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Bulens SN, Campbell D, McKay SL, Vlachos N, Burgin A, Burroughs M, Padila J, Grass JE, Jacob JT, Smith G, Muleta DB, Maloney M, Macierowski B, Wilson LE, Vaeth E, Lynfield R, O'Malley S, Snippes Vagnone PM, Dale J, Janelle SJ, Czaja CA, Johnson H, Phipps EC, Flores KG, Dumyati G, Tsay R, Beldavs ZG, Maureen Cassidy P, Hall A, Walters MS, Guh AY, Magill SS, Lutgring JD. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex in the United States - an epidemiological and molecular description of isolates collected through the Emerging Infections Program, 2019. Am J Infect Control 2024:S0196-6553(24)00458-9. [PMID: 38692307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2024.04.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii complex (CRAB) and the patients impacted is an important step towards informing better infection prevention and control practices and improving public health response. METHODS Active, population-based surveillance was conducted for CRAB in 9 U.S. sites from January 1-December 31, 2019. Medical records were reviewed, isolates were collected and characterized including antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Among 136 incident cases in 2019, 66 isolates were collected and characterized; 56.5% were from cases who were male, 54.5% were from persons of Black or African American race with non-Hispanic ethnicity, and the median age was 63.5 years. Most isolates, 77.2%, were isolated from urine, and 50.0% were collected in the outpatient setting; 72.7% of isolates harbored an acquired carbapenemase gene (aCP), predominantly blaOXA-23 or blaOXA-24/40; however, an isolate with blaNDM was identified. The antimicrobial agent with the most in vitro activity was cefiderocol (96.9% of isolates were susceptible). CONCLUSIONS Our surveillance found that CRAB isolates in the U.S. commonly harbor an aCP, have an antimicrobial susceptibility profile that is defined as difficult-to-treat resistance, and epidemiologically are similar regardless of the presence of an aCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Bulens
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Davina Campbell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susannah L McKay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas Vlachos
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alex Burgin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mark Burroughs
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jasmine Padila
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Julian E Grass
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jesse T Jacob
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, GA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gillian Smith
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, GA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | | | | | | | - Lucy E Wilson
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah J Janelle
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO
| | | | - Helen Johnson
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO
| | - Erin C Phipps
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, NM
| | - Kristina G Flores
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, NM
| | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Rebecca Tsay
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | | | - Amanda Hall
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maroya S Walters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alice Y Guh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shelley S Magill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph D Lutgring
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Eberhard A, Mellhammar L. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in patients with suspected sepsis in an acute care setting in Skåne, Sweden: a cohort study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:285-292. [PMID: 38163931 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2299676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological data on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales are most often based on microbiological laboratory isolates and do not consider important clinical data such as infection or colonisation, treatment, and outcome. This study aimed to assess prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales as the cause of infection in patients with suspected sepsis in the emergency department based on clinical data. It also examined the number of patients with suspected sepsis who had ESBL-producing pathogens, comparing estimates that were based on laboratory data versus a combination of laboratory and clinical data. METHODS Patients with suspected sepsis in the emergency department at Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden were included consecutively. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. RESULTS Of the 764 included patients, 223 patients had growth of Enterobacterales in any specimen (i.e. colonisation or infection according to laboratory data), while 191 patients had Enterobacterales detected in the blood or in the suspected focus of infection (i.e. an infection according to clinical and laboratory data). Eighteen patients had ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in any clinical specimen, 11 of whom had an infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, resulting in a prevalence of infections with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in infected patients with suspected sepsis of 1.8%. The number of patients with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales was not significantly different when infection was defined using laboratory data alone versus a combination of laboratory and clinical data [18/223 (8.1%) vs 11/191 (5.8%), p = 0.36]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales infections among patients with suspected sepsis is low in an acute care setting in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Eberhard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Mellhammar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Dávila-López EC, Berumen-Lechuga MG, Molina-Pérez CJ, Jimenez-Juarez RN, Leaños-Miranda A, Robles-Ordoñez N, Peña-Cano MI, Venegas-Esquivel GA. Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Consumption in a Secondary Care Hospital in Mexico. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38391564 PMCID: PMC10886054 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem, due to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The misuse of antimicrobials is the main cause of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to report antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in a secondary care hospital in Mexico. METHODS Within a cross-sectional study, antimicrobial resistance data on ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and antibiotic consumption from 2020 to 2022 were collected. Antimicrobial resistance was reported based on percentages of resistance and consumption was analyzed using the defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed days and the AWaRe (Access, Surveillance, Reservation) antibiotic group. RESULTS Antibiotic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022 was 330, 175 and 175 DDD/100 beds day, respectively. The rate of ceftriaxone resistance in E. coli (n = 526) and K. pneumoniae (n = 80) was 76% and 69%, respectively, the rate of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii (n = 168) and P. aeruginosa (n = 108) was 92% and 52%, respectively; the rate of oxacillin resistance in S. aureus (n = 208) was 27%; and the rate of vancomycin resistance in E. faecium (n = 68) was 47%. CONCLUSION The reported results are congruent with global estimates of antibiotic resistance and consumption, providing an overview that could generate actions for antimicrobial optimization at the local and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Carolina Dávila-López
- Internal Medicine Departament, Hospital General Regional 251, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec 52148, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Berumen-Lechuga
- Medical Research Coordination, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Regional Mexico Poniente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Toluca 50000, Mexico
| | - Carlos José Molina-Pérez
- Clinical Coordination, Hospital General de Zona 252, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Atlacomulco 50454, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Leaños-Miranda
- Medical Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, UMAE Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia 4 "Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 01090, Mexico
| | - Natali Robles-Ordoñez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital para el Niño, Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de Mexico, Toluca 50170, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Peña-Cano
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia 221, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Toluca 50150, Mexico
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Dekker JP. Within-Host Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens in Acute and Chronic Infection. Annu Rev Pathol 2024; 19:203-226. [PMID: 37832940 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens undergo remarkable adaptive change in response to the selective forces they encounter during host colonization and infection. Studies performed over the past few decades have demonstrated that many general evolutionary processes can be discerned during the course of host adaptation, including genetic diversification of lineages, clonal succession events, convergent evolution, and balanced fitness trade-offs. In some cases, elevated mutation rates resulting from mismatch repair or proofreading deficiencies accelerate evolution, and active mobile genetic elements or phages may facilitate genome plasticity. The host immune response provides another critical component of the fitness landscapes guiding adaptation, and selection operating on pathogens at this level may lead to immune evasion and the establishment of chronic infection. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, with a special focus on different forms of bacterial genome plasticity in the context of infection, and considers clinical consequences of adaptive changes for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dekker
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Vaja M, Chokshi H, Jansari J, Dixit O, Savaliya S, Patel D, Patel F. Study of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Shigella SPP. in India. Recent Adv Antiinfect Drug Discov 2024; 19:RAAIDD-EPUB-136918. [PMID: 38317464 DOI: 10.2174/0127724344268156231129095108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are essential in reducing illness and mortality brought on by infectious diseases in both humans and animals. However, the therapeutic effect of antibiotics has diminished due to an increase in antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR). This article provides a retrospective analysis of AMR in Shigella infections in India, showing a rise in resistance that has contributed to a global burden. Shigella spp.are widespread and the second-leading cause of diarrheal death in people of all ages. The frequency and mortality rates of Shigella infections are decreased by antibiotic treatment. However, the growth of broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance is making it more difficult to treat many illnesses. Reduced cell permeability, efflux pumps, and the presence of enzymes that break down antibiotics are the causes of resistance. AMR is a multifaceted and cross-sectoral problem that affects humans, animals, food, and the environment. As a result, there is a growing need for new therapeutic approaches, and ongoing surveillance of Shigella spp. infections which should definitely be improved for disease prevention and management. This review emphasizes on the epidemiological data of India, and antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulikkumar Vaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Heenaben Chokshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Janak Jansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Om Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Shubham Savaliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Deepak Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
| | - Fenil Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Hotel Anjali Inn, Dhanap, India
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Roth S, Linxweiler M, Rehner J, Schmartz GP, Becker SL, Kühn JP. Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30. [PMID: 38146955 PMCID: PMC10756363 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.230385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe detection of the previously rarely reported gram-positive bacterium Auritidibacter ignavus in 3 cases of chronic ear infections in Germany. In all 3 cases, the patients had refractory otorrhea. Although their additional symptoms varied, all patients had an ear canal stenosis and A. ignavus detected in microbiologic swab specimens. A correct identification of A. ignavus in the clinical microbiology laboratory is hampered by the inability to identify it by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Also, the bacterium might easily be overlooked because of its morphologic similarity to bacterial species of the resident skin flora. We conclude that a high index of suspicion is warranted to identify A. ignavus and that it should be particularly considered in patients with chronic external otitis who do not respond clinically to quinolone ear drop therapy.
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Zhao S, Geng Y, Shi J, Qian J, Yang Y, Dai D, Yan Z, Qi W, Yu D, Zhao X. Chinese herbal compound for multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis with association rule mining to identify core herb combinations. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1282538. [PMID: 38174222 PMCID: PMC10761442 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pneumonia poses a significant therapeutic challenge. In China, Chinese herbal compound (CHC) is commonly used to treat bacterial pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHC and identify core herb combinations for the treatment of multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia. Methods: Stata 16 and TSA 0.9.5.10 beta software were used for meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA), respectively. Exploring the sources of heterogeneity through meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Results: Thirty-eight studies involving 2890 patients were included in the analyses. Meta-analysis indicated that CHC combined with antibiotics improved the response rate (RR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.19-1.28; p < 0.0001) and microbiological eradication (RR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.27-1.57; p < 0.0001), lowered the white blood cell count (MD = -2.09; 95% CI: -2.65 to -1.53; p < 0.0001), procalcitonin levels (MD = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.40; p < 0.0001), C-reactive protein levels (MD = -11.80; 95% CI: -15.22 to -8.39; p < 0.0001), Clinical Pulmonary Infection Scores (CPIS) (MD = -1.97; 95% CI: -2.68 to -1.26; p < 0.0001), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-II score (MD = -4.08; 95% CI: -5.16 to -3.00; p < 0.0001), shortened the length of hospitalization (MD = -4.79; 95% CI: -6.18 to -3.40; p < 0.0001), and reduced the number of adverse events. TSA indicated that the response rate and microbiological eradication results were robust. Moreover, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Fritillaria thunbergii Miq, Lonicera japonica Thunb, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch were identified as core CHC prescription herbs. Conclusion: Compared with antibiotic treatment, CHC + antibiotic treatment was superior in improving response rate, microbiological eradication, inflammatory response, CPIS, and APACHE-II score and shortening the length of hospitalization. Association rule analysis identified four core herbs as promising candidates for treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial pneumonia. However, large-scale clinical studies are still required. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023410587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Zhao
- Guang'Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Geng
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaheng Shi
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yebeilei Yang
- Guang'Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zimin Yan
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Qi
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daxing Yu
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jarzynka S, Makarewicz O, Weiss D, Minkiewicz-Zochniak A, Iwańska A, Skorupa W, Padzik M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Olędzka G. The Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients-A Single Polish Centre Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:1440. [PMID: 38133323 PMCID: PMC10748198 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the most predominant pathogens of lung infections, often causing exacerbations in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbiological characterization of 74 PA isolates and to evaluate the correlations between the bacterial features and 44 adult Polish CF cohort clinical parameters. RESULTS The most common variant in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was F508del (76.3%), followed by 3849+10kbC>T (26.3%). A total of 39.4% of the PA isolates showed multiple resistances. In patients with parameters pointing to a decline in lung function, there was a statistically significant moderate correlation with β-lactam resistance and a weak correlation between hospital frequency and colistin resistance. The mucoidity did not correlate with the biofilm formation ability, which showed 41.9% of the isolates. Proteolytic activity, observed in 60.8% of the clinical isolates, was weakly associated with motility detected in 78.4% of the strains. The genetic profiles of the PA were highly heterogeneous, and a weak positive correlation was established between cluster group and biofilm formation. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that there is a high variety in P. aeruginosa populations in adult CF patients. There is a need to monitor PA strains in groups of patients with cystic fibrosis, in particular, in terms of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance related to a decline in lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jarzynka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.-Z.); (M.P.); (G.O.)
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (O.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (O.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.-Z.); (M.P.); (G.O.)
| | - Agnieszka Iwańska
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.I.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Wojciech Skorupa
- First Department of Lung Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Padzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.-Z.); (M.P.); (G.O.)
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.I.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.-Z.); (M.P.); (G.O.)
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Xiong Z, Zhang C, Sarbandi K, Liang Z, Mai J, Liang B, Cai H, Chen X, Gao F, Lan F, Liu X, Liu S, Zhou Z. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in pediatric inpatients in South China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0283923. [PMID: 37819092 PMCID: PMC10714942 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02839-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study assessed the clinical and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in pediatric inpatients at three hospitals in South China by means of screening stool samples for carbapenem-resistant genes and a nested case-control study to determine risk factors for carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Of 4,033 fecal samples screened, 158 (3.92%) were positive for CRE, including Escherichia coli (51.27 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.97%), and Enterobacter cloacae (6.96%). The most common carbapenemase genes harbored by gastrointestinal CRE strains were blaNDM-5, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP-4. Hematological malignancies, respiratory diseases, otolaryngological diseases, nervous system diseases, oral administration of third-generation cephalosporins, and the combined use of two or more antibiotics were independently associated with CRE colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhile Xiong
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt – Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chao Zhang
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kurosh Sarbandi
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt – Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuwei Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialiang Mai
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiantang Chen
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangjun Lan
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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10
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Freitas FTDM, da Costa MSC, da Costa KHR, Alves EG. Antimicrobial resistance and epidemic clustering of late-onset neonatal infections in a Brazilian intensive care unit. J Trop Pediatr 2023; 70:fmad045. [PMID: 38085999 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) tend to cluster and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are rising in developing countries. We did a retrospective cohort study of neonates admitted to a NICU in Brazil with late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) confirmed by blood culture from October 2012 to December 2016 and from July 2018 to December 2021. We defined a cluster of infection when at least two cases of LOS occurred within two different time intervals: 15 and 30 days with the same pathogen in different patients. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed from samples from one of these clusters. A logistic regression model was applied having death as the outcome and the infection with an MDR pathogen as the exposure of interest. There were 987 blood cultures from 754 neonates, 621 (63%) were gram-positive cocci, 264 (30%) were gram-negative rods and 72 (7%) fungi. A third of Enterobacterales were resistant to cefepime and a third of non-fermenting glucose rods were resistant to carbapenems. There were 100 or 104 clusters of infection in the 15- or 30-day interval, respectively. A RAPD analysis from an outbreak of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii showed that all five samples belonged to a single clone. An infection with an MDR pathogen was associated with death (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03-3.21). In conclusion, clusters of infections in a Brazilian NICU are a frequent phenomenon as seen elsewhere. They suggest cross-transmission of pathogens with increasing antimicrobial resistance and should prompt intensified surveillance and infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Teixeira de Mello Freitas
- Hospital Materno Infantil de Brasilia, Brasilia 70203-900, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa, Brasilia 70710-907, Brazil
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Vázquez X, García-Fierro R, Fernández J, Bances M, Herrero-Fresno A, Olsen JE, Rodicio R, Ladero V, García V, Rodicio MR. Incidence and Genomic Background of Antibiotic Resistance in Food-Borne and Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Derby from Spain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1204. [PMID: 37508300 PMCID: PMC10376468 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Derby (S. Derby) ranks fifth among nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars causing human infections in the European Union. S. Derby isolates (36) collected between 2006 and 2018 in a Spanish region (Asturias) from human clinical samples (20) as well as from pig carcasses, pork- or pork and beef-derived products, or wild boar (16) were phenotypically characterized with regard to resistance, and 22 (12 derived from humans and 10 from food-related samples) were also subjected to whole genome sequence analysis. The sequenced isolates belonged to ST40, a common S. Derby sequence type, and were positive for SPI-23, a Salmonella pathogenicity island involved in adherence and invasion of the porcine jejune enterocytes. Isolates were either susceptible (30.6%), or resistant to one or more of the 19 antibiotics tested for (69.4%). Resistances to tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B) and tet(C)], streptomycin (aadA2), sulfonamides (sul1), nalidixic acid [gyrA (Asp87 to Asn)] and ampicillin (blaTEM-1-like) were detected, with frequencies ranging from 8.3% to 66.7%, and were higher in clinical than in food-borne isolates. The fosA7.3 gene was present in all sequenced isolates. The most common phenotype was that conferred by the tet(A), aadA2 and sul1 genes, located within identical or closely related variants of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), where mercury resistance genes were also present. Diverse IncI1-I(α) plasmids belonging to distinct STs provided antibiotic [blaTEM-1, tet(A) and/or tet(B)] and heavy metal resistance genes (copper and silver), while small pSC101-like plasmids carried tet(C). Regardless of their location, most resistance genes were associated with genetic elements involved in DNA mobility, including a class one integron, multiple insertion sequences and several intact or truncated transposons. By phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were distributed into two distinct clades, both including food-borne and clinical isolates. One of these clades included all SGI1-like positive isolates, which were found in both kinds of samples throughout the entire period of study. Although the frequency of S. Derby in Asturias was very low (0.5% and 3.1% of the total clinical and food isolates of S. enterica recovered along the period of study), it still represents a burden to human health linked to transmission across the food chain. The information generated in the present study can support further epidemiological surveillance aimed to control this zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo (UO), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Fierro
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo (UO), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, 30627 Madrid, Spain
- Research & Innovation, Artificial Intelligence and Statistical Department, Pragmatech AI Solutions, 33001 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Margarita Bances
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rosaura Rodicio
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo (UO), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Víctor Ladero
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (IAPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanesa García
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Rosario Rodicio
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo (UO), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Hong YP, Chen YT, Wang YW, Chen BH, Teng RH, Chen YS, Chiou CS. Integrative and Conjugative Element-Mediated Azithromycin Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Albany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 65:AAC.02634-20. [PMID: 33685895 PMCID: PMC8092877 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02634-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified an erm42-carrying integrative and conjugative element, ICE_erm42, in 26.4% of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Albany isolates recovered from human salmonellosis between 2014 and 2019 in Taiwan. ICE_erm42-carrying strains displayed high-level resistance to azithromycin and the element could move into the phylogenetically distant Vibrio cholerae via conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hong
- Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Bo-Han Chen
- Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
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Crump JA, Nyirenda TS, Kalonji LM, Phoba MF, Tack B, Platts-Mills JA, Gordon MA, Kariuki SM. Nontyphoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: Challenges and Solutions. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S32-S37. [PMID: 37274526 PMCID: PMC10236517 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella are a leading cause of community-onset bacteremia and other serious infections in sub-Saharan African countries where large studies indicate that they are an uncommon cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Approximately 535 000 nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease illnesses and 77 500 deaths were estimated to occur in 2017; 422 000 (78.9%) illnesses and 66 500 (85.9%) deaths in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 313 and lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ST11 dominate as causes of invasive disease. A major reservoir for these specific strains outside of humans has not been identified to date. Human fecal shedding of such strains is common in areas where nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease incidence is high. The case-fatality ratio of nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease is approximately 15%. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to avert fatal outcomes. Antimicrobial resistance, including multiple drug resistance, decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, is increasing in prevalence and is likely to further compromise patient outcomes. Naturally acquired immunity against invasive disease develops in children aged >3 years in endemic areas, likely mediated in part by the sequential acquisition of T-cell immunity, followed by antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Vaccines in preclinical or clinical development include live-attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, nontyphoidal S. enterica core and O-polysaccharide glycoconjugates, multiple antigen-presenting system complexes, and generalized modules for membrane antigens vaccines. The latter are in phase I trials in Europe and Africa. Both vaccine use, and other effective, evidence-based nonvaccine interventions, are needed to prevent and control nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Crump
- Correspondence: John A. Crump, MB ChB, MD, DTM&H, Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Global Health, Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand (). Samuel M. Kariuki, BVM, MSc, PhD, Professor, Director of Research and Development and Acting Director, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Nairobi, Kenya ()
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lisette Mbuyi Kalonji
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Kariuki
- Correspondence: John A. Crump, MB ChB, MD, DTM&H, Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Global Health, Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand (). Samuel M. Kariuki, BVM, MSc, PhD, Professor, Director of Research and Development and Acting Director, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Nairobi, Kenya ()
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14
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Citron LE, Cain CL, Dietrich J, Cole SD. Genomic and clinical case characterisation of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from dogs and cats in the United States, including strains with high-level mupirocin tolerance. Vet Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36908239 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a coagulase-negative commensal organism of both people and companion animals. It has pathogenic potential and when cultured is often meticillin- and multidrug-resistant. OBJECTIVES To characterise the clinical features of dogs and cats with clinical skin disease that had positive S. haemolyticus skin cultures, and to employ whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify resistance genes and characterise the genetic relatedness of strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolates were identified by the institutional clinical microbiology laboratory by routine aerobic culture and susceptibility from seven veterinary hospitals across the United States. Then, WGS and analysis of each isolate were performed and clinical data collected via a retrospective clinician questionnaire. RESULTS S. haemolyticus was identified from superficial (seven of 12) and deep (five of 12) cutaneous infections in our study. Most animals had received antimicrobials (10 of 12) and/or immunomodulatory drugs (nine of 12) within the six months before culture. WGS analysis revealed a variety of genetic lineages and a wide array of antimicrobial resistance genes. Meticillin resistance was identified in nine of 12 isolates and four of 12 isolates demonstrated mupirocin tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Staphylococcus haemolyticus may be an under-recognised pathogen in companion animals, and its demonstrated potential for multidrug-resistance, meticillin-resistance, and high-level mupirocin tolerance may create a therapeutic challenge. Further studies should evaluate the prior antimicrobial use and immunocompromised status as risk factors for infection with S. haemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Citron
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaclyn Dietrich
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Montrucchio G, Corcione S, Lupia T, Shbaklo N, Olivieri C, Poggioli M, Pagni A, Colombo D, Roasio A, Bosso S, Racca F, Bonato V, Della Corte F, Guido S, Della Selva A, Ravera E, Barzaghi N, Cerrano M, Caironi P, Berta G, Casalini C, Scapino B, Grio M, Parlanti Garbero M, Buono G, Finessi F, Erbetta S, Sciacca PF, Fiore G, Cerutti A, Livigni S, Silengo D, Agostini F, Berardino M, Navarra M, Vendramin S, Castenetto E, Liccardi MM, Manno E, Brazzi L, De Rosa FG. The Burden of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU COVID-19 Patients: A Regional Experience. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175208. [PMID: 36079137 PMCID: PMC9456723 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of superinfections in intensive care units (ICUs) has progressively increased, especially carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-Ab). This observational, multicenter, retrospective study was designed to investigate the characteristics of COVID-19 ICU patients developing CR-Ab colonization/infection during an ICU stay and evaluate mortality risk factors in a regional ICU network. A total of 913 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the participating ICUs; 19% became positive for CR-Ab, either colonization or infection (n = 176). The ICU mortality rate in CR-Ab patients was 64.7%. On average, patients developed colonization or infection within 10 ± 8.4 days from ICU admission. Scores of SAPS II and SOFA were significantly higher in the deceased patients (43.8 ± 13.5, p = 0.006 and 9.5 ± 3.6, p < 0.001, respectively). The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (12; 7%, p = 0.03), septic shock (61; 35%, p < 0.001), and in elders (66 ± 10, p < 0.001). Among the 176 patients, 129 (73%) had invasive infection with CR-Ab: 105 (60.7%) Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP), and 46 (26.6%) Bloodstream Infections (BSIs). In 22 cases (6.5%), VAP was associated with concomitant BSI. Colonization was reported in 165 patients (93.7%). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with VAP (p = 0.009). Colonized patients who did not develop invasive infections had a higher survival rate (p < 0.001). Being colonized by CR-Ab was associated with a higher risk of developing invasive infections (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, risk factors significantly associated with mortality were age (OR = 1.070; 95% CI (1.028−1.115) p = 0.001) and CR-Ab colonization (OR = 5.463 IC95% 1.572−18.988, p = 0.008). Constant infection-control measures are necessary to stop the spread of A. baumannii in the hospital environment, especially at this time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with active surveillance cultures and the efficient performance of a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Montrucchio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency—Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Division of Geographic Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tommaso Lupia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nour Shbaklo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Olivieri
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Sant’Andrea, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Miriam Poggioli
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Sant’Andrea, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Aline Pagni
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale SS. Trinità—Borgomanero—ASL NO, 28021 Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Davide Colombo
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale SS. Trinità—Borgomanero—ASL NO, 28021 Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Agostino Roasio
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Stefano Bosso
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Racca
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale SS. Arrigo e Biagio, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valeria Bonato
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale SS. Arrigo e Biagio, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Della Corte
- Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont—UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Guido
- Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont—UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Ravera
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, ASL CN2, 12060 Verduno, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Barzaghi
- Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Aree Critiche, SSD Rianimazione, A.S.O.S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Martina Cerrano
- Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Aree Critiche, SSD Rianimazione, A.S.O.S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Pietro Caironi
- S.C.DU Anestesia e Rianimazione, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berta
- S.C.DU Anestesia e Rianimazione, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Casalini
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Ivrea, ASL TO4, 10015 Ivrea, Italy
| | - Bruno Scapino
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Ivrea, ASL TO4, 10015 Ivrea, Italy
| | - Michele Grio
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Rivoli, 10098 Rivoli, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Buono
- S.C. Rianimazione Generale, AO Ordine Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Finessi
- S.C. Rianimazione Generale, AO Ordine Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Erbetta
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Moncalieri-Carmagnola, ASL TO5, 10023 Chieri, Italy
| | | | - Gilberto Fiore
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Moncalieri-Carmagnola, ASL TO5, 10023 Chieri, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cerutti
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Moncalieri-Carmagnola, ASL TO5, 10023 Chieri, Italy
| | - Sergio Livigni
- S.C Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale S. Giovanni Bosco, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Silengo
- S.C Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale S. Giovanni Bosco, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Agostini
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio CTO, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Berardino
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio CTO, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Navarra
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Martini, ASL Città di Torino, 10149 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Vendramin
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Martini, ASL Città di Torino, 10149 Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Castenetto
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Chivasso, ASL TO4, 10034 Chivasso, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Liccardi
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale di Chivasso, ASL TO4, 10034 Chivasso, Italy
| | - Emilpaolo Manno
- S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency—Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Lagrada ML, Argimón S, Borlasa JB, Abad JP, Gayeta JM, Masim ML, Olorosa AM, Cohen V, Jeffrey B, Abudahab K, Sia SB, Hufano CM, Stelling J, Holden MTG, Aanensen DM, Carlos CC. Genomic surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the Philippines during 2013-2014. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:1202-1213. [PMID: 35999186 PMCID: PMC9717386 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella has been observed in the Philippines. We aimed to characterise the population and AMR mechanisms of Salmonella with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and compare it with laboratory surveillance methods. METHODS The serotype, multilocus sequence type, AMR genes and relatedness between isolates were determined from the genomes of 148 Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) and 65 non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) collected by the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program during 2013-2014. Genotypic serotypes and AMR prediction were compared with phenotypic data. RESULTS AMR rates in S. Typhi were low, with sparse acquisition of mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes. By contrast, 75% of NTS isolates were insusceptible to at least one antimicrobial, with more than half carrying mutations and/or genes linked to fluoroquinolone resistance. ESBL genes were detected in five genomes, which also carried other AMR determinants. The population of S. Typhi was dominated by likely endemic genotype 3.0, which caused a putative local outbreak. The main NTS clades were global epidemic S. Enteritidis ST11 and S. Typhimurium monophasic variant (I,4,[5],12: i: -) ST34. CONCLUSION We provide the first genomic characterisation of Salmonella from the Philippines and evidence of WGS utility for ongoing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Argimón
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Janice B Borlasa
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Jaywardeen P Abad
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - June M Gayeta
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Melissa L Masim
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Agnettah M Olorosa
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Victoria Cohen
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Benjamin Jeffrey
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Khalil Abudahab
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Sonia B Sia
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Charmian M Hufano
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - John Stelling
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - David M Aanensen
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Celia C Carlos
- Department of Health, Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Reference Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
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17
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Zhang Y, Rosado-Lugo JD, Datta P, Sun Y, Cao Y, Banerjee A, Yuan Y, Parhi AK. Evaluation of a Conformationally Constrained Indole Carboxamide as a Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 35740123 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa provide intrinsic antimicrobial resistance by facilitating the extrusion of a wide range of antimicrobials. Approaches for combating efflux-mediated multidrug resistance involve, in part, developing indirect antimicrobial agents capable of inhibiting efflux, thus rescuing the activity of antimicrobials previously rendered inactive by efflux. Herein, TXA09155 is presented as a novel efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) formed by conformationally constraining our previously reported EPI TXA01182. TXA09155 demonstrates strong potentiation in combination with multiple antibiotics with efflux liabilities against wild-type and multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa. At 6.25 µg/mL, TXA09155, showed ≥8-fold potentiation of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, cefpirome, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. Several biophysical and genetic studies rule out membrane disruption and support efflux inhibition as the mechanism of action (MOA) of TXA09155. TXA09155 was determined to lower the frequency of resistance (FoR) to levofloxacin and enhance the killing kinetics of moxifloxacin. Most importantly, TXA09155 outperformed the levofloxacin-potentiation activity of EPIs TXA01182 and MC-04,124 against a CDC/FDA panel of MDR clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. TXA09155 possesses favorable physiochemical and ADME properties that warrant its optimization and further development.
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18
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Ymaña B, Luque N, Ruiz J, Pons MJ. Worrying levels of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from cell phones and uniforms of Peruvian intensive care unit workers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:676-678. [PMID: 34993550 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare worker (HCW) uniforms and cell phones are involved in pathogen transmission. This study aimed to characterize pathogenic microorganism isolates from HCW uniforms and cell phones. METHODS Gram-negative microorganisms were recovered from HCW uniforms and cell phones. Antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases were determined. RESULTS Escherichia coli was the most prevalent microorganism. Overall, high levels of resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones, co-trimoxazole and colistin were found. ESBL were mainly related to blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV- genes. Carbapenem-resistant isolates presented as blaKPC or blaNDM. CONCLUSIONS High levels of antimicrobial resistance, including colistin, were detected. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent bacterial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ymaña
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica. Universidad Científica del Sur, 15842-Lima, Perú
| | - Nestor Luque
- Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, 15003-Lima, Perú.,Escuela de Medicina Humana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana Unión, 15464-Lima, Perú
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica. Universidad Científica del Sur, 15842-Lima, Perú
| | - Maria J Pons
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica. Universidad Científica del Sur, 15842-Lima, Perú
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19
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Yuan Y, Rosado-Lugo JD, Zhang Y, Datta P, Sun Y, Cao Y, Banerjee A, Parhi AK. Evaluation of Heterocyclic Carboxamides as Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:30. [PMID: 35052908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rescue the activity of antimicrobials that are no longer effective against bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an attractive strategy to combat antimicrobial drug resistance. Herein, novel efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) demonstrating strong potentiation in combination with levofloxacin against wild-type P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 are presented. A structure activity relationship of aryl substituted heterocyclic carboxamides containing a pentane diamine side chain is described. Out of several classes of fused heterocyclic carboxamides, aryl indole carboxamide compound 6j (TXA01182) at 6.25 µg/mL showed 8-fold potentiation of levofloxacin. TXA01182 was found to have equally synergistic activities with other antimicrobial classes (monobactam, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamide and tetracyclines) against P. aeruginosa. Several biophysical and genetic studies rule out membrane disruption and support efflux inhibition as the mechanism of action (MOA) of TXA01182. TXA01182 was determined to lower the frequency of resistance (FoR) of the partner antimicrobials and enhance the killing kinetics of levofloxacin. Furthermore, TXA01182 demonstrated a synergistic effect with levofloxacin against several multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.
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20
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Silvestri S, Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Trotta M, Fani C, Levorato L, Brachelente C, Passamonti F. Immunofluorescence Targeting PBP2a Protein: A New Potential Methicillin Resistance Screening Test. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740934. [PMID: 34917668 PMCID: PMC8669817 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of first-line drugs contributed to the spread of resistant bacteria, a major concern for both human and veterinary medicine. Methicillin resistance is acquired through the mecA gene, which encodes for the PBP2a protein and lends the resistance to β-lactams. Verifying the correspondence between gene harboring and protein expression and accelerating methicillin resistance diagnosis is critical to improve the management of antimicrobial administration and to reduce the spread of drug resistances. We tested the applicability of immunofluorescence targeting PBP2a protein to identify a new potential methicillin resistance screening test, ancillary to conventional culture methods. We collected 26 clinical Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolates: 25 from canine pyoderma and 1 from dermatitis in a dog owner. SP is one of the most important etiological agents in canine pyoderma and can harbor the mecA gene. We performed PCR for mecA gene detection, broth microdilution (BMD) for phenotypic methicillin resistance, and immunofluorescence targeting PBP2a protein. Compared to the PCR as the gold standard, immunofluorescence showed an apparent prevalence of 34.6% vs. a true prevalence of 53.8%, with 100% specificity, 64.3% sensitivity, and 80.8% diagnostic accuracy. PBP2a expression showed isolate-dependent variability: in some isolates, most of the bacterial cells showed an intense and clearly membranous pattern, while in others only a few of them could be detected. Performing the assay in duplicate improved the diagnostic accuracy. Since the mecA gene is shared among the members of the Staphylococcus genus, the test can be applied to identify methicillin resistance independently from the staphylococcal species, both in human and animal samples. Being a rapid and easy method and providing the unique possibility to study the expression of PBP2a by directly visualizing the morphology, it could represent a new interesting tool for both research and diagnostics. To accelerate methicillin resistance diagnosis, it would be worth further testing of its performance on cytological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lucia Levorato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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21
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Mortrude GC, Rehs MT, Sherman KA, Gundacker ND, Dysart CE. Implementation of Veterans Affairs Primary Care Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions For Asymptomatic Bacteriuria And Acute Respiratory Infections. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab449. [PMID: 34909435 PMCID: PMC8665674 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outpatient antimicrobial prescribing is an important target for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions to decrease antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate the impact of AMS interventions focused on asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in the primary care setting. Methods This stepped-wedge trial evaluated the impact of multifaceted educational interventions to providers on adult patients presenting to primary care clinics for ARIs and ASB. The primary outcome was percentage of overall antibiotic prescriptions as a composite of prescriptions for ASB, acute bronchitis, upper respiratory infection not otherwise specified, uncomplicated sinusitis, and uncomplicated pharyngitis. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary outcome; a composite safety endpoint of related hospital, emergency department, or primary care visits within 4 weeks; antibiotic selection appropriateness; and patient satisfaction surveys. Results A total of 887 patients were included (405 preintervention and 482 postintervention). After controlling for type I error using Bonferroni correction, the primary outcome was not significantly different between groups (56% vs 49%). There was a statistically significant decrease in prescriptions for acute bronchitis (20.99% vs 12.66%; P = .0003). Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for uncomplicated sinusitis (odds ratio [OR], 4.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.79–13.75]; P = .0021) and pharyngitis (OR, 5.36 [95% CI, 1.93–14.90]; P = .0013) was improved in the postintervention vs the preintervention group. The composite safety outcome and patient satisfaction surveys did not differ between groups. Conclusions Multifaceted educational interventions targeting providers can improve antibiotic prescribing for indications rarely requiring antimicrobials without increasing re-visits or patient satisfaction surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Mortrude
- Infectious Diseases Service Pharmacy, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary T Rehs
- Primary Care, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katherine A Sherman
- Research Division, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan D Gundacker
- Infectious Diseases, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire E Dysart
- Infectious Diseases Service Pharmacy, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Saatchi A, Reid JN, Povitz M, Shariff SZ, Silverman M, Morris AM, Reyes RC, Patrick DM, Marra F. Appropriateness of Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Seniors across Two Canadian Provinces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121484. [PMID: 34943696 PMCID: PMC8698544 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed medications in Canada, with over 90% of antibiotics prescribed in outpatient settings. Seniors prescribed antimicrobials are particularly vulnerable to adverse drug events and antimicrobial resistance. The extent of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in outpatient Canadian medical practice, and the potential long-term trends in this practice, are unknown. This study is the first in Canada to examine prescribing quality across two large-scale provincial healthcare systems to compare both quantity and quality of outpatient antibiotic use in seniors. Population-based analyses using administrative health databases were conducted in British Columbia (BC) and Ontario (ON), and all outpatient, oral antimicrobials dispensed to seniors (≥65 years) from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018 were identified. Antimicrobials were linked to an indication using a 3-tiered hierarchy. Tier 1 indications, which always require antibiotics, were given priority, followed by Tier 2 indications that sometimes require antibiotics, then Tier 3, which never require antibiotics. Prescription rates were calculated per 1000 population, and trends were examined overall, by drug class, and by patient demographics. Prescribing remained steady in both provinces, with 11,166,401 prescriptions dispensed overall in BC, and 27,656,014 overall in ON. BC prescribed at slightly elevated rates (range: 790 to 930 per 1000 residents), in comparison to ON (range: 745 to 785 per 1000 residents), throughout the study period. For both provinces, a Tier 3 diagnosis was the most common reason for antibiotic use, accounting for 50% of all indication-associated antibiotic prescribing. Although Tier 3 indications remained the most prescribed-for diagnoses throughout the study period, a declining trend over time is encouraging, with much room for improvement remaining. Elevated prescribing to seniors continues across Canadian outpatient settings, and prescribing quality is of high concern, with 50% of all antimicrobials prescribed inappropriately for common infections that do not require antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Jennifer N. Reid
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (J.N.R.); (S.Z.S.)
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
| | - Marcus Povitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Salimah Z. Shariff
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (J.N.R.); (S.Z.S.)
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
| | - Michael Silverman
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Morris
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | | | - David M. Patrick
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada;
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fawziah Marra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-7898
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Nishino T, Suzuki H, Mizumoto S, Morinushi H, Nagaoka H, Goto K, Yamamoto S. Antimicrobial Drug-resistance Profile of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus isolated from Japanese Horse Mackerel ( Trachurus Japonicus). Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:75-80. [PMID: 34631335 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus). The bacteria were isolated from wild-caught and farmed Japanese horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), and examined for the antimicrobial drug resistance. Furthermore, the serotype, and the genes of thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and cholera toxin transcriptional activator (toxR) of the isolates were investigated by using a serotype testing kit and PCR method. Eighty-eight and 126 V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from wild-caught and farmed Japanese horse mackerel, respectively. Ten and 18 distinct serotypes were detected from wild-caught and farmed Japanese horse mackerel. All strains were negative for tdh genes but positive for toxR genes. Resistances to ampicillin (ABP) and to both ABP and fosfomycin (FOM) were observed in 54 and 23 strains from the wild-caught fish, while those resistant strains from farm fish were 112 and 7 strains. Multidrug-resistance to three or four drugs including ABP was observed in one or two strains from the wild-caught fish. These results strongly suggest that the environmental exposure of antimicrobial drugs results in the spread of resistant genes in Japanese horse mackerel. This study highlights the need for monitoring the spread of resistance genes to the human intestinal flora as well as to other bacteria in the environment.
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Poletajew S, Pawlik K, Bonder-Nowicka A, Pakuszewski A, Nyk Ł, Kryst P. Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria as Aetiological Factors of Infections in a Tertiary Multidisciplinary Hospital in Poland. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101232. [PMID: 34680812 PMCID: PMC8532629 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global and local initiatives were recently undertaken to reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study was to describe the incidence and the aetiology of bacterial infections among hospitalized patients with special attention paid to the multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. This retrospective study was based on prospectively collected data from 150,529 consecutive patients hospitalized in a tertiary multidisciplinary hospital in the years 2017–2019. All consecutive microbiological tests from any biological material performed in the analyzed period were included. Microbiological screening tests (n = 10,677) were excluded. The analysis was focused on aetiological factors of bacterial infections, especially the incidence of MDR bacteria and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. There were 58,789 microbiological tests performed in the analyzed period. The highest testing rate was noticed for intensive care unit (mean of 3.1 tests per one patient), followed by neonatal intensive care unit (2.7), internal medicine (1.9), pediatrics (1.8), and urology (1.2). Among 58,789 tests, 7690 (13.1%) were positive. MDR bacteria were responsible for 1783 infections (23.2%). The most common antibiotic resistance mechanism reported was ESBL production by Klebsiella spp. or Escherichia coli or Enterobacter spp. isolates (47.3% of all MDR cases). ESBL cases were followed by MRSA (14.7%), VRE (14.2%) and MBL producing Klebsiella spp. (5.6%). Among all infections caused by MDR bacteria, 1175 (65.9%) were diagnosed after 72 h of hospitalization (hospital-acquired infections). Apart from AmpC and ESBL producing Escherichia coli, all MDR bacteria were significantly more common in hospital-acquired infection. MDR bacteria are aetiological factors of a significant portion of infections in hospitalized patients with no remarkable change in the incidence in recent years. Production of ESBL is the most common mechanism of antibiotic resistance and should be regarded as one of the most urgent problems in clinical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Poletajew
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-N.); (A.P.); (Ł.N.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225690148; Fax: +48-225690150
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Infection Control Team, Bielanski Hospital, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Bonder-Nowicka
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-N.); (A.P.); (Ł.N.); (P.K.)
| | - Artur Pakuszewski
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-N.); (A.P.); (Ł.N.); (P.K.)
| | - Łukasz Nyk
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-N.); (A.P.); (Ł.N.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kryst
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 80 Cegłowska St., 00809 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-N.); (A.P.); (Ł.N.); (P.K.)
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Gajdács M, Bátori Z, Burián K. Interplay between Phenotypic Resistance to Relevant Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Urinary Pathogens: A Data-Driven Analysis of 10 Years' Worth of Antibiogram Data. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1059. [PMID: 34685429 DOI: 10.3390/life11101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical issue for clinicians, as it puts the decades of developments in the medical field in jeopardy, by severely limiting the useful therapeutic arsenal of drugs, both in nosocomial and community-acquired infections. In the present study, a secondary analysis of taxonomic and resistance data was performed, corresponding to urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Gram-negative bacteria, detected between 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017 at the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, University of Szeged. The following were identifiable from the data collected: year of isolation; outpatient (OP)/inpatient (IP) origin of the isolate; taxonomy; and susceptibility/resistance to selected indicator antibiotics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a correlation matrix were used to determine the association between the presences of resistance against indicator antibiotics in each taxonomic group. Overall, data from n = 16,240 outpatient and n = 13,964 inpatient Gram-negative UTI isolates were included in the data analyses. In E. coli, strong positive correlations were seen between resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and gentamicin (GEN) resistance (OP: r = 0.6342, p = 0.049; IP: r = 0.9602, p < 0.001), whereas strong negative correlations were shown for fosfomycin (FOS) and nitrofurantoin (NIT) resistance (OP: r = -0.7183, p = 0.019; IP: r = -0.7437; p = 0.014). For Klebsiella spp. isolates, CIP resistance showed strong positive correlation with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and GEN (r = 0.7976, p = 0.006 and r = 0.7428, p = 0.014, respectively) in OP isolates, and with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and FOS (r = 0.8144, p = 0.004 and r = 0.7758, p < 0.001, respectively) in IP isolates. For members of the Citrobacter-Enterobacter-Serratia group, the resistance among indicator antibiotics showed a strong positive correlation, with the exception of FOS resistance. In the Proteus-Providencia-Morganella group, the strongest association was noted between CIP and SXT resistance (OP: r = 0.9251, p < 0.001; IP: r = 0.8007; p = 0.005). In the case of OP Acinetobacter spp., CIP showed strong and significant positive correlations with most indicator antibiotics, whereas for IP isolates, strong negative correlations arose among imipenem (IMI) resistance and resistance to other drugs. For Pseudomonas spp., strong and positive correlations were noted among resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides, with the exception of ceftazidime (CEFT), showing strong, but negative correlations. Though molecular tests and sequencing-based platforms are now considered as the gold-standard for AMR surveillance, standardized collection of phenotypic resistance data and the introduction of Big Data analytic methods may be a viable alternative for molecular surveillance, especially in low-resource settings.
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Lown M, McKeown S, Stuart B, Francis N, Santer M, Lewith G, Su F, Moore M, Little P. Prescribing of long-term antibiotics to adolescents in primary care: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2021; 71:e887-94. [PMID: 34607798 DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic overuse is linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance. Long-term antibiotics are commonly used for treating acne and prophylaxis of urinary tract infection. Their contribution to the overall burden of antibiotic use is relatively unknown. Aim To describe the volume of commonly prescribed long-term (≥28 days) antibiotic prescriptions in adolescents and young adults, trends over time, and comparisons with acute prescriptions. Design and setting A retrospective cohort study using UK electronic primary care records. Method Patients born between 1979 and 1996 and with data in the Care and Health Information Analytics database were included. The main outcome measures were antibiotic prescription rates per 1000 person-years and antibiotic prescription days per person-year between the ages of 11 and 21. Results In total, 320 722 participants received 710 803 antibiotic prescriptions between the ages of 11 and 21 years from 1998 to 2017. Of these 710 803 prescriptions, 191 443 (26.93%) were for long-term antibiotics (≥28 days and ≤6 months in duration). Long-term antibiotics accounted for more than two-thirds (72.48%) of total antibiotic exposure (days per person-year). Total long-term antibiotic prescribing peaked in 2013 at just under 6 days per person-year and declined to around 4 days in 2017. Conclusion Among adolescents and young adults, exposure to long-term antibiotics (primarily lymecycline used for acne) was much greater than for acute antibiotics and is likely to make an important contribution to antimicrobial resistance. Urgent action is needed to reduce unnecessary exposure to long-term antibiotics in this group. Increasing the use of, and adherence to, effective non-antibiotic treatments for acne is key to achieving this.
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Aditya V, Kotian A, Saikrishnan S, Rohit A, Mithoor D, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Effect of ciprofloxacin and in vitro gut conditions on biofilm of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental sources. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:964-977. [PMID: 34374176 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at characterizing the biofilm-forming ability of drug-resistant and sensitive Escherichia coli under in vitro gut conditions and in the presence of ciprofloxacin. METHODS AND RESULTS 153 E. coli isolates comprising 80 from clinical and 73 from environment source were studied for their ability to form biofilm under control and in vitro simulated gut conditions. The integrity of preformed biofilm on exposure to ciprofloxacin was assessed. Expression of biofilm-associated genes was analysed using qPCR. A high degree of resistance was observed in clinical isolates with a concomitant prevalence of blaTEM . Bile, pH and low temperature enabled the E. coli biofilm to resist the effect of ciprofloxacin. Clinical isolates of E. coli formed strong biofilms in in vitro gut conditions following exposure to high concentration of ciprofloxacin. The expression of biofilm genes varied between different gut conditions viz., presence of bile, pH and low temperature, included in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of papC and csgA for maintaining the biofilm integrity upon antibiotic exposure. Escherichia coli form biofilm as a survival strategy to adapt to the conditions in their environment irrespective of their drug resistance status. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides an understanding of the effect of different parameters of the gut conditions during infection and the effect of antibiotic on survival and biofilm-forming ability of clinical and environmental E. coli isolates. It further suggests that bacteria resort to biofilm formation as one of the mechanisms to adjust to alterations in gut conditions and once the biofilm is formed, it requires high concentration of ciprofloxacin to eradicate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankadari Aditya
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Akshatha Kotian
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sreya Saikrishnan
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Anusha Rohit
- Department of Microbiology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India
| | - Divyashree Mithoor
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
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Abdelfattah EM, Ekong PS, Okello E, Williams DR, Karle BM, Rowe JD, Marshall ES, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. 2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1507. [PMID: 34361940 PMCID: PMC8304910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA's dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Pius S. Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USA;
| | - Joan D. Rowe
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Edith S. Marshall
- Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Arbune M, Gurau G, Niculet E, Iancu AV, Lupasteanu G, Fotea S, Vasile MC, Tatu AL. Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance of ESKAPE Pathogens Over Five Years in an Infectious Diseases Hospital from South-East of Romania. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2369-2378. [PMID: 34194233 PMCID: PMC8238535 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s312231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at identifying the main antimicrobial resistance of ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) pathogens in a Romanian infectious diseases hospital. This antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, having high rates of multidrug resistance and limited treatment options. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study (2016-2020) assessed the antimicrobial resistance of ESKAPE pathogens isolated from the patient's biological samples. The microbiological diagnosis was performed by classical culture methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility analysis used the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method and the method of minimum inhibiting concentration with the automated Vitek, according to the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) standards. RESULTS Included in this study were 4293 bacterial isolates: 67% Gram-negative bacilli, 31% Gram-positive cocci and 2% other morphotinctorial bacteria. ESKAPE pathogens were found in 97% of the bacterial isolates strains; E. coli (38.26%) and Staphylococcus aureus (26%) were the most prevalent. Most bacterial strains were isolated from urine cultures (45.6%), skin and soft tissue secretions/collections (35.9%) and also blood cultures (4.2%). Increased antimicrobial resistance was observed for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)s, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) Enterobacterales, carbapenem-resistant (CR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. No vancomycin resistance was found for Enterococcus faecium. The highest prevalence rates of multidrug resistance were found in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (86.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (36.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.4%). CONCLUSION ESKAPE pathogens are frequently isolated in the infectious diseases hospital, with main antimicrobial resistance: ESBL, MRSA and CR. The local antimicrobial resistance pattern is essential in updating the local protocols and for appropriately prescribing antibiotics. Streamlining microbiological diagnosis and aligning with the European standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are necessary steps in harmonizing the regional network for good antimicrobial resistance control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Arbune
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galati, Romania
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva”, Galati, Romania
| | - Gabriela Gurau
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galați, Romania
| | - Elena Niculet
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galați, Romania
- Department of Pathology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Galati, Romania
| | - Alina Viorica Iancu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galați, Romania
- Medical Laboratory Department, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva”, Galati, Romania
| | - Gabriela Lupasteanu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva”, Galati, Romania
- Medical Doctoral School, “Ovidius” University, Constanta, Romania
| | - Silvia Fotea
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galati, Romania
| | - Mihaela Camelia Vasile
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galati, Romania
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva”, Galati, Romania
| | - Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galati, Romania
- Research Center in the Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, Galati, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva”, Galati, Romania
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Boiko I, Krynytska I. Comparative performance of commercial Amies transport media with and without charcoal for Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture for gonococcal isolation and antimicrobial resistance monitoring in Ukraine. Germs 2021; 11:246-254. [PMID: 34422696 PMCID: PMC8373411 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2021.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Culture is the only laboratory method that provides live gonococcal isolates for monitoring antimicrobial resistance. Many clinical settings do not have direct access to laboratories for the immediate processing of biological samples. Validated and quality-assured transport media are recommended to maintain the viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. METHODS In total, 103 clinical samples were divided into two groups: 51 samples were stored in Amies agar gel medium containing charcoal and 52 samples were stored in agar gel medium without charcoal. All samples were stored at 4°C for 0.5-6 h and then transported in a thermo-protected box within 0.17-0.25 h to the laboratory of Ternopil Regional STI Clinic (Ukraine). RESULTS The recovery rate was significantly higher for charcoal-containing Amies medium than for charcoal-free Amies medium (86.27%, 44/51 vs. 59.62%, 31/52). A higher rate of specimens transported in charcoal-containing Amies medium was isolated within 24 h (84.31%, 43/51), whereas most isolates from charcoal-free Amies medium grew within 24 h (42.31%, 22/52) or 48 h (17.31%, 9/52). Growth beyond the first quadrant of the agar plate was registered for 59.09% (26/44) of charcoal-containing Amies samples, compared with only 19.35% (6/31) of charcoal-free Amies samples. CONCLUSIONS A high rate of N. gonorrhoeae recovery after transport has considerable public health implications for establishing national antimicrobial susceptibility programs. Charcoal-containing Amies medium had higher viability rate, and it could be used for diagnostic and isolation purposes in future antimicrobial susceptibility studies. Continuous validation studies of transport medium for N. gonorrhoeae culture are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Boiko
- MD, PhD candidate, Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli, 1, Ternopil, 46002, Ukraine
| | - Inna Krynytska
- Professor, Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli, 1, Ternopil, 46002, Ukraine
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Halder V, McDonnell B, Uthayakumar D, Usher J, Shapiro RS. Genetic interaction analysis in microbial pathogens: unravelling networks of pathogenesis, antimicrobial susceptibility and host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa055. [PMID: 33145589 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic interaction (GI) analysis is a powerful genetic strategy that analyzes the fitness and phenotypes of single- and double-gene mutant cells in order to dissect the epistatic interactions between genes, categorize genes into biological pathways, and characterize genes of unknown function. GI analysis has been extensively employed in model organisms for foundational, systems-level assessment of the epistatic interactions between genes. More recently, GI analysis has been applied to microbial pathogens and has been instrumental for the study of clinically important infectious organisms. Here, we review recent advances in systems-level GI analysis of diverse microbial pathogens, including bacterial and fungal species. We focus on important applications of GI analysis across pathogens, including GI analysis as a means to decipher complex genetic networks regulating microbial virulence, antimicrobial drug resistance and host-pathogen dynamics, and GI analysis as an approach to uncover novel targets for combination antimicrobial therapeutics. Together, this review bridges our understanding of GI analysis and complex genetic networks, with applications to diverse microbial pathogens, to further our understanding of virulence, the use of antimicrobial therapeutics and host-pathogen interactions. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Halder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brianna McDonnell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deeva Uthayakumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jane Usher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hesp A, ter Braak C, van der Goot J, Veldman K, van Schaik G, Mevius D. Antimicrobial resistance clusters in commensal Escherichia coli from livestock. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:194-202. [PMID: 33455079 PMCID: PMC8048968 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), policymakers need an overview of evolution and trends of AMR in relevant animal reservoirs, and livestock is monitored by susceptibility testing of sentinel organisms such as commensal E. coli. Such monitoring data are often vast and complex and generates a need for outcome indicators that summarize AMR for multiple antimicrobial classes. Model-based clustering is a data-driven approach that can help to objectively summarize AMR in animal reservoirs. In this study, a model-based cluster analysis was carried out on a dataset of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), recoded to binary variables, for 10 antimicrobials of commensal E. coli isolates (N = 12,986) derived from four animal species (broilers, pigs, veal calves and dairy cows) in Dutch AMR monitoring, 2007-2018. This analysis revealed four clusters in commensal E. coli in livestock containing 201 unique resistance combinations. The prevalence of these combinations and clusters differs between animal species. Our results indicate that to monitor different animal populations, more than one indicator for multidrug resistance seems necessary. We show how these clusters summarize multidrug resistance and have potential as monitoring outcome indicators to benchmark and prioritize AMR problems in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Hesp
- Department of Bacteriology and EpidemiologyWageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Cajo ter Braak
- BiometrisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeanet van der Goot
- Department of Diagnostics and Crisis OrganisationWageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
| | - Kees Veldman
- Department of Bacteriology and EpidemiologyWageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Royal GDDeventerThe Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and EpidemiologyWageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Fischer MA, Wamp S, Fruth A, Allerberger F, Flieger A, Halbedel S. Population structure-guided profiling of antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical Listeria monocytogenes isolates from Germany identifies pbpB3 alleles associated with low levels of cephalosporin resistance. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1804-1813. [PMID: 32691687 PMCID: PMC7473133 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1799722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numbers of listeriosis illnesses have been increasing in Germany and the European Union during the last decade. In addition, reports on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes in clinical and environmental isolates are accumulating. The susceptibility towards 14 antibiotics was tested in a selection of clinical L. monocytogenes isolates to get a more precise picture of the development and manifestation of antibiotic resistance in the L. monocytogenes population. Based on the population structure determined by core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) 544 out of 1220 sequenced strains collected in Germany between 2009 and 2019 were selected to cover the phylogenetic diversity observed in the clinical L. monocytogenes population. All isolates tested were susceptible towards ampicillin, penicillin and co-trimoxazole – the most relevant antibiotics in the treatment of listeriosis. Resistance to daptomycin and ciprofloxacin was observed in 493 (91%) and in 71 (13%) of 544 isolates, respectively. While all tested strains showed resistance towards ceftriaxone, their resistance levels varied widely between 4 mg/L and >128 mg/L. An allelic variation of the penicillin binding protein gene pbpB3 was identified as the cause of this difference in ceftriaxone resistance levels. This study is the first population structure-guided analysis of antimicrobial resistance in recent clinical isolates and confirms the importance of penicillin binding protein B3 (PBP B3) for the high level of intrinsic cephalosporin resistance of L. monocytogenes on a population-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fischer
- FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wamp
- FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Antje Flieger
- FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany.,German Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sven Halbedel
- FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany.,German Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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Caffrey N, Agunos A, Gow S, Liljebjelke K, Mainali C, Checkley SL. Salmonella spp. prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada from 2013 to 2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:719-736. [PMID: 33780135 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a major human health concern. In the elderly and immunocompromised, infections can be life-threatening and may require antibiotic therapy. Where antibiotic therapy is required, antimicrobials of choice include fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). The aim of this study is to utilize data from the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) to compare the prevalence of Salmonella serovars between broiler chicken and turkey flocks across Canada, and to gain an understanding of the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials categorized as important to human health. There were 1,596 Salmonella isolates obtained from 514 broiler chicken flocks, and 659 Salmonella isolates obtained from 217 turkey flocks (2013-2018). All isolates were obtained from pooled faecal samples. Among broiler chicken flocks, the top three serovars were Kentucky (n = 573, 36%), Enteritidis (n = 314, 20%) and Heidelberg (n = 127, 8%). Resistance to ceftriaxone among Salmonella ser. Kentucky decreased from 27% in 2013 to 22% in 2018. There was no resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis reported until 2018 when one isolate from British Columbia was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg resistance to ceftriaxone decreased from 19% in 2013 to 14% in 2018. Among turkey flocks the top three serovars were Uganda (n = 109, 16.5%), Hadar (n = 85, 12%) and Muenchen (n = 66, 10%). No isolates of Salmonella ser. Uganda or Salmonella ser. Muenchen were resistant to any β-lactams. Salmonella ser. Hadar (34/81, 42%) exhibited resistance to ampicillin. There was no resistance to quinolones among turkey isolates. Emerging resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, and resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones among Salmonella ser. Kentucky from broilers are cause for concern as these classes of antimicrobials are important for treatment of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Caffrey
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chunu Mainali
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Epidemiology Unit, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Keating CL, Zuckerman JB, Singh PK, McKevitt M, Gurtovaya O, Bresnik M, Marshall BC, Saiman L. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility Patterns and Associated Clinical Outcomes in People with Cystic Fibrosis following Approval of Aztreonam Lysine for Inhalation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e02327-20. [PMID: 33318007 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02327-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of aztreonam lysine for inhalation solution (AZLI) raised concerns that additional antibiotic exposure would potentially affect the susceptibility profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This 5-year, prospective, observational study tracked susceptibility changes and clinical outcomes in CF patients in the United States with chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Sputum cultures were collected annually (2011 to 2016). The primary study endpoint was the proportion of subjects whose least susceptible P. aeruginosa isolate had an aztreonam MIC that was >8 μg/ml (parenteral breakpoint) and increased ≥4-fold compared with the least susceptible isolate from the previous year. Annualized data for pulmonary exacerbations, hospitalizations, and percent of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1% predicted) were obtained from the CF Foundation Patient Registry and compared between subjects meeting and those not meeting the primary endpoint. A total of 510 subjects were enrolled; 334 (65%) completed the study. A consistent proportion of evaluable subjects (13 to 22%) met the primary endpoint each year, and AZLI use during the previous 12 months was not associated with meeting the primary endpoint. While the annual declines in lung function were comparable for subjects meeting and those not meeting the primary endpoint, more pulmonary exacerbations and hospitalizations were experienced by those who met it. The aztreonam susceptibility of P. aeruginosa remained consistent during the 5-year study. The relationship between P. aeruginosa isolate susceptibilities and clinical outcomes is complex; reduced susceptibility was not associated with an accelerated decline in lung function but was associated with more exacerbations and hospitalizations, likely reflecting increased overall antibiotic exposure. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01375036.).
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Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Nahar L, Sarker SD, Göransson U. Editorial: Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Hope for New Antibiotic Lead Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640938. [PMID: 33664671 PMCID: PMC7921793 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil Ahmad Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sajib MSI, Tanmoy AM, Hooda Y, Rahman H, Andrews JR, Garrett DO, Endtz HP, Saha SK, Saha S. Tracking the Emergence of Azithromycin Resistance in Multiple Genotypes of Typhoidal Salmonella. mBio 2021; 12:e03481-20. [PMID: 33593966 PMCID: PMC8545119 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03481-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid, have led to fears of untreatable infections. Of specific concern is the emerging resistance against azithromycin, the only remaining oral drug to treat extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid. Since the first report of azithromycin resistance from Bangladesh in 2019, cases have been reported from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The genetic basis of this resistance is a single point mutation in the efflux pump AcrB (R717Q/L). Here, we report 38 additional cases of azithromycin-resistant (AzmR) Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Bangladesh between 2016 and 2018. Using genomic analysis of 56 AzmR isolates from South Asia with AcrB-R717Q/L, we confirm that this mutation has spontaneously emerged in different Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A genotypes. The largest cluster of AzmR Typhi belonged to genotype 4.3.1.1; Bayesian analysis predicts the mutation to have emerged sometime in 2010. A travel-related Typhi isolate with AcrB-R717Q belonging to 4.3.1.1 was isolated in the United Kingdom, increasing fears of global spread. For real-time detection of AcrB-R717Q/L, we developed an extraction-free, rapid, and low-cost mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA). Validation of MAMA using 113 AzmR and non-AzmR isolates yielded >98% specificity and sensitivity versus phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing assays currently used for azithromycin resistance detection. With increasing azithromycin use, AcrB-R717Q/L is likely to be acquired by XDR strains. The proposed tool for active detection and surveillance of this mutation may detect pan-oral drug resistance early, giving us a window to intervene.IMPORTANCE In the early 1900s, with mortality of ∼30%, typhoid and paratyphoid ravaged parts of the world; with improved water, sanitation, and hygiene in resource-rich countries and the advent of antimicrobials, mortality dwindled to <1%. Today, the burden rests disproportionately on South Asia, where the primary means for combatting the disease is antimicrobials. However, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is rising and, in 2016, an extensively drug resistant Typhi strain triggered an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, leaving only one oral drug, azithromycin, to treat it. Since the description of emergence of azithromycin resistance, conferred by a point mutation in acrB (AcrB-R717Q/L) in 2019, there have been increasing numbers of reports. Using genomics and Bayesian analysis, we illustrate that this mutation emerged in approximately 2010 and has spontaneously arisen multiple times. Emergence of pan-oral drug resistant Salmonella Typhi is imminent. We developed a low-cost, rapid PCR tool to facilitate real-time detection and prevention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S I Sajib
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arif M Tanmoy
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- MRC-Laboratory Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Hubert P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Fondation Mérieux and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Pedroso JVDM, Motter FR, Koba ST, Camargo MC, de Toledo MI, Del Fiol FDS, Silva MT, Lopes LC. Feasibility of De-Escalation Implementation for Positive Blood Cultures in Patients With Sepsis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:576849. [PMID: 33643032 PMCID: PMC7907639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine whether de-escalation guided by blood cultures for patients with a diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock reduces mortality, and antimicrobial drug resistance (ADR). Methods: A prospective, single-center, cohort study was conducted with adults admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock at a public hospital in Sorocaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2013 to December 2013. We excluded patients who had negative blood cultures. Patients who had replaced the initial empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (EAT) by the antibiotic therapy guided by blood cultures were compared with those who continued receiving EAT. The outcome included mortality and antimicrobial drug resistance. We used the Cox regression (proportional hazards regression) and the Poisson regression to analyze the association between antibiotic therapy guided by blood cultures (ATGBC) and outcomes. The statistical adjustment in all models included the following variables: sex, age, APACHE II (Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II) score and SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score. Results: Among the 686 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit, 91 were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 52.7 years (standard deviation = 18.5 years) and 70.3% were male. EAT was replaced by ATGBC in 33 patients (36.3%) while 58 patients (63.7%) continued receiving EAT. Overall hospital mortality decreased from 56.9% in patients who received EAT to 48.5% in patients who received ATGBC [Hazard ratio- HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.24–0.82), p = 0.009]. There was no association between ATGBC and ADR [HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.78 – 1.03) p = 0.15]. Conclusions: Although the early and appropriate empirical EAT is undoubtedly an important factor prognostic, ATGBC can reduce the mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiane Raquel Motter
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Tiemi Koba
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Costa Camargo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês de Toledo
- Posgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Sá Del Fiol
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tolentino Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Cruz Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, UNISO, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lechtig-Wasserman S, Liebisch-Rey H, Diaz-Pinilla N, Blanco J, Fuentes-Barreiro YV, Bustos RH. Carbapenem Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Adult Patients and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020177. [PMID: 33578672 PMCID: PMC7916352 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug monitoring is one strategy of antibiotic stewardship to face antimicrobial resistance. This strategy could have a determinant role in critically ill patients treated with carbapenems to overcome pharmacokinetic variability, reduce the risk of subtherapeutic dosage or toxicity, and reduce the risks inherent to treatment. However, the effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is unknown. This paper aims to identify TDM effectiveness in critically ill patients treated with carbapenems. English and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched to identify relevant studies evaluating carbapenem TDM. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative cohort studies were selected for inclusion if they compared carbapenem TDM to standard care in adult critically ill or sepsis/septic shock patients. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included morbidity, clinical cure, microbiological eradication, antimicrobial resistance, drug-related side effects, and achievement of target plasma concentrations. Overall, performing carbapenem TDM was not associated with a decrease in mortality. However, it could be evidence for a relationship with clinical cure as well as target attainment. Some studies found favorable outcomes related to clinical and microbiological responses, such as lower procalcitonin levels at the end of the monitored therapy compared to standard care. For the primary and secondary outcomes analyzed, strong evidence was not identified, which could be due to the size, risk of bias, and design of selected studies.
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Pollo LAE, Martin EF, Machado VR, Cantillon D, Wildner LM, Bazzo ML, Waddell SJ, Biavatti MW, Sandjo LP. Search for Antimicrobial Activity Among Fifty-Two Natural and Synthetic Compounds Identifies Anthraquinone and Polyacetylene Classes That Inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:622629. [PMID: 33537021 PMCID: PMC7847937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.622629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis threatens to undermine global control programs by limiting treatment options. New antimicrobial drugs are required, derived from new chemical classes. Natural products offer extensive chemical diversity and inspiration for synthetic chemistry. Here, we isolate, synthesize and test a library of 52 natural and synthetic compounds for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We identify seven compounds as antimycobacterial, including the natural products isobavachalcone and isoneorautenol, and a synthetic chromene. The plant-derived secondary metabolite damnacanthal was the most active compound with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 13.07 μg/mL and a favorable selectivity index value. Three synthetic polyacetylene compounds demonstrated antimycobacterial activity, with the lowest MIC of 17.88 μg/mL. These results suggest new avenues for drug discovery, expanding antimicrobial compound chemistries to novel anthraquinone and polyacetylene scaffolds in the search for new drugs to treat drug-resistant bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A E Pollo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Erlon F Martin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daire Cantillon
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Muraro Wildner
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Maique W Biavatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, CFM, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Lopes M, Alves Silva G, Nogueira RF, Marado D, Gonçalves J, Athayde C, Silva D, Figueiredo A, Fortuna J, Carvalho A. Incidence of Antibiotic Treatment Failure in Patients with Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia and Community Acquired Pneumonia. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:33-44. [PMID: 33466353 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) patients are at higher risk of multi-drug resistant infection (MDR) than those with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Recent evidence suggests a single risk factor for MDR does not accurately predict the need for broad-spectrum antibiotics. The goal of this study was to compare the rate antibiotic failure between NHAP and CAP patients. Methods: Demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, clinical and laboratory variables, antibiotic therapy, and mortality data were collected retrospectively for all patients with pneumonia admitted to an Internal Medicine Service between April 2017 and April 2018. Results: In total, 313 of 556 patients had CAP and 243 had NHAP. NHAP patients were older, and were more likely to be dependent, to have recent antibiotic use, and to experience treatment failure (odds ratio (OR) 1.583; 95% CI 1.102–2.276; p = 0.013). In multivariate analysis, patient’s origin did not predict treatment failure (OR 1.083; 95% CI 0.726–1.616; p = 0.696). Discussion: Higher rates of antibiotic failure and mortality in NHAP patients were explained by the presence of other risk factors such as comorbidities, more severe presentation, and age. Admission from a nursing home is not a sufficient condition to start broader-spectrum antibiotics.
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Wu D, Ding Y, Yao K, Gao W, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates in Neonatal Ward. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:670470. [PMID: 34113589 PMCID: PMC8185016 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.670470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) column for one of the most common pathogens causing neonatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major cause of treatment failure in infected newborns. The purpose of this study was to describe antibiotic and multidrug resistance of E. coli strains isolated from neonates with infection throughout the years 2009-2011. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli strains to selected antibiotics was assessed using the E-test technique on the Mueller-Hinton agar. The antimicrobial tests included ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefatriaxone, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoperazone- sulbactam, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfonamides. Results: A total of 100 E. coli strains were isolated from sputum (n = 78), blood (n = 10), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 5), and umbilical discharge (n = 7) samples of hospitalized neonates at the Beijing Children's Hospital. The highest rate of E. coli resistance was found in amoxicillin (85%), followed by cefuroxime (65%), and cefatriaxone (60%), respectively. A total of 6 and 5% of all isolates were only resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefoperazone -sulbactam. The rates of resistance to ceftazidime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfonamides were 31, 20, 33, and 47%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to meropenem. Approximately 26% of all E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. The detection rate of ESBL-Producing E. coli was 55%. Conclusions: Multi-drug-resistant E. coli has become an important and complex problem in clinical treatment, and it is thus essential to monitor E. coli resistance in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Introduction: The widespread use of antimicrobial drugs during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the likely emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a global health concern. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, several antimicrobial drugs have lost their efficacy and are no longer useful to treat life-threatening infections. Since the exacerbation of antimicrobial resistance is likely to be another casualty of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a pressing need to develop innovative strategies to minimize the risk of antimicrobial resistance.Areas covered: Focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic, I have briefly summarized the current knowledge and challenges in our understanding of antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing quorum sensing and quorum quenching. Our understanding of bacterial communication by quorum sensing to acquire virulence has paved the way to reduce bacterial pathogenicity through quorum quenching. Availability of clinically viable quorum quenching agents would likely to diminish bacterial virulence to create a microenvironment for the host phagocytic cells to reduce bacterial infection.Expert opinion: Future studies that aim to generate clinically useful quorum quenching agents need to be considered. An important benefit of such agents may be a diminished risk of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Razzaque
- Professor of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
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Nigussie D, Makonnen E, Legesse BA, Fekadu A, Davey G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the infected wounds of patients with lymphoedema in East Wollega, Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114:962-973. [PMID: 33247921 PMCID: PMC7738659 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoedema is caused by dysfunction of the lymphatic system resulting in accumulation of high-protein content fluid in the interstitial space. To date, the bacteria associated with wound infections of patients with lower limb lymphoedema in Ethiopia have not been studied. This study identified pathogenic bacteria involved in wound infection and assessed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in patients with lymphoedema in Ethiopia. METHODS Swab samples were collected from the wounds of patients with lymphoedema and cultured using standard microbiological techniques. Micro-organisms were identified by colony morphology followed by identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the automated VITEK 2 COMPACT Microbial Detection System. RESULTS Swabs were collected from 103 patients and 84 were culture positive: 44 (52.4%) culture-positive samples showed polymicrobial growth and 40 (47.6%) grew single bacterial isolates. In total, 134 isolates were obtained, of which 26 gram-negative and 12 gram-positive bacterial species were identified. A total of 28/63 (44.4%) gram-negative isolates and 3/57 (5.3%) gram-positive isolates were multiple drug resistant. There was no resistance to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin or gentamycin among gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION In this study, many infections were polymicrobial and showed multiple drug resistance. Fluoroquinolones and gentamycin, however, seemed to be effective against bacterial wound infection in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Nigussie
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Adefris Legesse
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abbas S, Sabir AU, Khalid N, Sabir S, Khalid S, Haseeb S, Numair Khan M, Ajmal WM, Azhar F, Saeed MT. Frequency of Extensively Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan. Cureus 2020; 12:e11914. [PMID: 33425500 PMCID: PMC7785486 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gram-negative bacteria are frequently involved in nosocomial infections. These bacteria have a particular tendency to develop antibiotic resistance and may become extensively drug-resistant (XDR). This study aimed to detect the prevalence of XDR Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Materials and methods Clinical samples were obtained from patients admitted to different inpatient wards and sent for microbial analysis and culture. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method to detect XDR strains. Results Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of a total of 673 clinical samples were studied. Of all bacterial isolates, 64% were extensively drug-resistant. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest percentage of XDR isolates (68.4%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (67.6%) and Escherichia coli (56.1%). Most XDR pathogens were isolated from the burn unit (87.7%), followed by the intensive care unit (69.2%) and surgical unit (68.9%). Conclusions The rate of extensive drug-resistance is alarmingly high, which calls for strict surveillance and control measures to prevent the development of further resistance. Proper sanitation and rational prescription of antibiotics should be ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Abbas
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Asad Ullah Sabir
- Emergency Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Noor Khalid
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Sarah Sabir
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Sana Khalid
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Shawal Haseeb
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | - Waqas M Ajmal
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Faryal Azhar
- General Surgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - M Talha Saeed
- General Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
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Sundvall PD, Skoglund I, Hess-Wargbaner M, Åhrén C. Rational antibiotic prescribing in primary care: qualitative study of opportunities and obstacles. BJGP Open 2020; 4:bjgpopen20X101079. [PMID: 32994207 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance (Strama) has worked towards rational use of antibiotics, and Swedish antibiotic prescribing is low. Aim To explore how opportunities and obstacles for rational antibiotic prescribing were perceived by primary health care centres (PHCCs). Design & setting A qualitative study of 50 randomly selected reports from approximately 200 PHCCs in 2013 and 2016 in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. Method One assigned GP at each PHCC reported yearly in an open-ended questionnaire on how the PHCC worked to improve antibiotic prescribing. The report included several antibiotic-related tasks and a summary of reflective meetings with the doctors, the head of the PHCC, and, preferably, also the nurses. The reports were qualitatively analysed using Malterud’s systematic text condensation (STC). Results 'Everyone wants to do right, but sometimes you do not know what's right or wrong.' Knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases was highlighted. Knowledge and skills had to be internalised by the clinician in order to bring about behavioural change. This could be achieved through reflective, collegial dialogues where consensus often was found. Structural factors at the PHCC could provide good conditions for 'doing right', but could also constitute obstacles. Teamwork involving all personnel was important to achieve rational antibiotic prescribing. Conclusion Enablers for rational antibiotic prescribing were knowledge, reflective collegial dialogues, a well organised workplace, and a collaborating team. Obstacles were lack of knowledge, insufficient staffing, perceived lack of time, and overuse of laboratory tests. Patients’ attitudes and expectations could be both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner site Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Germany.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yangzom T, Tsering DC, Kar S, Kapil J. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends among Pathogens Isolated from Blood: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in East Sikkim, India. J Lab Physicians 2020; 12:3-9. [PMID: 32792787 PMCID: PMC7419168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are one of the frequent nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. To understand the local epidemiology and evolving antimicrobial drug resistance of blood-borne pathogens, we analyzed the distribution and antibiotic sensitivity profile of organisms causing BSI in our hospital-based study. Materials and Methods We reviewed retrospective data of laboratory-confirmed BSIs, from January 2013 to December 2018. Causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility profile of primary and secondary BSI reports were determined from BacT/Alert and Vitek systems findings (bioMérieux). A 6-year multidrug resistance indexing was done to document the resistance pattern of the commonly isolated organisms. Results A total of 1,340 (10.2%) BSIs were reported from 13,091 blood cultures. Organisms were frequently isolated from the younger population (≤20 years), especially from ages < 1 year (20.8% of total BSIs). Majority of pathogens were bacterial (97.1%) whereas 2.9% were fungal in origin. Monomicrobial growth was recorded in over 98% of BSIs. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated were 518 (39.8%) and 783 (60.2%), respectively. Commonly isolated organisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (29.4%), Escherichia coli (19.8%), Klebsiella species (13.5%), Salmonella species (9.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%). Multidrug-resistance index was observed highest in Acinetobacter species followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus . Conclusion Overall, there has been a gradual decline in the reporting of BSI. However, infections by gram-negative bacilli and multidrug-resistant organisms remain persistently high. Ages < 20 years were the vulnerable group, with infants < 1 year contributing to the maximum number of BSI cases caused by both bacteria and fungi. Therefore, additional methods are required to study the origin and causation of these infections, particularly among vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Yangzom
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Dechen Chomu Tsering
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Sumit Kar
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Jyotsna Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India
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Sandhu A, Tillotson G, Polistico J, Salimnia H, Cranis M, Moshos J, Cullen L, Jabbo L, Diebel L, Chopra T. Clostridioides difficile in COVID-19 Patients, Detroit, Michigan, USA, March-April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26. [PMID: 32441243 PMCID: PMC7454075 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.202126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 9 patients at a medical center in Detroit, Michigan, USA, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Clostridioides difficile. Both infections can manifest as digestive symptoms and merit screening when assessing patients with diarrhea during the coronavirus disease pandemic. These co-infections also highlight the continued importance of antimicrobial stewardship.
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Abstract
The spectre of antimicrobial resistance looms very large indeed in the 21st century; the supply of efficacious conventional drugs is short and not guaranteed, for various reasons. It is time to look elsewhere for answers and for protocols which might be used in tandem with our diminishing arsenal in order to protect vital drugs. This could bridge the gap before new development in conventional antimicrobial therapy occurs, or might be a longer-term solution, particularly in the area of infectious disease prophylaxis (conventional-sensitive or -resistant). Reliable and safe protocols have been developed for the use of photoantimicrobials in this respect, offering much greater coverage, in terms of the microbial target, than Fleming ever imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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