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Rosas-Taraco AG, Arce-Mendoza AY, Caballero-Olín G, Salinas-Carmona MC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulates coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 while HIV modulates CD14 favoring concurrent infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:45-51. [PMID: 16438645 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most frequent coinfection in humans infected with HIV-1, but little is known about mechanisms that favors coinfection. The aim of this work is to understand tuberculosis and HIV infections. We determined the pattern of expression of CD11c, CD14, CD40, CCR5, and CXCR4 and quantified IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and RANTES in tuberculosis patients and HIV patients. Monocytes from healthy PPD+ volunteers (HP(+)V) stimulated with intracellular proteins (IP), lipids, and polysaccharides (PLS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis down regulate CD11c expression (p < 0.05). On the contrary, CD14 expression was elevated in tuberculosis patients (p < 0.05) and HIV-infected patients (p > 0.05). CD14 expression was elevated on monocytes from HP(+)V stimulated with PLS and lipids (p < 0.05). CD40 low expression was found in tuberculosis patients and on monocytes from HP(+)V stimulated with lipids, but it was elevated in HIV-infected patients (p < 0.05). CXCR4 and CCR5 expression was high in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and low in HIV-infected patients (p < 0.05). Finally, CCR5+ monocytes from HP(+)V after stimulation with PLS and CXCR4+ lymphocytes were elevated after stimulation with IP (p < 0.05). In general, high levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were found in all groups, but low levels of RANTES were found in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. In conclusion, the pulmonary tuberculosis patients have a microenvironment that facilitates the HIV infection through three possible mechanisms: (1) increasing the coreceptor for HIV entrance, (2) increasing proinflammatory cytokines, and (3) down-regulating RANTES. At the same time, HIV patients have a microenvironment that facilitates entry of M. tuberculosis into macrophages through CD14.
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Atochina EN, Beck JM, Preston AM, Haczku A, Tomer Y, Scanlon ST, Fusaro T, Casey J, Hawgood S, Gow AJ, Beers MF. Enhanced lung injury and delayed clearance of Pneumocystis carinii in surfactant protein A-deficient mice: attenuation of cytokine responses and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6002-11. [PMID: 15385504 PMCID: PMC517574 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6002-6011.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a member of the collectin family, selectively binds to Pneumocystis carinii and mediates interactions between pathogen and host alveolar macrophages in vitro. To test the hypothesis that mice lacking SP-A have delayed clearance of Pneumocystis organisms and enhanced lung injury, wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and SP-A-deficient mice (SP-A(-/-)) with or without selective CD4(+)-T-cell depletion were intratracheally inoculated with Pneumocystis organisms. Four weeks later, CD4-depleted SP-A-deficient mice had developed a more severe Pneumocystis infection than CD4-depleted WT (P. carinii pneumonia [PCP] scores of 3 versus 2, respectively). Whereas all non-CD4-depleted WT mice were free of PCP, intact SP-A(-/-) mice also had evidence of increased organism burden. Pneumocystis infection in SP-A-deficient mice was associated histologically with enhanced peribronchial and/or perivascular cellularity (score of 4 versus 2, SP-A(-/-) versus C57BL/6 mice, respectively) and a corresponding increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts. Increases in SP-D content, gamma interferon, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in BAL fluid occurred but were attenuated in PCP-infected SP-A(-/-) mice compared to WT mice. There were increases in total BAL NO levels in both infected groups, but nitrite levels were higher in SP-A(-/-) mice, indicating a reduction in production of higher oxides of nitrogen that was also reflected in lower levels of 3-nitrotyrosine staining in the SP-A(-/-) group. We conclude that despite increases in inflammatory cells, SP-A-deficient mice infected with P. carinii exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to the organism and attenuated production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species. These data support the concept that SP-A is a local effector molecule in the lung host defense against P. carinii in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Atochina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James M. Beck
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Angela M. Preston
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Angela Haczku
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yaniv Tomer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Seth T. Scanlon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Trevor Fusaro
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Casey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Samuel Hawgood
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 807 BRB II/III Bldg., 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: (215) 898-9106. Fax: (215) 573-4469. E-mail:
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Narasimhan M, Posner AJ, DePalo VA, Mayo PH, Rosen MJ. Intensive care in patients with HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest 2004; 125:1800-4. [PMID: 15136393 DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.5.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. The types of critical illness and their outcomes in HIV-infected patients in recent years is unknown. DESIGN We reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to the Medical ICU of Beth Israel Medical Center, NY, from January to June 2001 and compared their characteristics with patients admitted to the same unit from November 1991 to October 1992. RESULTS Of 441 admissions in the first half of 2001, 63 admissions (14%) were in 53 HIV-seropositive patients. There were 65 admissions to the Medical ICU during the 1-year period spanning 1991 to 1992. Compared with the earlier period, the 2001 patients were more likely to be black (52% vs 26%, respectively; p < 0.01) and injection drug users (75% vs 48%, respectively; p < 0.01), and were less likely to be white (11% vs 23%, respectively; difference not significant) and homosexual men (6% vs 26%, respectively; p < 0.01). In 2001, patients were less likely to be admitted with respiratory failure (22% vs 54%, respectively; p < 0.01) and with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (formerly referred to as Pneumocystis carinii) [3% vs 34%, respectively; p < 0.001], and were more likely to be admitted with non-HIV-related diseases (67% vs 12%, respectively; p < 0.001). Overall survival was much higher in the later period (71% vs 49%, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In the era of HAART, more patients with HIV infection were admitted to the ICU over a 12-month period than were 10 years previously. Patients were more likely to be injection drug users and were more likely to be admitted to the ICU because of non-HIV-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Narasimhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Beck JM, Preston AM, Wilcoxen SE, Morris SB, White ES, Paine R. Pneumocystis pneumonia increases the susceptibility of mice to sublethal hyperoxia. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5970-8. [PMID: 14500517 PMCID: PMC201097 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.5970-5978.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia often develop respiratory failure after entry into medical care, and one mechanism for this deterioration may be increased alveolar epithelial cell injury. In vitro, we previously demonstrated that Pneumocystis is not cytotoxic for alveolar epithelial cells. In vivo, however, infection with Pneumocystis could increase susceptibility to injury by stressors that, alone, would be sublethal. We examined transient exposure to hyperoxia as a prototypical stress that does cause mortality in normal mice. Mice were depleted of CD4+ T cells and inoculated intratracheally with Pneumocystis. Control mice were depleted of CD4+ T cells but did not receive Pneumocystis. After 4 weeks, mice were maintained in normoxia, were exposed to hyperoxia for 4 days, or were exposed to hyperoxia for 4 days followed by return to normoxia. CD4-depleted mice with Pneumocystis pneumonia demonstrated significant mortality after transient exposure to hyperoxia, while all uninfected control mice survived this stress. We determined that organism burdens were not different. However, infected mice exposed to hyperoxia and then returned to normoxia demonstrated significant increases in inflammatory cell accumulation and lung cell apoptosis. We conclude that Pneumocystis pneumonia leads to increased mortality following a normally sublethal hyperoxic insult, accompanied by alveolar epithelial cell injury and increased pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Beck
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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