51
|
Just JM, Bleckwenn M, Schnakenberg R, Skatulla P, Weckbecker K. Drug-related celebrity deaths: A cross-sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27938383 PMCID: PMC5148833 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celebrities are at risk for premature mortality as well as drug-related death. Despite being a vulnerable patient group, celebrities influence people's health behaviours through biological, psychological and social processes. Therefore, celebrity endorsement of the topic could be one way to challenge the current "opioid endemic". Our aim was to better understand the factors surrounding drug-related celebrity deaths by investigating the incidence as well as substances used between 1970 and 2015 using a cross-sectional study design. METHOD We searched public databases for drug-related celebrity deaths between 1970 and 2015. They were categorized for sex, profession, age at death, year of death and substances involved. The main outcome measures are descriptive values including number of drug deaths per year and substances involved. Secondary outcome measures are analytical questions to examine whether and which factors influence age at death and year of death (e.g. type of substance use disorder). RESULTS We identified 220 celebrities who died a drug-related death with a clear indication of involved substances between 1970 and 2015. The average age at death was 38.6 years; 75% were male. Most celebrities died between the age of 25 and 40. The number of drug-related deaths increased in the 21st century, with a significant increase in the use of prescription opioids. Deaths involving prescription opioids and heroin were associated with a significantly lower mean age at death compared to deaths where these substances were not involved. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the 20th century, the total number of celebrities who died from a drug-related death in the 21st century increased, possibly due to an increased involvement of prescription opioids. Negative effects on individual health decisions of celebrity's followers could be the result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Just
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bleckwenn
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rieke Schnakenberg
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Skatulla
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Weckbecker
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Parrino MW, Maremmani AGI, Samuels PN, Maremmani I. Challenges and Opportunities for the Use of Medications to Treat Opioid Addiction in the United States and Other Nations of the World. J Addict Dis 2016; 34:255-62. [PMID: 26110357 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2015.1059113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There has been a well documented increase in the use and abuse of prescription opioids and heroin in the United States and other parts of the world. There has also been an increasing focus to increase access to the use of medications (methadone, buprenorphine, Naltrexone/Vivitrol) for opioid addicted individuals under legal supervision. As policymakers engage in strategic initiatives to better prevent and effectively treat chronic opioid addiction, both in the United States and other countries, there are a number of unintended consequences, complicating how best to increase access to effective treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Parrino
- a American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD), New York , New York , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Karjalainen T, Tuominen L, Manninen S, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M, Nummenmaa L. Behavioural activation system sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1310-6. [PMID: 27053768 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement-sensitivity theory proposes that behavioural activation and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS, respectively) guide approach and avoidance behaviour in potentially rewarding and punishing situations. Their baseline activity presumably explains individual differences in behavioural dispositions when a person encounters signals of reward and harm. Yet, neurochemical bases of BAS and BIS have remained poorly understood. Here we used in vivo positron emission tomography with a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) specific ligand [(11)C]carfentanil to test whether individual differences in MOR availability would be associated with BAS or BIS. We scanned 49 healthy subjects and measured their BAS and BIS sensitivities using the BIS/BAS scales. BAS but not BIS sensitivity was positively associated with MOR availability in frontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, brainstem, cingulate cortex and insula. Strongest associations were observed for the BAS subscale 'Fun Seeking'. Our results suggest that endogenous opioid system underlies BAS, and that differences in MOR availability could explain inter-individual differences in reward seeking behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Karjalainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, 00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Strub DJ, Sałat K, Librowski T, Lochyński S, Gaweł M, Podkowa A. The anxiolytic-like activity of a novel N-cycloalkyl-N-benzoylpiperazine derivative. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
55
|
Filho PRM, Vercelino R, Cioato SG, Medeiros LF, de Oliveira C, Scarabelot VL, Souza A, Rozisky JR, Quevedo ADS, Adachi LNS, Sanches PRS, Fregni F, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reverts behavioral alterations and brainstem BDNF level increase induced by neuropathic pain model: Long-lasting effect. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:44-51. [PMID: 26160698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic pain modality that usually results of damage in the somatosensory system. NP often shows insufficient response to classic analgesics and remains a challenge to medical treatment. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique, which induces neuroplastic changes in central nervous system of animals and humans. The brain derived neurotrophic factor plays an important role in synaptic plasticity process. Behavior changes such as decreased locomotor and exploratory activities and anxiety disorders are common comorbidities associated with NP. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of tDCS treatment on locomotor and exploratory activities, and anxiety-like behavior, and peripheral and central BDNF levels in rats submitted to neuropathic pain model. METHODS Rats were randomly divided: Ss, SsS, SsT, NP, NpS, and NpT. The neuropathic pain model was induced by partial sciatic nerve compression at 14 days after surgery; the tDCS treatment was initiated. The animals of treated groups were subjected to a 20 minute session of tDCS, for eight days. The Open Field and Elevated Pluz Maze tests were applied 24 h (phase I) and 7 days (phase II) after the end of tDCS treatment. The serum, spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex BDNF levels were determined 48 h (phase I) and 8 days (phase II) after tDCS treatment by ELISA. RESULTS The chronic constriction injury (CCI) induces decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities, increases in the behavior-like anxiety, and increases in the brainstem BDNF levels, the last, in phase II (one-way ANOVA/SNK, P<0.05 for all). The tDCS treatment already reverted all these effects induced by CCI (one-way ANOVA/SNK, P<0.05 for all). Furthermore, the tDCS treatment decreased serum and cerebral cortex BDNF levels and it increased these levels in the spinal cord in phase II (one-way ANOVA/SNK, P<0.05). CONCLUSION tDCS reverts behavioral alterations associated to neuropathic pain, indicating possible analgesic and anxiolytic tDCS effects. tDCS treatment induces changes in the BDNF levels in different regions of the central nervous system (CNS), and this effect can be attributed to different cellular signaling activations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Marques Filho
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vercelino
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Stefania Giotti Cioato
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Liciane Fernandes Medeiros
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Andressa Souza
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Joanna Ripoll Rozisky
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Silva Quevedo
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto S Sanches
- Biomedical Engineering of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences - Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researches Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
A Possible Role of Anhedonia as Common Substrate for Depression and Anxiety. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:1598130. [PMID: 27042346 PMCID: PMC4793100 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1598130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are often comorbid, in up to 70% of cases, and the level of one or the other may fluctuate, leading now to a diagnosis of depression, now to a diagnosis of anxiety. For these reasons, and for the presence of many other common factors, it has been suggested that both are part of the same continuum of problems and that they have a common substrate. This paper proposes the possibility that anhedonia may be an important component of this possible common substrate, and it tries to identify the mechanism with which anhedonia could contribute to causing both depression and anxiety. It also proposes an explanation why an intense pleasure could improve both depression and anxiety.
Collapse
|
57
|
Smith CJW, Wilkins KB, Mogavero JN, Veenema AH. Social Novelty Investigation in the Juvenile Rat: Modulation by the μ-Opioid System. J Neuroendocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26212131 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The drive to approach and explore novel conspecifics is inherent to social animals and may promote optimal social functioning. Juvenile animals seek out interactions with novel peers more frequently and find these interactions to be more rewarding than their adult counterparts. In the present study, we aimed to establish a behavioural paradigm to measure social novelty-seeking in juvenile rats and to determine the involvement of the opioid, dopamine, oxytocin and vasopressin systems in this behaviour. To this end, we developed the social novelty preference test to assess the preference of a juvenile rat to investigate a novel over a familiar (cage mate) conspecific. We show that across the juvenile period both male and female rats spend more time investigating a novel conspecific than a cage mate, independent of subject sex or repeated exposure to the test. We hypothesised that brain systems subserving social information processing and social motivation/reward (i.e. the opioid, dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin systems) might support social novelty preference. To test this, receptor antagonists of each of these systems were administered i.c.v. prior to exposure to the social novelty preference test and, subsequently, to the social preference test, to examine the specificity of these effects. We find that μ-opioid receptor antagonism reduces novel social investigation in both the social novelty preference and social preference tests while leaving the investigation of a cage mate (social novelty preference test) or an object (social preference test) unaffected. In contrast, central blockade of dopamine D2 receptors (with eticlopride), oxytocin receptors (with des-Gly-NH2,d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT) or vasopressin V1a receptors [with (CH2)5Tyr(Me2)AVP] failed to alter social novelty preference or social preference. Overall, we have established a new behavioural test to study social novelty-seeking behaviour in the juvenile rat and show that the μ-opioid system facilitates this behaviour, possibly by reducing risk avoidance and enhancing the hedonic and/or motivational value of social novelty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J W Smith
- Neurobiology of Social Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - K B Wilkins
- Neurobiology of Social Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - J N Mogavero
- Neurobiology of Social Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - A H Veenema
- Neurobiology of Social Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Savic D, Knezevic G, Matic G, Damjanovic S, Spiric Z. Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in β-endorphin dynamics. J Affect Disord 2015; 181:61-6. [PMID: 25917294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A disturbed beta-endorphin system can be a part of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression allostasis. Study subjects (N=392) included those with PTSD and/or (stress-induced) depression, and healthy controls with and without traumas. The aim of the study was to examine the network of relations centered around plasma beta-endorphin. The network included anxiety (as a personality trait), traumatic events, pain, aggressiveness, depressive symptoms, and three clusters of PTSD symptoms: intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Beta-endorphin was represented by individual mean from 13 time points (BEmean), reflecting the total amount of the peripherally secreted hormone, and the coefficient of variation (BEvar), calculated as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean, reflecting the hormone׳s dynamics. BEvar correlated with all other variables, BEmean had no correlations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine all interrelations (including their directions) of BEvar and the state/trait variables in the context of their entirety. The model revealed that hyperarousal and anxiety were the only direct agents of peripheral beta-endorphin fluctuations, mediating the effects of other variables. Traumatic events and intrusions act on BEvar via hyperarousal, while depressive symptoms, avoidance, and pain act via anxiety. Hyperarousal should be emphasized as the main agent not only because its effect on BEvar is larger than that of anxiety, but also because it increases anxiety itself (via avoidance and pain). All influences on BEvar are positive and they indicate long-term (sensitizing) effects (as opposed to direct stimulation, for example, by acute pain, anger, etc.). Relations apart from beta-endorphin are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danka Savic
- University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Goran Knezevic
- University of Belgrade, School of Psychology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Matic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetozar Damjanovic
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Spiric
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Szklarczyk K, Korostynski M, Cieslak PE, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Przewlocki R. Opioid-dependent regulation of high and low fear responses in two inbred mouse strains. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:95-101. [PMID: 26051817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility or resilience to trauma-related disorders remain incompletely understood. Opioids modulate emotional learning, but the roles of specific receptors are unclear. Here, we aimed to analyze the contribution of the opioid system to fear responses in two inbred mouse strains exhibiting distinct behavioral phenotypes. SWR/J and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to five consecutive electric footshocks (1mA each), and the contextual freezing time was measured. Stress-induced alterations in gene expression were analyzed in the amygdala and the hippocampus. In both strains, the fear response was modulated using pharmacological tools. SWR/J mice did not develop conditioned fear but exhibited increased transcriptional expression of Pdyn and Penk in the amygdala region. Blocking opioid receptors prior to the footshocks using naltrexone (2 mg/kg) or naltrindole (5 mg/kg) increased the freezing responses in these animals. The C57BL/6J strain displayed high conditioned fear, although no alteration in the mRNA abundance of genes encoding opioid precursors was observed. Double-injection of morphine (20 mg/kg) following stress and upon context re-exposure prevented the enhancement of freezing. Moreover, selective delta and kappa agonists caused a reduction in conditioned fear responses. To summarize, the increased expression of the Pdyn and Penk genes corresponded to reduced intensity of fear responses. Blockade of the endogenous opioid system restored freezing behavior in stress-resistant animals. The pharmacological stimulation of the kappa and delta opioid receptors in stress-susceptible individuals may alleviate fear. Thus, subtype-selective opioid receptor agonists may protect against the development of trauma-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szklarczyk
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Eligiusz Cieslak
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Nummenmaa L, Manninen S, Tuominen L, Hirvonen J, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Dunbar RIM, Sams M. Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3621-8. [PMID: 26046928 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human attachment behavior mediates establishment and maintenance of social relationships. Adult attachment characteristically varies on anxiety and avoidance dimensions, reflecting the tendencies to worry about the partner breaking the social bond (anxiety) and feeling uncomfortable about depending on others (avoidance). In primates and other mammals, the endogenous μ-opioid system is linked to long-term social bonding, but evidence of its role in human adult attachment remains more limited. We used in vivo positron emission tomography to reveal how variability in μ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability is associated with adult attachment in humans. We scanned 49 healthy subjects using a MOR-specific ligand [(11) C]carfentanil and measured their attachment avoidance and anxiety with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale. The avoidance dimension of attachment correlated negatively with MOR availability in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the frontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. No associations were observed between MOR availability and the anxiety dimension of attachment. Our results suggest that the endogenous opioid system may underlie interindividual differences in avoidant attachment style in human adults, and that differences in MOR availability are associated with the individuals' social relationships and psychosocial well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Manninen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Ox1 3UD, UK
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Gibula-Bruzda E, Marszalek-Grabska M, Witkowska E, Izdebski J, Kotlinska JH. Enkephalin analog, cyclo[N(ε),N(β)-carbonyl-D-Lys(2),Dap(5)] enkephalinamide (cUENK6), inhibits the ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Alcohol 2015; 49:229-36. [PMID: 25716198 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An analog of enkephalin, cyclo[N(ε),N(β)-carbonyl-D-Lys(2),Dap(5)] enkephalinamide (cUENK6), is predominantly a functional agonist of μ-opioid receptors (MOPr) and, to a lesser extent, of δ-opioid receptors (DOPr) in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cUENK6 could affect ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in rats. An anxiety-like effect of withdrawal was predicted to occur in the EPM test 24 h after the last ethanol administration (2 g/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]; 15% w/v once daily for 9 days). Ethanol withdrawal decreased the percent of time spent by rats in the open arms and the percent of open-arms entries. cUENK6 (0.25 nmol), given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection, significantly reversed these anxiety-like effects of ethanol withdrawal and elevated the percent of time spent by rats in the open arms and the percent of open-arms entries. These effects of cUENK6 were significantly inhibited by the DOPr antagonist naltrindole (NTI) (5 nmol, i.c.v.), but not by the MOPr antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) (5 nmol, i.c.v.). The preferential DOPr agonist [Leu(5)]-enkephalin (LeuEnk) (2.7 and 5.4 nmol, i.c.v.) and the MOPr agonist morphine (6.5 and 13 nmol, i.c.v.) reduced the anxiety-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. cUENK6 at the dose of 0.25 nmol did not disturb locomotor activity in the EPM, in contrast to cUENK6 at the dose of 0.5 nmol, and morphine at 6.5 and 13 nmol. However, similarly to LeuEnk, cUENK6 induced the anxiolytic-like effects in naïve rats. Thus, our study suggests that cUENK6 reduced ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior by activation of δ-opioid receptors rather than μ-opioid receptors.
Collapse
|
62
|
µ- and κ-Opioid receptor activation in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter differentially modulates panic-like behaviours induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of the inferior colliculus. Brain Res 2015; 1597:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
63
|
Murray E, Brouwer S, McCutcheon R, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ, McCabe C. Opposing neural effects of naltrexone on food reward and aversion: implications for the treatment of obesity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4323-35. [PMID: 24763910 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioid antagonism reduces the consumption of palatable foods in humans but the neural substrates implicated in these effects are less well understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, on neural response to rewarding and aversive sight and taste stimuli. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural responses to the sight and taste of pleasant (chocolate) and aversive (mouldy strawberry) stimuli in 20 healthy volunteers who received a single oral dose of naltrexone (50 mg) and placebo in a double-blind, repeated-measures cross-over, design. RESULTS Relative to placebo, naltrexone decreased reward activation to chocolate in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and caudate, and increased aversive-related activation to unpleasant strawberry in the amygdala and anterior insula. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that modulation of key brain areas involved in reward processing, cognitive control and habit formation such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and caudate might underlie reduction in food intake with opioid antagonism. Furthermore we show for the first time that naltrexone can increase activations related to aversive food stimuli. These results support further investigation of opioid treatments in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Neuroscience Building, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gassaway MM, Rives ML, Kruegel AC, Javitch JA, Sames D. The atypical antidepressant and neurorestorative agent tianeptine is a μ-opioid receptor agonist. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e411. [PMID: 25026323 PMCID: PMC4119213 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments of depression and related disorders suffer from major problems, such as a low rate of response, slow onset of therapeutic effects, loss of efficacy over time and serious side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic approaches that address these issues. Interestingly, the atypical antidepressant tianeptine already meets in part these clinical goals. However, in spite of three decades of basic and clinical investigations, the molecular target of tianeptine, as well as its mechanism of action, remains elusive. Herein, we report the characterization of tianeptine as a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist. Using radioligand binding and cell-based functional assays, including bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assays for G-protein activation and cAMP accumulation, we identified tianeptine as an efficacious MOR agonist (K(i Human) of 383±183 nM and EC(50 Human) of 194±70 nM and EC(50 Mouse) of 641±120 nM for G-protein activation). Tianeptine was also a full δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist, although with much lower potency (EC(50 Human) of 37.4±11.2 μM and EC(50 Mouse) of 14.5±6.6 μM for G-protein activation). In contrast, tianeptine was inactive at the κ-opioid receptor (KOR, both human and rat). On the basis of these pharmacological data, we propose that activation of MOR (or dual activation of MOR and DOR) could be the initial molecular event responsible for triggering many of the known acute and chronic effects of this agent, including its antidepressant and anxiolytic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Gassaway
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M-L Rives
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - A C Kruegel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 19, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
| | - D Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC3101, New York, NY 10027, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Wen D, Zang G, Sun D, Yang S, Yu F, Li S, Ma C, Cong B. Effects of CCK-8 on the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP and expression of behavioral sensitization in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 238:230-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
66
|
Abstract
A substantial proportion of noncommunicable disease originates in habitual overconsumption of calories, which can lead to weight gain and obesity and attendant comorbidities. At the other end of the spectrum, the consequences of undernutrition in early life and at different stages of adult life can also have major impact on wellbeing and quality of life. To help address some of these issues, greater understanding is required of interactions with food and contemporary diets throughout the life course and at a number of different levels: physiological, metabolic, psychological, and emotional. Here we review the current literature on the effects of dietary manipulation on anxiety-like behaviour. This evidence, assembled from study of preclinical models of diet challenge from gestation to adult life, supports a role for diet in the important connections between psychology, physiology, and behaviour. Analogous processes in the human population in our current obesogenic environment are likely to contribute to individual and societal challenges in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Murphy
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
- *Michelle Murphy:
| | - Julian G. Mercer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yoo JH, Kitchen I, Bailey A. The endogenous opioid system in cocaine addiction: what lessons have opioid peptide and receptor knockout mice taught us? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1993-2014. [PMID: 22428846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction has become a major concern in the UK as Britain tops the European 'league table' for cocaine abuse. Despite its devastating health and socio-economic consequences, no effective pharmacotherapy for treating cocaine addiction is available. Identifying neurochemical changes induced by repeated drug exposure is critical not only for understanding the transition from recreational drug use towards compulsive drug abuse but also for the development of novel targets for the treatment of the disease and especially for relapse prevention. This article focuses on the effects of chronic cocaine exposure and withdrawal on each of the endogenous opioid peptides and receptors in rodent models. In addition, we review the studies that utilized opioid peptide or receptor knockout mice in order to identify and/or clarify the role of different components of the opioid system in cocaine-addictive behaviours and in cocaine-induced alterations of brain neurochemistry. The review of these studies indicates a region-specific activation of the µ-opioid receptor system following chronic cocaine exposure, which may contribute towards the rewarding effect of the drug and possibly towards cocaine craving during withdrawal followed by relapse. Cocaine also causes a region-specific activation of the κ-opioid receptor/dynorphin system, which may antagonize the rewarding effect of the drug, and at the same time, contribute to the stress-inducing properties of the drug and the triggering of relapse. These conclusions have important implications for the development of effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine addiction and the prevention of relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yoo
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Murphy A, Taylor E, Elliott R. The detrimental effects of emotional process dysregulation on decision-making in substance dependence. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:101. [PMID: 23162443 PMCID: PMC3491319 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance dependence is complex and multifactorial, with many distinct pathways involved in both the development and subsequent maintenance of addictive behaviors. Various cognitive mechanisms have been implicated, including impulsivity, compulsivity, and impaired decision-making. These mechanisms are modulated by emotional processes, resulting in increased likelihood of initial drug use, sustained substance dependence, and increased relapse during periods of abstinence. Emotional traits, such as sensation-seeking, are risk factors for substance use, and chronic drug use can result in further emotional dysregulation via effects on reward, motivation, and stress systems. We will explore theories of hyper and hypo sensitivity of the brain reward systems that may underpin motivational abnormalities and anhedonia. Disturbances in these systems contribute to the biasing of emotional processing toward cues related to drug use at the expense of natural rewards, which serves to maintain addictive behavior, via enhanced drug craving. We will additionally focus on the sensitization of the brain stress systems that result in negative affect states that continue into protracted abstinence that is may lead to compulsive drug-taking. We will explore how these emotional dysregulations impact upon decision-making controlled by goal-directed and habitual action selections systems, and, in combination with a failure of prefrontal inhibitory control, mediate maladaptive decision-making observed in substance dependent individuals such that they continue drug use in spite of negative consequences. An understanding of the emotional impacts on cognition in substance dependent individuals may guide the development of more effective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Rezayof A, Assadpour S, Alijanpour S. Morphine-induced anxiolytic-like effect in morphine-sensitized mice: involvement of ventral hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:460-6. [PMID: 23067878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of repeated intra-ventral hippocampal (intra-VH) microinjections of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist or antagonist on morphine-induced anxiolytic-like behavior were investigated in morphine-sensitized mice using elevated plus-maze. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of different doses of morphine (5, 7.5 and 10mg/kg) increased the percentage of open arm time (%OAT), open arm entries (%OAE), but not locomotor activity, indicating an anxiolytic-like response to morphine. The maximum response was obtained by 7.5mg/kg of the opioid. The anxiety-like behavior which was induced by a lower dose of morphine (5mg/kg) was significantly increased in mice that had previously received once daily injections of morphine (10 and 20mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days. It should be considered that this treatment also increased locomotor activity in morphine-sensitized mice. Furthermore, the response to an ineffective dose of morphine (5mg/kg, i.p.) in the EPM was significantly increased in the animals that had previously received nicotine for 3 days (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 μg/mouse; intra-VH), 5 min prior to the injections of morphine (5mg/kg/day × 3 days; i.p.). On the other hand, the increase of morphine-induced anxiolytic-like effect in animals that had previously received the 3-day morphine (20mg/kg) was dose dependently suppressed by once daily injections of mecamylamine (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/mouse/day × 3 days; intra-VH). It is important to note that repeated intra-VH administrations of the same doses of nicotine or mecamylamine alone caused no significant change in morphine (5mg/kg)-induced anxiety-like parameters in the EPM. In conclusion, it seems that morphine sensitization affects the anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and the cholinergic system in the ventral hippocampus, via nicotinic receptors, may play an important role in this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Brogan JT, Stoops SL, Lindsley CW. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of phidianidines A and B uncovers unique pharmacological profiles at CNS targets. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:658-64. [PMID: 23019492 DOI: 10.1021/cn300064r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of phidianidines A and B, the first 1,2,4-oxadiazole-containing alkaloid, from the marine opisthobranch mollusk Phidiana militaris is reported. The synthesis proceeds in six steps from known indole acetic acids in 39.9% (phidianidine A) and 21% (phidianidine B) overall yields from commercially available materials. Biological characterization found that phidianidines A and B are selective inhibitors of DAT (versus SERT and NET) and a selective, potent ligand and partial agonist of the μ opioid receptor (versus δ- and κ-opioid receptors). Moreover, neither phidianidines A and B are cytotoxic, and thus represent an attractive starting point for chemical optimization; therefore, we piloted a number of chemistries and prepared a diverse series of unnatural analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Brogan
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Colasanti A, Searle GE, Long CJ, Hill SP, Reiley RR, Quelch D, Erritzoe D, Tziortzi AC, Reed LJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Waldman AD, Schruers KRJ, Matthews PM, Gunn RN, Nutt DJ, Rabiner EA. Endogenous opioid release in the human brain reward system induced by acute amphetamine administration. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:371-7. [PMID: 22386378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to demonstrate a pharmacologically stimulated endogenous opioid release in the living human brain by evaluating the effects of amphetamine administration on [(11)C]carfentanil binding with positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Twelve healthy male volunteers underwent [(11)C]carfentanil PET before and 3 hours after a single oral dose of d-amphetamine (either a "high" dose, .5 mg/kg, or a sub-pharmacological "ultra-low" dose, 1.25 mg total dose or approximately .017 mg/kg). Reductions in [(11)C]carfentanil binding from baseline to post-amphetamine scans (ΔBP(ND)) after the "high" and "ultra-low" amphetamine doses were assessed in 10 regions of interest. RESULTS [(11)C]carfentanil binding was reduced after the "high" but not the "ultra-low" amphetamine dose in the frontal cortex, putamen, caudate, thalamus, anterior cingulate, and insula. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that oral amphetamine administration induces endogenous opioid release in different areas of human brain, including basal ganglia, frontal cortex areas, and thalamus. The combination of an amphetamine challenge and [(11)C]carfentanil PET is a practical and robust method to probe the opioid system in the living human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colasanti
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Darnall BD, Stacey BR, Chou R. Medical and psychological risks and consequences of long-term opioid therapy in women. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:1181-211. [PMID: 22905834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term opioid use has increased substantially over the past decade for U.S. women. Women are more likely than men to have a chronic pain condition, to be treated with opioids, and may receive higher doses. Prescribing trends persist despite limited evidence to support the long-term benefit of this pain treatment approach. PURPOSE To review the medical and psychological risks and consequences of long-term opioid therapy in women. METHOD Scientific literature containing relevant keywords and content were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Long-term opioid use exposes women to unique risks, including endocrinopathy, reduced fertility, neonatal risks, as well as greater risk for polypharmacy, cardiac risks, poisoning and unintentional overdose, among other risks. Risks for women appear to vary by age and psychosocial factors may be bidirectionally related to opioid use. Gaps in understanding and priorities for future research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth D Darnall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Représentations mentales et comportements précédant la prescription d’opioïdes forts. Une enquête réalisée dans le département du Finistère auprès de 114 médecins généralistes et spécialistes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11724-012-0289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
74
|
Stewart A, Wu N, Cachat J, Hart P, Gaikwad S, Wong K, Utterback E, Gilder T, Kyzar E, Newman A, Carlos D, Chang K, Hook M, Rhymes C, Caffery M, Greenberg M, Zadina J, Kalueff AV. Pharmacological modulation of anxiety-like phenotypes in adult zebrafish behavioral models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1421-31. [PMID: 21122812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are becoming increasingly popular in neurobehavioral research. Here, we summarize recent data on behavioral responses of adult zebrafish to a wide spectrum of putative anxiolytic and anxiogenic agents. Using the novel tank test as a sensitive and efficient behavioral assay, zebrafish anxiety-like behavior can be bi-directionally modulated by drugs affecting the gamma-aminobutyric acid, monoaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic and opioidergic systems. Complementing human and rodent data, zebrafish drug-evoked phenotypes obtained in this test support this species as a useful model for neurobehavioral and psychopharmacological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Hadjiconstantinou M, Neff NH. Nicotine and endogenous opioids: Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1209-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|