57
|
Wahlgren N, Moreira T, Michel P, Steiner T, Jansen O, Cognard C, Mattle HP, van Zwam W, Holmin S, Tatlisumak T, Petersson J, Caso V, Hacke W, Mazighi M, Arnold M, Fischer U, Szikora I, Pierot L, Fiehler J, Gralla J, Fazekas F, Lees KR. Mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke: Consensus statement by ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update 2014/2015, supported by ESO, ESMINT, ESNR and EAN. Int J Stroke 2015; 11:134-47. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493015609778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The original version of this consensus statement on mechanical thrombectomy was approved at the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)-Karolinska Stroke Update conference in Stockholm, 16–18 November 2014. The statement has later, during 2015, been updated with new clinical trials data in accordance with a decision made at the conference. Revisions have been made at a face-to-face meeting during the ESO Winter School in Berne in February, through email exchanges and the final version has then been approved by each society. The recommendations are identical to the original version with evidence level upgraded by 20 February 2015 and confirmed by 15 May 2015. The purpose of the ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update meetings is to provide updates on recent stroke therapy research and to discuss how the results may be implemented into clinical routine. Selected topics are discussed at consensus sessions, for which a consensus statement is prepared and discussed by the participants at the meeting. The statements are advisory to the ESO guidelines committee. This consensus statement includes recommendations on mechanical thrombectomy after acute stroke. The statement is supported by ESO, European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT), European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), and European Academy of Neurology (EAN).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wahlgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiago Moreira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Michel
- Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Steiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christophe Cognard
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Heinrich P Mattle
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wim van Zwam
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Staffan Holmin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Petersson
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Valeria Caso
- Stroke Unit, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Werner Hacke
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- Pole Neurosensoriel Tête et Cou, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Istvan Szikora
- Department of Neurointerventions, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laurent Pierot
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Maison-Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Gralla
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kennedy R Lees
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Acute Stroke Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
van den Berg LA, Koelman DLH, Berkhemer OA, Rozeman AD, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, Dippel DW, van der Lugt A, van Oostenbrugge RJ, van Zwam WH, Brouwer PA, Jenniskens S, Boiten J, Lycklama À Nijeholt GA, Vos JA, Schonewille WJ, Majoie CBLM, Roos YBWEM. Type of anesthesia and differences in clinical outcome after intra-arterial treatment for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1257-62. [PMID: 25851766 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intra-arterial treatment (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can be performed with or without general anesthesia (GA). Previous studies suggested that IAT without the use of GA (non-GA) is associated with better clinical outcome. Nevertheless, no consensus exists about the anesthetic management during IAT of AIS patients. This study investigates the association between type of anesthesia and clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with AIS treated with IAT. METHODS All consecutive patients with AIS of the anterior circulation who received IAT between 2002 and 2013 in 16 Dutch hospitals were included in the study. Primary outcome was functional outcome on the modified Rankin Scale at discharge. Difference in primary outcome between GA and non-GA was estimated using multiple ordinal regression analysis, adjusting for age, stroke severity, occlusion of the internal carotid artery terminus, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Three hundred forty-eight patients were included in the analysis; 70 patients received GA and 278 patients did not receive GA. Non-GA was significantly associated with good clinical outcome (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.02-4.31). After adjusting for prespecified prognostic factors, the point estimate remained similar; statistical significance, however, was lost (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 0.89-4.24). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that patients with AIS of the anterior circulation undergoing IAT without GA have a higher probability of good clinical outcome compared with patients treated with general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A van den Berg
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik L H Koelman
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Olvert A Berkhemer
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk D Rozeman
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Puck S S Fransen
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie Beumer
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik W Dippel
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Oostenbrugge
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H van Zwam
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A Brouwer
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Jenniskens
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jelis Boiten
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Geert A Lycklama À Nijeholt
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Vos
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Schonewille
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo B W E M Roos
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., D.L.H.K., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and Radiology (O.A.B., C.B.L.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (A.D.R., J.B.) and Radiology (G.A.L.à.N.), Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (P.S.S.F., D.W.D.) and Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L., P.A.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Radiology (W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.J.); and Department of Neurology (J.A.V.) and Radiology (W.J.S.), Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|