51
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Park SW, Lee JJ, Lee JE. Scleral buckling in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: patient selection and perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:1605-1615. [PMID: 30214145 PMCID: PMC6124476 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the technique of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) develops rapidly, scleral buckling (SB) has several advantages over PPV for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), including early visual rehabilitation and prevention of cataract progression. It is recommended to select the primary procedure for RRD by considering the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure based on the patient status. The vitreous body status affects the features of RRD. Vitreous liquefaction is an age-dependent process, resulting in the development of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). RRD is usually associated with PVD, typically presenting with a retinal tear, strong vitreoretinal traction, and bullous detachment. In contrast, RRD may develop without PVD, and typically presents with a small atrophic hole, shallow detachment, and slow progression. RRD with less liquefied vitreous and no PVD can be managed successfully with SB alone even in the presence of subretinal strand as less liquefied vitreous acts as bio-tamponade blocking fluid passage. The strong traction induced by PVD and bullous detachment in an eye with extensively liquefied vitreous reduces the success rate of SB. PPV is gaining popularity as the primary procedure for RRD, especially in eyes with retinal tears, PVD, or pseudophakia. Nevertheless, SB remains the preferred procedure in young phakic patients without PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Who Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea, .,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea,
| | - Jae Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea, .,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea,
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea, .,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea,
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52
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Nakamura M, Yako T, Kuse Y, Inoue Y, Nishinaka A, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Exposure to excessive blue LED light damages retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors of pigmented mice. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:1-11. [PMID: 30040948 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the characteristics of the damages of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors of pigmented mice induced by exposure to blue light emitting diode (LED) light, and to determine the mechanisms causing the damages. Exposure to blue LED light for 3 days induced retinal damage, and the characteristics of the damage differed from that induced by white fluorescent light exposure. Ophthalmoscopy showed that blue LED exposure for 3 days induced white spots on the retina, and histological examinations showed materials accumulated at the IS/OS junction of the photoreceptors. The accumulated materials were stained by ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), a marker for macrophages. The debris was also positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). An enlarging the area of RPE was detected just after the blue LED exposure especially around the optic nerve, and this led to a secondary degeneration of the photoreceptors. Exposure of pigmented mice to 3 consecutive days of blue LED light will cause RPE and photoreceptor damage. The damage led to an accumulation of macrophages and drusen-like materials around the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This blue light exposed model may be useful for investigating the pathogenesis of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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53
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Reagan AM, Gu X, Paudel S, Ashpole NM, Zalles M, Sonntag WE, Ungvari Z, Csiszar A, Otalora L, Freeman WM, Stout MB, Elliott MH. Age-related focal loss of contractile vascular smooth muscle cells in retinal arterioles is accelerated by caveolin-1 deficiency. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:1-12. [PMID: 30059797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microcirculation is critical for the preservation of brain health, and vascular impairment is associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Because the retina is a component of the central nervous system, cellular changes that occur in the aging retina are likely relevant to the aging brain, and the retina provides the advantage that the entire vascular bed is visible, en face. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that normal, healthy aging alters the contractile vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) coverage of retinal arterioles. We found that aging results in a significant reduction of contractile VSMCs in focal patches along arterioles. Focal loss of contractile VSMCs occurs at a younger age in mice deficient in the senescence-associated protein, caveolin-1. Age-related contractile VSMC loss is not exacerbated by genetic depletion of insulin-like growth factor-1. The patchy loss of contractile VSMCs provides a cellular explanation for previous clinical studies showing focal microirregularities in retinal arteriolar responsiveness in healthy aged human subjects and is likely to contribute to age-related retinal vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina M Reagan
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gu
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sijalu Paudel
- Department of Cell Biology, Cameron University, Lawton, OK, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Michelle Zalles
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Laura Otalora
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael B Stout
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma city, OK, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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54
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McKendrick AM, Chan YM, Nguyen BN. Spatial vision in older adults: perceptual changes and neural bases. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:363-375. [PMID: 29774576 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The number of older adults is rapidly increasing internationally, leading to a significant increase in research on how healthy ageing impacts vision. Most clinical assessments of spatial vision involve simple detection (letter acuity, grating contrast sensitivity, perimetry). However, most natural visual environments are more spatially complicated, requiring contrast discrimination, and the delineation of object boundaries and contours, which are typically present on non-uniform backgrounds. In this review we discuss recent research that reports on the effects of normal ageing on these more complex visual functions, specifically in the context of recent neurophysiological studies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has concentrated on understanding the effects of healthy ageing on neural responses within the visual pathway in animal models. Such neurophysiological research has led to numerous, subsequently tested, hypotheses regarding the likely impact of healthy human ageing on specific aspects of spatial vision. SUMMARY Healthy normal ageing impacts significantly on spatial visual information processing from the retina through to visual cortex. Some human data validates that obtained from studies of animal physiology, however some findings indicate that rethinking of presumed neural substrates is required. Notably, not all spatial visual processes are altered by age. Healthy normal ageing impacts significantly on some spatial visual processes (in particular centre-surround tasks), but leaves contrast discrimination, contrast adaptation, and orientation discrimination relatively intact. The study of older adult vision contributes to knowledge of the brain mechanisms altered by the ageing process, can provide practical information regarding visual environments that older adults may find challenging, and may lead to new methods of assessing visual performance in clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yu Man Chan
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bao N Nguyen
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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55
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AlQahtani GMS, AlSayed AAD, Gangadharan S, Adhi MI. Fungal endophthalmitis in a case of granulomatosis with polyangitis. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:261-265. [PMID: 30224896 PMCID: PMC6137701 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 70-year-old immuno-compromised man, due to multiple comorbidities, particularly granulomatosis with polyangitis (GPA) and its related treatment, presented with generalized weakness, odynophagia and loss of taste sensation. After a complete evaluation, a diagnosis of right frontal lobe brain abscess was made. The patient then developed headache and sudden painful loss of vision in the right eye. Clinical examination revealed anterior chamber cells and flare, vitreous haze and cells, and hemorrhagic chorioretinitis with severe vasculitis in the right eye. Culture from the drained pus of the frontal brain abscess came positive for Aspergillus fumigatus. Incidental echocardiogram showed large vegetation in the mitral valve. Pars plana vitrectomy was done and a specimen was sent for culture that came positive for Aspergillus fumigatus. Although all the necessary medical and surgical interventions were timely carried out in the affected right eye, the patient’s vision worsened due to retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa Adher D AlSayed
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiji Gangadharan
- Department of Surgery-Division of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Idrees Adhi
- Department of Surgery-Division of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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56
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Kerur N, Fukuda S, Banerjee D, Kim Y, Fu D, Apicella I, Varshney A, Yasuma R, Fowler BJ, Baghdasaryan E, Marion KM, Huang X, Yasuma T, Hirano Y, Serbulea V, Ambati M, Ambati VL, Kajiwara Y, Ambati K, Hirahara S, Bastos-Carvalho A, Ogura Y, Terasaki H, Oshika T, Kim KB, Hinton DR, Leitinger N, Cambier JC, Buxbaum JD, Kenney MC, Jazwinski SM, Nagai H, Hara I, West AP, Fitzgerald KA, Sadda SR, Gelfand BD, Ambati J. cGAS drives noncanonical-inflammasome activation in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Med 2017; 24:50-61. [PMID: 29176737 PMCID: PMC5760363 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy is a blinding form of age-related macular degeneration characterized by death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). In this disease, the RPE displays evidence of DICER1 deficiency, resultant accumulation of endogenous Alu retroelement RNA, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. How the inflammasome is activated in this untreatable disease is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that RPE degeneration in human cell culture and in mouse models is driven by a non-canonical inflammasome pathway that results in activation of caspase-4 (caspase-11 in mice) and caspase-1, and requires cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent interferon-β (IFN-β) production and gasdermin D-dependent interleukin-18 (IL-18) secretion. Reduction of DICER1 levelsor accumulation of Alu RNA triggers cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA, which engages cGAS. Moreover, caspase-4, gasdermin D, IFN-β, and cGAS levels are elevated in the RPE of human eyes with geographic atrophy. Collectively, these data highlight an unexpected role for cGAS in responding to mobile element transcripts, reveal cGAS-driven interferon signaling as a conduit for mitochondrial damage-induced inflammasome activation, expand the immune sensing repertoire of cGAS and caspase-4 to non-infectious human disease, and identify new potential targets for treatment of a major cause of blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Kerur
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shinichi Fukuda
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daipayan Banerjee
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Younghee Kim
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dongxu Fu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ivana Apicella
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Reo Yasuma
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Benjamin J Fowler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Elmira Baghdasaryan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Xiwen Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Yasuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Meenakshi Ambati
- Center for Digital Image Evaluation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Vidya L Ambati
- Center for Digital Image Evaluation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuji Kajiwara
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kameshwari Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shuichiro Hirahara
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ana Bastos-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yuichiro Ogura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - S Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Isao Hara
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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57
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Gupta T, Saini N, Arora J, Sahni D. Age-Related Changes in the Chorioretinal Junction: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:567-577. [PMID: 28813619 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417726507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chorioretinal junction comprises the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane (BM), and adjacent choroidal capillaries. Its significance lies in its ability to support the retina mechanically and metabolically. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to record the senescent changes affecting all the constituents of the chorioretinal junction in 40 histological specimens across the whole spectrum of the adult age range. This study included light microscopy, with hematoxylin and eosin and PAS stains, and fluorescent microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was done using antibodies against neurofilament, synaptophysin, S-100, and collagen IV. The descriptive microanatomy was corroborated by morphometry. The amount of melanin and lipofuscin granule and drusens were noted. The ratio of thickness of BM to capillary diameter reduced from 1:6 or less in the 2nd decade to 1:3 in the 10th decade. Complete hyalinization of intercapillary pillars was seen in the 10th decade. The accumulation of lipofuscin with age was documented with the diminution in the size of epithelial cells. The subepithelial accumulation of drusen was first noted in the specimen from the late 60s. We have described all senescent changes in the chorioretinal junction chronologically. Similar changes are found in a more pronounced form in age-related macular degeneration. These data might serve as a reference baseline for clinicians and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Narbada Saini
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jasbir Arora
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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58
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Wiesmeier IK, Dalin D, Wehrle A, Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Dietterle J, Weiller C, Gollhofer A, Maurer C. Balance Training Enhances Vestibular Function and Reduces Overactive Proprioceptive Feedback in Elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:273. [PMID: 28848430 PMCID: PMC5554492 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Postural control in elderly people is impaired by degradations of sensory, motor, and higher-level adaptive mechanisms. Here, we characterize the effects of a progressive balance training program on these postural control impairments using a brain network model based on system identification techniques. Methods and Material: We analyzed postural control of 35 healthy elderly subjects and compared findings to data from 35 healthy young volunteers. Eighteen elderly subjects performed a 10 week balance training conducted twice per week. Balance training was carried out in static and dynamic movement states, on support surfaces with different elastic compliances, under different visual conditions and motor tasks. Postural control was characterized by spontaneous sway and postural reactions to pseudorandom anterior-posterior tilts of the support surface. Data were interpreted using a parameter identification procedure based on a brain network model. Results: With balance training, the elderly subjects significantly reduced their overly large postural reactions and approximated those of younger subjects. Less significant differences between elderly and young subjects' postural control, namely larger spontaneous sway amplitudes, velocities, and frequencies, larger overall time delays and a weaker motor feedback compared to young subjects were not significantly affected by the balance training. Conclusion: Balance training reduced overactive proprioceptive feedback and restored vestibular orientation in elderly. Based on the assumption of a linear deterioration of postural control across the life span, the training effect can be extrapolated as a juvenescence of 10 years. This study points to a considerable benefit of a continuous balance training in elderly, even without any sensorimotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella K Wiesmeier
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Dalin
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Wehrle
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences, Biomechanics of Sport, Institute of Sport and Movement Sciences, University Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Joerg Dietterle
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maurer
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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59
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological aging of the eye is associated with loss of visual function. Age-related changes of the eye can result in ophthalmological diseases. The aim of this article is to display morphological, histological and molecular biological alterations of the aging eye. MATERIAL AND METHODS A web-based search and review of the literature for aging of the visual system including cornea, lens, vitreous humor, retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroidea and optic nerve were carried out. The most important results related to morphological, histological and molecular biological changes are summarized. RESULTS Age-related, morphological alterations can be found in preretinal structures, e. g. cornea, lens and vitreous humor, as well as neuronal structures, such as the retina. In addition to negligible clinical signs of the aging eye, there are clinically relevant changes which can develop into pathological ophthalmological diseases. These transitions from age-related alterations to relevant ophthalmological diseases, e. g. age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma are continuous. CONCLUSION An understanding of aging could provide predictive factors to detect the conversion of physiological aging into pathological conditions. The derivation of physiological markers or new approaches to detection and treatment of disease-related entities associated with the risk factor aging are desirable. Translational approaches in clinical and basic science are necessary to provide new therapeutic options for relevant ophthalmological diseases in the future.
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60
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Zhou TE, Rivera JC, Bhosle VK, Lahaie I, Shao Z, Tahiri H, Zhu T, Polosa A, Dorfman A, Beaudry-Richard A, Costantino S, Lodygensky GA, Lachapelle P, Chemtob S. Choroidal Involution Is Associated with a Progressive Degeneration of the Outer Retinal Function in a Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Early Role for IL-1β. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3100-3116. [PMID: 27768863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the most common cause of blindness in premature infants, has long been associated with inner retinal alterations. However, recent studies reveal outer retinal dysfunctions in patients formerly afflicted with ROP. We have recently demonstrated that choroidal involution occurs early in retinopathy. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the choroidal involution and its long-term impact on retinal function. An oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was used. In vitro and ex vivo assays were applied to evaluate cytotoxic effects of IL-1β on choroidal endothelium. Electroretinogram was used to evaluate visual function. We found that proinflammatory IL-1β was markedly increased in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and positively correlated with choroidal degeneration in the early stages of retinopathy. IL-1β was found to be cytotoxic to choroid in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Long-term effects on choroidal involution included a hypoxic outer neuroretina, associated with a progressive loss of RPE and photoreceptors, and visual deterioration. Early inhibition of IL-1β receptor preserved choroid, decreased subretinal hypoxia, and prevented RPE/photoreceptor death, resulting in life-long improved visual function in IL-1 receptor antagonist-treated OIR animals. Together, these findings suggest a critical role for IL-1β-induced choroidal degeneration in outer retinal dysfunction. Neonatal therapy using IL-1 receptor antagonist preserves choroid and prevents protracted outer neuroretinal anomalies in OIR, suggesting IL-1β as a potential therapeutic target in ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei E Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - José C Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikrant K Bhosle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhuo Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Houda Tahiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Polosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Allison Dorfman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory A Lodygensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Le Q, Chen Y, Yang Y, Xu J. Measurement of corneal and limbal epithelial thickness by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal microscopy. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:163. [PMID: 27645227 PMCID: PMC5029042 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and limbal epithelial thickness (LET) measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscope (IVCM) in normal subjects, and evaluate the consistency between them. METHODS Thirty-eight normal subjects (17 men and 21 women) were enrolled in this study. AS-OCT was performed at central cornea and the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal limbus. Then followed by IVCM examination performed at the same location. Agreement was analyzed by mean difference (AS-OCT minus IVCM), 95 % limits of agreement (LoA) (1.96 standard deviation of the difference), and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The average CET measured by AS-OCT and IVCM was 55.6 ± 4.0 μm and 51.9 ± 4.9 μm respectively. The value measured by IVCM was significantly lower than that measured by AS-OCT (P = 0.015). The average LET values tested by AS-OCT were 10.3 and 10.9 % less at nasal and temporal quadrant (nasal: P = 0.019, temporal: P = 0.003), and were similar as those measured by IVCM at superior and inferior quadrant. In subjects older than 40 years, CET and LET values measured by AS-OCT were significantly higher than those by IVCM. Such differences were not found in subjects ≤ 40 years old. CONCLUSIONS CET values measured by IVCM are lower than those by AS-OCT, while LET values measured by two devices have good agreement. These two techniques have their own advantages in measuring epithelial thickness and are mutually complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Myopia Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Myopia Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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62
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Fan X, Monnier VM, Whitson J. Lens glutathione homeostasis: Discrepancies and gaps in knowledge standing in the way of novel therapeutic approaches. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:103-111. [PMID: 27373973 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cataract is the major cause of blindness worldwide. The WHO has estimated around 20 million people have bilateral blindness from cataract, and that number is expected to reach 50 million in 2050. The cataract surgery is currently the main treatment approach, though often associated with complications, such as Posterior Capsule Opacification (PCO)-also known as secondary cataract. The lens is an avascular ocular structure equipped with an unusually high level of glutathione (GSH), which plays a vital role in maintaining lens transparency by regulating lenticular redox state. The lens epithelium and outer cortex are thought to be responsible for providing the majority of lens GSH via GSH de novo synthesis, assisted by a continuous supply of constituent amino acids from the aqueous humor, as well as extracellular GSH recycling from the gamma-glutamyl cycle. However, when de novo synthesis is impaired, in the presence of low GSH levels, as in the aging human lens, compensatory mechanisms exist, suggesting that the lens is able to uptake GSH from the surrounding ocular tissues. However, these uptake mechanisms, and the GSH source and its origin, are largely unknown. The lens nucleus does not have the ability to synthesize its own GSH and fully relies on transport from the outer cortex by yet unknown mechanisms. Understanding how aging reduces GSH levels, particularly in the lens nucleus, how it is associated with age-related nuclear cataract (ARNC), and how the lens compensates for GSH loss via external uptake should be a major research priority. The intent of this review, which is dedicated to the memory of David C. Beebe, is to summarize our current understanding of lens GSH homeostasis and highlight discrepancies and gaps in knowledge that stand in the way of pharmacologically minimizing the impact of declining GSH content in the prevention of age-related cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Vincent M Monnier
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Jeremy Whitson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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63
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Abstract
Ocular abnormalities are a common finding in aged horses. Although these seldom cause overt visual deficits detected by their owners, they can be a source of chronic or acute discomfort so early detection, and treatment when available, is essential. Some of these abnormalities are specific to old horses, whereas others are a result of ongoing disease or inflammation that started earlier in life but that becomes more evident when the damage sustained to the eye is advanced. If vision is significantly affected, consideration of human safety and animal welfare is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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64
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Liu Y, Bouhenni RA, Dufresne CP, Semba RD, Edward DP. Differential Expression of Vitreous Proteins in Young and Mature New Zealand White Rabbits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153560. [PMID: 27089221 PMCID: PMC4835093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Different anatomical regions have been defined in the vitreous humor including central vitreous, basal vitreous, vitreous cortex, vitreoretinal interface and zonule. In this study we sought to characterize changes in the proteome of vitreous humor (VH) related to compartments or age in New Zealand white rabbits (NZW). Vitreous humor was cryo-collected from young and mature New Zealand white rabbit eyes, and dissected into anterior and posterior compartments. All samples were divided into 4 groups: Young Anterior (YA), Young Posterior (YP), Mature Anterior (MA) and Mature Posterior (MP) vitreous. Tryptic digests of total proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry. Spectral count was used to determine the relative protein abundances and identify proteins with statistical differences between compartment and age groups. Western blotting was performed to validate some of the differentially expressed proteins. Our results showed that 231, 375, 273 and 353 proteins were identified in the YA, YP, MA and MP respectively. Fifteen proteins were significantly differentially expressed between YA and YP, and 11 between MA and MP. Carbonic anhydrase III, lambda crystallin, alpha crystallin A and B, beta crystallin B1 and B2 were more abundant in the anterior region, whereas vimentin was less abundant in the anterior region. For comparisons between age groups, 4 proteins were differentially expressed in both YA relative to MA and YP relative to MP. Western blotting confirmed the differential expression of carbonic anhydrase III, alpha crystallin B and beta crystallin B2. The protein profiles of the vitreous humor showed age- and compartment-related differences. This differential protein profile provides a baseline for understanding the vitreous compartmentalization in the rabbit and suggests that further studies profiling proteins in different compartments of the vitreous in other species may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | | | - Craig P. Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Deepak P. Edward
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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65
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Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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66
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McCabe KL, Kunzevitzky NJ, Chiswell BP, Xia X, Goldberg JL, Lanza R. Efficient Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Corneal Endothelial Cells by Directed Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145266. [PMID: 26689688 PMCID: PMC4686926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To generate human embryonic stem cell derived corneal endothelial cells (hESC-CECs) for transplantation in patients with corneal endothelial dystrophies. Materials and Methods Feeder-free hESC-CECs were generated by a directed differentiation protocol. hESC-CECs were characterized by morphology, expression of corneal endothelial markers, and microarray analysis of gene expression. Results hESC-CECs were nearly identical morphologically to primary human corneal endothelial cells, expressed Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1) and Na+/K+ATPaseα1 (ATPA1) on the apical surface in monolayer culture, and produced the key proteins of Descemet’s membrane, Collagen VIIIα1 and VIIIα2 (COL8A1 and 8A2). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed expression of all corneal endothelial pump transcripts. hESC-CECs were 96% similar to primary human adult CECs by microarray analysis. Conclusion hESC-CECs are morphologically similar, express corneal endothelial cell markers and express a nearly identical complement of genes compared to human adult corneal endothelial cells. hESC-CECs may be a suitable alternative to donor-derived corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. McCabe
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
| | - Noelia J. Kunzevitzky
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Emmecell, Key Biscayne, FL, 33149, United States of America
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Chiswell
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
| | - Xin Xia
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, United States of America
| | - Robert Lanza
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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67
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Biophysical chemistry of the ageing eye lens. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:353-368. [PMID: 28510099 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-015-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines both recent and historical literature related to the biophysical chemistry of the proteins in the ageing eye, with a particular focus on cataract development. The lens is a vital component of the eye, acting as an optical focusing device to form clear images on the retina. The lens maintains the necessary high transparency and refractive index by expressing crystallin proteins in high concentration and eliminating all large cellular structures that may cause light scattering. This has the consequence of eliminating lens fibre cell metabolism and results in mature lens fibre cells having no mechanism for protein expression and a complete absence of protein recycling or turnover. As a result, the crystallins are some of the oldest proteins in the human body. Lack of protein repair or recycling means the lens tends to accumulate damage with age in the form of protein post-translational modifications. The crystallins can be subject to a wide range of age-related changes, including isomerisation, deamidation and racemisation. Many of these modification are highly correlated with cataract formation and represent a biochemical mechanism for age-related blindness.
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68
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Koinzer S, Löffler K. [Histological diagnostics of enucleated eyes]. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 36:397-408; quiz 409-10. [PMID: 26154678 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-015-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enucleated eyeglobes represent a challenge for the pathologist, as their appraisal requires specific ophthalmological knowledge. Part 1 of this CME article dealt with macroscopic findings in eyeglobes, in order to facilitate adequate cutting planes to retrieve pathologies histologically. Part 2 which is presented here teaches basic histology of eye-specific tissues (e.g., cornea, anterior chamber angle, retina, and optic nerve). Theses structures show typical changes in blinded eyes. Knowledge of these changes, together with awareness of fundamental ophthalmic disease entities and surgical strategies (see part 1), will many times allow to deduce the pathophysiology that finally culminated in blindness and enucleation. Disease entities more closely discussed in this article include corneal ulcers, rubeotic secondary glaucomas, and chronic degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koinzer
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Haus 25, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland,
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69
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Wiesmeier IK, Dalin D, Maurer C. Elderly Use Proprioception Rather than Visual and Vestibular Cues for Postural Motor Control. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:97. [PMID: 26157386 PMCID: PMC4477145 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors have been proposed to contribute to the deficits of postural control in the elderly. They were summarized as sensory, motor, and higher-level adaptation deficits. Using a model-based approach, we aimed to identify which of these deficits mainly determine age-related changes in postural control. We analyzed postural control of 20 healthy elderly people with a mean age of 74 years. The findings were compared to data from 19 healthy young volunteers (mean age 28 years) and 16 healthy middle-aged volunteers (mean age 48 years). Postural control was characterized by spontaneous sway measures and measures of perturbed stance. Perturbations were induced by pseudorandom anterior-posterior tilts of the body support surface. We found that spontaneous sway amplitude and velocity were significantly larger, and sway frequencies were higher in elderly compared to young people. Body excursions as a function of tilt stimuli were clearly different in elderly compared to young people. Based on simple feedback model simulations, we found that elderly favor proprioceptive over visual and vestibular cues, other than younger subjects do. Moreover, we identified an increase in overall time delay challenging the feedback systems stability, and a decline in the amplitude of the motor feedback, probably representing weakness of the motor system. In general, these parameter differences between young and old may result from both deficits and compensation strategies in the elderly. Our model-based findings correlate well with deficits measured with clinical balance scores, which are widely used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Dalin
- Klinik für Neurologie und Neurophysiologie, Universität Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Maurer
- Klinik für Neurologie und Neurophysiologie, Universität Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major reason for blindness affecting about 50 % of blind people in Germany. Early forms of AMD with drusen and pigment epithelium changes can be detected in 20 % of patients over 65 years old. The dry form of AMD causes slow deterioration of visual acuity, which cannot currently be adequately treated. In contrast development of a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) membrane results in rapid visual loss which will become permanent if treatment is not started immediately. Using anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents stabilization and improvement of visual acuity is possible. Special types of AMD, such as retinal angiomatous proliferation and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy are much less common. The natural course of the diseases can be very different, end stages often result in scarring and anti-VEGF agents are only weakly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schargus
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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71
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Yasuda M, Tanaka Y, Nishiguchi KM, Ryu M, Tsuda S, Maruyama K, Nakazawa T. Retinal transcriptome profiling at transcription start sites: a cap analysis of gene expression early after axonal injury. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:982. [PMID: 25407019 PMCID: PMC4246558 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is characterized by progressive loss of the visual field and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a process that is mediated, in part, by axonal injury. However, the molecular pathomechanisms linking RGC death and axonal injury remain largely unknown. Here, we examined these mechanisms with a cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE), which allows the comprehensive quantification of transcription initiation across the entire genome. We aimed to identify changes in gene expression patterns and to predict the resulting alterations in the protein network in the early phases of axonal injury in mice. Results We performed optic nerve crush (ONC) in mice to model axonal injury. Two days after ONC, the retinas were isolated, RNA was extracted, and a CAGE library was constructed and sequenced. CAGE data for ONC eyes and sham-treated eyes was compared, revealing 180 differentially expressed genes. Among them, the Bcat1 gene, involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid transaminase, showed the largest change in expression (log2 fold-change = 6.70). In some differentially expressed genes, alternative transcription start sites were observed in the ONC eyes, highlighting the dynamism of transcription initiation in a state of disease. In silico pathway analysis predicted that ATF4 was the most significant upstream regulator orchestrating pathological processes after ONC. Its downstream candidate targets included Ddit3, which is known to induce cell death under endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, a regulatory network comprising IFNG, P38 MAPK, and TP53 was predicted to be involved in the induction of cell death. Conclusion Through CAGE, we have identified differentially expressed genes that may account for the link between axonal injury and RGC death. Furthermore, an in silico pathway analysis provided a global view of alterations in the networks of key regulators of biological pathways that presumably take place in ONC. We thus believe that our study serves as a valuable resource to understand the molecular processes that define axonal injury-driven RGC death. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-982) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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