51
|
Perez JR, Ybarra N, Chagnon F, Serban M, Pare G, Lesur O, Seuntjens J, Naqa IE. Image-Guided Fluorescence Endomicroscopy: From Macro- to Micro-Imaging of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17829. [PMID: 29259252 PMCID: PMC5736547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a debilitating side effect of radiation therapy (RT) of several cancers including lung and breast cancers. Current clinical methods to assess and monitor RIPF involve diagnostic computed tomography (CT) imaging, which is restricted to anatomical macroscopic changes. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) or fluorescence endomicroscopy (FE) in combination with a fibrosis-targeted fluorescent probe allows to visualize RIPF in real-time at the microscopic level. However, a major limitation of FE imaging is the lack of anatomical localization of the endomicroscope within the lung. In this work, we proposed and validated the use of x-ray fluoroscopy-guidance in a rat model of RIPF to pinpoint the location of the endomicroscope during FE imaging and map it back to its anatomical location in the corresponding CT image. For varying endomicroscope positions, we observed a positive correlation between CT and FE imaging as indicated by the significant association between increased lung density on CT and the presence of fluorescent fiber structures with FE in RT cases compared to Control. Combining multimodality imaging allows visualization and quantification of molecular processes at specific locations within the injured lung. The proposed image-guided FE method can be extended to other disease models and is amenable to clinical translation for assessing and monitoring fibrotic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Perez
- McGill University, Biomedical Engineering, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,McGill University Health Center, Medical Physics, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Norma Ybarra
- McGill University Health Center, Medical Physics, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Frederic Chagnon
- Sherbrooke University, Intensive Care Unit and Pulmonology, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Monica Serban
- McGill University Health Center, Medical Physics, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gabriel Pare
- Sherbrooke University, Intensive Care Unit and Pulmonology, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Sherbrooke University, Intensive Care Unit and Pulmonology, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- McGill University Health Center, Medical Physics, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Issam El Naqa
- McGill University Health Center, Medical Physics, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada.,University of Michigan, Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103-4943, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Désogère P, Tapias LF, Hariri LP, Rotile NJ, Rietz TA, Probst CK, Blasi F, Day H, Mino-Kenudson M, Weinreb P, Violette SM, Fuchs BC, Tager AM, Lanuti M, Caravan P. Type I collagen-targeted PET probe for pulmonary fibrosis detection and staging in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/384/eaaf4696. [PMID: 28381537 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring of the lungs that can arise from radiation injury, drug toxicity, environmental or genetic causes, and for unknown reasons [idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)]. Overexpression of collagen is a hallmark of organ fibrosis. We describe a peptide-based positron emission tomography (PET) probe (68Ga-CBP8) that targets collagen type I. We evaluated 68Ga-CBP8 in vivo in the bleomycin-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. 68Ga-CBP8 showed high specificity for pulmonary fibrosis and high target/background ratios in diseased animals. The lung PET signal and lung 68Ga-CBP8 uptake (quantified ex vivo) correlated linearly (r2 = 0.80) with the amount of lung collagen in mice with fibrosis. We further demonstrated that the 68Ga-CBP8 probe could be used to monitor response to treatment in a second mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis associated with vascular leak. Ex vivo analysis of lung tissue from patients with IPF supported the animal findings. These studies indicate that 68Ga-CBP8 is a promising candidate for noninvasive imaging of human pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Désogère
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Luis F Tapias
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Helen Day
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Farrar CT, Gale EM, Kennan R, Ramsay I, Masia R, Arora G, Looby K, Wei L, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Bunzel MM, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Akiyama TE, Klimas M, Pinto S, Diyabalanage H, Tanabe KK, Humblet V, Fuchs BC, Caravan P. CM-101: Type I Collagen-targeted MR Imaging Probe for Detection of Liver Fibrosis. Radiology 2017; 287:581-589. [PMID: 29156148 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the biodistribution, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a new type I collagen-targeted magnetic resonance (MR) probe, CM-101, and to assess its ability to help quantify liver fibrosis in animal models. Materials and Methods Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and stability of CM-101 in rats were measured with mass spectrometry. Bile duct-ligated (BDL) and sham-treated rats were imaged 19 days after the procedure by using a 1.5-T clinical MR imaging unit. Mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or with vehicle two times a week for 10 weeks and were imaged with a 7.0-T preclinical MR imaging unit at baseline and 1 week after the last CCl4 treatment. Animals were imaged before and after injection of 10 µmol/kg CM-101. Change in contrast-to-noise ratio (ΔCNR) between liver and muscle tissue after CM-101 injection was used to quantify liver fibrosis. Liver tissue was analyzed for Sirius Red staining and hydroxyproline content. The institutional subcommittee for research animal care approved all in vivo procedures. Results CM-101 demonstrated rapid blood clearance (half-life = 6.8 minutes ± 2.4) and predominately renal elimination in rats. Biodistribution showed low tissue gadolinium levels at 24 hours (<3.9% injected dose [ID]/g ± 0.6) and 10-fold lower levels at 14 days (<0.33% ID/g ± 12) after CM-101 injection with negligible accumulation in bone (0.07% ID/g ± 0.02 and 0.010% ID/g ± 0.004 at 1 and 14 days, respectively). ΔCNR was significantly (P < .001) higher in BDL rats (13.6 ± 3.2) than in sham-treated rats (5.7 ± 4.2) and in the CCl4-treated mice (18.3 ± 6.5) compared with baseline values (5.2 ± 1.0). Conclusion CM-101 demonstrated fast blood clearance and whole-body elimination, negligible accumulation of gadolinium in bone or tissue, and robust detection of fibrosis in rat BDL and mouse CCl4 models of liver fibrosis. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Farrar
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Eric M Gale
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Richard Kennan
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Ian Ramsay
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Ricard Masia
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Gunisha Arora
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Kailyn Looby
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Lan Wei
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Michelle M Bunzel
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Chunlian Zhang
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Taro E Akiyama
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Michael Klimas
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Shirly Pinto
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Himashinie Diyabalanage
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Valerie Humblet
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| | - Peter Caravan
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (C.T.F., E.M.G., I.R., J.K., P.C.); Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ (R.K., M.M.B., C.Z., Y.Z., T.E.A., M.K., S.P.); Collagen Medical, Belmont, Mass (I.R., H.D., V.H.); Departments of Pathology (R.M.) and Surgical Oncology (G.A., K.L., L.W., K.K.T., B.C.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Fibrosis imaging: Current concepts and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:9-26. [PMID: 29108860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis plays an important role in many different pathologies. It results from tissue injury, chronic inflammation, autoimmune reactions and genetic alterations, and it is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Biopsies are routinely employed for fibrosis diagnosis, but they suffer from several drawbacks, including their invasive nature, sampling variability and limited spatial information. To overcome these limitations, multiple different imaging tools and technologies have been evaluated over the years, including X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These modalities can provide anatomical, functional and molecular imaging information which is useful for fibrosis diagnosis and staging, and they may also hold potential for the longitudinal assessment of therapy responses. Here, we summarize the use of non-invasive imaging techniques for monitoring fibrosis in systemic autoimmune diseases, in parenchymal organs (such as liver, kidney, lung and heart), and in desmoplastic cancers. We also discuss how imaging biomarkers can be integrated in (pre-) clinical research to individualize and improve anti-fibrotic therapies.
Collapse
|
55
|
Polasek M, Yang Y, Schühle DT, Yaseen MA, Kim YR, Sung YS, Guimaraes AR, Caravan P. Molecular MR imaging of fibrosis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8114. [PMID: 28808290 PMCID: PMC5556073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis with excessive amounts of type I collagen is a hallmark of many solid tumours, and fibrosis is a promising target in cancer therapy, but tools for its non-invasive quantification are missing. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging with a gadolinium-based probe targeted to type I collagen (EP-3533) to image and quantify fibrosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. An orthotopic syngeneic mouse model resulted in tumours with 2.3-fold higher collagen level compared to healthy pancreas. Animals were scanned at 4.7 T before, during and up to 60 min after i.v. injection of EP-3533, or of its non-binding isomer EP-3612. Ex-vivo quantification of gadolinium showed significantly higher uptake of EP-3533 compared to EP-3612 in tumours, but not in surrounding tissue (blood, muscle). Uptake of EP-3533 visualized in T1-weighted MRI correlated well with spatial distribution of collagen determined by second harmonic generation imaging. Differences in the tumour pharmacokinetic profiles of EP-3533 and EP-3612 were utilized to distinguish specific binding to tumour collagen from non-specific uptake. A model-free pharmacokinetic measurement based on area under the curve was identified as a robust imaging biomarker of fibrosis. Collagen-targeted molecular MRI with EP-3533 represents a new tool for non-invasive visualization and quantification of fibrosis in tumour tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Polasek
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yan Yang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Daniel T Schühle
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Young R Kim
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yu Sub Sung
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alexander R Guimaraes
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Jenkins RG, Moore BB, Chambers RC, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M, Kolb M, Laurent GJ, Nanthakumar CB, Olman MA, Pardo A, Selman M, Sheppard D, Sime PJ, Tager AM, Tatler AL, Thannickal VJ, White ES. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Use of Animal Models for the Preclinical Assessment of Potential Therapies for Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:667-679. [PMID: 28459387 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0096st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous compounds have shown efficacy in limiting development of pulmonary fibrosis using animal models, yet few of these compounds have replicated these beneficial effects in clinical trials. Given the challenges associated with performing clinical trials in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), it is imperative that preclinical data packages be robust in their analyses and interpretations to have the best chance of selecting promising drug candidates to advance to clinical trials. The American Thoracic Society has convened a group of experts in lung fibrosis to discuss and formalize recommendations for preclinical assessment of antifibrotic compounds. The panel considered three major themes (choice of animal, practical considerations of fibrosis modeling, and fibrotic endpoints for evaluation). Recognizing the need for practical considerations, we have taken a pragmatic approach. The consensus view is that use of the murine intratracheal bleomycin model in animals of both genders, using hydroxyproline measurements for collagen accumulation along with histologic assessments, is the best-characterized animal model available for preclinical testing. Testing of antifibrotic compounds in this model is recommended to occur after the acute inflammatory phase has subsided (generally after Day 7). Robust analyses may also include confirmatory studies in human IPF specimens and validation of results in a second system using in vivo or in vitro approaches. The panel also strongly encourages the publication of negative results to inform the lung fibrosis community. These recommendations are for preclinical therapeutic evaluation only and are not intended to dissuade development of emerging technologies to better understand IPF pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
57
|
Waghorn PA, Jones CM, Rotile NJ, Koerner SK, Ferreira DS, Chen HH, Probst CK, Tager AM, Caravan P. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Fibrogenesis with an Oxyamine‐Based Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Waghorn
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Chloe M. Jones
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rotile
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Steffi K. Koerner
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Diego S. Ferreira
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Howard H. Chen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Clemens K. Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Waghorn PA, Jones CM, Rotile NJ, Koerner SK, Ferreira DS, Chen HH, Probst CK, Tager AM, Caravan P. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Fibrogenesis with an Oxyamine-Based Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9825-9828. [PMID: 28677860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is the active production of extracellular matrix in response to tissue injury. In many chronic diseases persistent fibrogenesis results in the accumulation of scar tissue, which can lead to organ failure and death. However, no non-invasive technique exists to assess this key biological process. All tissue fibrogenesis results in the formation of allysine, which enables collagen cross-linking and leads to tissue stiffening and scar formation. We report herein a novel allysine-binding gadolinium chelate (GdOA), that can non-invasively detect and quantify the extent of fibrogenesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We demonstrate that GdOA signal enhancement correlates with the extent of the disease and is sensitive to a therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Waghorn
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Chloe M Jones
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Steffi K Koerner
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Diego S Ferreira
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Howard H Chen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Désogère P, Tapias LF, Rietz TA, Rotile N, Blasi F, Day H, Elliott J, Fuchs BC, Lanuti M, Caravan P. Optimization of a Collagen-Targeted PET Probe for Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1991-1996. [PMID: 28611243 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.193532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for a simple, accurate, noninvasive, quantitative, and high-resolution imaging modality to detect lung fibrosis at early stage and to monitor disease progression. Overexpression of collagen is a hallmark of organ fibrosis. Here, we describe the optimization of a collagen-targeted PET probe for staging pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Six peptides were synthesized, conjugated to a copper chelator, and radiolabeled with 64Cu. The collagen affinity of each probe was measured in a plate-based assay. The pharmacokinetics and metabolic stability of the probes were studied in healthy rats. The capacity of these probes to detect and stage pulmonary fibrosis in vivo was assessed in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced fibrosis using PET imaging. Results: All probes exhibited affinities in the low micromolar range (1.6 μM < Kd < 14.6 μM) and had rapid blood clearance. The probes showed 2- to 8-fold-greater uptake in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice than sham-treated mice, whereas the distribution in other organs was similar between bleomycin-treated and sham mice. The probe 64Cu-CBP7 showed the highest uptake in fibrotic lungs and the highest target-to-background ratios. The superiority of 64Cu-CBP7 was traced to a much higher metabolic stability compared with the other probes. The specificity of 64Cu-CBP7 for collagen was confirmed by comparison with a nonbinding isomer. Conclusion:64Cu-CBP7 is a promising candidate for in vivo imaging of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Désogère
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luis F Tapias
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Rotile
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Blasi
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Day
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Elliott
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts .,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Chen HH, Waghorn PA, Wei L, Tapias LF, Schühle DT, Rotile NJ, Jones CM, Looby RJ, Zhao G, Elliott JM, Probst CK, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Tager AM, Tanabe KK, Lanuti M, Fuchs BC, Caravan P. Molecular imaging of oxidized collagen quantifies pulmonary and hepatic fibrogenesis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91506. [PMID: 28570270 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis results from the dysregulation of tissue repair mechanisms affecting major organ systems, leading to chronic extracellular matrix buildup, and progressive, often fatal, organ failure. Current diagnosis relies on invasive biopsies. Noninvasive methods today cannot distinguish actively progressive fibrogenesis from stable scar, and thus are insensitive for monitoring disease activity or therapeutic responses. Collagen oxidation is a universal signature of active fibrogenesis that precedes collagen crosslinking. Biochemically targeting oxidized lysine residues formed by the action of lysyl oxidase on collagen with a small-molecule gadolinium chelate enables targeted molecular magnetic resonance imaging. This noninvasive direct biochemical elucidation of the fibrotic microenvironment specifically and robustly detected and staged pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis progression, and monitored therapeutic response in animal models. Furthermore, this paradigm is translatable and generally applicable to diverse fibroproliferative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Philip A Waghorn
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | | | - Daniel T Schühle
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Chloe M Jones
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Richard J Looby
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | | | | | - Clemens K Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | | | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shea BS, Probst CK, Brazee PL, Rotile NJ, Blasi F, Weinreb PH, Black KE, Sosnovik DE, Van Cott EM, Violette SM, Caravan P, Tager AM. Uncoupling of the profibrotic and hemostatic effects of thrombin in lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:86608. [PMID: 28469072 PMCID: PMC5414562 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic lung disease, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is thought to result from aberrant wound-healing responses to repetitive lung injury. Increased vascular permeability is a cardinal response to tissue injury, but whether it is mechanistically linked to lung fibrosis is unknown. We previously described a model in which exaggeration of vascular leak after lung injury shifts the outcome of wound-healing responses from normal repair to pathological fibrosis. Here we report that the fibrosis produced in this model is highly dependent on thrombin activity and its downstream signaling pathways. Direct thrombin inhibition with dabigatran significantly inhibited protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation, integrin αvβ6 induction, TGF-β activation, and the development of pulmonary fibrosis in this vascular leak-dependent model. We used a potentially novel imaging method - ultashort echo time (UTE) lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the gadolinium-based, fibrin-specific probe EP-2104R - to directly visualize fibrin accumulation in injured mouse lungs, and to correlate the antifibrotic effects of dabigatran with attenuation of fibrin deposition. We found that inhibition of the profibrotic effects of thrombin can be uncoupled from inhibition of hemostasis, as therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin failed to downregulate the PAR1/αvβ6/TGF-β axis or significantly protect against fibrosis. These findings have direct and important clinical implications, given recent findings that warfarin treatment is not beneficial in IPF, and the clinical availability of direct thrombin inhibitors that our data suggest could benefit these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry S. Shea
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Clemens K. Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Patricia L. Brazee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | | | - Francesco Blasi
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | | | - Katharine E. Black
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - David E. Sosnovik
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Elizabeth M. Van Cott
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Cleveland ZI, Zhou YM, Akinyi TG, Dunn RS, Davidson CR, Guo J, Woods JC, Hardie WD. Magnetic resonance imaging of disease progression and resolution in a transgenic mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L488-L499. [PMID: 28130263 PMCID: PMC5407091 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00458.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis contributes to morbidity and mortality in a range of diseases, and there are no approved therapies for reversing its progression. To understand the mechanisms underlying pulmonary fibrosis and assess potential therapies, mouse models are central to basic and translational research. Unfortunately, metrics commonly used to assess murine pulmonary fibrosis require animals to be grouped and euthanized, increasing experimental difficulty and cost. We examined the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to noninvasively assess lung fibrosis progression and resolution in a doxycycline (Dox) regulatable, transgenic mouse model that overexpresses transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) under control of a lung-epithelial-specific promoter. During 7 wk of Dox treatment, fibrotic lesions were readily observed as high-signal tissue. Mean weighted signal and percent signal volume were found to be the most robust MRI-derived measures of fibrosis, and these metrics correlated significantly with pleural thickness, histology scores, and hydroxyproline content (R = 0.75-0.89). When applied longitudinally, percent high signal volume increased by 1.5% wk-1 (P < 0.001) and mean weighted signal increased at a rate of 0.0065 wk-1 (P = 0.0062). Following Dox treatment, lesions partially resolved, with percent high signal volume decreasing by -3.2% wk-1 (P = 0.0034) and weighted mean signal decreasing at -0.015 wk-1 (P = 0.0028). Additionally, longitudinal MRI revealed dynamic remodeling in a subset of lesions, a previously unobserved behavior in this model. These results demonstrate MRI can noninvasively assess experimental lung fibrosis progression and resolution and provide unique insights into its pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zackary I Cleveland
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yu M Zhou
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Teckla G Akinyi
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - R Scott Dunn
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cynthia R Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jinbang Guo
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Woods
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William D Hardie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhu B, Wei L, Rotile N, Day H, Rietz T, Farrar CT, Lauwers GY, Tanabe KK, Rosen B, Fuchs BC, Caravan P. Combined magnetic resonance elastography and collagen molecular magnetic resonance imaging accurately stage liver fibrosis in a rat model. Hepatology 2017; 65:1015-1025. [PMID: 28039886 PMCID: PMC5319882 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic fibrosis is associated with an overproduction of matrix proteins and a pathological increase of liver stiffness. Noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR) quantification of matrix can be assessed with a collagen-binding molecular MR probe and stiffness by MR elastography, complementary techniques. This study used both imaging techniques to more accurately stage hepatic fibrosis in a rat model. Thirty rats with varying levels of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis were imaged before and 45 minutes after injection of collagen-specific probe EP-3533. MR elastography was performed in the same imaging session. Changes in liver relaxation rate post-EP-3533 and liver stiffness were compared to the collagen proportional area determined by histology and to Ishak scoring using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Collagen imaging was most sensitive to early fibrosis, while elastography was more sensitive to advanced fibrosis. This complementary feature enabled the formulation of a composite model using multivariate analysis of variance. This model incorporated the discriminating advantages of both MR techniques, resulting in more accurate staging throughout fibrotic progression. CONCLUSION Collagen molecular MR imaging is complementary to MR elastography, and combining the two techniques in a single exam leads to increased diagnostic accuracy for all stages of fibrosis. (Hepatology 2017;65:1015-1025).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Lan Wei
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 United States
| | - Nicholas Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Helen Day
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Tyson Rietz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Christian T. Farrar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, WRN 2, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 United States
| | - Bruce Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 United States
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wahyudi H, Reynolds AA, Li Y, Owen SC, Yu SM. Targeting collagen for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2016; 240:323-331. [PMID: 26773768 PMCID: PMC4936964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the most abundant protein in mammals and a major structural component in extracellular matrix, collagen holds a pivotal role in tissue development and maintaining the homeostasis of our body. Persistent disruption to the balance between collagen production and degradation can cause a variety of diseases, some of which can be fatal. Collagen remodeling can lead to either an overproduction of collagen which can cause excessive collagen accumulation in organs, common to fibrosis, or uncontrolled degradation of collagen seen in degenerative diseases such as arthritis. Therefore, the ability to monitor the state of collagen is crucial for determining the presence and progression of numerous diseases. This review discusses the implications of collagen remodeling and its detection methods with specific focus on targeting native collagens as well as denatured collagens. It aims to help researchers understand the pathobiology of collagen-related diseases and create novel collagen targeting therapeutics and imaging modalities for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Wahyudi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Amanda A Reynolds
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shawn C Owen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - S Michael Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zheng L, Ding X, Liu K, Feng S, Tang B, Li Q, Huang D, Yang S. Molecular imaging of fibrosis using a novel collagen-binding peptide labelled with 99mTc on SPECT/CT. Amino Acids 2016; 49:89-101. [PMID: 27633720 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, closely related to chronic various diseases, is a pathological process characterised by the accumulation of collagen (largely collagen type I). Non-invasive methods are necessary for the diagnosis and follow-up of fibrosis. This study aimed to develop a collagen-targeted probe for the molecular imaging of fibrosis. We identified CPKESCNLFVLKD (CBP1495) as an original collagen-binding peptide using isothermal titration calorimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CBP1495 effectively bound to collagen type I (K d = 861 nM) and (GPO)9 (K d = 633 nM), a collagen mimetic peptide. Western blot and histochemistry validated CBP1495 targeting collagen in vitro and ex vivo. (Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly-Gly) was introduced to CBP1495 for coupling 99mTc. Labelling efficiency of 99mTc-CBP1495 was 95.06 ± 1.08 %. The physico-chemical properties, tracer kinetics and biodistribution of 99mTc-CBP1495 were carried out, and showed that the peptide stably chelated 99mTc in vitro and in vivo. SPECT/CT imaging with 99mTc-CBP1495 was performed in rat fibrosis models, and revealed that 99mTc-CBP1495 significantly accumulated in fibrotic lungs or livers of rats. Finally, 99mTc-CBP1495 uptake and hydroxyproline (Hyp), a specific amino acid of collagen, were quantitatively analysed. The results demonstrated that 99mTc-CBP1495 uptake was positvely correlated with Hyp content in lungs (P < 0.0001, r 2 = 0.8266) or livers (P < 0.0001, r 2 = 0.7581). Therefore, CBP1495 is a novel collagen-binding peptide, and 99mTc-labelled CBP1495 may be a promising radiotracer for the molecular imaging of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaojiang Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kaiyun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qianwei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dingde Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Tassali N, Bianchi A, Lux F, Raffard G, Sanchez S, Tillement O, Crémillieux Y. MR imaging, targeting and characterization of pulmonary fibrosis using intra-tracheal administration of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:396-404. [PMID: 27396584 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease. Animal models are critical to develop new diagnostic approaches. We investigate here whether the application of an ultra-short echo time MRI sequence combined with the intra-tracheal administration of Gd-based nanoparticles can help to visualize and characterize pulmonary fibrosis in mice. 21 mice were imaged. Treated mice were administered bleomycin. MRI was used for longitudinal detection of bleomycin-induced lung injury from Day 1 up to Day 60. On Day 30, all mice received nanoparticles and MR images were acquired. A signal enhancement of 120% and 50% in fibrotic lesions and healthy tissues respectively was obtained. A twofold increase of contrast-to-noise ratio between fibrotic and healthy tissue was also observed, leading to a more accurate delineation of the extent of fibrosis. The elimination time constant of the nanoparticles was 54% higher in fibrotic lesions. Bleomycin-induced lung injury can be monitored using MRI. Intra-tracheal administration of Gd-based nanoparticles enabled us to enhance fibrotic tissue in lungs but also to extract imaging biomarkers that quantify elimination and diffusion of contrast agents and can characterize fibrotic tissue. The added value of MRI associated with pulmonary administration of contrast agents is key to better understand the lung fibrotic process and monitor drug response in pre-clinical studies, which will be valuable for translational applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Tassali
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Lux
- Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gérard Raffard
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Sanchez
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS UMR 5536, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Senanayake PK, Rogers NJ, Finney KLNA, Harvey P, Funk AM, Wilson JI, O'Hogain D, Maxwell R, Parker D, Blamire AM. A new paramagnetically shifted imaging probe for MRI. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1307-1317. [PMID: 26922918 PMCID: PMC5324534 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and characterize a new paramagnetic contrast agent for molecular imaging by MRI. METHODS A contrast agent was developed for direct MRI detection through the paramagnetically shifted proton magnetic resonances of two chemically equivalent tert-butyl reporter groups within a dysprosium(III) complex. The complex was characterized in phantoms and imaged in physiologically intact mice at 7 Tesla (T) using three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) sequences to measure spatial distribution and signal frequency. RESULTS The reporter protons reside ∼6.5 Å from the paramagnetic center, resulting in fast T1 relaxation (T1 = 8 ms) and a large paramagnetic frequency shift exceeding 60 ppm. Fast relaxation allowed short scan repetition times with high excitation flip angle, resulting in high sensitivity. The large dipolar shift allowed direct frequency selective excitation and acquisition of the dysprosium(III) complex, independent of the tissue water signal. The biokinetics of the complex were followed in vivo with a temporal resolution of 62 s following a single, low-dose intravenous injection. The lower concentration limit for detection was ∼23 μM. Through MRSI, the temperature dependence of the paramagnetic shift (0.28 ppm.K-1 ) was exploited to examine tissue temperature variation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a new MRI agent with the potential for physiological monitoring by MRI. Magn Reson Med 77:1307-1317, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola J Rogers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Harvey
- Dept. of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Funk
- Dept. of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - J Ian Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Dara O'Hogain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Maxwell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - David Parker
- Dept. of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Withana NP, Ma X, McGuire HM, Verdoes M, van der Linden WA, Ofori LO, Zhang R, Li H, Sanman LE, Wei K, Yao S, Wu P, Li F, Huang H, Xu Z, Wolters PJ, Rosen GD, Collard HR, Zhu Z, Cheng Z, Bogyo M. Non-invasive Imaging of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Cathepsin Protease Probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19755. [PMID: 26797565 PMCID: PMC4726431 DOI: 10.1038/srep19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal, chronic, progressive disease characterized by formation of scar tissue within the lungs. Because it is a disease of unknown etiology, it is difficult to diagnose, to predict disease course and to devise treatment strategies. Recent evidence suggests that activated macrophages play key roles in the pathology of IPF. Therefore, imaging probes that specifically recognize these pools of activated immune cells could provide valuable information about how these cells contribute to the pathobiology of the disease. Here we demonstrate that cysteine cathepsin-targeted imaging probes can be used to monitor the contribution of macrophages to fibrotic disease progression in the bleomycin-induced murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we show that the probes highlight regions of macrophage involvement in fibrosis in human biopsy tissues from IPF patients. Finally, we present first-in-human results demonstrating non-invasive imaging of active cathepsins in fibrotic lesions of patients with IPF. Together, our findings validate small molecule cysteine cathepsin probes for clinical PET imaging and suggest that they have the potential to be used to generate mechanistically-informative molecular information regarding cellular drivers of IPF disease severity and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimali P Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Helen M McGuire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Leslie O Ofori
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peilin Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zuojun Xu
- Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Glenn D Rosen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Harold R Collard
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
|
70
|
Segnani C, Ippolito C, Antonioli L, Pellegrini C, Blandizzi C, Dolfi A, Bernardini N. Histochemical Detection of Collagen Fibers by Sirius Red/Fast Green Is More Sensitive than van Gieson or Sirius Red Alone in Normal and Inflamed Rat Colon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144630. [PMID: 26673752 PMCID: PMC4682672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen detection in histological sections and its quantitative estimation by computer-aided image analysis represent important procedures to assess tissue localization and distribution of connective fibers. Different histochemical approaches have been proposed to detect and quantify collagen deposition in paraffin slices with different degrees of satisfaction. The present study was performed to compare the qualitative and quantitative efficiency of three histochemical methods available for collagen staining in paraffin sections of colon. van Gieson, Sirius Red and Sirius Red/Fast Green stainings were carried out for collagen detection and quantitative estimation by morphometric image analysis in colonic specimens from normal rats or animals with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) induced colitis. Haematoxylin/eosin staining was carried out to assess tissue morphology and histopathological lesions. Among the three investigated methods, Sirius Red/Fast Green staining allowed to best highlight well-defined red-stained collagen fibers and to obtain the highest quantitative results by morphometric image analysis in both normal and inflamed colon. Collagen fibers, which stood out against the green-stained non-collagen components, could be clearly appreciated, even in their thinner networks, within all layers of normal or inflamed colonic wall. The present study provides evidence that, as compared with Sirius Red alone or van Gieson staining, the Sirius Red/Fast Green method is the most sensitive, in terms of both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of collagen fibers, in paraffin sections of both normal and inflamed colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Segnani
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amelio Dolfi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Yaroshenko A, Hellbach K, Yildirim AÖ, Conlon TM, Fernandez IE, Bech M, Velroyen A, Meinel FG, Auweter S, Reiser M, Eickelberg O, Pfeiffer F. Improved In vivo Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice using X-Ray Dark-Field Radiography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17492. [PMID: 26619958 PMCID: PMC4664921 DOI: 10.1038/srep17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease with a median life expectancy of 4–5 years after initial diagnosis. Early diagnosis and accurate monitoring of IPF are limited by a lack of sensitive imaging techniques that are able to visualize early fibrotic changes at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. Here, we report a new x-ray imaging approach that directly visualizes the air-tissue interfaces in mice in vivo. This imaging method is based on the detection of small-angle x-ray scattering that occurs at the air-tissue interfaces in the lung. Small-angle scattering is detected with a Talbot-Lau interferometer, which provides the so-called x-ray dark-field signal. Using this imaging modality, we demonstrate-for the first time-the quantification of early pathogenic changes and their correlation with histological changes, as assessed by stereological morphometry. The presented radiography method is significantly more sensitive in detecting morphological changes compared with conventional x-ray imaging, and exhibits a significantly lower radiation dose than conventional x-ray CT. As a result of the improved imaging sensitivity, this new imaging modality could be used in future to reduce the number of animals required for pulmonary research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Yaroshenko
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department &Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Hellbach
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isis Enlil Fernandez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bech
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Astrid Velroyen
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department &Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix G Meinel
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich
| | - Sigrid Auweter
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Pneumology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department &Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Farrar CT, DePeralta DK, Day H, Rietz TA, Wei L, Lauwers GY, Keil B, Subramaniam A, Sinskey AJ, Tanabe KK, Fuchs BC, Caravan P. 3D molecular MR imaging of liver fibrosis and response to rapamycin therapy in a bile duct ligation rat model. J Hepatol 2015; 63:689-96. [PMID: 26022693 PMCID: PMC4543390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver biopsy, the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis, suffers from limitations due to sampling error and invasiveness. There is therefore a critical need for methods to non-invasively quantify fibrosis throughout the entire liver. The goal of this study was to use molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Type I collagen to non-invasively image liver fibrosis and assess response to rapamycin therapy. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation (BDL). MRI was performed 4, 10, or 18 days following BDL. Some BDL rats were treated daily with rapamycin starting on day 4 and imaged on day 18. A three-dimensional (3D) inversion recovery MRI sequence was used to quantify the change in liver longitudinal relaxation rate (ΔR1) induced by the collagen-targeted probe EP-3533. Liver tissue was subjected to pathologic scoring of fibrosis and analyzed for Sirius Red staining and hydroxyproline content. RESULTS ΔR1 increased significantly with time following BDL compared to controls in agreement with ex vivo measures of increasing fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated the ability of ΔR1 to detect liver fibrosis and distinguish intermediate and late stages of fibrosis. EP-3533 MRI correctly characterized the response to rapamycin in 11 out of 12 treated rats compared to the standard of collagen proportional area (CPA). 3D MRI enabled characterization of disease heterogeneity throughout the whole liver. CONCLUSIONS EP-3533 allowed for staging of liver fibrosis, assessment of response to rapamycin therapy, and demonstrated the ability to detect heterogeneity in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian T. Farrar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Danielle K. DePeralta
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Helen Day
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Tyson A. Rietz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Lan Wei
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, WRN 2, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Boris Keil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Arun Subramaniam
- Sanofi Genzyme, 49 New York Ave, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, WRN 401, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States, Corresponding authors: Tel: + 1 617 643 0193; fax: + 1 617 726 2422. (P. Caravan) or Tel: + 1 617 726 4174; fax: 617-726-4442. (B.C. Fuchs)
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs is becoming increasingly appreciated as a third diagnostic imaging modality besides chest x-ray and computed tomography (CT). Its value is well acknowledged for pediatric patients or for scientific use particularly when radiation exposure should be strictly avoided. However, the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease is the biggest challenge of all indications. The objective of this article is a summary of the current state of the art for diagnostic MRI of interstitial lung diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS This article reflects the results of a current search of the literature and discusses them against the background of the authors own experience with lung MRI. RESULTS Due to its lower spatial resolution and a higher susceptibility to artefacts MRI does not achieve the sensitivity of CT for the detection of small details for pattern recognition (e.g. fine reticulation and micronodules) but larger details (e.g. coarse fibrosis and honeycombing) can be clearly visualized. Moreover, it could be shown that MRI has the capability to add clinically valuable information on regional lung function (e.g. ventilation, perfusion and mechanical properties) and inflammation with native signal and contrast dynamics. DISCUSSION In its present state MRI can be used for comprehensive cardiopulmonary imaging in patients with sarcoidosis or for follow-up of lung fibrosis after initial correlation with CT. Far more indications are expected when the capabilities of MRI for the assessment of regional lung function and activity of inflammation can be transferred into robust protocols for clinical use.
Collapse
|
74
|
T2 mapping of CT remodelling patterns in interstitial lung disease. Eur Radiol 2015; 25:3167-74. [PMID: 26037715 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate lung T2 mapping for quantitative characterization and differentiation of ground-glass opacity (GGO), reticulation (RE) and honeycombing (HC) in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). METHODS Twelve patients with stable UIP or NSIP underwent thin-section multislice CT and 1.5-T MRI of the lung. A total of 188 regions were classified at CT into normal (n = 29) and pathological areas, including GGO (n = 48), RE (n = 60) and HC (n = 51) predominant lesions. Entire lung T2 maps based on multi-echo single shot TSE sequence (TE: 20, 40, 79, 140, 179 ms) were generated from each subject with breath-holds at end-expiration and ECG-triggering. RESULTS The median T2 relaxation of GGO was 67 ms (range 60-72 ms). RE predominant lesions had a median relaxation of 74 ms (range 69-79 ms), while for HC pattern this was 79 ms (range 74-89 ms). The median T2 relaxation for normal lung areas was 41 ms (ranged 38-49 ms), and showed significant difference to pathological areas (p < 0.001). A statistical difference was found between the T2 relaxation of GGO, RE and HC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The proposed method provides quantitative information for pattern differentiation, potentially allowing for monitoring of progression and response to treatment, in interstitial lung disease. KEY POINTS • Multi-echo single shot TSE sequence allows for entire lung T2 mapping. • Lung remodelling patterns in ILD show different T2 relaxation. • Quantitative T2 mapping may provide information for monitoring of ILD.
Collapse
|
75
|
Jones KM, Randtke EA, Howison CM, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Sime PJ, Kottmann RM, Pagel MD. Measuring extracellular pH in a lung fibrosis model with acidoCEST MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:177-84. [PMID: 25187227 PMCID: PMC4832114 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A feed-forward loop involving lactic acid production may potentially occur during the formation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. To provide evidence for this feed-forward loop, we used acidoCEST MRI to measure the extracellular pH (pHe), while also measuring percent uptake of the contrast agent, lesion size, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). PROCEDURES We developed a respiration-gated version of acidoCEST MRI to improve the measurement of pHe and percent uptake in lesions. We also used T2-weighted MRI to measure lesion volumes and diffusion-weighted MRI to measure ADC. RESULTS The longitudinal changes in average pHe and % uptake of the contrast agent were inversely related to reduction in lung lesion volume. The average ADC did not change during the time frame of the study. CONCLUSIONS The increase in pHe during the reduction in lesion volume indicates a role for lactic acid in the proposed feed-forward loop of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Jones
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Edward A. Randtke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Patricia J. Sime
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - R. Matthew Kottmann
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Recent advances in molecular magnetic resonance imaging of liver fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:595467. [PMID: 25874221 PMCID: PMC4385649 DOI: 10.1155/2015/595467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality owing to its diverse causes. Liver biopsy, as the current gold standard for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis, has a number of limitations, including sample variability, relatively high cost, an invasive nature, and the potential of complications. Most importantly, in clinical practice, patients often reject additional liver biopsies after initiating treatment despite their being necessary for long-term follow-up. To resolve these problems, a number of different noninvasive imaging-based methods have been developed for accurate diagnosis of liver fibrosis. However, these techniques only reflect morphological or perfusion-related alterations in the liver, and thus they are generally only useful for the diagnosis of late-stage liver fibrosis (liver cirrhosis), which is already characterized by "irreversible" anatomic and hemodynamic changes. Thus, it is essential that new approaches are developed for accurately diagnosing early-stage liver fibrosis as at this stage the disease may be "reversed" by active treatment. The development of molecular MR imaging technology has potential in this regard, as it facilitates noninvasive, target-specific imaging of liver fibrosis. We provide an overview of recent advances in molecular MR imaging for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis and we compare novel technologies with conventional MR imaging techniques.
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Egger C, Cannet C, Gérard C, Dunbar A, Tigani B, Beckmann N. Hyaluronidase modulates bleomycin-induced lung injury detected noninvasively in small rodents by radial proton MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 41:755-764. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Egger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Biocenter; Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Christelle Gérard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Andrew Dunbar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Bruno Tigani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Analytical Sciences and Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Gammon ST, Foje N, Brewer EM, Owers E, Downs CA, Budde MD, Leevy WM, Helms MN. Preclinical anatomical, molecular, and functional imaging of the lung with multiple modalities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L897-914. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is an important tool for preclinical studies of lung function and disease. The widespread availability of multimodal animal imaging systems and the rapid rate of diagnostic contrast agent development have empowered researchers to noninvasively study lung function and pulmonary disorders. Investigators can identify, track, and quantify biological processes over time. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of bioluminescence, fluorescence, planar X-ray, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging modalities (such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography) that have been successfully employed for the study of lung function and pulmonary disorders in a preclinical setting. The major principles, benefits, and applications of each imaging modality and technology are reviewed. Limitations and the future prospective of multimodal imaging in pulmonary physiology are also discussed. In vivo imaging bridges molecular biological studies, drug design and discovery, and the imaging field with modern medical practice, and, as such, will continue to be a mainstay in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth T. Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nathan Foje
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth M. Brewer
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Owers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Charles A. Downs
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Matthew D. Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - W. Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - My N. Helms
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
In almost all cardiac diseases, an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition or fibrosis occurs, mostly consisting of collagen I. Whereas replacement fibrosis follows cardiomyocyte loss in myocardial infarction, reactive fibrosis is triggered by myocardial stress or inflammatory mediators and often results in ventricular stiffening, functional deterioration, and development of heart failure. Given the importance of ECM deposition in cardiac disease, ECM imaging could be a valuable clinical tool. Molecular imaging of ECM may help understand pathology, evaluate impact of novel therapy, and may eventually find a role in predicting the extent of ECM expansion and development of personalized treatment. In the current review, we provide an overview of ECM imaging including the assessment of ECM volume and molecular targeting of key players involved in ECM deposition and degradation. The targets comprise myofibroblasts, intracardiac renin-angiotensin axis, matrix metalloproteinases, and matricellular proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J de Haas
- From Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., V.F., J.N.); Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (E.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.); and Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA (C.M.K.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Fuchs BC, Wang H, Yang Y, Wei L, Polasek M, Schühle DT, Lauwers GY, Parkar A, Sinskey AJ, Tanabe KK, Caravan P. Molecular MRI of collagen to diagnose and stage liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:992-8. [PMID: 23838178 PMCID: PMC3805694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gold standard in assessing liver fibrosis is biopsy despite limitations like invasiveness and sampling error and complications including morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a major unmet medical need to quantify fibrosis non-invasively to facilitate early diagnosis of chronic liver disease and provide a means to monitor disease progression. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to stage liver fibrosis. METHODS A gadolinium (Gd)-based MRI probe targeted to type I collagen (termed EP-3533) was utilized to non-invasively stage liver fibrosis in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse model and the results were compared to other MRI techniques including relaxation times, diffusion, and magnetization transfer measurements. RESULTS The most sensitive MR biomarker was the change in liver:muscle contrast to noise ratio (ΔCNR) after EP-3533 injection. We observed a strong positive linear correlation between ΔCNR and liver hydroxyproline (i.e. collagen) levels (r=0.89) as well as ΔCNR and conventional Ishak fibrosis scoring. In addition, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUR0C) for distinguishing early (Ishak ≤ 3) from late (Ishak ≥ 4) fibrosis was 0.942 ± 0.052 (p<0.001). By comparison, other MRI techniques were not as sensitive to changes in fibrosis in this model. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an MRI technique using a collagen-specific probe for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis, and validated it in the CCl4 mouse model. This approach should provide a better means to monitor disease progression in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Huifang Wang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Yan Yang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Miloslav Polasek
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel T. Schühle
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 2, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| |
Collapse
|