 was identified. The N(pro)-HAX-1 interaction was confirmed using co-precipitation assays. A dramatic redistribution of both N(pro) and HAX-1 was observed in co-transfected cells, as well as in transfected cells infected with wild-type CSFV, but not in cells infected with an N(pro)-deleted CSFV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Johns
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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77
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Skorko-Glonek J, Lipinska B. HtrA proteins as targets in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:665-79. [PMID: 20469960 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HtrA family proteins are serine proteases that are involved in important physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis and cell signaling. They are involved in the development and progression of several pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and arthritic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We present characteristics of the human HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 proteins, with the stress on their function in apoptosis and in the diseases. We describe regulation of the HtrAs' proteolytic activity, focusing on allosteric interactions of ligands/substrates with the PDZ domains, and make suggestions on how the HtrA proteolytic activity could be modified. Literature cited covers years 1996 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the HtrAs' function/regulation and involvement in diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis), and ideas how modulation of their proteolytic activity could be used in therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE HtrA2 is the best target for cancer drug development. An increase in the HtrAs' proteolytic activity could be beneficial in cancer treatment, by stimulation of apoptosis, anoikis or necrosis of cancer cells, or by modulation of the TGF-beta signaling cascade; modulation of HtrA activity could be helpful in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis.
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Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M, Al-Jefri A, Al-Dayel F, Bhuiyan JAKM, Abalkhail HA, Al-Nounou R, Al-Abdullatif A, Pulicat MS, Gaafar A, Alaiya AA, Peltekova I, Zaidi SHE. A novel HAX1 gene mutation in severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) associated with neurological manifestations. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:661-6. [PMID: 20182745 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) results from a maturation arrest of granulopoiesis at the level of promyelocytes and apoptosis of myeloid cells. In SCN patients, mutations have been described in the HAX1 gene. Most of the SCN patients who carry nonsense mutations that are common to both transcript variants of the HAX1 gene also exhibit neurological deficits. This study describes an SCN patient with neurological manifestations including daily episodes of atonic seizures, learning disabilities, and developmental delay. Sequencing of the HAX1 gene of this SCN patient identified a novel nonsense c.463_464insC homozygous mutation in exon 3, which is common to both transcript variants of the gene. This mutation encodes for a p.Gln155ProfsX14 change and causes premature truncation of the HAX1 protein. Neutrophils isolated from the patient exhibited spontaneous apoptosis and loss of inner mitochondrial membrane potential, which were further enhanced upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide. This study adds to the spectrum of novel HAX1 gene mutations and disease manifestations in ethnically distinct SCN patients. Our report describes the only nonsense mutation in the HAX1 gene present in SCN patients of Arab origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faiyaz-Ul-Haque
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, MBC#10, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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79
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Sato M, Ishikawa Y. Accessory proteins for heterotrimeric G-protein: Implication in the cardiovascular system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Trebinska A, Rembiszewska A, Ciosek K, Ptaszynski K, Rowinski S, Kupryjanczyk J, Siedlecki JA, Grzybowska EA. HAX-1 overexpression, splicing and cellular localization in tumors. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:76. [PMID: 20196840 PMCID: PMC2843675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HAX-1 has been described as a protein potentially involved in carcinogenesis and especially metastasis. Its involvement in regulation of apoptosis and cell migration along with some data indicating its overexpression in cancer cell lines and tumors suggests that HAX-1 may play a role in neoplastic transformation. Here we present the first systematic analysis of HAX-1 expression in several solid tumors. Methods Using quantitative RT-PCR, we have determined the mRNA levels of HAX1 splice variant I in several solid tumors. We have also analyzed by semiquantitative and quantitative RT-PCR the expression of five HAX-1 splice variants in breast cancer samples and in normal tissue from the same individuals. Quantitative PCR was also employed to analyze the effect of estrogen on HAX1 expression in breast cancer cell line. Immunohistochemical analysis of HAX-1 was performed on normal and breast cancer samples. Results The results reveal statistically important HAX1 up-regulation in breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma, along with some minor variations in the splicing pattern. HAX-1 up-regulation in breast cancer samples was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis, which also revealed an intriguing HAX-1 localization in the nuclei of the tumor cells, associated with strong ER status. Conclusion HAX-1 elevated levels in cancer tissues point to its involvement in neoplastic transformation, especially in breast cancer. The connection between HAX-1 nuclear location and ER status in breast cancer samples remains to be clarified.
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81
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Choudhury S, Bae S, Kumar SR, Ke Q, Yalamarti B, Choi JH, Kirshenbaum LA, Kang PM. Role of AIF in cardiac apoptosis in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes from Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:28-37. [PMID: 19633014 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The caspases are thought to be central mediators of the apoptotic program, but recent data indicate that apoptosis may also be mediated by caspase-independent mechanisms such as apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). The role of AIF-induced apoptosis in heart, however, is currently not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of and conditions for AIF-induced cardiac apoptosis in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Hypertrophic cardiomyocyte (H-CM) cultures were prepared from the hearts of Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high salt diet. Apoptotic stimulation induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation or staurosporine (1 microM) enhanced AIF release in H-CMs compared with non-hypertrophic cardiomyocytes (N-CMs). Caspase inhibition using zVAD.fmk (25 microM) or overexpression of CrmA using recombinant adenovirus only partially protected N-CMs from apoptosis (63 +/- 0.93%) and provided no significant protection against apoptosis in hypertrophic cells (23 +/- 1.03%). On the other hand, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibition using 4-AN (20 microM) during apoptotic stimulation blocked the release of AIF from mitochondria and significantly improved cell viability in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes (74 +/- 1.18%). CONCLUSION A caspase-dependent, apoptotic pathway is important for N-CM death, whereas a caspase-independent, AIF-mediated pathway plays a critical role in H-CMs.
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Kang YJ, Jang M, Park YK, Kang S, Bae KH, Cho S, Lee CK, Park BC, Chi SW, Park SG. Molecular interaction between HAX-1 and XIAP inhibits apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:794-9. [PMID: 20171186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3 is an important executor caspase that plays an essential role in apoptosis. Recently, HS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1) was found to be a substrate of caspase-3. Although HAX-1 has serve multifunctional roles in cellular functions such as cell survival and calcium homeostasis, the detailed functional mechanism of HAX-1 remains still unclear. In this study, we performed proteomic experiments to identify the HAX-1 interactome. Through immunoprecipitation and 2D gel electrophoresis, we identified X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as a novel HAX-1-interacting protein. By performing the GST pull-down assay, we defined the interaction domains in HAX-1 and XIAP, showing that HAX-1 binds to the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of XIAP whereas XIAP binds to the C-terminal domain of HAX-1. In addition, surface plasma resonance experiments showed that both BIR2 and BIR3 domains of XIAP bind to HAX-1 with affinity similar to that of full-length XIAP, indicating that either domain is necessary and sufficient for tight binding to HAX-1. Taken together with the observation that HAX-1 suppresses the polyubiquitination of XIAP, the cell viability assay results suggest that the formation of the HAX-1-XIAP complex inhibits apoptosis by enhancing the stability of XIAP against proteosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ji Kang
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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83
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Majerciak V, Kruhlak M, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Zheng ZM. Caspase-7 cleavage of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 confers a cellular function against viral lytic gene expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11297-307. [PMID: 20159985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 is a viral early protein essential for KSHV multiplication. We found that B cells derived from cavity-based B cell lymphoma with lytic KSHV infection display activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of ORF57 in the cytoplasm by caspase-7 at the aspartate residue at position 33 from the N terminus. Caspase-7 cleavage of ORF57 is prevented by pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD, caspase-3 and caspase-7 inhibitor z-DEVD, and caspase-7 small interfering RNAs. The caspase-7 cleavage site (30)DETD(33) in ORF57 is not cleavable by caspase-3, although both enzymes use DEXD as a common cleavage site. B cells with lytic KSHV infection and caspase-7 activation exhibited a greatly reduced level of ORF57. A majority of the cells expressing active caspase-7 appeared to have no detectable ORF57 and vice versa. Upon cleavage with caspase-7, ORF57 was deficient in promoting the expression of viral lytic genes. Inhibiting caspase-7 cleavage of ORF57 in KSHV(+) BCBL-1 cells by z-VAD, z-DEVD, or caspase-7 small interfering RNA led to increased expression of viral lytic genes and production of cell-free virus particles. Collectively, our data provide the first compelling evidence that caspase cleavage of ORF57 may represent a cellular function against lytic KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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84
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The anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1 is a regulator of cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20776-81. [PMID: 19920172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906998106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HS-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that protects cardiomyocytes from programmed cell death. Here we identify HAX-1 as a regulator of contractility and calcium cycling in the heart. HAX-1 overexpression reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA2) pump activity in isolated cardiomyocytes and in vivo, leading to depressed myocyte calcium kinetics and mechanics. Conversely, downregulation of HAX-1 enhanced calcium cycling and contractility. The inhibitory effects of HAX-1 were abolished upon phosphorylation of phospholamban, which plays a fundamental role in controlling basal contractility and constitutes a key downstream effector of the beta-adrenergic signaling cascade. Mechanistically, HAX-1 promoted formation of phospholamban monomers, the active/inhibitory units of the calcium pump. Indeed, ablation of PLN rescued HAX-1 inhibition of contractility in vivo. Thus, HAX-1 represents a regulatory mechanism in cardiac calcium cycling and its responses to sympathetic stimulation, implicating its importance in calcium homeostasis and cell survival.
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85
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Yap SV, Vafiadaki E, Strong J, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A. HAX-1: a multifaceted antiapoptotic protein localizing in the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:1266-79. [PMID: 19913549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HAX-1 comprises a family of ubiquitously expressed proteins with antiapoptotic properties. In the current study, we investigated HAX-1's temporospatial distribution in rat striated muscles during development and in adulthood. In cardiocytes, HAX-1 is organized at the level of Z-disks throughout embryogenesis and adulthood; however, in skeletal myofibers, it is in register with M-bands during embryonic and early postnatal life and Z-disks during late postnatal and adult life. Immunoelectron microscopy and subcellular fractionation demonstrated that HAX-1 proteins localize at the mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes, as well as at sites where the two are closely apposed. Variants I and II selectively concentrate in the mitochondrial membranes, whereas variants III, IV, and V localize in both organelles, albeit to varying extents. Deletion analysis combined with cellular transfections indicated that elimination of HAX-1's NH(2)-terminus abolishes its mitochondrial targeting and attenuates its antiapoptotic capacity, while removal of its binding site for the SR protein phospholamban (PLN) prevents its translocation to the SR. Consistent with this, HAX-1 is preferentially lost from the SR of PLN-deficient hearts. Our findings are the first to present a comprehensive characterization of HAX-1's expression in striated muscles and to provide insights on the mechanisms through which it may modulate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon V Yap
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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86
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Jitkaew S, Trebinska A, Grzybowska E, Carlsson G, Nordström A, Lehtiö J, Fröjmark AS, Dahl N, Fadeel B. N(alpha)-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in transformed human B cell lines with transcriptional down-regulation of anti-apoptotic HS1-associated protein X-1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27827-27837. [PMID: 19679660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N(alpha)-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) has been widely used to investigate signal transduction pathways that are involved in gene expression and cell survival/cell death. However, contradictory effects of TPCK on apoptosis have been reported, and the underlying signaling events leading to TPCK-induced promotion or prevention of apoptosis are not fully understood. Here, we show that TPCK induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human B cell lines with release of pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria. TPCK treatment also results in down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins, cIAP1, cIAP2, and HAX-1, and caspase-dependent cleavage of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and XIAP. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that the TPCK-induced down-regulation of HAX-1 occurred at the transcriptional level, and experiments using the specific pharmacological inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, suggested that HAX-1 expression is subject to regulation by the transcription factor, NF-kappaB. B cell lines derived from patients with homozygous HAX1 mutations were more sensitive to TPCK-induced apoptosis when compared with normal donor cell lines. Furthermore, N-acetylcysteine effectively blocked TPCK-induced apoptosis in EBV-transformed B cell lines and prevented the down-regulation or cleavage of anti-apoptotic proteins. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that TPCK induces apoptosis in human B cell lines and exerts multiple effects on pro- and anti-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Jitkaew
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Alicja Trebinska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Ewa Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Göran Carlsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Anders Nordström
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Fröjmark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden.
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87
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Hepatitis C virus core protein and cellular protein HAX-1 promote 5-fluorouracil-mediated hepatocyte growth inhibition. J Virol 2009; 83:9663-71. [PMID: 19605487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00872-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often causes chronic infection and may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have shown previously that HCV core protein has pleiotropic functions, including transcriptional regulation of a number of cellular genes, although the mechanism for gene regulation remains unclear. In this study, a mammalian two-hybrid screen identified a novel binding partner, HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), for HCV core protein from a human liver cDNA library. An association between HAX-1 and HCV core protein was further verified by confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation in HepG2 cells expressing HCV core or full-length (FL) gene. Both HCV core protein and a chemotherapeutic agent for HCC, 5-flouorouracil (5-FU), are known to modulate p53. We examined here whether an association between core and HAX-1 has any functional relevance to p53 modulation in 5-FU-treated cells. For this, the role of HAX-1 on 5-FU treatment was examined in HepG2 cells expressing HCV core or FL gene using cell proliferation, p53 expression, and caspase activation analysis. Cells expressing HCV-core or FL gene were more susceptible to 5-FU-induced growth inhibition than control cells, whereas cell survival was enhanced after suppression of HAX-1 by small interfering RNA. Further, 5-FU-mediated p53 expression was reduced with concurrent HAX-1 suppression in core- or polyprotein-expressing cells compared to control HepG2 cells, and caspase-2 and -7 activities were diminished. On the other hand, HCV core protein did not play a detectable role in 5-FU-mediated caspase-7 activation in the absence of functional p53 in Hep3B or Huh-7 cells. These observations underscore an association between HCV core and HAX-1, which promotes 5-FU mediated p53-dependent caspase-7 activation and hepatocyte growth inhibition.
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88
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Haribaskar R, Pütz M, Schupp B, Skouloudaki K, Bietenbeck A, Walz G, Schäfer T. The planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Diversin translocates to the nucleus to interact with the transcription factor AF9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:212-7. [PMID: 19591803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a beta-catenin-independent branch of the Wnt signaling pathway, orients cells and their appendages with respect to the body axes. Diversin, the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila PCP protein Diego, acts as a molecular switch that blocks beta-catenin-dependent and promotes beta-catenin-independent Wnt signaling. We report now that Diversin, containing several nuclear localization signals, translocates to the nucleus, where it interacts with the transcription factor AF9. Both Diversin and AF9 block canonical Wnt signaling; however, this occurs independently of each other, and does not require nuclear Diversin. In contrast, AF9 strongly augments the Diversin-driven activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent gene expression in the nucleus, and this augmentation largely depends on the presence of nuclear Diversin. Thus, our findings reveal that components of the PCP cascade translocate to the nucleus to participate in transcriptional regulation and PCP signaling.
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89
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Lee JS, Pak SI, Hyun C. Calcium Reuptake Related Genes as a Cardiac Biomarker in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valvular Insufficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:832-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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90
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Yang BF, Lu YJ, Wang ZG. MicroRNAs and apoptosis: implications in the molecular therapy of human disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:951-60. [PMID: 19566826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the small non-coding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides, are now recognized as a very large family present throughout the genomes of plants and metazoans. These small transcripts modulate protein expression by binding to complementary or partially complementary target protein-coding mRNAs and targeting them for degradation or translational inhibition. 2. The discovery of miRNAs has revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate gene expression, with the addition of an entirely novel level of regulatory control. Considerable information on miRNAs has been accumulated in this rapidly evolving research field. We now know that miRNAs play pivotal roles in diverse processes, such as development and differentiation, control of cell proliferation and death, stress response and metabolism. Indeed, aberrant miRNA expression has been documented in human disease as well as in animal models, with evidence for a causative role in tumourigenesis. 3. One of the most active fields of miRNA research is miRNA regulation of apoptosis, a programmed cell death implicated in many human diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, hypertrophy and heart failure. Thus far, nearly 30 of 500 human miRNAs have been validated experimentally to regulate apoptosis; this number is likely to increase with future studies. 4. The present review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of the currently available data, focusing on the transcriptional controls, target genes and signalling pathways linking the apoptosis-regulating miRNAs and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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91
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Fadeel B, Grzybowska E. HAX-1: a multifunctional protein with emerging roles in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1139-48. [PMID: 19524642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HS-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified more than 10 years ago as a novel protein with ubiquitous tissue expression and a predominantly mitochondrial localization at the subcellular level. Recent studies have shown that homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene are associated with autosomal recessive forms of severe congenital neutropenia (also known as Kostmann disease), and results from studies in mice and men are beginning to unravel a prominent role for HAX-1 in apoptosis signaling not only in the hematopoietic compartment, but also in the central nervous system. Moreover, several different cellular and viral binding partners of HAX-1 have been identified thus pointing toward a complex and multifunctional role of this protein. HAX-1 has also been shown to bind to the 3' untranslated regions of certain mRNAs and could therefore contribute to the regulation of transport and/or stability of such transcripts. The present review discusses the emerging and divergent roles of HAX-1, including its involvement in cell migration, apoptosis signaling, and mRNA surveillance. The importance of HAX-1 in human disease is also highlighted and outstanding questions that remain to be addressed are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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92
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Rigor DL, Bodyak N, Bae S, Choi JH, Zhang L, Ter-Ovanesyan D, He Z, McMullen JR, Shioi T, Izumo S, King GL, Kang PM. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Akt signaling pathway interacts with protein kinase Cbeta2 in the regulation of physiologic developmental hypertrophy and heart function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H566-72. [PMID: 19122165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway is essential in the induction of physiological cardiac hypertrophy. In contrast, protein kinase C beta2 (PKCbeta2) is implicated in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Thus far, no clear association has been demonstrated between these two pathways. In this study, we examined the potential interaction between the PI3-kinase and PKCbeta2 pathways by crossing transgenic mice with cardiac specific expression of PKCbeta2, constitutively active (ca) PI3-kinase, and dominant-negative (dn) PI3-kinase. In caPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 and dnPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 double-transgenic mice, the heart weight-to-body weight ratios and cardiomyocyte sizes were similar to those observed in caPI3-kinase and dnPI3-kinase transgenic mice, respectively, suggesting that the regulation of physiological developmental hypertrophy via modulation of cardiomyocyte size proceeds through the PI3-kinase pathway. In addition, we observed that caPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 mice showed improved cardiac function while the function of dnPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 mice was similar to that of the PKCbeta2 group. PKCbeta2 protein levels in both dnPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 and PKCbeta2 mice were significantly upregulated. Interestingly, however, PKCbeta2 protein expression was significantly attenuated in caPI3-kinase/PKCbeta2 mice. PI3-kinase activity measured by Akt phosphorylation was not affected by PKCbeta2 overexpression. These data suggest a potential interaction between these two pathways in the heart, where PI3-kinase is predominantly responsible for the regulation of physiological developmental hypertrophy and may act as an upstream modulator of PKCbeta2 with the potential for rescuing the pathological cardiac dysfunction induced by overexpression of PKCbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Rigor
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Rm. 910, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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93
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Vafiadaki E, Arvanitis DA, Pagakis SN, Papalouka V, Sanoudou D, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A, Kranias EG. The anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1 interacts with SERCA2 and regulates its protein levels to promote cell survival. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:306-18. [PMID: 18971376 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-06-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac contractility is regulated through the activity of various key Ca(2+)-handling proteins. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) transport ATPase (SERCA2a) and its inhibitor phospholamban (PLN) control the uptake of Ca(2+) by SR membranes during relaxation. Recently, the antiapoptotic HS-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified as a binding partner of PLN, and this interaction was postulated to regulate cell apoptosis. In the current study, we determined that HAX-1 can also bind to SERCA2. Deletion mapping analysis demonstrated that amino acid residues 575-594 of SERCA2's nucleotide binding domain are required for its interaction with the C-terminal domain of HAX-1, containing amino acids 203-245. In transiently cotransfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells, recombinant SERCA2 was specifically targeted to the ER, whereas HAX-1 selectively concentrated at mitochondria. On triple transfections with PLN, however, HAX-1 massively translocated to the ER membranes, where it codistributed with PLN and SERCA2. Overexpression of SERCA2 abrogated the protective effects of HAX-1 on cell survival, after hypoxia/reoxygenation or thapsigargin treatment. Importantly, HAX-1 overexpression was associated with down-regulation of SERCA2 expression levels, resulting in significant reduction of apparent ER Ca(2+) levels. These findings suggest that HAX-1 may promote cell survival through modulation of SERCA2 protein levels and thus ER Ca(2+) stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vafiadaki
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
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94
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Sue YM, Cheng CF, Chang CC, Chou Y, Chen CH, Juan SH. Antioxidation and anti-inflammation by haem oxygenase-1 contribute to protection by tetramethylpyrazine against gentamicin-induced apoptosis in murine renal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:769-77. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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95
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Carlsson G, van't Hooft I, Melin M, Entesarian M, Laurencikas E, Nennesmo I, Trebińska A, Grzybowska E, Palmblad J, Dahl N, Nordenskjöld M, Fadeel B, Henter JI. Central nervous system involvement in severe congenital neutropenia: neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities associated with specific HAX1 mutations. J Intern Med 2008; 264:388-400. [PMID: 18513342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene were recently identified in severe congenital neutropenia patients belonging to the original Kostmann family in northern Sweden. Our observations suggested that these patients also develop neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. METHODS Detailed clinical studies and mutation analyses were performed in the surviving patients belonging to the Kostmann kindred and in two patients not related to this family, along with studies of HAX1 splice variant expression in normal human tissues. RESULTS Five of six Kostmann family patients and one other patient from northern Sweden harboured homozygous HAX1 mutations (568C-->T, Q190X) and one carried a heterozygous ELA2 gene mutation. One Swedish patient of Kurdish extraction carried alternative homozygous HAX1 mutations (131G-->A, W44X). All the three patients with Q190X mutations who were alive and available for evaluation developed neurological disease with decreased cognitive function, and three of four patients who reached 10 years developed epilepsy. In contrast, the patients with the ELA2 and W44X HAX1 mutations, respectively, showed no obvious neurological abnormalities. Moreover, two alternative HAX1 splice variants were identified in normal human tissues, including the brain. Both transcripts contained exon 5, harbouring the Q190X mutation, whereas the 5' end of exon 2 containing the W44X mutation was spliced out from the second transcript. CONCLUSIONS We describe neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities for the first time in Kostmann disease patients. These central nervous system symptoms appear to be associated with specific HAX1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carlsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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96
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Cheng CF, Juan SH, Chen JJ, Chao YC, Chen HH, Lian WS, Lu CY, Chang CI, Chiu TH, Lin H. Pravastatin attenuates carboplatin-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress associated apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:883-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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97
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Caswell P, Norman J. Endocytic transport of integrins during cell migration and invasion. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:257-63. [PMID: 18456497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Early studies describing the endocytic-exocytic cycling of integrins prompted proposals that this process regulates cell migration. However, it is only relatively recently that more detailed descriptions of the molecular machinery responsible for directing integrin trafficking have enabled us to properly address the role of these events during the various modes of cell migration. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the protein complexes and signallosomes controlling integrin trafficking, and we describe how these influence cell migration and signalling events downstream of integrin engagement. Furthermore, we consider recent evidence for integrin trafficking during the invasive migration of cancer cells through 3D microenvironments, and conclude with a discussion of the use of novel photoactivatable integrin probes to visualize these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caswell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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98
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miRNAs at the heart of the matter. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:771-83. [PMID: 18415070 PMCID: PMC2480593 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The pathological process of the heart is associated with altered expression profile of genes that are important for cardiac function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as one of the central players of gene expression regulation. The implications of miRNAs in the pathological process of cardiovascular system have recently been recognized, representing the most rapidly evolving research field. Here, we summarize and analyze the currently available data from our own laboratory and other groups, providing a comprehensive overview of miRNA function in the heart, including a brief introduction of miRNA biology, expression profile of miRNAs in cardiac tissue, role of miRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, the arrhythmogenic potential of miRNAs, the involvement of miRNAs in vascular angiogenesis, and regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by miRNAs. The target genes and signaling pathways linking the miRNAs to cardiovascular disease are highlighted. The applications of miRNA interference technologies for manipulating miRNA expression, stability, and function as new strategies for molecular therapy of human disease are evaluated. Finally, some specific issues related to future directions of the research on miRNAs relevant to cardiovascular disease are pinpointed and speculated.
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99
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Vafiadaki E, Papalouka V, Arvanitis DA, Kranias EG, Sanoudou D. The role of SERCA2a/PLN complex, Ca2+ homeostasis, and anti-apoptotic proteins in determining cell fate. Pflugers Arch 2008; 457:687-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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100
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Lees DM, Hart IR, Marshall JF. Existence of multiple isoforms of HS1-associated protein X-1 in murine and human tissues. J Mol Biol 2008; 379:645-55. [PMID: 18472110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, the literature concerning the HS1 (haematopoietic cell-specific protein 1)-associated protein X-1 (HAX1) protein has reported considerable variation regarding its function in mammalian cells, subcellular localisation and binding partners. We show here that HAX1 comprises a family of proteins. Murine tissues express three mRNA variants, encoded by two genes on chromosomes 2 and 3. The chromosome 2 gene is intronless and would encode a protein 100% identical with that encoded by chromosome 3. In humans, alternative splice variants, encoded by the chromosome 1 gene, produce a family of transcripts composed of up to eight members. Based on the sequences published in GenBank and Ensembl, we designed specific primers and detected by PCR three mRNA species in murine tissues and eight variants in human cells. We screened a panel of 19 human cell lines as well as primary fibroblasts, oral keratinocytes and freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. All human cells studied expressed at least six of the possible HAX1 mRNA variants. In silico analysis of the variants revealed an open reading frame in all of them, suggesting that murine and human tissues can express two and eight HAX1 proteins, respectively. Analysis of human protein lysates by Western blotting with the use of a monoclonal anti-HAX1 antibody revealed multiple bands. These bands were decreased after treatment of cells with a single small interfering RNA duplex targeting a region common to six of the variants, confirming their identity as HAX1 proteins. Comparison of the human variants with the six HAX1 homologues described to date in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the four homologues described in macaque (Macaca mulatta) revealed very high conservation with only one amino acid substitution between human and chimpanzee homologues. Moreover, a number of additional products were amplified and sequenced, which indicated that further human isoforms are likely to exist. These findings are likely to explain the current confusion concerning putative HAX1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine M Lees
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts, UK.
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