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Abstract
The discovery of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) began in 1922 as a vital component required in reproduction. Today, there are eight naturally occurring vitamin E isoforms, namely α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocotrienol. Vitamin E is potent antioxidants, capable of neutralizing free radicals directly by donating hydrogen from its chromanol ring. α-Tocopherol is regarded the dominant form in vitamin E as the α-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver binds mainly α-tocopherol, thus preventing its degradation. That contributed to the oversight of tocotrienols and resulted in less than 3% of all vitamin E publications studying tocotrienols. Nevertheless, tocotrienols have been shown to possess superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties over α-tocopherol. In particular, inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase to lower cholesterol, attenuating inflammation via downregulation of transcription factor NF-κB activation, and potent radioprotectant against radiation damage are some properties unique to tocotrienols, not tocopherols. Aside from cancer, vitamin E has also been shown protective in bone, cardiovascular, eye, nephrological and neurological diseases. In light of the different pharmacological properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols, it becomes critical to specify which vitamin E isoform(s) are being studied in any future vitamin E publications. This review provides an update on vitamin E therapeutic potentials, protective effects and modes of action beyond cancer, with comparison of tocopherols against tocotrienols. With the concerted efforts in synthesizing novel vitamin E analogs and clinical pharmacology of vitamin E, it is likely that certain vitamin E isoform(s) will be therapeutic agents against human diseases besides cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yong Peh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - W S Daniel Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wupeng Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - W S Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136-6129;
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Abstract
The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing, both in developed and developing countries, concomitantly with the rise in living standards and the adoption of a 'western lifestyle'. For two decades, the hygiene hypothesis - which proposes that the lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents increases susceptibility to allergic diseases in later life - provided the conceptual framework for unravelling the mechanisms that could account for the increased incidence of allergic diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent evidence that highlights the role of diet as a key factor influencing immune homeostasis and the development of allergic diseases through a complex interplay between nutrients, their metabolites and immune cell populations. Although further investigations are still required to understand these complex relationships, recent data have established a possible connection between metabolic homeostasis and allergic diseases.
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Peh HY, Ho WE, Cheng C, Chan TK, Seow ACG, Lim AYH, Fong CW, Seng KY, Ong CN, Wong WSF. Vitamin E Isoform γ-Tocotrienol Downregulates House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:437-44. [PMID: 26041537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative damage contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. Although corticosteroid is the first-line treatment for asthma, a subset of patients is steroid resistant, and chronic steroid use causes side effects. Because vitamin E isoform γ-tocotrienol possesses both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, we sought to determine protective effects of γ-tocotrienol in a house dust mite (HDM) experimental asthma model. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was assessed for total and differential cell counts, oxidative damage biomarkers, and cytokine levels. Lungs were examined for cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion, as well as the expression of antioxidants and proinflammatory biomarkers. Sera were assayed for IgE and γ-tocotrienol levels. Airway hyperresponsiveness in response to methacholine was measured. γ-Tocotrienol displayed better free radical-neutralizing activity in vitro and inhibition of BAL fluid total, eosinophil, and neutrophil counts in HDM mouse asthma in vivo, as compared with other vitamin E isoforms, including α-tocopherol. Besides, γ-tocotrienol abated HDM-induced elevation of BAL fluid cytokine and chemokine levels, total reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage biomarker levels, and of serum IgE levels, but it promoted lung-endogenous antioxidant activities. Mechanistically, γ-tocotrienol was found to block nuclear NF-κB level and enhance nuclear Nrf2 levels in lung lysates to greater extents than did α-tocopherol and prednisolone. More importantly, γ-tocotrienol markedly suppressed methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in experimental asthma. To our knowledge, we have shown for the first time the protective actions of vitamin E isoform γ-tocotrienol in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yong Peh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Wanxing Eugene Ho
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, Singapore 117597; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Chang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
| | - Tze Khee Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Ann Ching Genevieve Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
| | - Albert Y H Lim
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433
| | - Chee Wai Fong
- Davos Life Science Private Limited, Singapore 637795; and
| | - Kok Yong Seng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228; Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, Defence Science Organisation National Laboratories, Singapore 117510
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, Singapore 117597
| | - W S Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456;
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Larkin EK, Gao YT, Gebretsadik T, Hartman TJ, Wu P, Wen W, Yang G, Bai C, Jin M, Roberts LJ, Gross M, Shu XO, Hartert TV. New risk factors for adult-onset incident asthma. A nested case-control study of host antioxidant defense. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:45-53. [PMID: 25408961 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0948oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Host antioxidant defense, consisting of enzymatic antioxidant activity and nonenzymatic antioxidant micronutrients, is implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Studies of antioxidant defense and adult incident asthma have either used measures of antioxidants estimated from questionnaires or not considered enzymatic aspects of host defense. OBJECTIVES We conducted the first study designed and powered to investigate the association of antioxidant defenses on adult incident asthma. METHODS In a nested case-control study, we followed Shanghai women (aged 40-70 years) without prevalent asthma at baseline, over 8 years. Subjects with incident asthma were ascertained prospectively by gold standard testing of symptomatic women and matched to two asymptomatic control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline urinary F2-isoprostanes, plasma concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients (tocopherols, xanthines, carotenes, and lycopene), and antioxidant enzyme activity (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase [PAF-AH] and superoxide dismutase) were measured from samples collected before disease onset. Among 65,372 women, 150 (0.24%) developed asthma. F2-isoprostane levels before asthma onset were not different between cases and control subjects. Doubling of α-tocopherol concentrations and PAF-AH activity was associated with 50 and 37% decreased risk of incident asthma (α-tocopherol: adjusted odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.84; PAF-AH: adjusted odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.93). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, α-tocopherol, within normal reference ranges, and PAF-AH enzymatic activity were associated with decreased asthma development. These modifiable risk factors may be an effective strategy to test for primary asthma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Larkin
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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Cook-Mills J, Hartert T. Reply: Understanding the roles of the vitamin E isoforms α- and γ-tocopherol in allergic airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:842-3. [PMID: 25271754 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1323le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Cook-Mills
- 1 Northwestern University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
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G Wagner J, R Harkema J, Jiang Q, Hernandez M, B Peden D. Two faces of vitamin e in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:841-2. [PMID: 25271753 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1194le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hanson C, Lyden E, Furtado J, Campos H, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Litonjua AA. Serum tocopherol levels and vitamin E intake are associated with lung function in the normative aging study. Clin Nutr 2015; 35:169-174. [PMID: 25715694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The results of studies assessing relationships between vitamin E intake and status and lung function are conflicting. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E intake and serum levels of tocopherol isoforms on lung function in a cross-sectional sample of 580 men from the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal aging study. METHODS Regression models were used to look at associations of serum tocopherol isoform levels and vitamin E intake with lung function parameters after adjustment for confounders. Vitamin E intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire and serum levels of γ, α, and δ-tocopherol levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, serum γ-tocopherol had a significant inverse association with forced vital capacity (β = -0.10, p = 0.05). Alpha and δ-tocopherol were not associated with any lung function parameter. After classifying COPD status according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage criteria, serum levels of δ-tocopherol were lower in participants with more severe COPD (p = 0.01). Serum levels of δ-tocopherol were also lower in participants with greater levels of smoking (p = 0.02). Both vitamin E intake (β = 0.03, p = 0.02; β = 0.03, p = 0.01) and use of vitamin E supplements (β = 0.05, p = 0.03; β = 0.06. p = 0.02) were positively associated with FEV1 and FVC, after adjusting for confounders. Subjects who took vitamin E supplements had significantly higher α-tocopherol levels (p < 0.0001) and lower γ-tocopherol levels (p < 0.0001) than non-users. CONCLUSION In this study, there is a positive association between dietary vitamin E intake and lung function, and evidence of an inverse relationship between serum levels of γ-tocopherol and lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Hanson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, School of Allied Health Professions, Medical Nutrition Education, 984045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4045, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Lyden
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4375, USA
| | - Jeremy Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hannia Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Sparrow
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Channing Laboratory and Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Hosseini M, Naghan PA, Jafari AM, Yousefifard M, Taslimi S, Khodadad K, Mohammadi F, Sadr M, Rezaei M, Mortaz E, Masjedi MR. Nutrition and lung cancer: a case control study in Iran. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:860. [PMID: 25416035 PMCID: PMC4247167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many prospective and retrospective studies about the association of dietary habit and lung cancer, the topic still remains controversial. So, this study aims to investigate the association of lung cancer with dietary factors. METHOD In this study 242 lung cancer patients and their 484 matched controls on age, sex, and place of residence were enrolled between October 2002 to 2005. Trained physicians interviewed all participants with standardized questionnaires. The middle and upper third consumer groups were compared to the lower third according to the distribution in controls unless the linear trend was significant across exposure groups. RESULT Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association with lung cancer. In a multivariate analysis fruit (Ptrend < 0.0001), vegetable (P = 0.001) and sunflower oil (P = 0.006) remained as protective factors and rice (P = 0.008), bread (Ptrend = 0.04), liver (P = 0.004), butter (Ptrend = 0.04), white cheese (Ptrend < 0.0001), beef (Ptrend = 0.005), vegetable ghee (P < 0.0001) and, animal ghee (P = 0.015) remained as risk factors of lung cancer. Generally, we found positive trend between consumption of beef (P = 0.002), bread (P < 0.0001), and dairy products (P < 0.0001) with lung cancer. In contrast, only fruits were inversely related to lung cancer (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION It seems that vegetables, fruits, and sunflower oil could be protective factors and bread, rice, beef, liver, dairy products, vegetable ghee, and animal ghee found to be possible risk factors for the development of lung cancer in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parisa Adimi Naghan
- Lung Transplantation Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Bahonar Ave, Darabad, Tehran 1955841452, Iran.
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60
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Allan KM, Prabhu N, Craig LCA, McNeill G, Kirby B, McLay J, Helms PJ, Ayres JG, Seaton A, Turner SW, Devereux G. Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:1027-36. [PMID: 25359350 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Are maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy associated with asthma in 10-year-old children? In a longitudinal study of 1924 children born to women recruited during pregnancy, maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy was assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and vitamin E by FFQ and plasma α-tocopherol; respiratory questionnaires were completed for the 10-year-old children. Their treatment for asthma was also ascertained using administrative data. Longitudinal analyses included data collected at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years. Symptom data were available for 934 (49%) children and use of asthma medication for 1748 (91%). In the children maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy was negatively associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma at 10 years of age (OR per intake quintile 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.99) and over the first 10 years (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.00). Maternal plasma α-tocopherol at 11 weeks gestation was negatively associated with children receiving asthma treatment (OR per standard deviation increase 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.87). Maternal vitamin E intake was negatively associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.99) in the first 10 years. Low maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of children developing asthma in the first 10 years of life. These associations may have significant public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Allan
- Dept of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nanda Prabhu
- Dept of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Leone C A Craig
- Public Health Nutrition Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Bradley Kirby
- Dept of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - James McLay
- Dept of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peter J Helms
- Dept of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jon G Ayres
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anthony Seaton
- Dept of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S, Soveg FW, Cook-Mills JM. α-Tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice inhibits development of CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells in utero and allergic inflammation in neonates. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L482-96. [PMID: 25015974 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00132.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Tocopherol blocks responses to allergen challenge in allergic adult mice, but it is not known whether α-tocopherol regulates the development of allergic disease. Development of allergic disease often occurs early in life. In clinical studies and animal models, offspring of allergic mothers have increased responsiveness to allergen challenge. Therefore, we determined whether α-tocopherol blocked development of allergic responses in offspring of allergic female mice. Allergic female mice were supplemented with α-tocopherol starting at mating. The pups from allergic mothers developed allergic lung responses, whereas pups from saline-treated mothers did not respond to the allergen challenge, and α-tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in eosinophils in the pup bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs after allergen challenge. There was also a reduction in pup lung CD11b(+) dendritic cell subsets that are critical to development of allergic responses, but there was no change in several CD11b(-) dendritic cell subsets. Furthermore, maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol reduced the number of fetal liver CD11b(+) dendritic cells in utero. In the pups, there was reduced allergen-induced lung mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-33, TSLP, CCL11, and CCL24. Cross-fostering pups at the time of birth demonstrated that α-tocopherol had a regulatory function in utero. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol reduced fetal development of subsets of dendritic cells that are critical for allergic responses and reduced development of allergic responses in pups from allergic mothers. These results have implications for supplementation of allergic mothers with α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frank W Soveg
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Moreno-Macias H, Romieu I. Effects of antioxidant supplements and nutrients on patients with asthma and allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1237-44; quiz 1245. [PMID: 24766873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases have become a worldwide public health concern because of their increased prevalence. Despite decades of research on risk factors, the causes of these disorders are poorly understood. They are thought to develop through complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Because pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress increase inflammatory responses relevant to asthma and allergy, dietary or vitamin supplementation with antioxidants (a broad and varied category) has been proposed as an approach to reducing asthma incidence or morbidity. Meta-analyses of observational epidemiologic studies of variable methodological quality suggest associations of relatively low dietary intake of antioxidants and higher asthma and allergy prevalence. However, there have been few longitudinal studies of maternal or child dietary or vitamin/supplement antioxidant intake and asthma/allergy development. Moreover, there are no clinical trial data to support the use of dietary antioxidants or supplements to prevent asthma or allergy. A few small clinical trials suggest that specific antioxidants from diet or vitamin supplements might improve asthma control or lung function in asthmatic children or adults. Studies suggest that responses to antioxidants might be modified by life stage, genetic susceptibility, and environmental sources of oxidative stress. Large trials of antioxidant vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer suggest an increase in overall mortality with antioxidant vitamin supplementation, at least in populations with sufficient dietary antioxidant intake. This cautionary experience suggests that future trials to assess whether antioxidants reduce asthma incidence or improve asthma control should focus on supplementation of dietary sources of antioxidants. The potential benefits and risks of trials of vitamin supplements might be considered in special situations in which vulnerable populations have marked deficiency in dietary antioxidants, poor access to dietary antioxidants, and high exposure to environmental sources of oxidants.
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Marchese ME, Kumar R, Colangelo LA, Avila PC, Jacobs DR, Gross M, Sood A, Liu K, Cook-Mills JM. The vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite associations with spirometric parameters: the CARDIA study. Respir Res 2014; 15:31. [PMID: 24629024 PMCID: PMC4003816 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies of the associations of vitamin E with lung function have reported conflicting results. However, these reports primarily examine the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E and have not included the isoform γ-tocopherol which we recently demonstrated in vitro opposes the function of α-tocopherol. We previously demonstrated, in vitro and in animal studies, that the vitamin E isoform α-tocopherol protects, but the isoform γ-tocopherol promotes lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Methods To translate these findings to humans, we conducted analysis of 4526 adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) multi-center cohort with available spirometry and tocopherol data in blacks and whites. Spirometry was obtained at years 0, 5, 10, and 20 and serum tocopherol was from years 0, 7 and 15 of CARDIA. Results In cross-sectional regression analysis at year 0, higher γ-tocopherol associated with lower FEV1 (p = 0.03 in blacks and p = 0.01 in all participants) and FVC (p = 0.01 in blacks, p = 0.05 in whites, and p = 0.005 in all participants), whereas higher α-tocopherol associated with higher FVC (p = 0.04 in blacks and whites and p = 0.01 in all participants). In the lowest quartile of α-tocopherol, higher γ-tocopherol associated with a lower FEV1 (p = 0.05 in blacks and p = 0.02 in all participants). In contrast, in the lowest quartile of γ-tocopherol, higher α-tocopherol associated with a higher FEV1 (p = 0.03) in blacks. Serum γ-tocopherol >10 μM was associated with a 175–545 ml lower FEV1 and FVC at ages 21–55 years. Conclusion Increasing serum concentrations of γ-tocopherol were associated with lower FEV1 or FVC, whereas increasing serum concentrations of α-tocopherol was associated with higher FEV1 or FVC. Based on the prevalence of serum γ-tocopherol >10 μM in adults in CARDIA and the adult U.S. population in the 2011 census, we expect that the lower FEV1 and FVC at these concentrations of serum γ-tocopherol occur in up to 4.5 million adults in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw M304, 240 E, Huron, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S, Cook-Mills JM. Vitamin E isoforms as modulators of lung inflammation. Nutrients 2013; 5:4347-63. [PMID: 24184873 PMCID: PMC3847734 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases are complex conditions caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Clinical studies suggest a number of protective dietary factors for asthma, including vitamin E. However, studies of vitamin E in allergy commonly result in seemingly conflicting outcomes. Recent work indicates that allergic inflammation is inhibited by supplementation with the purified natural vitamin E isoform α-tocopherol but elevated by the isoform γ-tocopherol when administered at physiological tissue concentrations. In this review, we discuss opposing regulatory effects of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol on allergic lung inflammation in clinical trials and in animal studies. A better understanding of the differential regulation of inflammation by isoforms of vitamin E provides a basis towards the design of clinical studies and diets that would effectively modulate inflammatory pathways in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw-M304, 240 E. Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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