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Sabaté Brescó M, Harris LG, Thompson K, Stanic B, Morgenstern M, O'Mahony L, Richards RG, Moriarty TF. Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis Device-Related Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1401. [PMID: 28824556 PMCID: PMC5539136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota, commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of the host via specific adhesins, S. epidermidis is capable of establishing a lifelong commensal relationship with humans that begins early in life. In its role as a commensal organism, S. epidermidis is thought to provide benefits to human host, including out-competing more virulent pathogens. However, largely due to its capacity to form biofilm on implanted foreign bodies, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in patients receiving medical devices. S. epidermidis causes approximately 20% of all orthopedic device-related infections (ODRIs), increasing up to 50% in late-developing infections. Despite this prevalence, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature, in particular lagging behind the study of the S. aureus. This review aims to provide an overview of the interactions of S. epidermidis with the human host, both as a commensal and as a pathogen. The mechanisms retained by S. epidermidis that enable colonization of human skin as well as invasive infection, will be described, with a particular focus upon biofilm formation. The host immune responses to these infections are also described, including how S. epidermidis seems to trigger low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of interleukin-10, which may contribute to the sub-acute and persistent nature often associated with these infections. The adaptive immune response to S. epidermidis remains poorly described, and represents an area which may provide significant new discoveries in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sabaté Brescó
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland.,Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical SchoolSwansea, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Thompson
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stanic
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Morgenstern
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - R Geoff Richards
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - T Fintan Moriarty
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
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Virulence factors associated with Coagulase Negative Staphylococci isolated from human infections. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:140. [PMID: 28593524 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by commensal organisms by changing to infectious life style generate much challenge to the current treatment strategies. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are one of them, with their coexisting biofilm forming and multiple antibiotic resistance properties form important agents of nosocomial infection. To evaluate species distribution, biofilm formation, and antibiogram, CoNS isolates from various clinical samples were isolated. The presence of biofilm and associated genes icaAB, aap, atlE, embp, bhp, and fbe in CoNS was screened by PCR. The biofilm chemical composition and its correlation with the genotypes were also analysed. Staphylococcus epidermidis (59%) was found to be the most prevalent CoNS species. Most of the CoNS isolates harboring biofilm gene showed carbohydrate-protein-eDNA biofilm, whereas carbohydrate-protein biofilms were also observed. High percentage of multiple drug resistance, and biofilm gene frequency among these CoNS isolates point towards the need of periodic surveillance as CoNS are recently identified to cause difficult to treat infections.
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Mucosal fluid glycoprotein DMBT1 suppresses twitching motility and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006392. [PMID: 28489917 PMCID: PMC5440049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that mucosal fluids protect underlying epithelial surfaces against opportunistic infection via their antimicrobial activity. However, our published data show that human tear fluid can protect against the major opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa independently of bacteriostatic activity. Here, we explored the mechanisms for tear protection, focusing on impacts of tear fluid on bacterial virulence factor expression. Results showed that tear fluid suppressed twitching motility, a type of surface-associated movement conferred by pili. Previously, we showed that twitching is critical for P. aeruginosa traversal of corneal epithelia, exit from epithelial cells after internalization, and corneal virulence. Inhibition of twitching by tear fluid was dose-dependent with dilutions to 6.25% retaining activity. Purified lactoferrin, lysozyme, and contrived tears containing these, and many other, tear components lacked the activity. Systematic protein fractionation, mass spectrometry, and immunoprecipitation identified the glycoprotein DMBT1 (Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1) in tear fluid as required. DMBT1 purified from human saliva also inhibited twitching, as well as P. aeruginosa traversal of human corneal epithelial cells in vitro, and reduced disease pathology in a murine model of corneal infection. DMBT1 did not affect PilA expression, nor bacterial intracellular cyclicAMP levels, and suppressed twitching motility of P. aeruginosa chemotaxis mutants (chpB, pilK), and an adenylate cyclase mutant (cyaB). However, dot-immunoblot assays showed purified DMBT1 binding of pili extracted from PAO1 suggesting that twitching inhibition may involve a direct interaction with pili. The latter could affect extension or retraction of pili, their interactions with biotic or abiotic surfaces, or cause their aggregation. Together, the data suggest that DMBT1 inhibition of twitching motility contributes to the mechanisms by which mucosal fluids protect against P. aeruginosa infection. This study also advances our understanding of how mucosal fluids protect against infection, and suggests directions for novel biocompatible strategies to protect our surface epithelia against a major opportunistic pathogen.
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Szczuka E, Jabłońska L, Kaznowski A. Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and ciprofloxacin on the expression of biofilm-associated genes and biofilm structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:712-718. [PMID: 28481197 PMCID: PMC5817252 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of foreign body-associated infections. This is related to the bacterium's ability to form biofilms on synthetic materials. Bacteria within a biofilm may be exposed to subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics because of an agent's limited penetration into the biofilm core. Here, we investigated the effect of sub-MICs of tigecycline and ciprofloxacin on the expression of biofilm-associated genes, i.e. icaA, altE and sigB, and the biofilm structure of five clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. For most tested isolates, the expression of these genes increased after exposure to 0.25 MIC and 0.5 MIC tigecycline. A slight decrease in icaAmRNA levels was observed only in two isolates in the presence of 0.25 MIC tigecycline. The effect of ciprofloxacin exposure was isolate-dependent. At 0.5 MIC, ciprofloxacin induced an increase of sigB and icaAmRNA levels in three of the five tested isolates. At the same time, expression of the altE gene increased in all isolates (from 1.3-fold to 42-fold, depending on the strain). Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis indicated that sub-MIC ciprofloxacin decreased biofilm formation, whereas tigecycline stimulated this process. Our data suggest that sub-MIC tigecycline may have bearing on the outcome of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Jabłońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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55
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Stefańska J, Stępień K, Bielenica A, Wrzosek M, Struga M. Antistaphylococcal Activity of Selected Thiourea Derivatives. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:451-460. [DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1227671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five of thiourea derivatives were prepared using as a starting compound 3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline, 4-chloro-3-nitroaniline, 1,3-thiazol-2-amine, 2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-amine and commercial isothiocyanates. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity. Derivatives 2 and 3 showed the highest inhibition against Gram-positive cocci (standard and hospital strains). The observed MIC values were in the range of 0.5–8 μg/ml. The products effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms of methicillin-resistant and standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Inhibitory activity of thioureas 2 and 3 against Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV was studied. The examined compounds were nongenotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Iviglia G, Cassinelli C, Bollati D, Baino F, Torre E, Morra M, Vitale-Brovarone C. Engineered porous scaffolds for periprosthetic infection prevention. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:701-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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58
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Szczuka E, Jabłońska L, Kaznowski A. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogenesis, occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes and in vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm-growing bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1405-1413. [PMID: 27902368 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens that particularly cause infections in patients with implanted medical devices. The present research was performed to study the virulence potential of 53 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus caprae. All clinical strains were clonally unrelated. Isolates carried genes encoding resistance to β-lactam (mecA) (15 %), aminoglycoside [aac(6')/aph(2″)(11 %), aph (3')-IIIa (15 %), ant(4')-Ia (19 %)] and macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) [erm(A) (4 %), erm(B) (13 %), erm(C) (41 %), msr(A) (11 %)] antibiotics. CoNS isolates (64 %) were able to form biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that these biofilms formed a three-dimensional structure composed mainly of living cells. All biofilm-positive strains carried the ica operon. In vitro studies demonstrated that a combination treatment with tigecycline and rifampicin was more effective against biofilms than one with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration values were 0.062-0.5 µg ml-1 for tigecycline/rifampicin and 0.250-2 µg ml-1 for ciprofloxacin/rifampicin. All CoNS strains adhered to the human epithelial cell line HeLa, and more than half of the isolates were able to invade the HeLa cells, although most invaded relatively poorly. The virulence of CoNS is also attributed to their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells. Incubation of HeLa cells with culture supernatant of the CoNS isolates resulted in cell death. The results indicate that the pathogenicity of S. capitis, S. auricularis, S. lugdunensis, S. cohnii and S. caprae is multi-factorial, involving the ability of these bacteria to adhere to human epithelial cells, form biofilms and invade and destroy human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Jabłońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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59
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Harris LG, Murray S, Pascoe B, Bray J, Meric G, Magerios L, Wilkinson TS, Jeeves R, Rohde H, Schwarz S, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M, Rolo J, Bowden R, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, Mack D, Sheppard SK. Biofilm Morphotypes and Population Structure among Staphylococcus epidermidis from Commensal and Clinical Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151240. [PMID: 26978068 PMCID: PMC4792440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial species comprise related genotypes that can display divergent phenotypes with important clinical implications. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of nosocomial infections and, critical to its pathogenesis, is its ability to adhere and form biofilms on surfaces, thereby moderating the effect of the host’s immune response and antibiotics. Commensal S. epidermidis populations are thought to differ from those associated with disease in factors involved in adhesion and biofilm accumulation. We quantified the differences in biofilm formation in 98 S. epidermidis isolates from various sources, and investigated population structure based on ribosomal multilocus typing (rMLST) and the presence/absence of genes involved in adhesion and biofilm formation. All isolates were able to adhere and form biofilms in in vitro growth assays and confocal microscopy allowed classification into 5 biofilm morphotypes based on their thickness, biovolume and roughness. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped isolates into three separate clades, with the isolates in the main disease associated clade displaying diversity in morphotype. Of the biofilm morphology characteristics, only biofilm thickness had a significant association with clade distribution. The distribution of some known adhesion-associated genes (aap and sesE) among isolates showed a significant association with the species clonal frame. These data challenge the assumption that biofilm-associated genes, such as those on the ica operon, are genetic markers for less invasive S. epidermidis isolates, and suggest that phenotypic characteristics, such as adhesion and biofilm formation, are not fixed by clonal descent but are influenced by the presence of various genes that are mobile among lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llinos G. Harris
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Murray
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Meric
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardos Magerios
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Wilkinson
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Jeeves
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie & Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Herminia de Lencastre
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Rolo
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rory Bowden
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A. Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dietrich Mack
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Mikrobiologie/Infektiologie, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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60
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Martini R, Hörner R, Rampelotto RF, Garzon LRL, Nunes MS, Teixeira MD, Graichen DÂS. INVESTIGATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION IN COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM PLATELET CONCENTRATE BAGS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:1. [PMID: 26910444 PMCID: PMC4793942 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet Concentrates (PCs) are the blood components with the highest rate of
bacterial contamination, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most
frequently isolated contaminants. This study investigated the biofilm formation of 16
contaminated units out of 691 PCs tested by phenotypic and genotypic methods.
Adhesion in Borosilicate Tube (ABT) and Congo Red Agar (CRA) tests were used to
assess the presence of biofilm. The presence of icaADC genes was assessed by means of
the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. With Vitek(r)2, Staphylococcus
haemolyticus was considered the most prevalent CoNS (31.25%). The CRA characterized
43.8% as probable biofilm producers, and for the ABT test, 37.5%. The icaADC genes
were identified in seven samples by the PCR. The ABT technique showed 85.7%
sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to the reference method (PCR), and
presented strong agreement (k = 0.8). This study shows that species identified as PCs
contaminants are considered inhabitants of the normal skin flora and they might
become important pathogens. The results also lead to the recommendation of ABT use in
laboratory routine for detecting biofilm in CoNS contaminants of PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiéli Martini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Rosmari Hörner
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Roberta Filipini Rampelotto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Litiérri Razia Litiérri Garzon
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Melise Silveira Nunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ; ; ; ;
| | - Mayza Dalcin Teixeira
- Laboratório de Evolução Genética, Centro de Educação Superior Norte, Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ;
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Gnanadhas DP, Elango M, Janardhanraj S, Srinandan CS, Datey A, Strugnell RA, Gopalan J, Chakravortty D. Successful treatment of biofilm infections using shock waves combined with antibiotic therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17440. [PMID: 26658706 PMCID: PMC4674795 DOI: 10.1038/srep17440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria secrete a highly hydrated framework of extracellular polymer matrix on suitable substrates and embed within the matrix to form a biofilm. Bacterial biofilms are observed on many medical devices, endocarditis, periodontitis and lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Bacteria in biofilm are protected from antibiotics and >1,000 times of the minimum inhibitory concentration may be required to treat biofilm infections. Here, we demonstrated that shock waves could be used to remove Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus biofilms in urinary catheters. The studies were extended to a Pseudomonas chronic pneumonia lung infection and Staphylococcus skin suture infection model in mice. The biofilm infections in mice, treated with shock waves became susceptible to antibiotics, unlike untreated biofilms. Mice exposed to shock waves responded to ciprofloxacin treatment, while ciprofloxacin alone was ineffective in treating the infection. These results demonstrate for the first time that, shock waves, combined with antibiotic treatment can be used to treat biofilm infection on medical devices as well as in situ infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Monalisha Elango
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - S Janardhanraj
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - C S Srinandan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Akshay Datey
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Centre for Infection and Immunity at The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jagadeesh Gopalan
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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63
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Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus: Molecular Detection of Cytotoxin and Enterotoxin Genes. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3688-99. [PMID: 26389954 PMCID: PMC4591658 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although opportunistic pathogens, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, have long been regarded as avirulent organisms. The role of toxins in the development of infections caused by CoNS is still controversial. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence of enterotoxin and cytotoxin genes in S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates obtained from blood cultures. Cytotoxin genes were detected by PCR using novel species-specific primers. Among the 85 S. epidermidis and 84 S. haemolyticus isolates, 95.3% and 79.8%, respectively, carried at least one enterotoxin gene. The most frequent enterotoxin genes were sea (53.3%), seg (64.5%) and sei (67.5%). The seg gene was positively associated with S. epidermidis (p = 0.02), and this species was more toxigenic than S. haemolyticus. The hla/yidD gene was detected in 92.9% of S. epidermidis and the hla gene in 91.7% of S. haemolyticus isolates; hlb was detected in 92.9% of the S. epidermidis isolates and hld in 95.3%. Nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates exhibited a high toxigenic potential, mainly producing the non-classical enterotoxins seg and sei. The previously unreported detection of hla/yidD and hlb in S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus using species-specific primers showed that these hemolysin genes differ between CoNS species and that they are highly frequent in blood culture isolates.
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64
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Artini M, Cellini A, Papa R, Tilotta M, Scoarughi GL, Gazzola S, Fontana C, Tempera G, Cocconcelli PS, Selan L. Adhesive behaviour and virulence of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from Italian cheeses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28:341-50. [PMID: 26238537 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015593236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) belong to saprophytic microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans, but are also isolated from foodstuffs such as meat, cheese, and milk. In other circumstances, some CoNS can act as pathogens. Thus the presence of CoNS may not be an immediate danger to public health, but can become a risk factor. In particular antibiotic-resistant genes could be transferred to other potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, CoNS are known to be strong biofilm producers and this is also a risk factor for public health. The aim of the present work was to determine the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of 106 CoNS belonging to four different species isolated from five different Italian cheeses for the presence of some adhesion and virulence features. In order to verify a possible correlation between the formation of biofilm and staphylococcal virulence factors, we checked the presence of adhesin genes by PCR and we investigated the ability of these strains to make biofilm at different temperatures. Furthermore, in some conditions, we analyzed surface proteins and autolytic pattern of selected strains. In conclusion, we checked the presence of norA and mecA genes responsible for fluoroquinolones and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found resistant genes in a proportion of the food isolates in amounts of 9.4% (mecA) and 5.7% (norA). These data support the importance to continuously examine the microbiota not only for the creation of a database but also to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Andrea Cellini
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Marco Tilotta
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Gian Luca Scoarughi
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Simona Gazzola
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Fontana
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Gianna Tempera
- Department of Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
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Deva AK. Commentary on: Histologic, Molecular, and Clinical Evaluation of Explanted Breast Prostheses, Capsules, and Acellular Dermal Matrices for Bacteria. Aesthet Surg J 2015; 35:669-71. [PMID: 26229127 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Deva
- Dr Deva is a Co-director of the Surgical Infection Research Group at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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66
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Sanchez-Vizuete P, Orgaz B, Aymerich S, Le Coq D, Briandet R. Pathogens protection against the action of disinfectants in multispecies biofilms. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:705. [PMID: 26236291 PMCID: PMC4500986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms constitute the prevalent way of life for microorganisms in both natural and man-made environments. Biofilm-dwelling cells display greater tolerance to antimicrobial agents than those that are free-living, and the mechanisms by which this occurs have been investigated extensively using single-strain axenic models. However, there is growing evidence that interspecies interactions may profoundly alter the response of the community to such toxic exposure. In this paper, we propose an overview of the studies dealing with multispecies biofilms resistance to biocides, with particular reference to the protection of pathogenic species by resident surface flora when subjected to disinfectants treatments. The mechanisms involved in such protection include interspecies signaling, interference between biocides molecules and public goods in the matrix, or the physiology and genetic plasticity associated with a structural spatial arrangement. After describing these different mechanisms, we will discuss the experimental methods available for their analysis in the context of complex multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sanchez-Vizuete
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Belen Orgaz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Aymerich
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Dominique Le Coq
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- CNRS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Romain Briandet
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
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67
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Stefańska J, Antoszczak M, Stępień K, Bartoszcze M, Mirski T, Huczyński A. Tertiary amides of Salinomycin: A new group of antibacterial agents against Bacillus anthracis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2082-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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In Vitro Activity of Rifampicin Combined with Daptomycin or Tigecycline on Staphylococcus haemolyticus Biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:184-9. [PMID: 25894996 PMCID: PMC4486112 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is of increasing concern as a cause of several biofilm-associated infections, and today, it represents the second most common organism among clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. However, little is known regarding the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. In this study, we characterize the biofilm formed by S.haemolyticus strains isolated from bloodstream infections and assess in vitro the activity of rifampicin combined with daptomycin or tigecycline against bacteria growing in a biofilm. The results of our studies indicated that the majority (78 %) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcushaemolyticus strains have the ability to form a biofilm in vitro. None of these strains carried icaADBC genes indicating that they form biofilm via ica-independent mechanisms. The molecular characterization of the biofilm showed that proteins are the predominant matrix component and play a major role in biofilm structure. Extracellular DNA and polysaccharides, other than polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, are also present in the biofilm matrix, but they play a minor role. The images obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that most S. haemolyticus strains formed a dense biofilm with a low number of dead cells. In vitro study demonstrated excellent activity of tigecycline in combination with rifampicin against cell growth in the proteinous biofilm. The BIC (biofilm inhibitory concentration) value for tigecycline/rifampicin ranged from 0.062 to 1 µg/ml, whereas for daptomycin/rifampicin from 0.125 to 2 µg/ml. These results indicated that the tigecycline/rifampicin combination was more effective against ica-independent biofilm, formed by S. haemolyticus strains, than the daptomycin/rifampicin combination.
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69
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:829-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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70
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Crisante F, Taresco V, Donelli G, Vuotto C, Martinelli A, D’Ilario L, Pietrelli L, Francolini I, Piozzi A. Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol-Based Polyacrylate with Antimicrobial and Antiadhesive Activity Versus Staphylococcus Epidermidis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 901:25-36. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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71
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Kanai H, Sato H, Takei Y. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis pyelonephritis in a child: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:415. [PMID: 25488491 PMCID: PMC4308012 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is currently the most frequent pathogen of opportunistic and nosocomial infections worldwide. Most cases of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are associated with indwelling medical devices and/or immunocompromised conditions. Community-acquired urinary tract infections are rare, particularly among pediatric populations, and clinicians often do not consider Staphylococcus epidermidis as a uropathogen. Case presentation A previously healthy Japanese boy developed pyelonephritis caused by Enterococcus faecalis at 10 months of age. Subsequently, he was diagnosed with severe bilateral vesicoureteral reflux (right side grade V, left side grade III), and was administered trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as the prophylaxis. At 18 months of age, he presented with fever. Gram staining of urine obtained through catheterization revealed gram-positive cocci. We suspected pyelonephritis caused by enterococci, and administered oral fluoroquinolone empirically. The fever promptly resolved, and eventually, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis was detected at significant levels in the urine. Thus, our final diagnosis was pyelonephritis caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusions Our case indicated that even immunocompetent children without a urinary catheter can develop Staphylococcus epidermidis pyelonephritis. Staphylococcus epidermidis can be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as sample contamination in community-acquired urinary tract infections. Therefore, when Gram staining of appropriately obtained urine samples reveals gram-positive cocci, clinicians should take into consideration not only the possibility of enterococci but also staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, particularly in children with urinary abnormalities and/or those receiving continuous antibiotic prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kanai
- Department of Pediatrics, Suwa Central Hospital, Tamagawa 4300, Chino-city, Nagano 391-8503, Japan.
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72
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Zhang L, Ning C, Zhou T, Liu X, Yeung KWK, Zhang T, Xu Z, Wang X, Wu S, Chu PK. Polymeric nanoarchitectures on Ti-based implants for antibacterial applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17323-17345. [PMID: 25233376 DOI: 10.1021/am5045604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, titanium-based metals are widely used in hard tissue repair, especially load-bearing orthopedic applications. However, bacterial infection and complication during and after surgery often causes failure of the metallic implants. To endow titanium-based implants with antibacterial properties, surface modification is one of the effective strategies. Possessing the unique organic structure composed of molecular and functional groups resembling those of natural organisms, functionalized polymeric nanoarchitectures enhance not only the antibacterial performance but also other biological functions that are difficult to accomplish on many conventional bioinert metallic implants. In this review, recent advance in functionalized polymeric nanoarchitectures and the associated antimicrobial mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University , Wuhan, China
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Evaluation of biofilm formation using milk in a flow cell model and microarray characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:489-495. [PMID: 25448449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that biofilm could play an important role in the establishment of chronic Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis. The in vitro evaluation of biofilm formation can be performed either in closed/static or in flow-based systems. Efforts have been made to characterize the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus mastitis isolates, however most authors used static systems and matrices other than UHT milk. It is not clear whether such results could be extrapolated to the mammary gland environment. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus strains from subclinical bovine mastitis using the static method and a flow-based one. One hundred and twelve strains were tested by the classic tissue culture plate assay (TCP) and 30 out of them were also tested by a dynamic semi-quantitative assay using commercial UHT milk as culture medium (Milk Flow Culture, MFC) or Tryptic Soy Broth as control medium (TS Flow Culture, TSFC). Only 6 (20%) strains formed biofilm in milk under flow conditions, while 36.6% were considered biofilm-producers in TCP, and 93.3% produced biofilm in TSFC. No agreement was found between TCP, MFC and TSFC results. The association between strain genetic profile, determined by microarray, and biofilm-forming ability in milk was evaluated. Biofilm formation in MFC was significantly associated with the presence of those genes commonly found in bovine-associated strains, assigned to clonal complexes typically detected in mastitis. Based on our results, biofilm-forming potential of bovine strains should be critically analysed and tested applying conditions similar to mammary environment.
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74
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McCloskey AP, Gilmore BF, Laverty G. Evolution of antimicrobial peptides to self-assembled peptides for biomaterial applications. Pathogens 2014; 3:791-821. [PMID: 25436505 PMCID: PMC4282886 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-related infections are a persistent burden on patient health, recovery, mortality and healthcare budgets. Self-assembled antimicrobial peptides have evolved from the area of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides serve as important weapons in nature, and increasingly medicine, for combating microbial infection and biofilms. Self-assembled peptides harness a "bottom-up" approach, whereby the primary peptide sequence may be modified with natural and unnatural amino acids to produce an inherently antimicrobial hydrogel. Gelation may be tailored to occur in the presence of physiological and infective indicators (e.g. pH, enzymes) and therefore allow local, targeted antimicrobial therapy at the site of infection. Peptides demonstrate inherent biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, biodegradability and numerous functional groups. They are therefore prime candidates for the production of polymeric molecules that have the potential to be conjugated to biomaterials with precision. Non-native chemistries and functional groups are easily incorporated into the peptide backbone allowing peptide hydrogels to be tailored to specific functional requirements. This article reviews an area of increasing interest, namely self-assembled peptides and their potential therapeutic applications as innovative hydrogels and biomaterials in the prevention of biofilm-related infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P McCloskey
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland.
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland.
| | - Garry Laverty
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland.
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Bondarenko VM, Alekseev IV, Mislavskiĭ OV, Ponomarev GV. [Perspectives of disodium salt 2.4-di(1-metoxyethyl)-deuteroporphyrin - IX ("Dimegin") application for photodynamic therapy in non-oncologic cases]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 60:338-47. [PMID: 25019396 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146003338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of disodium salt 2,4-di(1-metoxyethyl)-deuteroporphyrine-IX (Dimegin) and the light from Soret band (»395-405 nm) at the viability of microbial cells and at their potential to form microbial biofilms have been compared with traditional antiseptics. Irradiation of microbial cells of S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and others with diode light (power density 0.05 Wt/cm2) caused a bactericidial effect similar to that obtained with standard anticeptics (chlorhexidine and dioxidine). A comparative study of the effectiveness of Dimegin and Photoditazine (a soluble salt of chlorine e6) as photosensitizers have been performed using the test system of erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro under irradiation with light from the Sore band. Results have shown insignificant difference in the photodynamic effect with similar doses of absorbed light and preparation concentration.
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76
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Gómez-Florit M, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Identification of Quercitrin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Periodontal Applications. J Periodontol 2014; 85:966-74. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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77
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Establishment of Rat Model of Central Venous Catheter (CVC): Associated Infection and Evaluation of the Virulence of Bacterial Biofilms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:429-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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78
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Memarzadeh K, Sharili AS, Huang J, Rawlinson SCF, Allaker RP. Nanoparticulate zinc oxide as a coating material for orthopedic and dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:981-9. [PMID: 24862288 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Orthopedic and dental implants are prone to infection. In this study, we describe a novel system using zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) as a coating material to inhibit bacterial adhesion and promote osteoblast growth. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA) was employed to deposit mixtures of nZnO and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) onto the surface of glass substrates. Nano-coated substrates were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus suspended in buffered saline or bovine serum to determine antimicrobial activity. Our results indicate that 100% nZnO and 75% nZnO/25% nHA composite-coated substrates have significant antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, osteoblast function was explored by exposing cells to nZnO. UMR-106 cells exposed to nZnO supernatants showed minimal toxicity. Similarly, MG-63 cells cultured on nZnO substrates did not show release of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. These results were reinforced by both proliferation and differentiation studies which revealed that a substrate coated with exclusively nZnO is more efficient than composite surface coatings. Finally, electron and light microscopy, together with immunofluorescence staining, revealed that all cell types tested, including human mesenchymal cell (hMSC), were able to maintain normal cell morphology when adhered onto the surface of the nano-coated substrates. Collectively, these findings indicate that nZnO can, on its own, provide an optimal coating for future bone implants that are both antimicrobial and biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Memarzadeh
- Queen Mary, University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Szczuka E, Kaznowski A. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline alone or in combination with rifampin against Staphylococcus epidermidis in biofilm. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:283-8. [PMID: 24390796 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal inhabitant of the healthy human skin, but in the recent years, it has been recognized as a nosocomial pathogen especially in immunocompromised patients. The pathogenesis of S. epidermidis is thought to be based on its capacity to form biofilms on the surface of medical devices, where bacterial cells may persist, protected from host defence and antimicrobial agents. Rifampin has been shown to be one of the most active antimicrobial agents in the eradication of the staphylococcal biofilm. However, this antibiotic should not be used in monotherapy. Therefore, one of the objectives of our research was to study the efficacy of the tigecycline/rifampin combination against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis embedded in biofilms. Of the 80 clinically significant S. epidermidis isolates, 75 strains possess the ability to form a biofilm. These bacteria formed the biofilm via ica-dependent mechanisms. However, other biofilm-associated genes, including aap (encoding accumulation-associated protein) and bhp (coding cell wall-associated protein), were present in 85 and 29 % of isolates, respectively. The biofilm structures of S. epidermidis strains were also analyzed in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the obtained image demonstrated differences in their architecture. In vitro studies showed that the MIC value for tigecycline against S. epidermidis growing in the biofilm ranged from 0.125 to 2 μg/mL. Tigecycline in combination with rifampin demonstrated higher activity against bacteria embedded in biofilms than tigecycline alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland,
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Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties of melatonin on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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81
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Yujie L, Geng X, Huang YC, Li Y, Yang K, Ye L, Chen X, Zhao G, Yin C. The Effect of Brominated Furanones on The Formation of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on PVC. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:1501-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Kamonwannasit S, Nantapong N, Kumkrai P, Luecha P, Kupittayanant S, Chudapongse N. Antibacterial activity of Aquilaria crassna leaf extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis by disruption of cell wall. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013; 12:20. [PMID: 23962360 PMCID: PMC3765429 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte has been traditionally used in Thailand for treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea and skin diseases for a long time. The main objectives of this study were to examine antibacterial activity of the Aquilaria crassna leaf extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and its underlying mechanism. The antioxidant activity and acute toxicity were studied as well. METHODS Antioxidant activities were examined by FRAP, ABTS and DPPH scavenging methods. Antibacterial activity was conducted using disc diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by dilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was reported as the lowest concentration producing no growth of microbes in the subcultures. Morphological changes of the microbe were observed by scanning electron microscopy, while an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation was evaluated by phase contrast microscopic analysis. Bacterial cell wall integrity was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Acute toxicity was conducted in accordance with the OECD for Testing of Chemicals (2001) guidelines. RESULTS The extract exhibited considerable antioxidant activity. Staphylococcus epidermidis was susceptible to the extract with the MIC and MBC of 6 and 12 mg/ml, respectively. The extract caused swelling and distortion of bacterial cells and inhibited bacterial biofilm formation. Rupture of bacterial cell wall occurred after treated with the extract for 24 h. Acute toxicity test in mice showed no sign of toxicity or death at the doses of 2,000 and 15,000 mg/kg body weight. CONCLUSION The aqueous extract of Aquilaria crassna leaves possesses an in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, with no sign of acute oral toxicity in mice, probably by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibiting biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Kamonwannasit
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Nantapong
- School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pakarang Kumkrai
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Prathan Luecha
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sajeera Kupittayanant
- School of Physiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nuannoi Chudapongse
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Vengadesan K, Macon K, Sugumoto S, Mizunoe Y, Iwase T, Narayana SVL. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis extracellular serine protease Esp. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 69:49-52. [PMID: 23295486 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112047124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Esp, an extracellular serine protease from Staphylococcus epidermidis, has been shown to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. The full-length 27 kDa pro-Esp was purified and digested with thermolysin to obtain mature Esp. The mature Esp containing 216 residues crystallized in space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 39.5, b = 61.2, c = 42.5 Å, β = 98.2° and one molecule in the asymmetric unit, with an estimated solvent content of 42%. A diffraction data set has been collected to 1.8 Å resolution on a rotating-anode home-source facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Vengadesan
- UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology RCB, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 016, India
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84
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Fazekas E, Kandra L, Gyémánt G. Model for β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine oligomer hydrolysis catalysed by DispersinB, a biofilm degrading enzyme. Carbohydr Res 2012; 363:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reiter KC, Villa B, Paim TGDS, de Oliveira CF, d'Azevedo PA. Inhibition of biofilm maturation by linezolid in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates: comparison with other drugs. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:394-399. [PMID: 23161766 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.048678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm resistance mechanisms are multifactorial and vary from one organism to another. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of linezolid against indwelling device-related meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) biofilm, and compare this with other antimicrobials. MICs, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) were determined by the microtitre plate method. Fourteen and thirteen isolates from patients with indwelling device-related bacteraemia (IDB) and indwelling device colonization not associated with bacteraemia, respectively, were assessed. High MBIC was associated with a high intensity of biofilm formation (gentamicin r=0.796; linezolid r=0.477; rifampicin r=0.634; tigecycline r=0.410; and vancomycin r=0.771), but this correlation was not observed with MBEC. Linezolid demonstrated better in vitro antimicrobial activity than other antimicrobials (MBIC - gentamicin P<0.001, rifampicin P=0.019, vancomycin P=0.008; MBEC - gentamicin P<0.001, rifampicin P=0.002, vancomycin P<0.001). Biofilm growth inhibition was strongly associated with biofilm formation intensity; however, biofilm eradication was not cell number dependent. MRSE biofilm eradication would represent a huge advance for IDB, although high concentrations of gentamicin, linezolid, rifampicin, tigecycline and vancomycin were required for that. In general, linezolid reached better in vitro concentrations and was demonstrated to be highly active against MRSE biofilms by inhibiting their growth during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Cristine Reiter
- Laboratory of Gram-positive Cocci, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Villa
- Laboratory of Gram-positive Cocci, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Galvão da Silva Paim
- Laboratory of Gram-positive Cocci, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caio Fernando de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Gram-positive Cocci, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Laboratory of Gram-positive Cocci, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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86
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Petzold C, Gomez-Florit M, Lyngstadaas SP, Monjo M. EPA covalently bound to smooth titanium surfaces decreases viability and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1384-90. [PMID: 22354694 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of implant surfaces with bacteria should ideally be prevented right from implantation, as bacteria attaching to the surface will form a biofilm, being then well protected against antibiotic treatment. Therefore, implant coatings should combine antibacterial properties with biocompatibility towards their host tissue. We tested a UV-induced covalent coating procedure with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for smooth titanium (Ti) surfaces for its ability to prevent attachment and proliferation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and to allow mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Bacterial initial attachment was highest for EPA-coated surfaces, but was reduced by vigorous washing, possibly due to low adhesive strength on those surfaces. We found an increase in the ratio of dead bacteria and in overall biofilm after 16 h on Ti surfaces with covalently bound EPA compared to Ti. The UV-induced EPA coating did not impair the ability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts to mineralize, while a reduction in mineralization could be found for UV-irradiated Ti surfaces and UV-irradiated surfaces washed with ethanol compared to Ti. Although in vivo studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance, our results indicate that covalent coating of Ti surfaces with EPA by UV irradiation decreases the survival of S. epidermidis and maintains the mineralization ability of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Petzold
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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87
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Grumezescu AM, Chifiriuc MC, Saviuc C, Grumezescu V, Hristu R, Mihaiescu DE, Stanciu GA, Andronescu E. Hybrid nanomaterial for stabilizing the antibiofilm activity of Eugenia carryophyllata essential oil. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 11:360-5. [PMID: 22949098 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2012.2208474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that Fe(3)O(4)/oleic acid core/shell nanostructures could be used as systems for stabilizing the Eugenia carryophyllata essential oil (EO) on catheter surface pellicles, in order to improve their resistance to fungal colonization. EO microwave assisted extraction was performed in a Neo-Clevenger (related) device and its chemical composition was settled by GC-MS analysis. Fe(3)O(4)/oleic acid-core/shell nanoparticles (NP) were obtained by a precipitation method under microwave condition. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used as a primary characterization method. The NPs were processed to achieve a core/shell/EO coated-shell nanosystem further used for coating the inner surface of central venous catheter samples. The tested fungal strains have been recently isolated from different clinical specimens. The biofilm architecture was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Our results claim the usage of hybrid nanomaterial (core/shell/coated-shell) for the stabilization of E. carryophyllata EO, which prevented or inhibited the fungal biofilm development on the functionalized catheter, highlighting the opportunity of using these nanosystems to obtain improved, anti-biofilm coatings for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 011061, Romania.
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88
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Stewart S, Barr S, Engiles J, Hickok NJ, Shapiro IM, Richardson DW, Parvizi J, Schaer TP. Vancomycin-modified implant surface inhibits biofilm formation and supports bone-healing in an infected osteotomy model in sheep: a proof-of-concept study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94:1406-15. [PMID: 22854994 PMCID: PMC3401139 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implant-associated infections contribute to patient morbidity and health care costs. We hypothesized that surface modification of titanium fracture hardware with vancomycin would support bone-healing and prevent bacterial colonization of the implant in a large-animal model. METHODS A unilateral transverse mid-diaphyseal tibial osteotomy was performed and repaired with a titanium locking compression plate in nine sheep. Four control animals were treated with an unmodified plate and five experimental animals were treated with a vancomycin-modified plate. The osteotomy was inoculated with 2.5 × 106 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus. The animals were killed at three months postoperatively, and implants were retrieved aseptically. Microbiologic and histologic analyses, scanning electron and confocal microscopy, and microcomputed tomography were performed. RESULTS All animals completed the study. Compared with the treatment cohort, control animals exhibited protracted lameness in the operatively treated leg. Gross findings during necropsy were consistent with an infected osteotomy accompanied by a florid and lytic callus. Microcomputed tomography and histologic analysis of the tibiae further supported the presence of septic osteomyelitis in the control cohort. Thick biofilms were also evident, and bacterial cultures were positive for Staphylococcus aureus in three of four control animals. In contrast, animals treated with vancomycin-treated plates exhibited a healed osteotomy site with homogenous remodeling, there was no evidence of biofilm formation on the retrieved plate, and bacterial cultures from only one of five animals were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS Vancomycin-derivatized plate surfaces inhibited implant colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and supported bone-healing in an infected large-animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Stewart
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348. E-mail address for T.P. Schaer:
| | - Stephanie Barr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Curtis Building, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Julie Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - Noreen J. Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Curtis Building, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Curtis Building, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Dean W. Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348. E-mail address for T.P. Schaer:
| | - Javad Parvizi
- The Rothman Institute, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Thomas P. Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348. E-mail address for T.P. Schaer:
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89
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Szczuka E, Urbańska K, Pietryka M, Kaznowski A. Biofilm density and detection of biofilm-producing genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 58:47-52. [PMID: 22711180 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many serious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus appear to be associated with biofilms. Therefore, we investigated the biofilm-forming ability of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from hospitalized patients. As many as 96 % strains had the ability to form biofilm in vitro. The majority of S. aureus strains formed biofilm in ica-dependent mechanism. However, 23 % of MRSA isolates formed biofilm in ica-independent mechanism. Half of these strains carried fnbB genes encoding surface proteins fibronectin-binding protein B involved in intercellular accumulation and biofilm development in S. aureus strains. The biofilm structures were examined via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and three-dimensional structures were reconstructed. The images obtained in CLSM revealed that the biofilm created by ica-positive strains was different from biofilm formed by ica-negative strains. The MRSA population showed a large genetic diversity and we did not find a single clone that occurred preferentially in hospital environment. Our results demonstrated the variation in genes encoding adhesins for the host matrix proteins (elastin, laminin, collagen, fibronectin, and fibrinogen) and in the gene involved in biofilm formation (icaA) within the majority of S. aureus clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad U Khan
- Correspondence: Asad U Khan, Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India, Tel +91 98 3702 1912, Fax +91 57 1272 1776, Email
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91
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Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5967-82. [PMID: 22695065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Implant infections in orthopaedics, as well as in many other medical fields, are chiefly caused by staphylococci. The ability of growing within a biofilm enhances the chances of staphylococci to protect themselves from host defences, antibiotic therapies, and biocides. Advances in scientific knowledge on structural molecules (exopolysaccharide, proteins, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA), on the synthesis and genetics of staphylococcal biofilms, and on the complex network of signal factors that intervene in their control are here presented, also reporting on the emerging strategies to disrupt or inhibit them. The attitude of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages to infiltrate and phagocytise biofilms, as well as the ambiguous behaviour exhibited by these innate immune cells in biofilm-related implant infections, are here discussed. Research on anti-biofilm biomaterials is focused, reviewing materials loaded with antibacterial substances, or coated with anti-adhesive/anti-bacterial immobilized agents, or surfaced with nanostructures. Latter approaches appear promising, since they avoid the spread of antibacterial substances in the neighbouring tissues with the consequent risk of inducing bacterial resistance.
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92
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Lellouche J, Friedman A, Lahmi R, Gedanken A, Banin E. Antibiofilm surface functionalization of catheters by magnesium fluoride nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1175-88. [PMID: 22419866 PMCID: PMC3298385 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to colonize catheters is a major cause of infection. In the current study, catheters were surface-modified with MgF2 nanoparticles (NPs) using a sonochemical synthesis protocol described previously. The one-step synthesis and coating procedure yielded a homogenous MgF2 NP layer on both the inside and outside of the catheter, as analyzed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The coating thickness varied from approximately 750 nm to 1000 nm on the inner walls and from approximately 450 nm to approximately 580 nm for the outer wall. The coating consisted of spherical MgF2 NPs with an average diameter of approximately 25 nm. These MgF2 NP-modified catheters were investigated for their ability to restrict bacterial biofilm formation. Two bacterial strains most commonly associated with catheter infections, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, were cultured in tryptic soy broth, artificial urine and human plasma on the modified catheters. The MgF2 NP-coated catheters were able to significantly reduce bacterial colonization for a period of 1 week compared to the uncoated control. Finally, the potential cytotoxicity of MgF2 NPs was also evaluated using human and mammalian cell lines and no significant reduction in the mitochondrial metabolism was observed. Taken together, our results indicate that the surface modification of catheters with MgF2 NPs can be effective in preventing bacterial colonization and can provide catheters with long-lasting self-sterilizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lellouche
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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93
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Vasilev K, Poulter N, Martinek P, Griesser HJ. Controlled release of levofloxacin sandwiched between two plasma polymerized layers on a solid carrier. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:4831-4836. [PMID: 22103351 DOI: 10.1021/am201320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery and controlled local release of drugs has a number of advantages over conventional systemic drug delivery approaches. Novel platforms for local delivery from solid drug carriers are needed to satisfy the requirements of various medical applications, in particular for the incorporation and release of hydrophilic drugs from a solid carrier material. We have utilized the plasma polymerization of n-heptylamine for the generation of two thin coated layers that serve two distinct purposes. First, an n-heptylamine plasma polymer layer is applied onto the surface of the solid carrier material in order to facilitate spreading of the drug, which is applied by solvent casting; levofloxacin in ethanol was used for this study. A second n-heptylamine plasma polymer coating then serves as a thin barrier coating to control the release. We show that the rate of release can be adjusted via the thickness of the plasma polymer overlayer. We also show that this modality of controlled release of levofloxacin completely inhibits Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and biofilm formation on and near the coated biomaterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Vasilev
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Adelaide, Australia.
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94
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Schaer TP, Stewart S, Hsu BB, Klibanov AM. Hydrophobic polycationic coatings that inhibit biofilms and support bone healing during infection. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1245-54. [PMID: 22082621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of microorganisms to biomaterials with subsequent formation of biofilms on such foreign bodies as orthopedic trauma hardware is a critical factor in implant-associated infections; once a biofilm has been established, its microorganisms become recalcitrant to the host's immune surveillance and markedly resistant to drugs. We have previously reported that painting with the hydrophobic polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-PEI (PEI = polyethylenimine) renders solid surfaces bactericidal in vitro. Herein we observe that N,N-dodecyl,methyl-PEI-derivatized titanium and stainless steel surfaces resist biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus compared to the untreated ones. Using imaging, microbiology-, histopathology-, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments in a clinically relevant large-animal (sheep) trauma model, we subsequently demonstrate in vivo that orthopedic fracture hardware painted with N,N-dodecyl,methyl-PEI not only prevents implant colonization with biofilm but also promotes bone healing. Functionalizing orthopedic hardware with hydrophobic polycations thus holds promise in supporting bone healing in the presence of infection in veterinary and human orthopedic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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95
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New Trends in Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Implant Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:727-36. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In implant infections, a quick and reliable identification of the etiological agent is crucial to realizing efficacious therapies. Among molecular methods, automated ribotyping has proven to be an accurate and rapid technique. More recently, MALDI-TOF/MS and PCR-electrospray ionization (ESI)/ MS have been applied successfully to microbiological diagnosis. In implant infections, biofilm is still the major problem for bacterial persistence and recalcitrance to antibiotic therapy. Among biofilm-disrupting agents, enzymes promise the greatest therapeutic possibilities. DNase I degrades biofilm extracellular DNA and has been shown to sensitize biofilm to various biocides and anionic detergents, while dispersin B acts on biofilm exopolysaccharide and, combined with antiseptic, gives a broad-spectrum antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity. The novel antimicrobial approach based on photodynamic treatment (PDT) applies, in combination with antibiotics, to the implant or medical devices reachable by optical fibers. Better progress could be gained by the development of infection-resistant biomaterials able to both inhibit bacterial adhesion and promote tissue integration. New knowledge regarding the fibronectin-mediated internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by osteoblasts, and on its role in the pathogenesis of implant-related osteomyelitis, paves the way for the development of vaccines against staphylococcal adhesins, to prevent both adhesion on biomaterials and bacterial invasion of bone cells.
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96
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Montanaro L, Speziale P, Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Cangini I, Pietrocola G, Giannini S, Arciola CR. Scenery ofStaphylococcusimplant infections in orthopedics. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1329-49. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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97
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Tan H, Peng Z, Li Q, Xu X, Guo S, Tang T. The use of quaternised chitosan-loaded PMMA to inhibit biofilm formation and downregulate the virulence-associated gene expression of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus. Biomaterials 2011; 33:365-77. [PMID: 22014946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infections remain a serious complication in orthopaedic surgery. Treatments, including the local use of antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, are not always successful because of multiantibiotic-resistant organisms. In this study, we synthesised a new quaternised chitosan derivative (hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, HACC) that contains a series of substitutions of quaternary ammonium and demonstrated that HACC with a 26% degree of substitution (DS; referred to as 26%HACC) had a strong antibacterial activity and simultaneously good biocompatibility with osteogenic cells. We loaded 26%HACC at 20% by weight into PMMA bone cement to investigate whether HACC in PMMA prevents bacterial biofilm formation on the surface of bone cements. Chitosan-loaded PMMA (at the same weight ratio), gentamicin-loaded PMMA and PMMA with no antibiotic were also investigated and compared. Two clinical isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis 389 and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE287), and two standard strains, S. epidermidis (ATCC35984) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC43300), were selected to evaluate the bacterial biofilm formation at 6, 12 and 24 h using the spread plate method, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that 26%HACC-loaded PMMA inhibited biofilm formation on its surface, while the PMMA control and chitosan-loaded PMMA were unable to inhibit biofilm formation. The gentamicin-loaded PMMA decreased the number of viable methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains, but its ability to inhibit biofilm formation was lower than 26%HACC-loaded PMMA. Real-time PCR demonstrated that 26%HACC-loaded PMMA markedly downregulated the expression of icaAD, which encodes essential enzymes for polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) biosynthesis, upregulated the expression level of icaR, which negatively mediates icaAD expression, and also downregulated the expression of MecA, which encodes membrane-bound enzymes known to be penicillin-binding proteins. Our study indicates that 26%HACC-loaded PMMA prevents biofilm formation of Staphylococcus, including antibiotic-resistant strains, on the surface of bone cement, and downregulates the virulence-associated gene expression of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus, thus providing a promising new strategy for combating implant infections and osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglue Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, China
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Huang F, Meng Q, Tan G, Huang Y, Wang H, Mei W, Dai H. Isolation and identification of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus from a laboratory-breeding mouse. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:421-5. [PMID: 21771691 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analysis and identify a bacterium strain isolated from laboratory breeding mouse far away from a hospital. METHODS Phenotype of the isolate was investigated by conventional microbiological methods, including Gram-staining, colony morphology, tests for haemolysis, catalase, coagulase, and antimicrobial susceptibility test. The mecA and 16S rRNA genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The base sequence of the PCR product was compared with known 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database by phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment. RESULTS The isolate in this study was a gram positive, coagulase negative, and catalase positive coccus. The isolate was resistant to oxacillin, methicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin erythromycin, et al. PCR results indicated that the isolate was mecA gene positive and its 16S rRNA was 1 465 bp. Phylogenetic analysis of the resultant 16S rRNA indicated the isolate belonged to genus Saphylococcus, and multiple sequence alignment showed that the isolate was Saphylococcus haemolyticus with only one base difference from the corresponding 16S rRNA deposited in the GenBank. CONCLUSIONS 16S rRNA gene sequencing is a suitable technique for non-specialist researchers. Laboratory animals are possible sources of lethal pathogens, and researchers must adapt protective measures when they manipulate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Huang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571101, China
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Schoenfelder SM, Lange C, Eckart M, Hennig S, Kozytska S, Ziebuhr W. Success through diversity – How Staphylococcus epidermidis establishes as a nosocomial pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300:380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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100
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Zaat SAJ, Broekhuizen CAN, Riool M. Host tissue as a niche for biomaterial-associated infection. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1149-51. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - CAN Broekhuizen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection & Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection & Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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