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Calderon CB, Van Opstal F, Peigneux P, Verguts T, Gevers W. Task-Relevant Information Modulates Primary Motor Cortex Activity Before Movement Onset. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:93. [PMID: 29593518 PMCID: PMC5861186 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkey neurophysiology research supports the affordance competition hypothesis (ACH) proposing that cognitive information useful for action selection is integrated in sensorimotor areas. In this view, action selection would emerge from the simultaneous representation of competing action plans, in parallel biased by relevant task factors. This biased competition would take place up to primary motor cortex (M1). Although ACH is plausible in environments affording choices between actions, its relevance for human decision making is less clear. To address this issue, we designed an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment modeled after monkey neurophysiology studies in which human participants processed cues conveying predictive information about upcoming button presses. Our results demonstrate that, as predicted by the ACH, predictive information (i.e., the relevant task factor) biases activity of primary motor regions. Specifically, first, activity before movement onset in contralateral M1 increases as the competition is biased in favor of a specific button press relative to activity in ipsilateral M1. Second, motor regions were more tightly coupled with fronto-parietal regions when competition between potential actions was high, again suggesting that motor regions are also part of the biased competition network. Our findings support the idea that action planning dynamics as proposed in the ACH are valid both in human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian B Calderon
- Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute, Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Éducation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Opstal
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute, Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Éducation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Verguts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Gevers
- Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute, Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Éducation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Vassiliadis P, Grandjean J, Derosiere G, de Wilde Y, Quemener L, Duque J. Using a Double-Coil TMS Protocol to Assess Preparatory Inhibition Bilaterally. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:139. [PMID: 29568258 PMCID: PMC5852071 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the primary motor cortex (M1), elicits motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in contralateral limb muscles which are valuable indicators of corticospinal excitability (CSE) at the time of stimulation. So far, most studies have used single-coil TMS over one M1, yielding MEPs in muscles of a single limb-usually the hand. However, tracking CSE in the two hands simultaneously would be useful in many contexts. We recently showed that, in the resting state, double-coil stimulation of the two M1 with a 1 ms inter-pulse interval (double-coil1 ms TMS) elicits MEPs in both hands that are comparable to MEPs obtained using single-coil TMS. To further evaluate this new technique, we considered the MEPs elicited by double-coil1 ms TMS in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task where a prepared response has to be withheld until an imperative signal is displayed. Single-coil TMS studies have repetitively shown that in this type of task, the motor system is transiently inhibited during the delay period, as evident from the broad suppression of MEP amplitudes. Here, we aimed at investigating whether a comparable inhibitory effect can be observed with MEPs elicited using double-coil1 ms TMS. To do so, we compared the amplitude as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) of MEPs produced by double-coil1 ms or single-coil TMS during action preparation. We observed that MEPs were suppressed (smaller amplitude) and often less variable (smaller CV) during the delay period compared to baseline. Importantly, these effects were equivalent whether single-coil or double-coil1 ms TMS was used. This suggests that double-coil1 ms TMS is a reliable tool to assess CSE, not only when subjects are at rest, but also when they are involved in a task, opening new research horizons for scientists interested in the corticospinal correlates of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vassiliadis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Grandjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ysaline de Wilde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Quemener
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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53
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Hinder MR, Puri R, Kemp S, Waitzer S, Reissig P, Stöckel T, Fujiyama H. Distinct modulation of interhemispheric inhibitory mechanisms during movement preparation reveals the influence of cognition on action control. Cortex 2018; 99:13-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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54
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Levin MF, Baniña MC, Frenkel-Toledo S, Berman S, Soroker N, Solomon JM, Liebermann DG. Personalized upper limb training combined with anodal-tDCS for sensorimotor recovery in spastic hemiparesis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:7. [PMID: 29301545 PMCID: PMC5755182 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery of voluntary movement is a main rehabilitation goal. Efforts to identify effective upper limb (UL) interventions after stroke have been unsatisfactory. This study includes personalized impairment-based UL reaching training in virtual reality (VR) combined with non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance motor learning. The approach is guided by limiting reaching training to the angular zone in which active control is preserved (“active control zone”) after identification of a “spasticity zone”. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) is used to facilitate activation of the affected hemisphere and enhance inter-hemispheric balance. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of personalized reaching training, with and without a-tDCS, to increase the range of active elbow control and improve UL function. Methods This single-blind randomized controlled trial will take place at four academic rehabilitation centers in Canada, India and Israel. The intervention involves 10 days of personalized VR reaching training with both groups receiving the same intensity of treatment. Participants with sub-acute stroke aged 25 to 80 years with elbow spasticity will be randomized to one of three groups: personalized training (reaching within individually determined active control zones) with a-tDCS (group 1) or sham-tDCS (group 2), or non-personalized training (reaching regardless of active control zones) with a-tDCS (group 3). A baseline assessment will be performed at randomization and two follow-up assessments will occur at the end of the intervention and at 1 month post intervention. Main outcomes are elbow-flexor spatial threshold and ratio of spasticity zone to full elbow-extension range. Secondary outcomes include the Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Streamlined Wolf Motor Function Test and UL kinematics during a standardized reach-to-grasp task. Discussion This study will provide evidence on the effectiveness of personalized treatment on spasticity and UL motor ability and feasibility of using low-cost interventions in low-to-middle-income countries. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02725853. Initially registered on 12 January 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2377-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy F Levin
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada. .,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, 3654 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3S 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Melanie C Baniña
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Sigal Berman
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nachum Soroker
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John M Solomon
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences (SOAHS), Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Dario G Liebermann
- Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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55
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Eng D, Zewdie E, Ciechanski P, Damji O, Kirton A. Interhemispheric motor interactions in hemiparetic children with perinatal stroke: Clinical correlates and effects of neuromodulation therapy. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:397-405. [PMID: 29289841 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain stimulation and constraint therapy may enhance function after perinatal stroke but mechanisms are unknown. We characterized interhemispheric interactions (IHI) in hemiparetic children and explored their relationship to motor function and neuromodulation. METHODS Forty-five hemiparetic perinatal stroke subjects aged 6-19 years completed a clinical trial of repetitive-transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and constraint therapy. Paired-pulse TMS measured IHI in cases and normal controls. Suprathreshold conditioning stimuli preceded contralateral test stimuli bidirectionally: stroke to non-stroke (SNS) and non-stroke to stroke (NSS). Primary outcome was the interhemispheric ratio (IHR) between conditioned and test only MEP amplitudes X100 (<100 implied inhibition). Motor outcomes at baseline and post-intervention were compared to IHR. RESULTS Procedures were well tolerated. IHI occurred bidirectionally in controls. Eighteen stroke participants had complete data. IHR were increased in stroke participants in both directions. SNS IHR was >100 (facilitation) in 39% of measurements and correlated with better motor function. NSS IHR correlated with poorer motor function. Intervention-induced clinical change was not associated with IHR. CONCLUSIONS Interhemispheric interactions are altered and related to clinical function, but not necessarily neuromodulation, in children with perinatal stroke. SIGNIFICANCE Adding interhemispheric interactions to evolving models of developmental plasticity following early injury may advance neuromodulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Eng
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Ephrem Zewdie
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada
| | - Patrick Ciechanski
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Omar Damji
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta T3B6A8, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada.
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56
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Volz LJ, Vollmer M, Michely J, Fink GR, Rothwell JC, Grefkes C. Time-dependent functional role of the contralesional motor cortex after stroke. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:165-174. [PMID: 28794977 PMCID: PMC5540833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After stroke, movements of the paretic hand rely on altered motor network dynamics typically including additional activation of the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1). The functional implications of contralesional M1 recruitment to date remain a matter of debate. We here assessed the role of contralesional M1 in 12 patients recovering from a first-ever stroke using online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Short bursts of TMS were administered over contralesional M1 or a control site (occipital vertex) while patients performed different motor tasks with their stroke-affected hand. In the early subacute phase (1–2 weeks post-stroke), we observed significant improvements in maximum finger tapping frequency when interfering with contralesional M1, while maximum grip strength and speeded movement initiation remained unaffected. After > 3 months of motor recovery, disruption of contralesional M1 activity did not interfere with performance in any of the three tasks, similar to what we observed in healthy controls. In patients with mild to moderate motor deficits, contralesional M1 has a task- and time-specific negative influence on motor performance of the stroke-affected hand. Our results help to explain previous contradicting findings on the role of contralesional M1 in recovery of function. Online TMS to contralesional M1 improves movement frequency in subacute but not chronic stroke. No effects were observed for grip strength or speeded movement initiation. Contralesional M1 has a task- and time-specific negative influence on motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Volz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - M Vollmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - J Michely
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | - G R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - J C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - C Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany
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57
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McNair NA, Behrens AD, Harris IM. Automatic Recruitment of the Motor System by Undetected Graspable Objects: A Motor-evoked Potential Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1918-1931. [PMID: 28686138 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous behavioral and neuroimaging studies have suggested that the motor properties associated with graspable objects may be automatically accessed when people passively view these objects. We directly tested this by measuring the excitability of the motor pathway when participants viewed pictures of graspable objects that were presented during the attentional blink (AB), when items frequently go undetected. Participants had to identify two briefly presented objects separated by either a short or long SOA. Motor-evoked potentials were measured from the right hand in response to a single TMS pulse delivered over the left primary motor cortex 250 msec after the onset of the second target. Behavioral results showed poorer identification of objects at short SOA compared with long SOA, consistent with an AB, which did not differ between graspable and nongraspable objects. However, motor-evoked potentials measured during the AB were significantly higher for graspable objects than for nongraspable objects, irrespective of whether the object was successfully identified or undetected. This provides direct evidence that the motor system is automatically activated during visual processing of objects that afford a motor action.
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58
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Harris-Love ML, Harrington RM. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation to Enhance Upper Limb Motor Practice Poststroke: A Model for Selection of Cortical Site. Front Neurol 2017; 8:224. [PMID: 28611727 PMCID: PMC5447046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor practice is an essential part of upper limb motor recovery following stroke. To be effective, it must be intensive with a high number of repetitions. Despite the time and effort required, gains made from practice alone are often relatively limited, and substantial residual impairment remains. Using non-invasive brain stimulation to modulate cortical excitability prior to practice could enhance the effects of practice and provide greater returns on the investment of time and effort. However, determining which cortical area to target is not trivial. The implications of relevant conceptual frameworks such as Interhemispheric Competition and Bimodal Balance Recovery are discussed. In addition, we introduce the STAC (Structural reserve, Task Attributes, Connectivity) framework, which incorporates patient-, site-, and task-specific factors. An example is provided of how this framework can assist in selecting a cortical region to target for priming prior to reaching practice poststroke. We suggest that this expanded patient-, site-, and task-specific approach provides a useful model for guiding the development of more successful approaches to neuromodulation for enhancing motor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Harris-Love
- Bioengineering Department, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rachael M Harrington
- MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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59
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Yarossi M, Manuweera T, Adamovich SV, Tunik E. The Effects of Mirror Feedback during Target Directed Movements on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:242. [PMID: 28553218 PMCID: PMC5425477 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirror visual feedback (MVF) training is a promising technique to promote activation in the lesioned hemisphere following stroke, and aid recovery. However, current outcomes of MVF training are mixed, in part, due to variability in the task undertaken during MVF. The present study investigated the hypothesis that movements directed toward visual targets may enhance MVF modulation of motor cortex (M1) excitability ipsilateral to the trained hand compared to movements without visual targets. Ten healthy subjects participated in a 2 × 2 factorial design in which feedback (veridical, mirror) and presence of a visual target (target present, target absent) for a right index-finger flexion task were systematically manipulated in a virtual environment. To measure M1 excitability, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the trained hand to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the untrained first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles at rest prior to and following each of four 2-min blocks of 30 movements (B1–B4). Targeted movement kinematics without visual feedback was measured before and after training to assess learning and transfer. FDI MEPs were decreased in B1 and B2 when movements were made with veridical feedback and visual targets were absent. FDI MEPs were decreased in B2 and B3 when movements were made with mirror feedback and visual targets were absent. FDI MEPs were increased in B3 when movements were made with mirror feedback and visual targets were present. Significant MEP changes were not present for the uninvolved ADM, suggesting a task-specific effect. Analysis of kinematics revealed learning occurred in visual target-directed conditions, but transfer was not sensitive to mirror feedback. Results are discussed with respect to current theoretical mechanisms underlying MVF-induced changes in ipsilateral excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Yarossi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Thushini Manuweera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Sergei V Adamovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Eugene Tunik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
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60
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Buch ER, Santarnecchi E, Antal A, Born J, Celnik PA, Classen J, Gerloff C, Hallett M, Hummel FC, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus WJ, Reis J, Robertson EM, Rothwell JC, Sandrini M, Schambra HM, Wassermann EM, Ziemann U, Cohen LG. Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:589-603. [PMID: 28231477 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Motor skills are required for activities of daily living. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied in association with motor skill learning has been investigated as a tool for enhancing training effects in health and disease. Here, we review the published literature investigating whether tDCS can facilitate the acquisition, retention or adaptation of motor skills. Work in multiple laboratories is underway to develop a mechanistic understanding of tDCS effects on different forms of learning and to optimize stimulation protocols. Efforts are required to improve reproducibility and standardization. Overall, reproducibility remains to be fully tested, effect sizes with present techniques vary over a wide range, and the basis of observed inter-individual variability in tDCS effects is incompletely understood. It is recommended that future studies explicitly state in the Methods the exploratory (hypothesis-generating) or hypothesis-driven (confirmatory) nature of the experimental designs. General research practices could be improved with prospective pre-registration of hypothesis-based investigations, more emphasis on the detailed description of methods (including all pertinent details to enable future modeling of induced current and experimental replication), and use of post-publication open data repositories. A checklist is proposed for reporting tDCS investigations in a way that can improve efforts to assess reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Marco Sandrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Heidi M Schambra
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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61
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Duque J, Petitjean C, Swinnen SP. Effect of Aging on Motor Inhibition during Action Preparation under Sensory Conflict. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:322. [PMID: 28082896 PMCID: PMC5186800 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor behaviors often require refraining from selecting options that may be part of the repertoire of natural response tendencies but that are in conflict with ongoing goals. The presence of sensory conflict has a behavioral cost but the latter can be attenuated in contexts where control processes are recruited because conflict is expected in advance, producing a behavioral gain compared to contexts where conflict occurs in a less predictable way. In the present study, we investigated the corticospinal correlates of these behavioral effects (both conflict-driven cost and context-related gain). To do so, we measured motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) of young and healthy older adults performing the Eriksen Flanker Task. Subjects performed button-presses according to a central arrow, flanked by irrelevant arrows pointing in the same (congruent trial) or opposite direction (incongruent trial). Conflict expectation was manipulated by changing the probability of congruent and incongruent trials in a given block. It was either high (mostly incongruent blocks, MIB, 80% incongruent trials) or low (mostly congruent blocks, MCB, 80% congruent). The MEP data indicate that the conflict-driven behavioral cost is associated with a strong increase in inappropriate motor activity regardless of the age of individuals, as revealed by larger MEPs in the non-responding muscle in incongruent than in congruent trials. However, this aberrant facilitation disappeared in both groups of subjects when conflict could be anticipated (i.e., in the MIBs) compared to when it occurred in a less predictably way (MCBs), probably allowing the behavioral gain observed in both the young and the older individuals. Hence, the ability to overcome and anticipate conflict was surprisingly preserved in the older adults. Nevertheless, some control processes are likely to evolve with age because the behavioral gain observed in the MIB context was associated with an attenuated suppression of MEPs at the time of the imperative signal (i.e., before conflict is actually detected) in older individuals, suggesting altered motor inhibition, compared to young individuals. In addition, the behavioral analysis suggests that young and older adults rely on different strategies to cope with conflict, including a change in speed-accuracy tradeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Petitjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Fujiwara Y, Matsumoto R, Nakae T, Usami K, Matsuhashi M, Kikuchi T, Yoshida K, Kunieda T, Miyamoto S, Mima T, Ikeda A, Osu R. Neural pattern similarity between contra- and ipsilateral movements in high-frequency band of human electrocorticograms. Neuroimage 2016; 147:302-313. [PMID: 27890491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical motor areas are activated not only during contralateral limb movements but also during ipsilateral limb movements. Although these ipsilateral activities have been observed in several brain imaging studies, their functional role is poorly understood. Due to its high temporal resolution and low susceptibility to artifacts from body movements, the electrocorticogram (ECoG) is an advantageous measurement method for assessing the human brain function of motor behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that contra- and ipsilateral movements share a similarity in the high-frequency band of human ECoG signals. The ECoG signals were measured from the unilateral sensorimotor cortex while patients conducted self-paced movements of different body parts, contra- or ipsilateral to the measurement side. The movement categories (wrist, shoulder, or ankle) of ipsilateral movements were decoded as accurately as those of contralateral movements from spatial patterns of the high-frequency band of the precentral motor area (the primary motor and premotor areas). The decoder, trained in the high-frequency band of ipsilateral movements generalized to contralateral movements, and vice versa, confirmed that the activity patterns related to ipsilateral limb movements were similar to contralateral ones in the precentral motor area. Our results suggest that the high-frequency band activity patterns of ipsilateral and contralateral movements might be functionally coupled to control limbs, even during unilateral movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fujiwara
- ATR Neural Information Analysis Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507.
| | - Takuro Nakae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Usami
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences. Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8577, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
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63
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Gueugneau N, Grosprêtre S, Stapley P, Lepers R. High-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation modulates interhemispheric inhibition in healthy humans. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:467-475. [PMID: 27832594 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00355.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (HF NMES) induces muscular contractions through neural mechanisms that partially match physiological motor control. Indeed, a portion of the contraction arises from central mechanisms, whereby spinal motoneurons are recruited through the evoked sensory volley. However, the involvement of supraspinal centers of motor control during such stimulation remains poorly understood. Therefore, we tested whether a single HF NMES session applied to the upper limb influences interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from left to right motor cortex (M1). Using noninvasive electrophysiology and transcranial magnetic stimulation, we evaluated the effects of a 10-min HF NMES session applied to a right wrist flexor on spinal and corticospinal excitability of both arms, as well as IHI, in healthy subjects. HF NMES induced a rapid decline in spinal excitability on the right stimulated side that closely matched the modulation of evoked force during the protocol. More importantly, IHI was significantly increased by HF NMES, and this increase was correlated to the electromyographic activity within the contralateral homologous muscle. Our study highlights a new neurophysiological mechanism, suggesting that HF NMES has an effect on the excitability of the transcallosal pathway probably to regulate the lateralization of the motor output. The data suggest that HF NMES can modify the hemispheric balance between both M1 areas. These findings provide important novel perspectives for the implementation of HF NMES in sport training and neurorehabilitation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (HF NMES) induces muscular contractions that partially match physiological motor control. Here, we tested whether HF NMES applied to the upper limb influences interhemispheric inhibition. Our results show that interhemispheric inhibition was increased after HF NMES and that this increase was correlated to the electromyographic activity within the contralateral homologous muscle. This opens up original perspectives for the implementation of HF NMES in sport training and neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gueugneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France; .,University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France; and
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France.,University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France; and
| | - Paul Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France.,University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, France; and
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64
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Rjosk V, Kaminski E, Hoff M, Gundlach C, Villringer A, Sehm B, Ragert P. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Beta Frequency: Lack of Immediate Effects on Excitation and Interhemispheric Inhibition of the Human Motor Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:560. [PMID: 27857687 PMCID: PMC5093129 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a form of noninvasive brain stimulation and is capable of influencing brain oscillations and cortical networks. In humans, the endogenous oscillation frequency in sensorimotor areas peaks at 20 Hz. This beta-band typically occurs during maintenance of tonic motor output and seems to play a role in interhemispheric coordination of movements. Previous studies showed that tACS applied in specific frequency bands over primary motor cortex (M1) or the visual cortex modulates cortical excitability within the stimulated hemisphere. However, the particular impact remains controversial because effects of tACS were shown to be frequency, duration and location specific. Furthermore, the potential of tACS to modulate cortical interhemispheric processing, like interhemispheric inhibition (IHI), remains elusive. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive and well-tolerated method of directly activating neurons in superficial areas of the human brain and thereby a useful tool for evaluating the functional state of motor pathways. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the immediate effect of 10 min tACS in the β-frequency band (20 Hz) over left M1 on IHI between M1s in 19 young, healthy, right-handed participants. A series of TMS measurements (motor evoked potential (MEP) size, resting motor threshold (RMT), IHI from left to right M1 and vice versa) was performed before and immediately after tACS or sham using a double-blinded, cross-over design. We did not find any significant tACS-induced modulations of intracortical excitation (as assessed by MEP size and RMT) and/or IHI. These results indicate that 10 min of 20 Hz tACS over left M1 seems incapable of modulating immediate brain activity or inhibition. Further studies are needed to elucidate potential aftereffects of 20 Hz tACS as well as frequency-specific effects of tACS on intracortical excitation and IHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Gundlach
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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65
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Turesky TK, Turkeltaub PE, Eden GF. An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis Study of Simple Motor Movements in Older and Young Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:238. [PMID: 27799910 PMCID: PMC5065996 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional neuroanatomy of finger movements has been characterized with neuroimaging in young adults. However, less is known about the aging motor system. Several studies have contrasted movement-related activity in older versus young adults, but there is inconsistency among their findings. To address this, we conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on within-group data from older adults and young adults performing regularly paced right-hand finger movement tasks in response to external stimuli. We hypothesized that older adults would show a greater likelihood of activation in right cortical motor areas (i.e., ipsilateral to the side of movement) compared to young adults. ALE maps were examined for conjunction and between-group differences. Older adults showed overlapping likelihoods of activation with young adults in left primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral insula, left thalamus, and right anterior cerebellum. Their ALE map differed from that of the young adults in right SM1 (extending into dorsal premotor cortex), right supramarginal gyrus, medial premotor cortex, and right posterior cerebellum. The finding that older adults uniquely use ipsilateral regions for right-hand finger movements and show age-dependent modulations in regions recruited by both age groups provides a foundation by which to understand age-related motor decline and motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted K Turesky
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, WashingtonDC, USA
| | - Peter E Turkeltaub
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC, USA; Neurology Department, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC, USA; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, WashingtonDC, USA
| | - Guinevere F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
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66
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Derosiere G, Zénon A, Alamia A, Duque J. Primary motor cortex contributes to the implementation of implicit value-based rules during motor decisions. Neuroimage 2016; 146:1115-1127. [PMID: 27742597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the functional contribution of the human primary motor cortex (M1) to motor decisions. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) was used to alter M1 activity while participants performed a decision-making task in which the reward associated with the subjects' responses (right hand finger movements) depended on explicit and implicit value-based rules. Subjects performed the task over two consecutive days and cTBS occurred in the middle of Day 2, once the subjects were just about to implement implicit rules, in addition to the explicit instructions, to choose their responses, as evident in the control group (cTBS over the right somatosensory cortex). Interestingly, cTBS over the left M1 prevented subjects from implementing the implicit value-based rule while its implementation was enhanced in the group receiving cTBS over the right M1. Hence, cTBS had opposite effects depending on whether it was applied on the contralateral or ipsilateral M1. The use of the explicit value-based rule was unaffected by cTBS in the three groups of subject. Overall, the present study provides evidence for a functional contribution of M1 to the implementation of freshly acquired implicit rules, possibly through its involvement in a cortico-subcortical network controlling value-based motor decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexandre Zénon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Alamia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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67
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Beaulé V, Tremblay S, Lafleur LP, Ferland MC, Lepage JF, Théoret H. Modulation of physiological mirror activity with transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsal premotor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2730-2734. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Beaulé
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Sara Tremblay
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Lafleur
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Marie C. Ferland
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Trois-Rivières QC Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
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68
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Kiper P, Szczudlik A, Venneri A, Stozek J, Luque-Moreno C, Opara J, Baba A, Agostini M, Turolla A. Computational models and motor learning paradigms: Could they provide insights for neuroplasticity after stroke? An overview. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:141-148. [PMID: 27653881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches for modelling the central nervous system (CNS) aim to develop theories on processes occurring in the brain that allow the transformation of all information needed for the execution of motor acts. Computational models have been proposed in several fields, to interpret not only the CNS functioning, but also its efferent behaviour. Computational model theories can provide insights into neuromuscular and brain function allowing us to reach a deeper understanding of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is the process occurring in the CNS that is able to permanently change both structure and function due to interaction with the external environment. To understand such a complex process several paradigms related to motor learning and computational modeling have been put forward. These paradigms have been explained through several internal model concepts, and supported by neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies. Therefore, it has been possible to make theories about the basis of different learning paradigms according to known computational models. Here we review the computational models and motor learning paradigms used to describe the CNS and neuromuscular functions, as well as their role in the recovery process. These theories have the potential to provide a way to rigorously explain all the potential of CNS learning, providing a basis for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kiper
- Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy.
| | - Andrzej Szczudlik
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Sw. Anny 12, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, S10 2HQ Sheffield, UK
| | - Joanna Stozek
- The University of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Carlos Luque-Moreno
- Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Seville, C/Avicena S/N, 41009 Seville, Spain; Motion Analysis Laboratory, Virgen del Rocio Hospital, Avda. Manuel Siurot S/N, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Jozef Opara
- Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Alfonc Baba
- Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
| | - Michela Agostini
- Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, S10 2HQ Sheffield, UK
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69
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Hayashi T, Nozaki D. Improving a Bimanual Motor Skill Through Unimanual Training. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:25. [PMID: 27471452 PMCID: PMC4944083 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When we learn a bimanual motor skill (e.g., rowing a boat), we often break it down into unimanual practices (e.g., a rowing drill with the left or right arm). Such unimanual practice is thought to be useful for learning bimanual motor skills efficiently because the learner can concentrate on learning to perform a simpler component. However, it is not so straightforward to assume that unimanual training (UT) improves bimanual performance. We have previously demonstrated that motor memories for reaching movements consist of three different parts: unimanual-specific, bimanual-specific, and overlapping parts. According to this scheme, UT appears to be less effective, as its training effect is only partially transferred to the same limb for bimanual movement. In the present study, counter-intuitively, we demonstrate that, even after the bimanual skill is almost fully learned by means of bimanual training (BT), additional UT could further improve bimanual skill. We hypothesized that this effect occurs because UT increases the memory content in the overlapping part, which might contribute to an increase in the memory for bimanual movement. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether the UT performed after sufficient BT could improve the bimanual performance. Participants practiced performing bimanual reaching movements (BM) in the presence of a novel force-field imposed only on their left arm. As an index for the motor performance, we used the error-clamp method (i.e., after-effect of the left arm) to evaluate the force output to compensate for the force-field during the reaching movement. After sufficient BT, the training effect reached a plateau. However, UT performed subsequently improved the bimanual performance significantly. In contrast, when the same amount of BT was continued, the bimanual performance remained unchanged, highlighting the beneficial effect of UT on bimanual performance. Considering memory structure, we also expected that BT could improve unimanual performance, which was confirmed by another experiment. These results provide a new interpretation of why UT was useful for improving a bimanual skill, and propose a practical strategy for enhancing performance by performing training in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Hayashi
- Division of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Nozaki
- Division of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Center for Barrier-Free Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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70
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in stroke: Ready for clinical practice? J Clin Neurosci 2016; 31:10-4. [PMID: 27394378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in stroke research has increased dramatically over the last decade with two emerging and potentially useful functions identified. Firstly, the use of single pulse TMS as a tool for predicting recovery of motor function after stroke, and secondly, the use of repetitive TMS (rTMS) as a treatment adjunct aimed at modifying the excitability of the motor cortex in preparation for rehabilitation. This review discusses recent advances in the use of TMS in both prediction and treatment after stroke. Prediction of recovery after stroke is a complex process and the use of TMS alone is not sufficient to provide accurate prediction for an individual after stroke. However, when applied in conjunction with other tools such as clinical assessment and MRI, accuracy of prediction using TMS is increased. rTMS temporarily modulates cortical excitability after stroke. Very few rTMS studies are completed in the acute or sub-acute stages after stroke and the translation of altered cortical excitability into gains in motor function are modest, with little evidence of long term effects. Although gains have been made in both of these areas, further investigation is needed before these techniques can be applied in routine clinical care.
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71
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Picelli A, Chemello E, Castellazzi P, Roncari L, Waldner A, Saltuari L, Smania N. Combined effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) on robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot, double blind, randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:357-68. [PMID: 26410579 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preliminary evidence has shown no additional effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on robotic gait training in chronic stroke, probably due to the neural organization of locomotion involving cortical and spinal control. Our aim was to compare the combined effects of tDCS and transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) on robotic gait training in chronic stroke. METHODS Thirty chronic stroke patients received ten 20-minute robot-assisted gait training sessions, five days a week, for 2 consecutive weeks combined with anodal tDCS + sham tsDCS (group 1; n = 10) or sham tDCS + cathodal tsDCS (group 2; n = 10) or tDCS + cathodal tsDCS (group 3; n = 10). The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) performed before, after, 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS Significant differences in the 6MWT distance were noted between group 3 and group 1 at the post-treatment and 2-week follow-up evaluations (post-treatment P = 0.015; 2-week follow-up P = 0.001) and between group 3 and group 2 (post-treatment P = 0.010; 2-week follow-up P = .015). No difference was found between group 2 and group 1. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that anodal tDCS combined with cathodal tsDCS may be useful to improve the effects of robotic gait training in chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Picelli
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Chemello
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Castellazzi
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Roncari
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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72
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Cassidy JM, Chu H, Chen M, Kimberley TJ, Carey JR. Interhemispheric Inhibition Measurement Reliability in Stroke: A Pilot Study. Neuromodulation 2016; 19:838-847. [PMID: 27333364 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reliable transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures for probing corticomotor excitability are important when assessing the physiological effects of noninvasive brain stimulation. The primary objective of this study was to examine test-retest reliability of an interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) index measurement in stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten subjects with chronic stroke (≥6 months) completed two IHI testing sessions per week for three weeks (six testing sessions total). A single investigator measured IHI in the contra-to-ipsilesional primary motor cortex direction and in the opposite direction using bilateral paired-pulse TMS. Weekly sessions were separated by 24 hours with a 1-week washout period separating testing weeks. To determine if motor-evoked potential (MEP) quantification method affected measurement reliability, IHI indices computed from both MEP amplitude and area responses were found. Reliability was assessed with two-way, mixed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,k) ). Standard error of measurement and minimal detectable difference statistics were also determined. RESULTS With the exception of the initial testing week, IHI indices measured in the contra-to-ipsilesional hemisphere direction demonstrated moderate to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.725-0.913). Ipsi-to-contralesional IHI indices depicted poor or invalid reliability estimates throughout the three-week testing duration (ICC= -1.153-0.105). The overlap of ICC 95% confidence intervals suggested that IHI indices using MEP amplitude vs. area measures did not differ with respect to reliability. CONCLUSIONS IHI indices demonstrated varying magnitudes of reliability irrespective of MEP quantification method. Several strategies for improving IHI index measurement reliability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Cassidy
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Programs in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Teresa J Kimberley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Programs in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Carey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Programs in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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D'Souza H, Cowie D, Karmiloff-Smith A, Bremner AJ. Specialization of the motor system in infancy: from broad tuning to selectively specialized purposeful actions. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27255936 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In executing purposeful actions, adults select sufficient and necessary limbs. But infants often move goal-irrelevant limbs, suggesting a developmental process of motor specialization. Two experiments with 9- and 12-month-olds revealed gradual decreases in extraneous movements in non-acting limbs during unimanual actions. In Experiment 1, 9-month-olds produced more extraneous movements in the non-acting hand/arm and feet/legs than 12-month-olds. In Experiment 2, analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of infants' movements revealed developmental declines in the spatiotemporal coupling of movements between acting and non-acting arms. We also showed that the degree of specialization in infants' unimanual actions is associated with individual differences in motor experience and visual attention, indicating the experience-dependent and broad functional nature of these developmental changes. Our study provides important new insights into motor development: as in cognitive domains, motor behaviours are initially broadly tuned to their goal, becoming progressively specialized during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana D'Souza
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
| | | | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
| | - Andrew J Bremner
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
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74
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Gueugneau N, Bove M, Ballay Y, Papaxanthis C. Interhemispheric inhibition is dynamically regulated during action observation. Cortex 2016; 78:138-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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75
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Wischnewski M, Kowalski GM, Rink F, Belagaje SR, Haut MW, Hobbs G, Buetefisch CM. Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2803-13. [PMID: 26961108 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1 on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a left-hand motor task. Ten healthy participants manipulated a joystick to point to targets of two different sizes. For aIHI, the conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to iM1, and the test stimulus (TS) to cM1, with an interstimulus interval of 10 ms. The amount of the inhibitory effect of the CS on the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the subsequent TS was expressed as percentage of the mean MEP amplitude evoked by the single TS. Across different time points of aIHI measurements in the premovement period, there was a significant effect for target size on aIHI. Preparing to point to small targets was associated with weaker aIHI compared with pointing to large targets. The present findings suggest that, during the premovement period, aIHI from iM1 on cM1 is modulated by the demand on accuracy of the motor task. This is consistent with task fMRI findings showing bilateral M1 activation during high-precision movements but only unilateral M1 activity during low-precision movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samir R Belagaje
- Department of Neurology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Gerald Hobbs
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Department of Neurology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Wilhelm E, Quoilin C, Petitjean C, Duque J. A Double-Coil TMS Method to Assess Corticospinal Excitability Changes at a Near-Simultaneous Time in the Two Hands during Movement Preparation. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:88. [PMID: 27014020 PMCID: PMC4779885 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have investigated corticospinal excitability changes occurring when choosing which hand to use for an action, one of the most frequent decision people make in daily life. So far, these studies have applied single-pulse TMS eliciting motor-evoked potential (MEP) in one hand when this hand is either selected or non-selected. Using such method, hand choices were shown to entail the operation of two inhibitory mechanisms, suppressing MEPs in the targeted hand either when it is non-selected (competition resolution, CR) or selected (impulse control, IC). However, an important limitation of this “Single-Coil” method is that MEPs are elicited in selected and non-selected conditions during separate trials and thus those two settings may not be completely comparable. Moreover, a more important problem is that MEPs are computed in relation to the movement of different hands. The goal of the present study was to test a “Double-Coil” method to evaluate IC and CR preceding the same hand responses by applying Double-Coil TMS over the two primary motor cortices (M1) at a near-simultaneous time (1 ms inter-pulse interval). Methods: MEPs were obtained in the left (MEPLEFT) and right (MEPRIGHT) hands while subjects chose between left and right hand key-presses in blocks using a Single-Coil or a Double-Coil method; in the latter blocks, TMS was either applied over left M1 first (TMSLRM1 group, n = 12) or right M1 first (TMSRLM1 group, n = 12). Results: MEPLEFT were suppressed preceding both left (IC) and right (CR) hand responses whereas MEPRIGHT were only suppressed preceding left (CR) but not right (IC) hand responses. This result was observed regardless of whether Single-Coil or Double-Coil TMS was applied in the two subject groups. However, in the TMSLRM1 group, the MEP suppression was attenuated in Double-Coil compared to Single-Coil blocks for both IC and CR, when probed with MEPLEFT (elicited by the second pulse). Conclusions: Although Double-Coil TMS may be a reliable method to assess bilateral motor excitability provided that a RM1-LM1 pulse order is used, further experiments are required to understand the reduced MEPLEFT changes in Double-Coil blocks when the LM1-RM1 pulse order was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Petitjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
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Cortical Mechanisms of Central Fatigue and Sense of Effort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149026. [PMID: 26859391 PMCID: PMC4747526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate cortical mechanisms upstream to the corticospinal motor neuron that may be associated with central fatigue and sense of effort during and after a fatigue task. We used two different isometric finger abduction protocols to examine the effects of muscle activation and fatigue the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of 12 participants. One protocol was intended to assess the effects of muscle activation with minimal fatigue (control) and the other was intended to elicit central fatigue (fatigue). We hypothesized that high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) would hasten recovery from central fatigue and offset a fatigue-induced increase in sense of effort by facilitating the primary motor cortex (M1). Constant force-sensation contractions were used to assess sense of effort associated with muscle contraction. Paired-pulse TMS was used to assess intracortical inhibition (ICI) and facilitation (ICF) in the active M1 and interhemispheric inhibitory (IHI) was assessed to determine if compensation occurs via the resting M1. These measures were made during and after the muscle contraction protocols. Corticospinal excitability progressively declined with fatigue in the active hemisphere. ICF increased at task failure and ICI was also reduced at task failure with no changes in IHI found. Although fatigue is associated with progressive reductions in corticospinal excitability, compensatory changes in inhibition and facilitation may act within, but not between hemispheres of the M1. rTMS of the SMA following fatigue enhanced recovery of maximal voluntary force and higher levels of ICF were associated with lower sense of effort following stimulation. rTMS of the SMA may have reduced the amount of upstream drive required to maintain motor output, thus contributing to a lower sense of effort and increased rate of recovery of maximal force.
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78
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Volz LJ, Eickhoff SB, Pool EM, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Differential modulation of motor network connectivity during movements of the upper and lower limbs. Neuroimage 2015; 119:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Mirror Motor Activity During Right-Hand Contractions and Its Relation to White Matter in the Posterior Midbody of the Corpus Callosum. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4347-4355. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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80
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Labruna L, Jamil A, Fresnoza S, Batsikadze G, Kuo MF, Vanderschelden B, Ivry RB, Nitsche MA. Efficacy of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is Related to Sensitivity to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 9:8-15. [PMID: 26493498 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has become an important non-invasive brain stimulation tool for basic human brain physiology and cognitive neuroscience, with potential applications in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. To date, tDCS studies have employed a fixed stimulation level, without considering the impact of individual anatomy and physiology on the efficacy of the stimulation. This approach contrasts with the standard procedure for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) where stimulation levels are usually tailored on an individual basis. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The present study tests whether the efficacy of tDCS-induced changes in corticospinal excitability varies as a function of individual differences in sensitivity to TMS. METHODS We performed an archival review to examine the relationship between the TMS intensity required to induce 1 mV motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and the efficacy of (fixed-intensity) tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1). For the latter, we examined tDCS-induced changes in corticospinal excitability, operationalized by comparing MEPs before and after anodal or cathodal tDCS. For comparison, we performed a similar analysis on data sets in which MEPs had been obtained before and after paired associative stimulation (PAS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique in which the stimulation intensity is adjusted on an individual basis. RESULTS MEPs were enhanced following anodal tDCS. This effect was larger in participants more sensitive to TMS as compared to those less sensitive to TMS, with sensitivity defined as the TMS intensity required to produce MEPs amplitudes of the size of 1 mV. While MEPs were attenuated following cathodal tDCS, the magnitude of this attenuation was not related to TMS sensitivity nor was there a relationship between TMS sensitivity and responsiveness to PAS. CONCLUSION Accounting for variation in individual sensitivity to non-invasive brain stimulation may enhance the utility of tDCS as a tool for understanding brain-behavior interactions and as a method for clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Asif Jamil
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Shane Fresnoza
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Giorgi Batsikadze
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Gallea C, Roze E. One hand clapping: lateralization of motor control. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:75. [PMID: 26082690 PMCID: PMC4451425 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateralization of motor control refers to the ability to produce pure unilateral or asymmetric movements. It is required for a variety of coordinated activities, including skilled bimanual tasks and locomotion. Here we discuss the neuroanatomical substrates and pathophysiological underpinnings of lateralized motor outputs. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the past few years by studying the two known conditions characterized by the inability to properly produce unilateral or asymmetric movements, namely human patients with congenital “mirror movements” and model rodents with a “hopping gait”. Whereas mirror movements are associated with altered interhemispheric connectivity and abnormal corticospinal projections, abnormal spinal cord interneurons trajectory is responsible for the “hopping gait”. Proper commissural axon guidance is a critical requirement for these mechanisms. Interestingly, the analysis of these two conditions reveals that the production of asymmetric movements involves similar anatomical and functional requirements but in two different structures: (i) lateralized activation of the brain or spinal cord through contralateral silencing by cross-midline inhibition; and (ii) unilateral transmission of this activation, resulting in lateralized motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France ; Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France ; Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière Paris, France
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83
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Zénon A, Klein PA, Alamia A, Boursoit F, Wilhelm E, Duque J. Increased Reliance on Value-based Decision Processes Following Motor Cortex Disruption. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:957-64. [PMID: 26279406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During motor decision making, the neural activity in primary motor cortex (M1) encodes dynamically the competition occurring between potential action plans. A common view is that M1 represents the unfolding of the outcome of a decision process taking place upstream. Yet, M1 could also be directly involved in the decision process. OBJECTIVE Here we tested this hypothesis by assessing the effect of M1 disruption on a motor decision-making task. METHODS We applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to inhibit either left or right M1 in different groups of subjects and included a third control group with no stimulation. Following cTBS, participants performed a task that required them to choose between two finger key-presses with the right hand according to both perceptual and value-based information. Effects were assessed by means of generalized linear mixed models and computational simulations. RESULTS In all three groups, subjects relied both on perceptual (P < 0.0001) and value-based information (P = 0.003) to reach a decision. Yet, left M1 disruption led to an increased reliance on value-based information (P = 0.03). This result was confirmed by a computational model showing an increased weight of the valued-based process on the right hand finger choices following left M1 cTBS (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results indicate that M1 is involved in motor decision making, possibly by weighting the final integration of multiple sources of evidence driving motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zénon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Andrea Alamia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Boursoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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84
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Leonard CT, Danna-dos-Santos A, Peters C, Moore M. Corticomotor excitability changes during mirrored or asynergistic wrist movements. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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85
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Electrophysiological manifestations of mirror visual feedback during manual movement. Brain Res 2015; 1606:113-24. [PMID: 25721791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurophysiological manifestations of the mechanism underlying the effects of Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF) during manual movement. METHOD Thirteen healthy right handed individuals were assessed while performing repeated unilateral wrist extension movements with and without MVF. The effect of MVF on EEG oscillations was studied in 3 distinct frequency ranges (low mu, high mu, low beta). RESULTS Analysis of the low beta range showed that MVF reduces the magnitude of event-related de-synchronization (ERD) in the hemisphere contra-lateral to the moving hand. This effect reached significance when the moving hand was the dominant hand. In the analysis of the low mu range, bi-hemispheric amplification of ERD by the mirror pointed to an added effect of neural recruitment. This effect reached significance when the moving hand was the non-dominant hand. CONCLUSIONS MVF applied during unilateral manual movement (a) attenuates hemispheric activation asymmetry, and (b) is likely to involve recruitment of the mirror neuron system. SIGNIFICANCE As each of the above two effects reached significance only in one hand (dominant and non-dominant, respectively), clinical application of MVF might show a different level of efficacy in the treatment of right and left hemiparesis.
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86
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Tazoe T, Endoh T, Kitamura T, Ogata T. Polarity specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on interhemispheric inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114244. [PMID: 25478912 PMCID: PMC4257682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a useful interventional brain stimulation technique to improve unilateral upper-limb motor function in healthy humans, as well as in stroke patients. Although tDCS applications are supposed to modify the interhemispheric balance between the motor cortices, the tDCS after-effects on interhemispheric interactions are still poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the tDCS after-effects on interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the primary motor cortices (M1) in healthy humans. Three types of tDCS electrode montage were tested on separate days; anodal tDCS over the right M1, cathodal tDCS over the left M1, bilateral tDCS with anode over the right M1 and cathode over the left M1. Single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations were given to the left M1 and right M1 before and after tDCS to assess the bilateral corticospinal excitabilities and mutual direction of IHI. Regardless of the electrode montages, corticospinal excitability was increased on the same side of anodal stimulation and decreased on the same side of cathodal stimulation. However, neither unilateral tDCS changed the corticospinal excitability at the unstimulated side. Unilateral anodal tDCS increased IHI from the facilitated side M1 to the unchanged side M1, but it did not change IHI in the other direction. Unilateral cathodal tDCS suppressed IHI both from the inhibited side M1 to the unchanged side M1 and from the unchanged side M1 to the inhibited side M1. Bilateral tDCS increased IHI from the facilitated side M1 to the inhibited side M1 and attenuated IHI in the opposite direction. Sham-tDCS affected neither corticospinal excitability nor IHI. These findings indicate that tDCS produced polarity-specific after-effects on the interhemispheric interactions between M1 and that those after-effects on interhemispheric interactions were mainly dependent on whether tDCS resulted in the facilitation or inhibition of the M1 sending interhemispheric volleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Endoh
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Faculty of Child Development and Education, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Kitamura
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Division of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Le A, Stojanoski BB, Khan S, Keough M, Niemeier M. A toggle switch of visual awareness? Cortex 2014; 64:169-78. [PMID: 25461717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Major clues to the human brain mechanisms of spatial attention and visual awareness have come from the syndrome of neglect, where patients ignore one half of space. A longstanding puzzle, though, is that neglect almost always comes from right-hemisphere damage, which suggests that the two sides of the brain play distinct roles. But tests of attention in healthy people have revealed only slight differences between the hemispheres. Here we show that major differences emerge if we look at the timing of brain activity in a task optimized to identify attentional functions. Using EEG to map cortical activity on a millisecond timescale, we found transient (20-30 ms) periods of interhemispheric competition, followed by short phases of marked right-sided activity in the ventral attentional network. Our data are the first to show interhemispheric interactions that, much like a toggle switch, quickly allocate neural resources to one or the other hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Le
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bobby B Stojanoski
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saniah Khan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Keough
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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88
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Simonetta-Moreau M. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) and motor recovery after stroke. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014; 57:530-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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89
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Brodie SM, Villamayor A, Borich MR, Boyd LA. Exploring the specific time course of interhemispheric inhibition between the human primary sensory cortices. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1470-6. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00074.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological mechanism of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the human primary sensory cortices (S1s) is poorly understood. Here we used a paired median nerve somatosensory evoked potential protocol to observe S1-S1 IHI from the dominant to the nondominant hemisphere with electroencephalography. In 10 healthy, right-handed individuals, we compared mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of five somatosensory evoked potential components (P14/N20, N20/P25, P25/N30, N30/P40, and P40/N60) recorded over the right S1 after synchronous versus asynchronous stimulation of the right and left median nerves. Asynchronous conditioning + test stimuli (CS+TS) were delivered at interstimulus intervals of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ms. We found that, in relation to synchronous stimulation, when a CS to the left S1 preceded a TS to the right S1 at the short intervals (15 and 20 ms) the amplitude of the cortical N20/P25 complex was significantly depressed, whereas at the longer intervals (25, 30, and 35 ms) significant inhibition was observed for the thalamocortical P14/N20 as well as the cortical N20/P25 components. We conclude that the magnitude of S1 IHI appears to depend on the temporal asynchrony of bilateral inputs and the specific timing is likely reflective of a direct transcallosal mechanism. Employing a method that enables direct S1 IHI to be reliably quantified may provide a novel tool to assess potential IHI imbalances in individuals with neurological damage, such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. Brodie
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Anica Villamayor
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Michael R. Borich
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
- Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Duque J, Labruna L, Cazares C, Ivry RB. Dissociating the influence of response selection and task anticipation on corticospinal suppression during response preparation. Neuropsychologia 2014; 65:287-96. [PMID: 25128431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Motor behavior requires selecting between potential actions. The role of inhibition in response selection has frequently been examined in tasks in which participants are engaged in some advance preparation prior to the presentation of an imperative signal. Under such conditions, inhibition could be related to processes associated with response selection, or to more general inhibitory processes that are engaged in high states of anticipation. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the degree of anticipatory preparation. Participants performed a choice reaction time task that required choosing between a movement of the left or right index finger, and used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the left hand agonist. In high anticipation blocks, a non-informative cue (e.g., fixation marker) preceded the imperative; in low anticipation blocks, there was no cue and participants were required to divide their attention between two tasks to further reduce anticipation. MEPs were substantially reduced before the imperative signal in high anticipation blocks. In contrast, in low anticipation blocks, MEPs remained unchanged before the imperative signal but showed a marked suppression right after the onset of the imperative. This effect occurred regardless of whether the imperative had signalled a left or right hand response. After this initial inhibition, left MEPs increased when the left hand was selected and remained suppressed when the right hand was selected. We obtained similar results in Experiment 2 except that the persistent left MEP suppression when the left hand was not selected was attenuated when the alternative response involved a non-homologous effector (right foot). These results indicate that, even in the absence of an anticipatory period, inhibitory mechanisms are engaged during response selection, possibly to prevent the occurrence of premature and inappropriate responses during a competitive selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duque
- Cognition and Actions Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53, Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Christian Cazares
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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91
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Fasano A, Bologna M, Iezzi E, Pavone L, Srour M, Di Biasio F, Grillea G, Rouleau GA, Levert A, Sebastiano F, Colonnese C, Berardelli A. Congenital Mirror Movements in a New Italian Family. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:180-187. [PMID: 30713853 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror movements (MMs) occur on the contralateral side of a limb being used intentionally. Because few families with congenital MMs and no other neurological signs have been reported, the underlying mechanisms of MMs are still not entirely clear. We report on the clinical, genetic, neurophysiological and neuroimaging findings of 10 of 26 living members of a novel four-generation family with congenital MMs. DCC and RAD51 were sequenced in affected members of the family. Five of the ten subjects with MMs underwent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evaluations. The neurophysiological evaluation consisted of electromyographic (EMG) mirror recordings, investigations of corticospinal excitability, and analysis of interhemispheric inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques. The neuroimaging evaluation included functional MRI during finger movements. Eight (all females) of the ten members examined presented MMs of varying degrees at the clinical assessment. Transmission of MMs appears to have occurred according to an autosomal-dominant fashion with variable expression. No mutation in DCC or RAD51 was identified. EMG mirror activity was higher in MM subjects than in healthy controls. Short-latency interhemispheric inhibition was reduced in MM subjects. Ipsilateral motor-evoked potentials were detectable in the most severe case. The neuroimaging evaluation did not disclose any significant abnormalities in MM subjects. The variability of the clinical features of this family, and the lack of known genetic abnormalities, suggests that MMs are heterogeneous disorders. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MMs include abnormalities of transcallosal inhibition and corticospinal decussation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Fasano
- Movement Disorders Center TWH, UHN, Division of Neurology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Ennio Iezzi
- Neuromed Institute IRCCS Pozzilli (IS) Italy
| | - Luigi Pavone
- Innomed srl Pozzilli (IS) Italy.,Neurone" Foundation for Research in Neuropsychobiology and Clinical Neurosciences Rome Italy
| | - Myriam Srour
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center Montréal Québec Canada.,Montréal Children's Hospital Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | | | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montréal Neurological Institute Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Annie Levert
- Montréal Neurological Institute Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | | | - Claudio Colonnese
- Neuromed Institute IRCCS Pozzilli (IS) Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Neuromed Institute IRCCS Pozzilli (IS) Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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92
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Avanzino L, Raffo A, Pelosin E, Ogliastro C, Marchese R, Ruggeri P, Abbruzzese G. Training based on mirror visual feedback influences transcallosal communication. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2581-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Alessia Raffo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Carla Ogliastro
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Roberta Marchese
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbruzzese
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
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93
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Bilateral motor tasks involve more brain regions and higher neural activation than unilateral tasks: an fMRI study. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2785-95. [PMID: 24770862 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Movements that involve simultaneous coordination of muscles of the right and left lower limbs form a large part of our daily activities (e.g., standing, rising from a chair). This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine which brain areas are used to control coordinated lower-limb movements, specifically comparing regions that are activated during bilateral exertions to those performed unilaterally. Plantarflexor exertions were produced at a target force level of 15% of the participants' maximum voluntary contraction, in three conditions, with their right (dominant) foot, with their left foot, and with both feet simultaneously. A voxel-wise analysis determined which regions were active in the bilateral, but not in the unilateral conditions. In addition, a region of interest (ROI) approach was used to determine differences in the percent signal change (PSC) between the conditions within motor areas. The voxel-wise analysis showed a large number of regions (cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar) that were active during the bilateral condition, but not during either unilateral condition. The ROI analysis showed several motor regions with higher activation in the bilateral condition than unilateral conditions; further, the magnitude of bilateral PSC was more than the sum of the two unilateral conditions in several of these regions. We postulate that the greater levels of activation during bilateral exertions may arise from interhemispheric inhibition, as well as from the greater need for motor coordination (e.g., synchronizing the two limbs to activate together) and visual processing (e.g., monitoring of two visual stimuli).
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94
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Levin O, Fujiyama H, Boisgontier MP, Swinnen SP, Summers JJ. Aging and motor inhibition: a converging perspective provided by brain stimulation and imaging approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:100-17. [PMID: 24726575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit actions, one of the hallmarks of human motor control, appears to decline with advancing age. Evidence for a link between changes in inhibitory functions and poor motor performance in healthy older adults has recently become available with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Overall, these studies indicate that the capacity to modulate intracortical (ICI) and interhemispheric (IHI) inhibition is preserved in high-performing older individuals. In contrast, older individuals exhibiting motor slowing and a declined ability to coordinate movement appear to show a reduced capability to modulate GABA-mediated inhibitory processes. As a decline in the integrity of the GABA-ergic inhibitory processes may emerge due to age-related loss of white and gray matter, a promising direction for future research would be to correlate individual differences in structural and/or functional integrity of principal brain networks with observed changes in inhibitory processes within cortico-cortical, interhemispheric, and/or corticospinal pathways. Finally, we underscore the possible links between reduced inhibitory functions and age-related changes in brain activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX United Kingdom
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95
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Stewart JC, Gordon J, Winstein CJ. Control of reach extent with the paretic and nonparetic arms after unilateral sensorimotor stroke: kinematic differences based on side of brain damage. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2407-19. [PMID: 24718494 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scaling of reach kinematics to targets that vary in distance is indicative of the use of planning and feedback-based adjustments. The control of reach extent, however, has not been reported for the paretic arm after stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine whether individuals post-stroke utilized planning (scaling acceleration magnitude) and feedback-based adjustments (scaling acceleration duration) to reach to targets that varied in distance. Individuals with mild-to-moderate motor impairment after stroke and nondisabled adults reached with both arms to targets presented at three distances (8, 16, 24 cm). Kinematic data were used to determine scaling of peak acceleration magnitude and duration to target distance and compared between arms (control, nonparetic, paretic). Despite differences in the magnitude of movement variables, individuals post-stroke utilized both planning and feedback-based adjustments to meet the demands of the task with the nonparetic and paretic arms in a similar manner as controls. However, there was variability in the use of planning with the paretic arm, some individuals utilized planning while others did not. After right brain damage, differences in reach control related to the specialized role this hemisphere plays in endpoint control were found in both arms; no hemisphere-specific changes were found after left brain damage (LBD). The appearance of hemispheric-specific effects after right but not LBD were not due to age, degree of motor impairment, or time post-stroke, but, instead, may be related to relative differences in visual-motor processing ability, lesion characteristics, or interhemispheric inhibition changes between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Campbell Stewart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,
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96
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Abdullahi A, Shehu S, Dantani IB. Feasibility of high repetition of task practice in constraint induced movement therapy in an acute stroke patient. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2014. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2014.21.4.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sale Shehu
- Final year bachelor of physiotherapy Student at Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim B Dantani
- Intern Physiotherapist at the Department of Physiotherapy, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
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97
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Tazoe T, Komiyama T. Interlimb neural interactions in the corticospinal pathways. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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98
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Karok S, Witney AG. Enhanced motor learning following task-concurrent dual transcranial direct current stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85693. [PMID: 24376893 PMCID: PMC3871525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) has beneficial effects on motor performance and motor learning in healthy subjects and is emerging as a promising tool for motor neurorehabilitation. Applying tDCS concurrently with a motor task has recently been found to be more effective than applying stimulation before the motor task. This study extends this finding to examine whether such task-concurrent stimulation further enhances motor learning on a dual M1 montage. METHOD Twenty healthy, right-handed subjects received anodal tDCS to the right M1, dual tDCS (anodal current over right M1 and cathodal over left M1) and sham tDCS in a repeated-measures design. Stimulation was applied for 10 mins at 1.5 mA during an explicit motor learning task. Response times (RT) and accuracy were measured at baseline, during, directly after and 15 mins after stimulation. Motor cortical excitability was recorded from both hemispheres before and after stimulation using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. RESULTS Task-concurrent stimulation with a dual M1 montage significantly reduced RTs by 23% as early as with the onset of stimulation (p<0.01) with this effect increasing to 30% at the final measurement. Polarity-specific changes in cortical excitability were observed with MEPs significantly reduced by 12% in the left M1 and increased by 69% in the right M1. CONCLUSION Performance improvement occurred earliest in the dual M1 condition with a stable and lasting effect. Unilateral anodal stimulation resulted only in trendwise improvement when compared to sham. Therefore, task-concurrent dual M1 stimulation is most suited for obtaining the desired neuromodulatory effects of tDCS in explicit motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Karok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice G. Witney
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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99
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Power KE, Copithorne DB. Increased corticospinal excitability prior to arm cycling is due to enhanced supraspinal but not spinal motoneurone excitability. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1154-61. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human studies have not assessed supraspinal or spinal motoneurone excitability in the quiescent state prior to a rhythmic and alternating cyclical motor output. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether supraspinal and (or) spinal motoneurone excitability was modulated in humans prior to arm cycling when compared with rest with no intention to move. We hypothesized that corticospinal excitability would be enhanced prior to arm cycling due, in part, to increased spinal motoneurone excitability. Supraspinal and spinal motoneurone excitability were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid stimulation of the corticospinal tract, respectively. Surface electromyography recordings of TMS motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs) were made from the relaxed biceps brachii muscle prior to rhythmic arm cycling and at rest with no intention to move. The amplitude of the MEPs was greater (mean increase: +9.8% of maximal M wave; p = 0.006) and their onset latencies were shorter (mean decrease: –1.5 ms; p < 0.05) prior to cycling when compared with rest. The amplitudes of the CMEPs at any of 3 stimulation intensities were not different between conditions. We conclude that premovement enhancement of corticospinal excitability is greater prior to arm cycling than at rest because of increases in supraspinal but not spinal motoneurone excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Power
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - David B. Copithorne
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
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100
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Frenkel-Toledo S, Bentin S, Perry A, Liebermann DG, Soroker N. Mirror-neuron system recruitment by action observation: effects of focal brain damage on mu suppression. Neuroimage 2013; 87:127-37. [PMID: 24140938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mu suppression is the attenuation of EEG power in the alpha frequency range (8-12 Hz), recorded over the sensorimotor cortex during execution and observation of motor actions. Based on this dual characteristic mu suppression is thought to signalize activation of a human analogue of the mirror neuron system (MNS) found in macaque monkeys. However, much uncertainty remains concerning its specificity and full significance. To further explore the hypothesized relationship between mu suppression and MNS activation, we investigated how it is affected by damage to cortical regions, including areas where the MNS is thought to reside. EEG was recorded in 33 first-event stroke patients during observation of video clips showing reaching and grasping hand movements. We examined the modulation of EEG oscillations at central and occipital sites, and analyzed separately the lower (8-10 Hz) and higher (10-12 Hz) segments of the alpha/mu range. Suppression was determined relative to observation of a non-biological movement. Normalized lesion data were used to investigate how damage to regions of the fronto-parietal cortex affects the pattern of suppression. The magnitude of mu suppression during action observation was significantly reduced in the affected hemisphere compared to the unaffected hemisphere. Differences between the hemispheres were significant at central (sensorimotor) sites but not at occipital (visual) sites. Total hemispheric volume loss did not correlate with mu suppression. Suppression in the lower mu range in the unaffected hemisphere (C3) correlated with lesion extent within the right inferior parietal cortex. Our lesion study supports the role of mu suppression as a marker of MNS activation, confirming previous studies in normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Bentin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Perry
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dario G Liebermann
- Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nachum Soroker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel
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