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Sharov KS. SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia cases in pneumonia picture in Russia in March-May 2020: Secondary bacterial pneumonia and viral co-infections. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020504. [PMID: 33110587 PMCID: PMC7568231 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are communicating the results of investigating statistics on SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonias in Russia: percentage, mortality, cases with other viral agents, cases accompanied by secondary bacterial pneumonias, age breakdown, clinical course and outcome. METHODS We studied two sampling sets (Set 1 and Set 2). Set 1 consisted of results of testing 3382 assays of out-patients and hospital patients (5-88 years old) with community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia of yet undetermined aetiology. Set 2 contained results of 1204 assays of hospital patients (12-94 years old) with pneumonia and COVID-19 already diagnosed by molecular biological techniques in test laboratories. The results were collected in twelve Russian cities/provinces in time range 2 March - 5 May 2020. Assays were analysed for 10 bacterial, 15 viral, 2 fungal and 2 parasitic aetiological agents. RESULTS In Set 1, 4.35% of total pneumonia cases were related to SARS-CoV-2, with substantially larger proportion (18.75%) of deaths of pneumonia with COVID-19 diagnosed. However, studying Set 2, we revealed that 52.82% patients in it were also positive for different typical and atypical aetiological agents usually causing pneumonia. 433 COVID-19 patients (35.96%) were tested positive for various bacterial aetiological agents, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae infections accounting for the majority of secondary pneumonia cases. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2, a low-pathogenic virus itself, becomes exceptionally dangerous if secondary bacterial pneumonia attacks a COVID-19 patient as a complication. An essential part of the severest complications and mortality associated with COVID-19 in Russia in March-May 2020, may be attributed to secondary bacterial pneumonia and to a much less extent viral co-infections. The problem of hospital-acquired bacterial infection is exceptionally urgent in treating SARS-CoV-2 patients. The risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia and its further complications, should be given very serious attention in combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Sharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Leggeri C, Cinelli G, Tarsitano MG, Caparello G, Carrano E, Merra G, Pujia AM, Danieli R, De Lorenzo A. COVID-19: Is there a role for immunonutrition in obese patient? J Transl Med 2020; 18:415. [PMID: 33160363 PMCID: PMC7647877 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 12, 2019 a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, triggering a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19). Today, the scientific community is investing all the resources available to find any therapy and prevention strategies to defeat COVID-19. In this context, immunonutrition can play a pivotal role in improving immune responses against viral infections. Immunonutrition has been based on the concept that malnutrition impairs immune function. Therefore, immunonutrition involves feeding enriched with various pharmaconutrients (Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Vitamin C, Arginine, Glutamine, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin, E and Vitamin D) to modulate inflammatory responses, acquired immune response and to improve patient outcomes. In literature, significant evidences indicate that obesity, a malnutrition state, negatively impacts on immune system functionality and on host defense, impairing protection from infections. Immunonutrients can promote patient recovery by inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating immune function. Immune system dysfunction is considered to increase the risk of viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, and was observed in different pathological situations. Obese patients develop severe COVID-19 sequelae, due to the high concentrations of TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 produced in the meantime by visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and by innate immunity. Moreover, leptin, released by adipose tissue, helps to increase inflammatory milieu with a dysregulation of the immune response. Additionally, gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation, development and functions of both innate and adaptive immune system, as well as contributing to develop obese phenotype. The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lung health through a vital crosstalk between gut microbiota and lungs, called the "gut-lung axis". This axis communicates through a bi-directional pathway in which endotoxins, or microbial metabolites, may affect the lung through the blood and when inflammation occurs in the lung, this in turn can affect the gut microbiota. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota in obese COVID-19 patients can play a key role in immunonutrition therapeutic strategy. This umbrella review seeks to answer the question of whether a nutritional approach can be used to enhance the immune system's response to obesity in obese patients affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pivari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Soldati
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Alda Attinà
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Leggeri
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cinelli
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Predictive and Preventive Medicine Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children Hospital IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caparello
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Carrano
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merra
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Pujia
- Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Danieli
- Telematic University of San Raffaele Rome, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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3
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Mattern J, Vauloup-Fellous C, Zakaria H, Benachi A, Carrara J, Letourneau A, Bourgeois-Nicolaos N, De Luca D, Doucet-Populaire F, Vivanti AJ. Post lockdown COVID-19 seroprevalence and circulation at the time of delivery, France. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240782. [PMID: 33057392 PMCID: PMC7561105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To fight the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown has been decreed in many countries worldwide. The impact of pregnancy as a severity risk factor is still debated, but strict lockdown measures have been recommended for pregnant women. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the seroprevalence and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in a maternity ward in an area that has been significantly affected by the virus. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study at the Antoine Béclère Hospital maternity ward (Paris area, France) from May 4 (one week before the end of lockdown) to May 31, 2020 (three weeks after the end of lockdown). All patients admitted to the delivery room during this period were offered a SARS-CoV-2 serology test as well concomitant SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR on one nasopharyngeal sample. RESULTS A total of 249 women were included. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 8%. The RT-PCR positive rate was 0.5%. 47.4% of the SARS-CoV-2-IgG-positive pregnant women never experienced any symptoms. A history of symptoms during the epidemic, such as fever (15.8%), myalgia (36.8%) and anosmia (31.6%), was suggestive of previous infection. CONCLUSIONS Three weeks after the end of French lockdown, SARS-CoV-2 infections were scarce in our region. A very high proportion of SARS-CoV-2-IgG-negative pregnant women, which is comparable to that of the general population, must be taken into consideration in the event of a resurgence of the pandemic. The traces of a past active circulation of the virus in this fragile population during the spring wave should encourage public health authorities to take specific measures for this independent at-risk group, in order to reduce viral circulation in pregnant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Mattern
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Division of Virology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Hoda Zakaria
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Julie Carrara
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Letourneau
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | | | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Antoine Bécleère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | | | - Alexandre J. Vivanti
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
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Zuo T, Zhan H, Zhang F, Liu Q, Tso EYK, Lui GCY, Chen N, Li A, Lu W, Chan FKL, Chan PKS, Ng SC. Alterations in Fecal Fungal Microbiome of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization until Discharge. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1302-1310.e5. [PMID: 32598884 PMCID: PMC7318920 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects intestinal cells, and might affect the intestinal microbiota. We investigated changes in the fecal fungal microbiomes (mycobiome) of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization and on recovery. METHODS We performed deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis of fecal samples from 30 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hong Kong, from February 5 through May 12, 2020. Fecal samples were collected 2 to 3 times per week from time of hospitalization until discharge. We compared fecal mycobiome compositions of patients with COVID-19 with those from 9 subjects with community-acquired pneumonia and 30 healthy individuals (controls). We assessed fecal mycobiome profiles throughout time of hospitalization until clearance of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal samples. RESULTS Patients with COVID-19 had significant alterations in their fecal mycobiomes compared with controls, characterized by enrichment of Candia albicans and a highly heterogeneous mycobiome configuration, at time of hospitalization. Although fecal mycobiomes of 22 patients with COVID-19 did not differ significantly from those of controls during times of hospitalization, 8 of 30 patients with COVID-19 had continued significant differences in fecal mycobiome composition, through the last sample collected. The diversity of the fecal mycobiome of the last sample collected from patients with COVID-19 was 2.5-fold higher than that of controls (P < .05). Samples collected at all timepoints from patients with COVID-19 had increased proportions of opportunistic fungal pathogens, Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Aspergillus flavus compared with controls. Two respiratory-associated fungal pathogens, A. flavus and Aspergillus niger, were detected in fecal samples from a subset of patients with COVID-19, even after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal samples and resolution of respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In a pilot study, we found heterogeneous configurations of the fecal mycobiome, with enrichment of fungal pathogens from the genera Candida and Aspergillus, during hospitalization of 30 patients with COVID-19 compared with controls. Unstable gut mycobiomes and prolonged dysbiosis persisted in a subset of patients with COVID-19 up to 12 days after nasopharyngeal clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Studies are needed to determine whether alterations in intestinal fungi contribute to or result from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the effects of these changes in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zuo
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eugene Y K Tso
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace C Y Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy Li
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqi Lu
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Chan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Abstract
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane E C Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú km 1, Zip Code 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Antunes AEC, Vinderola G, Xavier-Santos D, Sivieri K. Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109577. [PMID: 32846611 PMCID: PMC7378002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane E C Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú km 1, Zip Code 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotic therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 with diarrhea. METHODS The following electronic bibliographic databases will be searched to identify relevant studies from December 2019 to December 2020: MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wan-fang data, Chinese Biological Medicine Database, and other databases. The search results will not be restricted by language, all included articles were randomized controlled trial. Two independent researchers will conduct article retrieval, de-duplication, filtering, quality assessment, and data analysis through the Review Manager (V.5.3). Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and/or descriptive analysis were performed on the included data. RESULTS High-quality synthesis and/or descriptive analysis of current evidence will be provided from outcomes. CONCLUSION This study will provide the evidence of whether probiotics is an effective and safe intervention for coronavirus disease 2019 with diarrhea.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020192657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hongqiu Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese, Chengdu
| | - Yaling He
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yanling Zeng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Kruglikov IL, Shah M, Scherer PE. Obesity and diabetes as comorbidities for COVID-19: Underlying mechanisms and the role of viral-bacterial interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e61330. [PMID: 32930095 PMCID: PMC7492082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are established comorbidities for COVID-19. Adipose tissue demonstrates high expression of ACE2 which SARS- CoV-2 exploits to enter host cells. This makes adipose tissue a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 viruses and thus increases the integral viral load. Acute viral infection results in ACE2 downregulation. This relative deficiency can lead to disturbances in other systems controlled by ACE2, including the renin-angiotensin system. This will be further increased in the case of pre-conditions with already compromised functioning of these systems, such as in patients with obesity and diabetes. Here, we propose that interactions of virally-induced ACE2 deficiency with obesity and/or diabetes leads to a synergistic further impairment of endothelial and gut barrier function. The appearance of bacteria and/or their products in the lungs of obese and diabetic patients promotes interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens, resulting in a more severe lung injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manasi Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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Yang S, Li Y, Wang B, Yang N, Huang X, Chen Q, Geng S, Zhou Y, Shi H, Wang L, Brugman S, Savelkoul H, Liu G. Acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection reshapes the intestinal microbiota. Virology 2020; 548:200-212. [PMID: 32763491 PMCID: PMC7353907 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is crucial to intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is high pathogenic to intestines, causing diarrhea, even death in piglets. To investigate the detailed relationship between PEDV infection and intestinal microbiota, the composition and distribution of intestinal microbiota from pigs were first analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The results demonstrated that the composition and distribution of microbes in different intestinal segments were quite similar between 1-week-old and 2-week-old piglets but different from 4-week-old (weaned) piglets. Then piglets at different ages were inoculated with PEDV. The results showed that the 1-week-old piglets exhibited the most severe pathogenicity comparing to the other age groups. Further investigations indicated that Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, and Lactococcus in the intestinal microbiota of piglets were significantly changed by PEDV infection. These results strengthen our understanding of viruses influencing intestinal microbes and remind us of the potential association between PEDV and intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Qingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shuxian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Yawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Han Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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10
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Intra J, Sarto C, Beck E, Tiberti N, Leoni V, Brambilla P. Bacterial and fungal colonization of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients should not be neglected. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1130-1131. [PMID: 32593810 PMCID: PMC7315146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jari Intra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Monza ASST-Monza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sarto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Monza ASST-Monza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - Eduardo Beck
- Intensive Care Unit, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore, Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Monza ASST-Monza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Monza ASST-Monza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
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11
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Chowdhary A, Tarai B, Singh A, Sharma A. Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease Patients, India, April-July 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2694-2696. [PMID: 32852265 PMCID: PMC7588547 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.203504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In New Delhi, India, candidemia affected 15 critically ill coronavirus disease patients admitted to an intensive care unit during April–July 2020. Candida auris accounted for two thirds of cases; case-fatality rate was high (60%). Hospital-acquired C. auris infections in coronavirus disease patients may lead to adverse outcomes and additional strain on healthcare resources.
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12
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Yao Z, Chen J, Wang Q, Liu W, Zhang Q, Nan J, Huang H, Wu Y, Li L, Liang L, You L, Liu Y, Yu H. Three Patients with COVID-19 and Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Wuhan, China, January-February 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2755-2758. [PMID: 32667282 PMCID: PMC7588523 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.201536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During January–February 2020, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and tuberculosis were diagnosed for 3 patients in Wuhan, China. All 3 patients had COVID-19 pneumonia. One severely ill patient died after acute respiratory distress syndrome developed. Clinicians and public health officials should be aware of underlying chronic infections such as tuberculosis in COVID-19 patients.
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13
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Tham SM, Lim WY, Lee CK, Loh J, Premkumar A, Yan B, Kee A, Chai L, Tambyah PA, Yan G. Four Patients with COVID-19 and Tuberculosis, Singapore, April-May 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2764-2766. [PMID: 32667283 PMCID: PMC7588516 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.202752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and tuberculosis (TB) developed in 4 foreign workers living in dormitories in Singapore during April–May 2020. Clinical manifestations and atypical radiographic features of COVID-19 led to the diagnosis of TB through positive interferon-gamma release assay and culture results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, TB should not be overlooked.
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14
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Chen HR, Zou H, Xue M, Chen ZB, Chen WX. A Case of Childhood COVID-19 Infection with Pleural Effusion Complicated by Possible Secondary Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e135-e137. [PMID: 32379193 PMCID: PMC7359899 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of childhood coronavirus disease 2019 infection with pleural effusion complicated by possible secondary Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Fever and pulmonary lesions on computed tomography were the early clinical manifestations, and the patient developed nonproductive cough later. The hydrothorax in this coronavirus disease 2019 case was exudative, showing predominantly mature lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Zou
- Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Bing Chen
- From the Departments of Hand Surgery
- Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Xin Chen
- Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Morais AHA, Passos TS, Maciel BLL, da Silva-Maia JK. Can Probiotics and Diet Promote Beneficial Immune Modulation and Purine Control in Coronavirus Infection? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061737. [PMID: 32532069 PMCID: PMC7352643 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus worldwide has led the World Health Organization to declare a COVID-19 pandemic. Because there is no cure or treatment for this virus, it is emergingly urgent to find effective and validated methods to prevent and treat COVID-19 infection. In this context, alternatives related to nutritional therapy might help to control the infection. This narrative review proposes the importance and role of probiotics and diet as adjunct alternatives among the therapies available for the treatment of this new coronavirus. This review discusses the relationship between intestinal purine metabolism and the use of Lactobacillus gasseri and low-purine diets, particularly in individuals with hyperuricemia, as adjuvant nutritional therapies to improve the immune system and weaken viral replication, assisting in the treatment of COVID-19. These might be promising alternatives, in addition to many others that involve adequate intake of vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana H. A. Morais
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (B.L.L.M.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-84-991061887
| | - Thais S. Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
| | - Bruna L. L. Maciel
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (B.L.L.M.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
| | - Juliana K. da Silva-Maia
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (B.L.L.M.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
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16
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Abstract
This study describes the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with noncoronavirus respiratory pathogens in a sample of symptomatic patients undergoing PCR testing in March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - James Quinn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Benjamin Pinsky
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nigam H. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ian Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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17
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Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ward SA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, El-Omar EM. Considering the Effects of Microbiome and Diet on SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Nanotechnology Roles. ACS Nano 2020; 14:5179-5182. [PMID: 32356654 PMCID: PMC7197973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dietary patterns and the commensal microbiome on susceptibility to and severity of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has been largely ignored to date. In this Perspective, we present a rationale for an urgent need to investigate this possible impact and therapeutic options for COVID-19 based on dietary and microbiome modifications. The mitigating role of nanotechnology with relation to the impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering,
University of New South Wales,
Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie A. Ward
- Department of Geriatric Medicine,
The Price of Wales Hospital,
Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging,
University of New South Wales,
Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney
Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical
Center, 101 The City Drive, City Tower, Suite 400,
Orange, California 92868, United States
- Nephrology Section, Tibor
Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5901 E
Seventh Street, Long Beach, California 90822, United
States
| | - Emad M. El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and
Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052,
Australia
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18
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Sandhu A, Tillotson G, Polistico J, Salimnia H, Cranis M, Moshos J, Cullen L, Jabbo L, Diebel L, Chopra T. Clostridioides difficile in COVID-19 Patients, Detroit, Michigan, USA, March-April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26. [PMID: 32441243 PMCID: PMC7454075 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.202126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 9 patients at a medical center in Detroit, Michigan, USA, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Clostridioides difficile. Both infections can manifest as digestive symptoms and merit screening when assessing patients with diarrhea during the coronavirus disease pandemic. These co-infections also highlight the continued importance of antimicrobial stewardship.
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19
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Silva LN, de Mello TP, de Souza Ramos L, Branquinha MH, Roudbary M, Dos Santos ALS. Fungal Infections in COVID-19-Positive Patients: A Lack of Optimal Treatment Options. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1951-1957. [PMID: 33040728 DOI: 10.2174/156802662022200917110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Pereira de Mello
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Ramos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Tehran, Iran
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Tan Z, Dong W, Ding Y, Ding X, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Altered Colonic Microbiota Communities in Suckling Piglets. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010044. [PMID: 31905830 PMCID: PMC7016528 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a major gastrointestinal disease afflicting suckling pigs that causes huge industrial economic losses. In this study, we investigated microbiota from the colonic mucosa and content in healthy and PED piglets. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to identify inter-group differences. Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the top four affected phyla. The proportion of Proteobacteria was higher in infected than in healthy piglets, and the opposite was observed for Bacteroidetes (more than four-fold higher in the healthy group). In the infected group, Fusobacterium accounted for 36.56% and 21.61% in the colonic mucosa and contents, respectively, while in the healthy group, they comprised 22.53% and 12.67%, respectively. The percentage of Lactobacillus in healthy colons (15.63%) was considerably higher than that in the disease group (<10%). In both the colonic mucosa and contents, functional enrichment differed significantly between healthy and diseased groups. Overall, infection with the PED virus increased the proportion of harmful bacteria and decreased the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the colons of piglets. Targeting intestinal microbiota could be a promising method for PED prevention, thus opening new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wanting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
| | - Yaqun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.T.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Huang MZ, Wang SY, Wang H, Cui DA, Yang YJ, Liu XW, Kong XJ, Li JY. Differences in the intestinal microbiota between uninfected piglets and piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192992. [PMID: 29447243 PMCID: PMC5814011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea, a disastrous gastrointestinal disease, causes great financial losses due to its high infectivity, morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets despite the development and application of various vaccines. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to explore differences in the intestinal microbiota between uninfected piglets and piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The results revealed that the small intestinal microbiota of suckling piglets infected with PEDV showed low diversity and was dominated by Proteobacteria (49.1%). Additionally, the composition of the small intestinal microbiota of sucking piglets infected with PEDV showed marked differences from that of the uninfected piglets. Some of the taxa showing differences in abundance between uninfected piglets and piglets infected with PEDV were associated with cellular transport and catabolism, energy metabolism, the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and amino acid metabolism as determined through the prediction of microbial function based on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Therefore, adjusting the intestinal microbiota might be a promising method for the prevention or treatment of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zhou Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-An Cui
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Kong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Song D, Peng Q, Chen Y, Zhou X, Zhang F, Li A, Huang D, Wu Q, Ye Y, He H, Wang L, Tang Y. Altered Gut Microbiota Profiles in Sows and Neonatal Piglets Associated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17439. [PMID: 29234140 PMCID: PMC5727058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a devastating cause of diarrhea in pigs worldwide. Most of studies have focused on molecular and pathogenic characterization of PEDV, whereas there were limited studies in understanding the role of gut microbiota (GM) in viral-associated diarrhea. Here, using the Illumina MiSeq platform, we examined and compared the impact of PEDV infection on the GM of sows and their piglets less than 10 days old. Our results showed that PEDV caused alternations in the structure and abundance of GM from levels of phylum to genus, and even species. For sows, a significant decrease of observed species was found in diarrheal sows than that in healthy sows (p < 0.05). The unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances also revealed considerable segregations of GM structure among healthy, asymptomatic, and diarrheal sows. For piglets, Bacteroidetes, the dominant bacteria in healthy piglets, were replaced by Firmicutes in asymptomatic and diarrheal piglets. The abundances of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were also remarkably increased in asymptomatic piglets and diarrheal piglets when compared to those of the healthy piglets. Our findings demonstrated that PEDV infection caused severe perturbations of GM, reduced probiotic bacteria, and enriched pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Dongyan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Houjun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China.
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23
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Kang CK, Song KH, Choe PG, Park WB, Bang JH, Kim ES, Park SW, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Cho SI, Lee JK, Oh MD. Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Spreaders of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus during the 2015 Outbreak in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:744-749. [PMID: 28378546 PMCID: PMC5383605 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.5.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial transmission is an important characteristic of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Risk factors for transmission of MERS-CoV in healthcare settings are not well defined. During the Korean outbreak in 2015, 186 patients had laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection. Those suspected as a source of viral transmission were categorized into the spreader groups (super-spreader [n = 5] and usual-spreader [n = 10]) and compared to the non-spreader group (n = 171). Body temperature of ≥ 38.5°C (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-22.30; P = 0.016), pulmonary infiltration of ≥ 3 lung zones (aOR, 7.33; 95% CI, 1.93-27.79; P = 0.003), and a more nonisolated in-hospital days (aOR, 1.32 per 1 day; 95% CI, 1.09-1.60; P = 0.004) were significant risk factors in the spreader group. There was no different clinical factor between super-spreaders and usual-spreaders. Nonisolated in-hospital days was the only factor which tended to be higher in super-spreaders than usual-spreaders (Mean, 6.6 vs. 2.9 days; P = 0.061). Early active quarantine might help reducing the size of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Il Cho
- JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Koo Lee
- JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Liu S, Zhao L, Zhai Z, Zhao W, Ding J, Dai R, Sun T, Meng H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induced the Unbalance of Gut Microbiota in Piglets. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:643-9. [PMID: 26319658 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a devastating disease in livestock industry. Most of the previous studies related to the PED were focused on the pathology and etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). A little was known regarding the status of gut microbiota after piglets infected by PEDV. In this study, aided by metagenome sequencing technology, gut microbiota profiles in feces of viral diarrhea (VD) and viral control (VC) piglets were investigated. The results showed that the abundance of four dominant phyla (Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria) in feces was affected greatly by porcine epidemic diarrhea. Especially, the abundance of Fusobacteria was higher in VD piglets (36%) than in VC piglets (5%). On the contrary, the Verrucomicrobia was detected in lower distribution proportion in VD piglets (around 0%) than in VC piglets (20%). Furthermore, 25 genera were significantly different between VC and VD piglets at the genus level. Among the 25 genera, Leptotrichia belonging to Fusobacteria was remarkably lower in VC piglets than in VD piglets. Akkermansia belonging to Verrucomicrobia was higher in VC piglets than in VD piglets. Our findings implicated that the gut microbiota associated with PED significantly provided an insight into the pathology and physiology of PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Zhao
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Heung-Bum Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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26
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Abroug F, Slim A, Ouanes-Besbes L, Hadj Kacem MA, Dachraoui F, Ouanes I, Lu X, Tao Y, Paden C, Caidi H, Miao C, Al-Hajri MM, Zorraga M, Ghaouar W, BenSalah A, Gerber SI. Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, Tunisia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1527-30. [PMID: 25148113 PMCID: PMC4178422 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.140378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013 in Tunisia, 3 persons in 1 family were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The index case-patient’s respiratory tract samples were negative for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription PCR, but diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed by PCR of serum. Sequences clustered with those from Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
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27
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Cabrera-Gaytán DA, Vargas-Valerio A, Grajales-Muñiz C. [New coronavirus infection: new challenges, new legacies]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2014; 52:438-441. [PMID: 25078748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new highly pathogenic human coronavirus has emerged. Its natural history and its determinants are still under investigation. It lacks a publication to examine all the cases identified worldwide. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the cases and deaths caused by the new coronavirus. METHODS World Health Organization's, European Centre for Disease Control's and Eurosurveillance's publications online were reviewed. We performed a descriptive analysis of the cases; the limits of proportions were calculated with a 0.05 alpha using Wilson test, and Student's t test for mean difference. RESULTS There are 17 confirmed cases and 11 deaths in several countries in Asia and Europe; men predominated. The case fatality rate was 64.70 %. People who died took five days to hospitalize after the first symptoms. There is a lack of publications to describe the natural history of the disease, but the descriptions of the European publications are consistent with the results of this study. CONCLUSION It is necessary to keep the surveillance and further studies in order to assess the impact on international public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alejandro Cabrera-Gaytán
- Coordinación de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Unidad de Atención Primaria a la Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Distrito Federal, México.
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28
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Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C, Hoschler K, Brown K, Galiano M, Myers R, Pebody RG, Green HK, Boddington NL, Gopal R, Price N, Newsholme W, Drosten C, Fouchier RA, Zambon M. Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill 2012; 17:20290. [PMID: 23078800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe transmissible human disease, as demonstrated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003. We describe here the clinical and virological features of a novel coronavirus infection causing severe respiratory illness in a patient transferred to London, United Kingdom, from the Gulf region of the Middle East.
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29
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Nix WA, Troeber DS, Kingham BF, Keeler CL, Gelb J. Emergence of subtype strains of the Arkansas serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in Delmarva broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2000; 44:568-81. [PMID: 11007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field isolates of the Arkansas (Ark) serotype were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the most common serotype isolated from 1993 to 1997. These isolates were recovered from broiler flocks with respiratory disease raised on the Delmarva peninsula in spite of Ark vaccination in the region. For the purposes of investigating this apparently paradoxical finding, five RT-PCR Ark-positive field isolates recovered in 1995 and 1996 were selected for further characterization. The isolates were compared with Ark reference strains by reciprocal virus neutralization (VN) in embryonated eggs, S-1 gene sequence analysis, and challenge of immunity studies in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Antigenic (VN) comparisons and S-1 gene analysis confirmed that the five RT-PCR Ark-positive field isolates were of the Ark serotype but also revealed that the viruses could be readily distinguished from Ark reference strains. Four of the isolates (Ark/213/96, Ark/15C/96, Ark/1529/95, Ark/1534/95) were found to have higher antigenic relatedness percentages to each other (95%-100%) than to Ark reference strains DPI (52%-72%) and Georgia variant (Georgia var) (53%-68%) by VN. Another isolate, Ark/1535/95, was found to differ antigenically from the other four RT-PCR Ark-positive field isolates (34%-61%), Ark DPI (44%), and Georgia var (43%) strains. The trends in the S-1 gene sequencing results were similar to those observed for the VN findings. Isolates Ark/213/96, Ark/15C/96, Ark/1529/95, and Ark/1534/95 demonstrated a higher degree of predicted S-1 amino acid similarity to each other (96.5%-98.7%) than to Ark DPI (92.4%-93.7%), Ark 99 (93.2%-94.7%), and Georgia var (89.3%-90.8%). Ark/1535/95 S-1 amino acid similarity values were lower compared with those of the other four RT-PCR Ark-positive field isolates (93.4%-94.8%), Ark DPI (91.9%), Ark 99 (93.0%), and Georgia var (88.7%). Furthermore, the isolates could be distinguished from the Ark reference strains by a characteristic sequence polymorphism, a six-nucleotide deletion encoding amino acids 57 (Asp) and 58 (Asp) in hypervariable region 1 of S-1. On the basis of the VN and sequencing findings, isolates Ark/213/96, Ark/15C/96, Ark/1529/95, and Ark/1534/95 were considered to be a single subtype of the Ark serotype. The fifth isolate, Ark/1535/95, may constitute another subtype of the Ark serotype. Vaccination of SPF chickens with a high-titering commercially available live vaccine containing the Ark DPI strain provided solid protection (>90%) against challenge with the RT-PCR Ark-positive field isolates. Immunization of SPF chickens with Ark/213/96 produced 100% protection against challenge with the homologous strain, as well as isolates Ark/1535/95 and Ark 99 but lower levels of protection against Ark DPI (58%) and Georgia var (55%). Primers for RT-PCR were designed to distinguish between the Ark subtypes and the Ark reference strains on the basis of the characteristic six-nucleotide deletion identified in the S-1 gene of the Ark subtypes. Retrospective analysis of RT-PCR Ark-positive isolates found that the Ark subtypes existed as early as 1992 in Delmarva broilers and became prevalent by 1995. With RT-PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and DNA sequencing techniques, the presence of Ark subtype viruses was demonstrated in two commercial Ark DPI strain vaccines and in our Ark DPI laboratory stocks that were the original source of the virus used for vaccine development. The demonstration of the Ark subtype and reference strains in the Ark DPI strain is evidence of the existence of IBV quasispecies. Factors possibly influencing the emergence of the Ark subtype in commercial broilers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Nix
- Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19717-1303, USA
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Abstract
Expression of specific virus receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells or M cells can determine whether or not a animal is susceptible to infection with an enterotropic virus. Receptors for many animal viruses have been identified. The specificity of virus-receptor interactions clearly affects the species specificity of virus infection, and in some instances may be an important determinant of viral tissue tropism. In this paper, the specificity of coronavirus-receptor interactions is summarized. Porcine and human coronaviruses utilize aminopeptidase N as their receptors, but in a species-specific manner. Mouse hepatitis virus uses several rodent glycoproteins in the carcinoembryonic antigen family as receptors. In addition, some coronaviruses can interact with carbohydrate moieties on the cell surface. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of virus-receptor interactions may lead to development of novel strategies for the control of enteric viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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31
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Sizun J, Soupre D, Legrand MC, Giroux JD, Rubio S, Chastel C, Alix D, de Parscau L. [Pathogen role of coronavirus in pediatric intensive care: retrospective analysis of 19 positive samples with indirect immunofluorescence]. Arch Pediatr 1994; 1:477-80. [PMID: 7951832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CV) are ARN-containing agents that are responsible for mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults and children. Their pathogenicity in neonates is not wellknown. POPULATION AND METHODS Eighty five samples of tracheal or nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from January to October 1991 from 53 children (29 less than 1 month of age; 19 from 1 month to 1 year; five older than 1 year). They were examined for respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, myxovirus influenza and parainfluenza and coronavirus by immunofluorescence (IF). RESULTS Nineteen samples from nine newborns and three infants were positive for coronavirus. The mean birth weight of the nine neonates was 2100 +/- 840 g; their mean gestational age was 34 +/- 5 weeks and their mean age at diagnosis was 21 +/- 9 days. Apnea and bradycardia were the main symptoms in this group. Blood C-reactive protein was not elevated and blood cultures were sterile. One infant was admitted for near-miss; the two others were admitted at birth because they suffered from chronic lung disease (pulmonary hypoplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia). An acute episode of pulmonary deterioration occurred at the time of coronavirus infection. Both died one at 4 months and the other at 10 months. CONCLUSION Coronaviruses seem to be responsible for respiratory tract infections in hospitalized neonates and chronically ventilated infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sizun
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique et néonatologie, CHU, Brest, France
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Lucchiari MA, Martin JP, Modolell M, Pereira CA. Reduction of the accumulation of viral mRNA and of cellular rRNA synthesis in MHV3-infected macrophages of resistant mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 1994; 27:601-11. [PMID: 8081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
1. After MHV3 infection, only macrophages from resistant A/J mice partially restricted virus growth compared to those from susceptible BALB/c mice (2 logs of difference in virus titer). 2. Cellular ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by MHV3-infected macrophages was decreased only in A/J mouse macrophages as indicated by accumulation of the 28S rRNA fraction. 3. The accumulation of viral messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in MHV3-infected macrophages was also reduced in A/J mouse macrophages compared to BALB/c mice. 4. In pulse-chase experiments of viral protein synthesis, the appearance, glycosylation and cleavage of glycoprotein S, as well as the metabolism of nucleoprotein N were delayed in A/J mouse macrophages. 5. These data show that MHV3 infection of A/J mouse macrophages induced an imbalanced accumulation of the 28S fraction of rRNA. Furthermore the synthesis of mRNAs correlated with viral protein synthesis in both A/J and BALB/c macrophages, but was delayed in A/J mice. 6. These results suggest that the partial restriction of MHV3 replication in macrophages of resistant A/J mice may take place during or before the mRNA synthesis, although it is correlated with the appearance, glycosylation, cleavage and metabolism of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lucchiari
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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Athanassious R, Marsolais G, Assaf R, Dea S, Descôteaux JP, Dulude S, Montpetit C. Detection of bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of cattle in Quebec: evaluation of three diagnostic methods. Can Vet J 1994; 35:163-9. [PMID: 8055431 PMCID: PMC1686320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of direct electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy for the identification of bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus were examined. Two hundred and forty-nine samples from diarrheic calves and winter dysenteric cattle from seven geographic areas in Quebec were examined for the presence of viruses by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations. In addition, all the samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a random selection of 47 samples were also analyzed by protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy. Thirty-nine percent of samples examined by direct electron microscopy contained viral particles; bovine coronavirus and type A rotavirus were the most common viruses involved. Overall agreement between any two of the methods used compared favorably with results obtained by others using similar methods. The presence of coronavirus and rotavirus in fecal samples obtained from neonatal calves and the presence of coronavirus in samples from winter dysenteric adult cattle suggested their etiological roles in the respective diseases. Furthermore, results from protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy of coronavirus-like particles implied that a different coronavirus or some other viruses might be involved in these diseases. Finally, the efficiency of direct electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy as diagnostic tools is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Athanassious
- Centre de recherche en Virologie, Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, Laval
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Jabrane A, Girard C, Elazhary Y. Pathogenicity of porcine respiratory coronavirus isolated in Québec. Can Vet J 1994; 35:86-92. [PMID: 8069830 PMCID: PMC1686726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is present in many countries, including Canada, but controversy still exists concerning its pathogenicity. Eight-week-old piglets were inoculated intratracheally with a Quebec PRCV isolate (1Q90). Two contact piglets were kept with the inoculated animals. Three animals served as control. Polypnea and dyspnea were the main clinical signs observed. Diffuse bronchioloalveolar damage occurred 24 hours postinoculation. Changes compatible with bronchointerstitial pneumonia were present six days postinoculation. The inoculated virus was recovered from the respiratory tract and mesenteric lymph nodes, but not from the digestive tract, of the inoculated as well as the contact piglets. No virus was isolated from the control piglets. The development of clinical signs and histopathological changes in inoculated as well as in contact piglets and the reisolation of the inoculated virus demonstrated that PRCV can be an important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jabrane
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec
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Schwender S, Hein A, Imrich H, Dörries R. On the role of different lymphocyte subpopulations in the course of coronavirus MHV IV (JHM)-induced encephalitis in Lewis rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:425-30. [PMID: 8209763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Schwender
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg
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37
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the S gene of the bovine respiratory coronavirus (BRCV) strain G95, which was isolated from nasal swabs of a calf suffering from respiratory disorders, was determined and compared with the S gene of the enteropathogenic bovine coronavirus (BECV) strain LY138. Sequence analysis revealed 98.7% nucleotide and 98.3% deduced amino acid identities between the S genes of BRCV-G95 and BECV-LY138 without any deletions or insertions. Nucleotide substitutions were distributed randomly throughout the gene. Five monoclonal antibodies specific for the S protein distinguished BRCV-G95 from BECV-L9, but failed to differentiate it from BECV-LY138 in Western blots under denatured and native conditions. BRCV-G95 induced cytopathic changes in cell cultures that were similar to BECV-LY138 but different from BECV-L9. These results suggest that strain BRCV-G95 is more closely related to the virulent strain BECV-LY138 than to the avirulent, cell culture-adapted strain BECV-L9.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
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38
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Homberger FR. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the membrane protein genes of three enterotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus. Virus Res 1994; 31:49-56. [PMID: 8165869 PMCID: PMC7134047 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1993] [Revised: 09/08/1993] [Accepted: 09/13/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the membrane (M) protein genes and their deduced amino acid sequences of three enterotropic strains of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) -Y, -RI and -DVIM were determined and compared with the previously reported sequences of two respiratory MHV strains -A59 and -JHM. The five MHV strains shared extensive nucleotide (95.2-99.0%) as well as amino acid homology (95.6-98.7%). A variable region, including a 15 nucleotide deletion unique to MHV-RI, could be identified at the 5'-terminus of the gene. This region of the M protein may be immunogenic and may contribute to the antigenic diversity of the MHV strains. Sequence relationships between the strains showed no correspondence with the primary cell tropism. This may suggest that evolution of enterotropism was not a single occurrence among different MHV strains. No sequence unique to either tropism group could be identified, indicating that the M protein of MHV probably has no part in the determination of MHV tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Homberger
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich-Irchel, Switzerland
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Cabirac GF, Soike KF, Butunoi C, Hoel K, Johnson S, Cai GY, Murray RS. Coronavirus JHM OMP1 pathogenesis in owl monkey CNS and coronavirus infection of owl monkey CNS via peripheral routes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:347-52. [PMID: 8209752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two separate studies are described in this report. First, 5 Owl monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally (IC) with coronavirus JHM OMP1; this virus isolate was cultured from the brain of an animal inoculated with uncloned MHV JHM. Two of the animals became neurological impaired and were sacrificed; these animals had developed severe encephalomyelitis as previously described. Two of the remaining 3 healthy animals were inoculated IC again at 90 days post-inoculation (DPI) and all 3 were sacrificed approximately 5 months after the first virus inoculation. Despite the lack of detectable infectious virus, viral RNA and antigen, all 3 animals had significant white matter inflammation and areas of demyelination in the spinal cord. In the second study 4 Owl monkeys were inoculated intranasally (IN) and ocularly and 4 inoculated intravenously (i.v.) with JHM OMP1. The animals were sacrificed between 16 and 215 DPI with 2 IN and 2 i.v. animals receiving a second i.v. inoculum at 152 DPI. Viral RNA and/or antigen was detected in the brains of all animals and the distribution corresponded to areas of inflammation and edema. One of the animals that received the second inoculum developed neurological impairment and subsequent analysis of tissues showed viral antigen in both brain and spinal cord. Viral products were predominantly found in blood vessels suggesting hematogenous spread with entry into the central nervous system (CNS) through endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Cabirac
- Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Colorado Neurological Institute, Englewood
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40
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Welter MW, Horstman MP, Welter CJ, Welter LM. An overview of successful TGEV vaccination strategies and discussion on the interrelationship between TGEV and PRCV. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:463-8. [PMID: 8209768 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is a new variant of TGE with an altered pathogenesis. PRCV multiplies mainly in tonsilar tissues and the respiratory tract. There are no enteric symptoms and in experimentally infected pigs, even the respiratory tract infection is usually asymptomatic. PRCV is spread aerogenically through herds and the significance of PRCV as a pathogen in swine has yet to be determined. Despite the differences in pathogenesis and tissue tropism, the behavior of TGEV and PRCV are closely related antigenically. PRCV induces an antibody response in pigs that cannot be distinguished from TGEV-infected pigs by conventional serological assays. PRCV sensitized animals are not protected from TGEV challenge nor is the milk antibody provided to nursing piglets completely effective in prevention of TGEV infections; thus PRCV is not a good vaccine candidate for TGEV infections. PRCV subclinical infections have led to several reported cases of enzootic TGEV in herds that had been diagnosed as TGEV immune strictly on the basis of serum neutralizing titers which were later found to be due to exposure to PRCV. Vaccination studies conducted with the Ambico, oral modified live TGEV vaccine have led to some startling new results: (1) Use of Ambico TGEV modified live vaccine has been shown to provide complete protection against subsequent PRCV challenge and (2) the effectiveness of TGEV vaccination is actually enhanced by previous exposure to PRCV (3) Weanling pigs which have passively acquired circulating TGEV neutralizing antibodies are protected from subsequent PRCV infections.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Coronavirus Infections/microbiology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Female
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/prevention & control
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/transmission
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Milk/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary
- Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Tract Infections/transmission
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/microbiology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/classification
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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41
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Chung S, Li C, Fung LS, Crow A, Gorczynski R, Cole E, Perlman S, Leibowitz J, Levy G. Role of macrophage procoagulant activity in mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection: studies using T cell MHV-3 clones and monoclonal antibody 3D4.3. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:377-84. [PMID: 8209757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blood Coagulation Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Blood Coagulation Factors/biosynthesis
- Blood Coagulation Factors/immunology
- Blood Coagulation Factors/physiology
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/microbiology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Thromboplastin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Thromboplastin/immunology
- Thromboplastin/physiology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
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42
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Abstract
The antigenicity of the S1, M and N proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus was compared following immunization of chickens with live and inactivated virus. The N protein was immunodominant antigen inducing cross-reactive antibodies in high titres whereas the S1 glycoprotein induced serotype-specific and cross-reactive antibodies. The M glycoprotein elicited antibodies in low titres and of limited cross-reactivity. Immunization of chickens with the purified N and M proteins did not induce protection against virulent challenge whereas immunization with the S1 glycoprotein prevented replication of nephropathogenic IBV in kidneys but not in tracheas of immunized chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignjatovic
- CSIRO Division of Animal Health, Parkville, Australia
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43
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Goncharuk EI, Fuks PP, Shevtsova ZV. [Human and simian coronaviruses]. Vopr Virusol 1994; 39:2-6. [PMID: 8160442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wickham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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45
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Barthold SW, Smith AL. Role of host age and genotype in murine enterotropic coronavirus infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:371-6. [PMID: 8209756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S W Barthold
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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46
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Mendoza J, Navarro JM. [Viral gastroenteritis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993; 11:441-9. [PMID: 8260517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mendoza
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
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47
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Deeb BJ, DiGiacomo RF, Evermann JF, Thouless ME. Prevalence of coronavirus antibodies in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1993; 43:431-3. [PMID: 8277721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to coronavirus were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test in rabbit sera from six rabbitries. The prevalence ranged from 3 to 40% in different rabbitries and most seropositive rabbits were more than 4 months old. A rabbitry with high prevalence of antibodies and high incidence of diarrhea could serve as a source of virus and aid in studying the natural history of coronavirus infection in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Deeb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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48
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Abstract
The neurotropic murine coronavirus, MHV-JHM (JHMV) causes encephalitis and paralytic-demyelinating disease in susceptible strains of mice and rats, serving as a model for human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this communication, we report that a single intracerebral administration of the naturally occurring neuropeptide, beta-endorphin, reduced the incidence of JHMV-induced paralytic-demyelinating disease 40-50% in C57Bl/6 mice. Protection from disease was accompanied by significantly reduced virus replication in the brain as early as 3 days post-infection and did not occur in irradiated, or immunoincompetent mice. The data suggest that beta-endorphin engages immune mechanisms of host resistance to JHMV infection to protect the mice from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilmore
- Department of Neurology, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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49
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Yamada YK, Yabe M, Yamada A, Taguchi F. Detection of mouse hepatitis virus by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to the rapid diagnosis of infection. Lab Anim Sci 1993; 43:285-90. [PMID: 8231083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eight different strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to see whether two sets of oligonucleotides, which were synthesized based on the published nucleotide sequence of MHV-JHM mRNAs 6 and 7, could be used as universal primers for amplification. Total RNA extracted from virus-infected cells or virus-infected culture fluids was transcribed into cDNA by using reverse transcriptase and oligo(dT) as primer, then the cDNA transcripts were amplified by PCR. The MHV-specific fragments of 199-bp and 241-bp were obtained from all eight strains irrespective of nucleotide differences in the primer regions. The same fragments were also amplified from RNA derived from the liver and brain of MHV-JHM-infected mice as soon as day 1 after intraperitoneal injection, even from the liver from which the virus was not detected. Results of PCR amplification from the liver RNA extracts became positive when more than 10(-2)PFU of MHV-JHM was contained in the PCR reaction mixture. In contrast, anti-MHV antibody was not detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay until day 6 after inoculation. These results suggest that PCR is a very sensitive method to identify a variety of MHV infections in laboratory animals, especially at the early phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Yamada
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Goncharuk EI, Shevtsova ZV, Rumel' NB, Fedorinov VV. [The properties of simian coronavirus]. Vopr Virusol 1993; 38:126-9. [PMID: 8073751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Properties of 20 coronavirus (CV) isolates obtained from spontaneously infected Papio hamadryas and rhesus monkeys were investigated. Two of them were selected as simian CV prototype strains-CVRM 281 (rhesus monkey) and CVP 250 (Papio hamadryas), and can be offered as candidates to the Coronaviridae family. They are closely related to each other, but differ in some biological properties and polypeptides. These strains belong to the 2nd antigen group of mammalian CV with the prototype strain HCV OC 43 but differ from the latter. The strain CVRM 281 induces experimental CV infection which can be used as a model for investigations of some obscure aspects of human infection. The properties of these viruses suggest their usefulness for diagnostic purposes.
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