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Bekele A, Gebreselassie N, Ashenafi S, Kassa E, Aseffa G, Amogne W, Getachew M, Aseffa A, Worku A, Raqib R, Agerberth B, Hammar U, Bergman P, Aderaye G, Andersson J, Brighenti S. Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D 3 and phenylbutyrate supports clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia. J Intern Med 2018; 284:292-306. [PMID: 29696707 PMCID: PMC6202271 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunotherapy using vitamin D (vitD3 ) and phenylbutyrate (PBA) may support standard drug regimens used to treat infectious diseases. We investigated if vitD3 + PBA enhanced clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients with smear-positive or smear-negative TB received daily oral supplementation with 5000 IU vitD3 and 2 × 500 mg PBA or placebo for 16 weeks, together with 6-month chemotherapy. Primary end-point: reduction of a clinical composite TB score at week 8 compared with baseline using modified intention-to-treat (mITT, n = 348) and per-protocol (n = 296) analyses. Secondary end-points: primary and modified TB scores (week 0, 4, 8, 16, 24), sputum conversion, radiological findings and plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations. RESULTS Most subjects had low baseline plasma 25(OH)D3 levels that increased gradually in the vitD3 + PBA group compared with placebo (P < 0.0001) from week 0 to 16 (mean 34.7 vs. 127.4 nmol L-1 ). In the adjusted mITT analysis, the primary TB score was significantly reduced in the intervention group at week 8 (-0.52, 95% CI -0.93, -0.10; P = 0.015) while the modified TB score was reduced at week 8 (-0.58, 95% CI -1.02, -0.14; P = 0.01) and 16 (-0.34, 95% CI -0.64, -0.03; P = 0.03). VitD3 + PBA had no effect on longitudinal sputum-smear conversion (P = 0.98). Clinical adverse events were more common in the placebo group (24.3%) compared with the vitD3 + PBA group (12.6%). CONCLUSION Daily supplementation with vitD3 + PBA may ameliorate clinical TB symptoms and disease-specific complications, while the intervention had no effect on bacterial clearance in sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bekele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - N Gebreselassie
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S Ashenafi
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Kassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Aseffa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - W Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Getachew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Worku
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B Agerberth
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Hammar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bergman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J Andersson
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dobler CC, Batbayar O, Wright CM. Practical challenges and solutions to TB control in a lower-middle-income country: experiences from Mongolia. Breathe (Sheff) 2018; 14:180-183. [PMID: 30186514 PMCID: PMC6118884 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges of tuberculosis (TB) control vary significantly between countries with a low and high incidence of TB. A major focus of TB control efforts in countries with a low incidence of TB is on treatment of latent TB infection in high-risk groups [1] including contacts of patients with active TB [2], patients with medical conditions that increase the risk of TB reactivation [3–5] and migrants from settings with a high incidence of TB [6, 7]. Operational research, community initiatives and NGOs play an important role in improving TB care in low- and middle-income countrieshttp://ow.ly/wpjO30kA3fu
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Dobler
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Cameron M Wright
- Health Systems and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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53
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Abstract
SNP in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is associated with risk of lower respiratory infections. The influence of genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway resulting in susceptibility to upper respiratory infections (URI) has not been investigated. We evaluated the influence of thirty-three SNP in eleven vitamin D pathway genes (DBP, DHCR7, RXRA, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP3A4, CYP27A1, LRP2, CUBN and VDR) resulting in URI risk in 725 adults in London, UK, using an additive model with adjustment for potential confounders and correction for multiple comparisons. Significant associations in this cohort were investigated in a validation cohort of 737 children in Manchester, UK. In all, three SNP in VDR (rs4334089, rs11568820 and rs7970314) and one SNP in CYP3A4 (rs2740574) were associated with risk of URI in the discovery cohort after adjusting for potential confounders and correcting for multiple comparisons (adjusted incidence rate ratio per additional minor allele ≥1·15, P for trend ≤0·030). This association was replicated for rs4334089 in the validation cohort (P for trend=0·048) but not for rs11568820, rs7970314 or rs2740574. Carriage of the minor allele of the rs4334089 SNP in VDR was associated with increased susceptibility to URI in children and adult cohorts in the United Kingdom.
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54
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Radloff J, Heyckendorf J, van der Merwe L, Sanchez Carballo P, Reiling N, Richter E, Lange C, Kalsdorf B. Mycobacterium Growth Inhibition Assay of Human Alveolar Macrophages as a Correlate of Immune Protection Following Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1708. [PMID: 30087678 PMCID: PMC6066571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to eliminate tuberculosis (TB), an effective vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A key obstacle for the development of novel TB vaccines is the lack of surrogate markers for immune protection against M. tuberculosis. Methods We investigated growth rates of M. tuberculosis in the mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) as a marker for mycobacterial growth control of human bronchoalveolar lavage (BALC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) of healthy adult volunteers. Results Vaccination induced a positive response (p < 0.001) to purified protein derivate (PPD) in 58.8% of the individuals in an interferon-γ release assay-ELISpot. Intraindividual evaluation of the MGIA growth rates before and after M. bovis BCG-vaccination revealed no significant difference in time to culture positivity before and after vaccination in BALC (p = 0.604) and PBMC (p = 0.199). The magnitude of the PPD-response induced by M. bovis BCG-vaccination did not correlate with growth control in BALC and PBMC (correlation = 0.468, 95% CI: −0.016 to 0.775). Conclusion In conclusion, M. bovis BCG-vaccination-induced mycobacterial-specific cytokine immune response does not result in functional immune control against M. tuberculosis in the MGIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Radloff
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Patricia Sanchez Carballo
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Elvira Richter
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kalsdorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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55
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Afzal A, Rathore R, Butt NF, Randhawa FA. Efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation in achieving an early Sputum Conversion in Smear positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:849-854. [PMID: 30190740 PMCID: PMC6115594 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.344.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation in achieving an early sputum conversion in vitamin D deficient smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done at Mayo hospital Lahore from November 2015 to August 2016. One hundred twenty patients with sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis were selected and randomized to Group-A (taking anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) only) and Group-B (taking ATT with Vitamin D supplementation). Four doses of100,000 IU of Vitamin D injection intramuscularly were given after every 14 days during intensive-phase. Sputum examination was repeated at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. Efficacy of treatment in terms of early sputum conversion between both groups was tested using Chi square and independent sample t-test was applied to compare mean values of serum vitamin D before and after treatment. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 37.18±6.81 years in Group-A and 39.02±7.56 years in Group-B. There were 63 (52.50%) males and 57 (47.50%) females. The mean serum Vitamin D was 17.07±1.44 in Group-A and 17.23±2.37 in Group-B at baseline and at 12th week, the levels were 21.77±2.23 in Group-A and 29.24±0.72 in Group-B. In Group-A, 7 (11.7%) patients showed positive sputum examination and in Group-B, only one (1.7%) patient had positive sputum examination at 12th week. The difference was statistically significant (p-value= 0.028). Conclusion: Four doses of intramuscular vitamin D given after every 14 days corrected vitamin D deficiency and improved the rate of sputum smear conversion in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbab Afzal
- Arbab Afzal, MD. Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Rathore
- Rabia Rathore, FCPS. Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Farooq Butt
- Nasir Farooq But, FCPS. Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ahmad Randhawa
- Fawad Ahmad Randhawa, FCPS. Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
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56
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Wu HX, Xiong XF, Zhu M, Wei J, Zhuo KQ, Cheng DY. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the outcomes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:108. [PMID: 29954353 PMCID: PMC6025740 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is involved in the host immune response toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on sputum conversion, clinical response to treatment, adverse events, and mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains controversial. We aimed to clarify the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in PTB treatment. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science for double-blind, randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation in patients with PTB that reported sputum conversion, clinical response to treatment, adverse events, or mortality, published from database inception to November 26, 2017. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018081236. RESULTS A total of 1787 patients with active PTB receiving vitamin D supplementation along with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen were included in the eight trials with different doses of vitamin D ranging from 1000 IU/day to 600,000 IU/month at different intervals. Primary analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation increased the proportion of sputum smear and culture conversions (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.05~ 1.39, z = 2.69, P = 0.007; OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.04~ 1.43, z = 2.41, P = 0.02), but did not improve the time to sputum smear and culture conversions (HR 1.07, 95%CI 0.83~ 1.37, z = 0.50, P = 0.62; HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.76~ 1.23, z = 0.29, P = 0.77). In the secondary analysis, vitamin D improved serum 25(OH)D, plasma calcium concentration, lymphocyte count, and chest radiograph (MD 103.36, 95%CI 84.20~ 122.53, z = 10.57, P < 0.00001; SMD 0.26, 95%CI 0.15~ 0.37, z = 4.61, P < 0.00001; MD 0.09, 95%CI 0.03~ 0.14, z = 2.94, P = 0.003); MD -0.33, 95% CI -0.57~ - 0.08 z = 2.57, P = 0.01), but had no impact on adverse events, mortality and other indicators(TB score, BMI, mean mid-upper arm circumference, weight gain, CRP, ESR, and other blood cells) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation can be considered as a combination therapy in patients with PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xia Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xiao-feng Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai-quan Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suining Municipal Hospital of TCM, Suining, China
| | - De-yun Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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57
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has troubled mankind for millennia, but current treatment strategies are long and complicated and the disease remains a major global health problem. The risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or progression of active TB disease is elevated in individuals with vitamin D deficiency. High-dose vitamin D was used to treat TB in the preantibiotic era, and in vitro experimental data show that vitamin D supports innate immune responses that restrict growth of Mtb. Several randomized controlled trials have tested whether adjunctive vitamin D supplementation enhances the clinical and microbiological response to standard antimicrobial chemotherapy for pulmonary TB. The effects have been modest at best, and attention is turning to the question of whether vitamin D supplementation might have a role in preventing acquisition or reactivation of latent Mtb infection. In this article, we describe the effects of vitamin D on host immune responses to Mtb in vitro and in vivo and review the results of clinical trials in the field. We also reflect on the findings of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infections, and discuss how these findings might influence the design of future trials to evaluate the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A R Martineau
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Reduction of respiratory infections in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL-10 and IFNγ levels and cathelicidin expression. Cytokine 2018; 108:239-246. [PMID: 29402723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a molecule that modulates the immune response and shows anti-inflammatory effects that are beneficial for the control of chronic diseases such as asthma. The trial aim was to explore the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of allergic asthmatic patients. METHODS This study was conducted in 86 patients between 18 and 50 years of age who were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups received the treatment recommended by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). One group also received calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), and the other group received a placebo. At baseline and 6 months, skin prick tests were conducted, pharyngeal bacterial cultures were performed, and cathelicidin LL-37 was measured in sputum. Serum levels of IgE, eosinophils, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, and IFNγ were quantified at the beginning and the end of the study. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-10 and IFNγ increased significantly in the group of patients with vitamin D supplementation, while IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 decreased significantly. At the end of the trial, IgE and eosinophil levels significantly decreased but allergen sensitivity did not show any changes from baseline. Respiratory infections were drastically reduced, and this decrease was related to the number of patients who had high serum levels of IL-10 and IFNγ and expressed LL-37 in their sputum. CONCLUSION Treatment of asthma patients with vitamin D reduced respiratory infections, and this effect was related to the increase of cathelicidin LL-37.
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Lange C, Chesov D, Heyckendorf J, Leung CC, Udwadia Z, Dheda K. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: An update on disease burden, diagnosis and treatment. Respirology 2018; 23:656-673. [PMID: 29641838 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the leading cause of mortality due to a single microbial pathogen worldwide, represents a growing threat to public health and economic growth. The global burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has recently increased by an annual rate of more than 20%. According to the World Health Organization approximately only half of all patients treated for MDR-TB achieved a successful outcome. For many years, patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) have received standardized treatment regimens, thereby accelerating the development of MDR-TB through drug-specific resistance amplification. Comprehensive drug susceptibility testing (phenotypic and/or genotypic) is necessary to inform physicians about the best drugs to treat individual patients with tailor-made treatment regimens. Phenotypic drug resistance can now often, but with variable sensitivity, be predicted by molecular drug susceptibility testing based on whole genome sequencing, which in the future could become an affordable method for the guidance of treatment decisions, especially in high-burden/resource-limited settings. More recently, MDR-TB treatment outcomes have dramatically improved with the use of bedaquiline-based regimens. Ongoing clinical trials with novel and repurposed drugs will potentially further improve cure-rates, and may substantially decrease the duration of MDR-TB treatment necessary to achieve relapse-free cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dumitru Chesov
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pneumology and Allergology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu", Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Chi C Leung
- Department of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- Department of Pulmonology, Hinduja Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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60
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Abubakar I, Kloprogge F. End of the Road for Adjunctive Vitamin D Therapy for Pulmonary Tuberculosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:544-545. [PMID: 28759259 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1509ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abubakar
- 1 Institute for Global Health University College London London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Kloprogge
- 1 Institute for Global Health University College London London, United Kingdom
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