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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for the treatment of corneal neovascularization in a rabbit model. METHODS Corneal neovascularization was induced in 12 rabbits by placing a black silk suture in the corneal stroma (24 eyes) for a week. After suturing, 1 randomly chosen eye of the 12 rabbits was treated with topical EGCG at 2 different concentrations: 0.01% (group 1) and 0.1% (group 2), whereas the contralateral eyes were treated with sterilized balanced salt solution as the control. All eye drops were applied for 2 weeks after suturing. The suture materials were removed from all eyes on day 7. The surface area of corneal neovascularization was measured and analyzed in all eyes on days 7 and 14. On day 14, all eyes were extracted to measure the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) messenger RNA and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. RESULTS The surface area of induced corneal neovascularization was significantly smaller only in group 2 compared with that of the control group on days 7 and 14 (P < 0.001). The change in surface area of corneal neovascularization after removal of the suture material was not significantly different between all 3 groups. VEGF messenger RNA levels were significantly lower in group 2 than in the control group (P < 0.001). The concentration of COX-2 was significantly lower in group 2 than in the control group (P = 0.043), but no significant difference was observed between group 1 and the control group. CONCLUSIONS Topical administration of EGCG effectively inhibits corneal neovascularization in rabbits. This inhibitory effect is probably related to the suppression of VEGF and COX-2 meditated angiogenesis.
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Pang LY, Argyle SA, Kamida A, Morrison KO, Argyle DJ. The long-acting COX-2 inhibitor mavacoxib (Trocoxil™) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on canine cancer cell lines and cancer stem cells in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:184. [PMID: 25190452 PMCID: PMC4172958 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NSAID mavacoxib (Trocoxcil™) is a recently described selective COX-2 inhibitor used for the management of inflammatory disease in dogs. It has a long plasma half-life, requiring less frequent dosing and supporting increased owner compliance in treating their dogs. Although the use of NSAIDs has been described in cancer treatment in dogs, there are no studies to date that have examined the utility of mavacoxib specifically. RESULTS In this study we compared the in vitro activity of a short-acting non-selective COX inhibitor (carprofen) with mavacoxib, on cancer cell and cancer stem cell survival. We demonstrate that mavacoxib has a direct cell killing effect on cancer cells, increases apoptosis in cancer cells in a manner that may be independent of caspase activity, and has an inhibitory effect on cell migration. Importantly, we demonstrate that cancer stem cells derived from osteosarcoma cell lines are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of mavacoxib. CONCLUSIONS Both NSAIDs can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro. Importantly, cancer stem cells derived from an osteosarcoma cell line are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of mavacoxib. Our results suggest that mavacoxib has anti-tumour effects and that this in vitro anti-cancer activity warrants further study.
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53
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Cooks T, Harris CC, Oren M. Caught in the cross fire: p53 in inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1680-90. [PMID: 24942866 PMCID: PMC4123652 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a major tumor suppressor, whose diverse activities serve to ensure genome stability and inhibit neoplastic processes. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that p53 also plays a broader role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as contributing to tissue homeostasis in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Chronic inflammation is a potential cancer-promoting condition, and as such is also within the radar of p53, which mounts a multifaceted attempt to prevent the escalation of chronic tissue imbalance into neoplasia. Recent understanding of the p53 pathway and other family members reveals a broad interaction with inflammatory elements such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, infectious agents and major immune-regulatory pathways like nuclear factor-kappaB. This complex cross talk is highly dependent on p53 status, as different p53 isoforms and p53 mutants can mediate different responses and even promote chronic inflammation and associated cancer, acting in the tumor cells as well as in the stromal and immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Cooks
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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54
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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55
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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56
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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57
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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58
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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59
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Öhlund D, Elyada E, Tuveson D. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140692 order by 1-- dyrj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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60
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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61
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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62
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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63
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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64
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Öhlund D, Elyada E, Tuveson D. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140692 order by 1#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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65
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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66
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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67
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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68
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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69
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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70
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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71
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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72
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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73
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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74
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Öhlund D, Elyada E, Tuveson D. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140692 order by 1-- eloc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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75
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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76
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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78
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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79
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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80
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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81
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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82
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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83
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Du W, Xie Y, Li D, Chen Y. CBRH-7919 Cell Supernate Promotes Fibroblasts to Express Cyclooxygenase-2 and Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:1237-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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84
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Pallasch CP, Leskov I, Braun CJ, Vorholt D, Drake A, Soto-Feliciano YM, Bent EH, Schwamb J, Iliopoulou B, Kutsch N, van Rooijen N, Frenzel LP, Wendtner CM, Heukamp L, Kreuzer KA, Hallek M, Chen J, Hemann MT. Sensitizing protective tumor microenvironments to antibody-mediated therapy. Cell 2014; 156:590-602. [PMID: 24485462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-resistant microenvironments represent a major barrier toward effective elimination of disseminated malignancies. Here, we show that select microenvironments can underlie resistance to antibody-based therapy. Using a humanized model of treatment refractory B cell leukemia, we find that infiltration of leukemia cells into the bone marrow rewires the tumor microenvironment to inhibit engulfment of antibody-targeted tumor cells. Resistance to macrophage-mediated killing can be overcome by combination regimens involving therapeutic antibodies and chemotherapy. Specifically, the nitrogen mustard cyclophosphamide induces an acute secretory activating phenotype (ASAP), releasing CCL4, IL8, VEGF, and TNFα from treated tumor cells. These factors induce macrophage infiltration and phagocytic activity in the bone marrow. Thus, the acute induction of stress-related cytokines can effectively target cancer cells for removal by the innate immune system. This synergistic chemoimmunotherapeutic regimen represents a potent strategy for using conventional anticancer agents to alter the tumor microenvironment and promote the efficacy of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Pallasch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Ilya Leskov
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christian J Braun
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniela Vorholt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Adam Drake
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yadira M Soto-Feliciano
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric H Bent
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Janine Schwamb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Bettina Iliopoulou
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nadine Kutsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | | | - Lukas P Frenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Clemens M Wendtner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Lukas Heukamp
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Karl Anton Kreuzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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85
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Lev-Ari S, Starr A, Katzburg S, Berkovich L, Rimmon A, Ben-Yosef R, Vexler A, Ron I, Earon G. Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of orthotopic human non-small cell lung cancer xenografts. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:843-50. [PMID: 24835302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Curcumin is involved in various biological pathways leading to inhibition of NSCLC growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on expression of nuclear factor κB-related proteins in vitro and in vivo and on growth and metastasis in an intralung tumor mouse model. H1975 NSCLC cells were treated with curcumin (0-50 μM) alone, or combined with gemcitabine or cisplatin. The effects of curcumin were evaluated in cell cultures and in vivo, using ectopic and orthotopic lung tumor mouse models. Twenty mice were randomly selected into two equal groups, one that received AIN-076 control diet and one that received the same food but with the addition of 0.6% curcumin 14 days prior to cell implantation and until the end of the experiment. To generate orthotopic tumor, lung cancer cells in Matrigel were injected percutaneously into the left lung of CD-1 nude mice. Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of IkB, nuclear p65, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and p-ERK1/2 were down-regulated by curcumin in vitro. Curcumin potentiated the gemcitabine- or cisplatin-mediated antitumor effects. Curcumin reduced COX-2 expression in subcutaneous tumors in vivo and caused a 36% decrease in weight of intralung tumors (P=.048) accompanied by a significant survival rate increase (hazard ratio=2.728, P=.036). Curcumin inhibition of COX-2, p65 expression and ERK1/2 activity in NSCLC cells was associated with decreased survival and increased induction of apoptosis. Curcumin significantly reduced tumor growth of orthotopic human NSCLC xenografts and increased survival of treated athymic mice. To evaluate the role of curcumin in chemoprevention and treatment of NSCLC, further clinical trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Lev-Ari
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Alex Starr
- Department of Pulmonology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Katzburg
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Berkovich
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adam Rimmon
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rami Ben-Yosef
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Akiva Vexler
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Ron
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Earon
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Cancer Research, Institute of Oncology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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86
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Drews-Elger K, Brinkman JA, Miller P, Shah SH, Harrell JC, da Silva TG, Ao Z, Schlater A, Azzam DJ, Diehl K, Thomas D, Slingerland JM, Perou CM, Lippman ME, El-Ashry D. Primary breast tumor-derived cellular models: characterization of tumorigenic, metastatic, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in dissociated tumor (DT) cultures. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 144:503-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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de Freitas AC, Coimbra EC, Leitão MDCG. Molecular targets of HPV oncoproteins: potential biomarkers for cervical carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:91-103. [PMID: 24388872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide and is responsible for 275,000 deaths each year. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is an essential factor for the development of cervical cancer. Although the process is not fully understood, molecular mechanisms caused by HPV infection are necessary for its development and reveal a large number of potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. These molecules are host genes and/or proteins, and cellular microRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation that result from disturbed expression of HR-HPV E5, E6 and E7 oncoproteins. One of the current challenges in medicine is to discover potent biomarkers that can correctly diagnose cervical premalignant lesions and standardize clinical management. Currently, studies are showing that some of these molecules are potential biomarkers of cervical carcinogenesis, and it is possible to carry out a more accurate diagnosis and provide more appropriate follow-up treatment for women with cervical dysplasia. In this paper, we review recent research studies on cell cycle molecules deregulated by HPV infections, as well as their potential use for cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Campos Coimbra
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Maria da Conceição Gomes Leitão
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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88
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Role of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in interleukin 1β-stimulated rat fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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89
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Gomaa WM, Ibrahim MA, Shatat ME. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 is an independent predictor of poor virological response to interferon therapy in chronic HCV genotype 4 patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:59-65. [PMID: 24496160 PMCID: PMC3952423 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.126324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS COX-2 and TGF-β1 are overexpressed in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and are related to hepatitis pathogenesis and hepatic fibrosis. The current study investigated the relationship between pretreatment COX-2 and TGF-β1 hepatic expression in HCV genotype 4 and the virological response to interferon therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Liver biopsies of 55 patients with HCV infection genotype 4 were selected together with 10 liver biopsies as control. The patients' clinicopathological data were collected. Immunohistochemistry was done using anti-COX-2 and anti-TGF-β1 antibodies. Statistical tests were used to determine the association between both COX-2 and TGF-β1 expression in relation to clinicopathological parameters and response to interferon therapy. RESULTS COX-2 was upregulated especially in nonresponders and was an independent predictor of poor virological response. However, COX-2 showed no association with other clinicopathological features. TGF-β1 was upregulated and associated with nonresponders, histological activity, and fibrosis stage. There was no association between TGF-β1 and other clinicopathological features. There was an association between COX-2 and TGF-β1 immunoexpression. CONCLUSION Overexpression of COX-2 and TGF-β1 is an independent predictor for poor outcome of interferon and ribavirin therapy and these might be useful markers for the response to treatment. Both molecules are associated together; however, their role during hepatitis treatment has to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaey M. Gomaa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Internal Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Wafaey Gomaa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University (61519), El Minia, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Mohammed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Internal Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Shatat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Internal Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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90
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Morita Y, Morita N, Hata K, Nakanishi M, Kimoto N, Omata T, Nakamura Y, Yoneda T. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor-c and lymph node metastasis in human oral tongue cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 117:502-10. [PMID: 24560404 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.12.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the relationship of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-c (VEGF-C) expression with lymphangiogenesis, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and other clinicopathologic features in human oral tongue cancers. STUDY DESIGN Forty tongue cancer specimens were immunohistochemically examined for COX-2 and VEGF-C expression and for lymphatic vessel density (LVD). We analyzed the relationships between COX-2 and VEGF-C expression and the relationships of such expression with clinicopathologic findings and survival of patients. RESULTS Eighteen tumors out of 40 (45%) showed COX-2 expression, and 18 tumors (45%) expressed VEGF-C. Twelve tumors (30%) coexpressed COX-2/VEGF-C. A significant correlation was found between COX-2 and VEGF-C expression (P < .01). Of note, COX-2/VEGF-C coexpression significantly correlated with lymphangiogenesis, LNM, TNM stage (P < .01), and LVD (P < .05). In Cox regression for survival, COX-2/VEGF-C coexpression was identified as an independent prognostic factor (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that examination of immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C predicts LNM and survival in human oral tongue cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seichokai Hannan City Hospital, Hannan, Japan
| | - Nobuo Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Social Insurance Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wakayama Wellness Foundation, Wakayama, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seichokai Hannan City Hospital, Hannan, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Social Insurance Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Omata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Social Insurance Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
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91
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Sasaki T, Motoyama S, Sato Y, Yoshino K, Matsumoto G, Minamiya Y, Saito H, Murata K, Ogawa JI. C-reactive protein inhibits lymphangiogenesis and resultant lymph node metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Surgery 2013; 154:1087-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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92
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Wang J, Zhang X, Ding X, Xing S, Li H, Zhang W, Wang L, Wu H. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in keratocystic odontogenic tumour decreased following decompression. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:982-986. [PMID: 24649281 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupialisation or decompression is frequently performed as a conservative therapy for keratocystic odontogenic tumours (KCOTs). Positive cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the epithelium of KCOTs was recently reported and may be associated with neoplastic invasion and progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the change in COX-2 expression in the KCOT epithelium following decompression. In this study, 16 pairs of KCOT biopsy specimens obtained during decompression or enucleation were collected and analysed. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were sectioned and immunohistochemically investigated using anti-COX-2 antibody. The molecular expression was semi-quantitatively evaluated as follows: 0, negative; 1, weakly to moderately positive; and 2, strongly positive. In the samples obtained prior to decompression, the positive staining for COX-2 was immunolocalised to the cell membrane and the cytoplasm, it involved the full thickness of the epithelium and 15 of the 16 specimens (93.8%) exhibited mild to strong positivity. As regards the samples obtained following decompression, only 3 of the 16 specimens (18.8%) exhibited a mild positivity. The expression levels of COX-2 were significantly decreased following decompression (P<0.05). It may be concluded that loss or a significant reduction of COX-2 expression is associated with decompression in KCOTs. However, large-scale studies are required to verify these results and improve our knowledge of the possible involvement of COX-2 in the pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of KCOTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Xu Ding
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Shuzhong Xing
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Wei Zhang
- Division of Pathology, Jiangsu Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Heming Wu
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
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93
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Prognostic Significance of COX-2 Expression and Correlation With Bcl-2 and VEGF Expression, Microvessel Density, and Clinical Variables in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:1242-51. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31828b6ad3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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94
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Ji T, Zhao Y, Ding Y, Nie G. Using functional nanomaterials to target and regulate the tumor microenvironment: diagnostic and therapeutic applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3508-25. [PMID: 23703805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors remain a major health burden throughout the world and effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Cancer nanotechnology, as an integrated platform, has the potential to dramatically improve cancer diagnosis, imaging, and therapy, while reducing the toxicity associated with the current approaches. Tumor microenvironment is an ensemble performance of various stromal cells and extracellular matrix. The recent progress in understanding the critical roles and the underlying mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment on tumor progression has resulted in emerging diagnostic and therapeutic nanomaterials designed and engineered specifically targeting the microenvironment components. Meanwhile, the bio-physicochemical differences between tumor and normal tissues have recently been exploited to achieve specific tumor-targeting for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here, the major players in the tumor microenvironment and their biochemical properties, which can be utilized for the design of multifunctional nanomaterials with the potential to target and regulate this niche, are summarized. The recent progress in engineering intelligent and versatile nanomaterials for targeting and regulating the tumor microenvironment is emphasized. Although further investigations are required to develop robust methods for more specific tumor-targeting and well-controlled nanomaterials, the applications of tumor microenvironment regulation-based nanotechnology for safer and more effective anticancer nanomedicines have been proven successful and will eventually revolutionize the current landscape of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
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95
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Grubisha MJ, DeFranco DB. Local endocrine, paracrine and redox signaling networks impact estrogen and androgen crosstalk in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Steroids 2013; 78:538-41. [PMID: 23380371 PMCID: PMC3644803 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) as well as the growth and survival of castration-resistant tumors. However, AR action may be opposed by estrogen receptor beta (ERß) that responds to androgen metabolites produced in the prostate. The balance between the activity of these two receptors is not only influenced by the steroidogenic capacity of the prostatic microenvironment but also by its redox status and local paracrine signals such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß). In this review, we highlight the studies that revealed select roles for AR and ERß in distinct compartments of the prostate cancer microenvironment. We also discuss new work that identified stromal-epithelial crosstalk through TGF-ß1 signaling that drives the production of reactive oxygen species in stromal cells thereby selectively limiting the anti-tumor activity of ERß in cancer cells. Therefore, any new therapeutic approaches that seek to limit AR but enhance ERß activity in PCa, must take into account potential adaptive changes in the tumor microenvironment that utilize paracrine signals and altered redox balance to divert local androgen metabolites towards AR at the expense of ERß.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Grubisha
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3051 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3051 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
- Corresponding Author: Donald B. DeFranco, tel: 412-624-4259, fax: 412-648-7029,
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96
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Biomarkers for predicting the response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Surg Today 2013; 44:421-8. [PMID: 23605218 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes and evaluates the literature regarding the biomarkers for predicting the response and/or prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). There are seven categories of molecules known to correlate with the response and/or prognosis: tumor suppressors (p53, p21), cell cycle regulators (Cyclin D1, CDC25B, 14-3-3sigma), DNA repair molecules (p53R2, ERCC1), drug resistance proteins [metallothionein (MT)], angiogenic factors (VEGF), molecules involved in cell proliferation/invasion/metastasis (Ki-67, COX-2) and hedgehog signaling molecules (Gli-1). Of the above molecules, the tumor suppressor p53 is expected to be a representative biomarker for predicting the response and prognosis. The cell cycle markers CDC25B and 14-3-3sigma have potential as response biomarkers independent of the p53 status. The DNA repair markers, p53R2 or ERCC1, angiogenic molecule (VEGF), and hedgehog signaling pathway factor Gli-1 also have potential to predict the response and prognosis of ESCC. However, there are still many unanswered questions with regard to predicting the clinical effects of neoadjuvant CRT.
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97
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Allaj V, Guo C, Nie D. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and cancer. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:8. [PMID: 23388178 PMCID: PMC3599181 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a pivotal role in health. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, have received extensive attention in the field of cancer research. Following release from the phospholipid membrane, arachidonic acid can be metabolized into different classes of eicosanoids through cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or p450 epoxygenase pathways. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed as analgesics to relieve minor aches and pains, as antipyretics to reduce fever, and as anti-inflammatory medications. Most NSAIDs are nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenases, the rate limiting enzymes in the formation of prostaglandins. Long term use of some NSAIDs has been linked with reduced incidence and mortality in many cancers. In this review, we appraise the biological activities of prostanoids and their cognate receptors in the context of cancer biology. The existing literature supports that these lipid mediators are involved to a great extent in the occurrence and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Allaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA.
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98
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Effect of systemic celecoxib on human meningioma after intracranial transplantation into nude mice. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:173-82. [PMID: 23143216 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas are mostly benign, but they may have a notorious tendency to recur when total resection is not possible. Systemic chemotherapeutical treatment has been largely disappointing. The treatment of meningiomas with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib showed inhibitory-growth effects in vitro and in vivo after subcutaneous transplantation into mouse. So far, celecoxib has never been tested in an orthotopic model of meningioma. In this work, we tested the effects of celecoxib on the growth of human benign meningiomas after transplantation into the prefrontal cortex of nude mice after confirming the inhibitory in vitro effect on these cells. METHODS Primary cell cultures were stereotactically implanted into mice and were treated with 0, 750, or 1,500 ppm celecoxib for 3 months. The mice were then killed and blood was analyzed for celecoxib concentration. The mice brains were histologically processed for measurement of tumor volume, COX-2 expression, proliferation index (PI), intratumoral microvessel density (iMVD), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS Treatment with celecoxib had no effect on tumor volume, despite the fact that we found a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on cell cultures and there was a sufficiently high celecoxib concentration in blood plasma and brain tissue. Additionally, celecoxib had neither an effect on COX-2 and VEGF expression nor on the PI and iMVD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that celecoxib may not be effective on meningioma growth in clinical settings. In general, these results may indicate that the effect of treatment on brain tumors should not only be tested in a heterotopic environment but also in the orthotopic location of these tumors.
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99
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NAKATA R, TAKIZAWA Y, TAKAI A, INOUE H. Evaluation of Food-derived Functional Ingredients According to Activation of PPAR and Suppression of COX-2 Expression. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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100
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Srimuangwong K, Tocharus C, Tocharus J, Suksamrarn A, Yoysungnoen Chintana P. Effects of hexahydrocurcumin in combination with 5-fluorouracil on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6951-9. [PMID: 23322993 PMCID: PMC3531679 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of hexahydrocurcumin (HHC), and its combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in rats.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 100-120 g were used as subject models. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), early preneoplastic lesions of colon cancer, were induced by subcutaneous injection of DHM (40 mg/kg) twice a week for two weeks. After the first DMH injection, rats were treated daily with vehicle (n = 12), curcumin (CUR) (50 mg/kg) (n = 12), HHC (50 mg/kg) orally (n = 12), and treated weekly with an intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (50 mg/kg) (n = 12), or a combination of 5-FU plus CUR (n = 12) and HHC (n = 12) at the same dosage(s) for 16 wk. The total number of ACF and large ACF were assessed. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in colon tissues. The quantitative data of both COX-1 and COX-2 expression were presented as the percentage of number of positive-stained cells to the total number of cells counted. Apoptotic cells in colon tissues were also visualized using the dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method. Apoptotic index (AI) was determined as the percentage of labeled nuclei with respect to the total number of nuclei counted.
RESULTS: The total number of ACF was highest in the DMH-vehicle group (1558.20 ± 17.37), however, the number of ACF was significantly reduced by all treatments, 5-FU (1231.20 ± 25.62 vs 1558.20 ± 17.37, P < 0.001), CUR (1284.20 ± 25.47 vs 1558.20 ± 17.37, P < 0.001), HHC (1086.80 ± 53.47 vs 1558.20 ± 17.37, P < 0.001), DMH-5-FU + CUR (880.20 ± 13.67 vs 1558.20 ± 17.37, P < 0.001) and DMH-5-FU + HHC (665.80 ± 16.64 vs 1558.20 ± 17.37, P < 0.001). Interestingly, the total number of ACF in the combined treatment groups, the DMH-5-FU + CUR group (880.20 ± 13.67 vs 1231.20 ± 25.62, P < 0.001; 880.20 ± 13.67 vs 1284.20 ± 25.47, P < 0.001) and the DMH-5-FU + HHC group (665.80 ± 16.64 vs 1231.20 ± 25.62, P < 0.001; 665.80 ± 16.64 vs 1086.80 ± 53.47, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced as compared to 5-FU or each treatment alone. Large ACF were also significantly reduced in all treatment groups, 5-FU (111.00 ± 7.88 vs 262.20 ± 10.18, P < 0.001), CUR (178.00 ± 7.33 vs 262.20 ± 10.18, P < 0.001), HHC (186.60 ± 21.51 vs 262.20 ± 10.18, P < 0.001), DMH-5-FU + CUR (122.00 ± 5.94 vs 262.20 ± 10.18, P < 0.001) and DMH-5-FU + HHC (119.00 ± 17.92 vs 262.20 ± 10.18, P < 0.001) when compared to the vehicle group. Furthermore, in the DMH-5-FU + CUR and DMH-5-FU + HHC groups the formation of large ACF was significantly reduced when compared to CUR (122.00 ± 5.94 vs 178.00 ± 7.33, P < 0.005) or HHC treatment alone (119.00 ± 17.92 vs 186.60 ± 21.51, P < 0.001), however, this reduction was not statistically different to 5-FU monotherapy (122.00 ± 5.94 vs 111.00 ± 7.88, P = 0.217; 119.00 ± 17.92 vs 111.00 ± 7.88, P = 0.619, respectively). The levels of COX-1 protein after all treatments were not different from normal rats. A marked increase in the expression of COX-2 protein was observed in the DMH-vehicle group. Over-expression of COX-2 was not significantly decreased by 5-FU treatment alone (95.79 ± 1.60 vs 100 ± 0.00, P = 0.198). However, over-expression of COX-2 was significantly suppressed by CUR (77.52 ± 1.68 vs 100 ± 0.00, P < 0.001), HHC (71.33 ± 3.01 vs 100 ± 0.00, P < 0.001), 5-FU + CUR (76.25 ± 3.32 vs 100 ± 0.00, P < 0.001) and 5-FU + HHC (68.48 ± 2.24 vs 100 ± 0.00, P < 0.001) in the treated groups compared to the vehicle group. Moreover, CUR (77.52 ± 1.68 vs 95.79 ± 1.60, P < 0.001), HHC (71.33 ± 3.01 vs 95.79 ± 1.60, P < 0.001), 5-FU + CUR treatments (76.25 ± 3.32 vs 95.79 ± 1.60, P < 0.001) and 5-FU + HHC (68.48 ± 2.24 vs 95.79 ± 1.60, P < 0.001) markedly decreased COX-2 protein expression more than 5-FU alone. Furthermore, the AI in all treated groups, 5-FU (38.86 ± 4.73 vs 23.56 ± 2.12, P = 0.038), CUR (41.78 ± 6.92 vs 23.56 ± 2.12, P < 0.001), HHC (41.06 ± 4.81 vs 23.56 ± 2.12, P < 0.001), 5-FU + CUR (49.05 ± 6.75 vs 23.56 ± 2.12, P < 0.001) and 5-FU + HHC (53.69 ± 8.59 vs 23.56 ± 2.12, P < 0.001) significantly increased when compared to the DMH-vehicle group. However, the AI in the combination treatments, 5-FU + CUR (49.05 ± 6.75 vs 41.78 ± 6.92, P = 0.192; 49.05 ± 6.75 vs 38.86 ± 4.73, P = 0.771) and 5-FU + HHC (53.69 ± 8.59 vs 41.06 ± 4.81, P = 0.379; 53.69 ± 8.59 vs 38.86 ± 4.73, P = 0.245) did not reach significant levels as compared with each treatment alone and 5-FU monotherapy, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The combined effects of HHC with 5-FU exhibit a synergistic inhibition by decreasing ACF formation mediated by down-regulation of COX-2 expression.
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