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Beltramo F, Khemani RG. Definition and global epidemiology of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:502. [PMID: 31728355 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been known to occur in children since early descriptions of the disease, but pediatric specific diagnostic criteria were first established in 2015 with the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) definition of pediatric ARDS (PARDS). There were substantial changes proposed with the PALICC definition, including simplification of radiographic criteria, use of pulse oximetry based metrics to define PARDS, specific criteria for non-invasive ventilation, and the use of oxygenation index (OI) instead of PaO2/FiO2 ratio for those on invasive ventilation. While these changes could potentially result in major changes in the reported incidence and outcome of PARDS, review of the recent literature since publication of the PALICC definitions highlight that major elements regarding the contemporary epidemiology of PARDS have remained stable over the past 20 years. This highlights that the PARDS definition is likely catching up to changes in clinical practice, and suggests that this new definition should be used moving forward as it is more reflective of current practice than historical definitions. However, it is also clear that PARDS severity alone (as measured by the PALICC) criteria insufficiently characterizes the risk for mortality or other important clinical outcomes amongst PARDS patients, although there appears to be some association between PARDS severity and outcome, particularly when hypoxemia is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Beltramo
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robinder G Khemani
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Allareddy V, Cheifetz IM. Clinical trials and future directions in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:514. [PMID: 31728367 PMCID: PMC6828784 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS), a description specific for children with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), was proposed in the recent Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC, 2015). This recent standardization of PARDS diagnosis is expected to aid in uniform earlier recognition of the entity, enable use of consistent management strategies and potentially increase the ease of enrollment in future PARDS clinical trials-all of which are expected to optimize outcomes in PARDS. Clinical trials in PARDS are few but ongoing studies are expected to lay the foundation for future clinical studies. The Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure trial (RESTORE) trial has revealed that a goal directed sedation protocol does not reduce the duration of invasive ventilation in critically ill children. PROSpect trial is a large multi-institute clinical trial that is expected to reveal optimal ventilation strategies and patient positioning (supine vs. prone) in patients with severe PARDS. The PARDS neuromuscular blockade (NMB) study is expected to yield important information about the impact of active NMB on PARDS outcomes. Information from these studies could be used to design future clinical trials in PARDS and to lessen the anecdotal or extrapolated experiences from adult clinical studies that often guide clinical practices in PARDS management. Finally, it is expected that these definitions and management strategies will be revised periodically as our understanding of PARDS evolves. Emerging data on PARDS subtypes suggest that patient heterogeneity is an important factor in designing these clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerajalandhar Allareddy
- Section Chief Pediatric Cardiac ICU, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ira M Cheifetz
- Section Chief Pediatric Cardiac ICU, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Hanudel MR, Zinter MS, Chen L, Gala K, Lim M, Guglielmo M, Deshmukh T, Vangala S, Matthay M, Sapru A. Plasma total fibroblast growth factor 23 levels are associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222065. [PMID: 31487315 PMCID: PMC6728039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high rates of mortality and multisystem morbidity. Pre-clinical data suggest that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) may contribute to pulmonary pathology, and FGF23 is associated with mortality and morbidity, including acute kidney injury (AKI), in non-ARDS cohorts. Here, we assess whether FGF23 is associated with AKI and/or mortality in a cohort of 161 pediatric ARDS patients. Plasma total (intact + C-terminal) FGF23 and intact FGF23 concentrations were measured within 24 hours of ARDS diagnosis (Day 1), and associations with Day 3 AKI and 60-day mortality were evaluated. 35 patients (22%) developed AKI by 3 days post-ARDS diagnosis, and 25 (16%) died by 60 days post-ARDS diagnosis. In unadjusted models, higher Day 1 total FGF23 was associated with Day 3 AKI (odds ratio (OR) 2.22 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62, 3.03], p<0.001), but Day 1 intact FGF23 was not. In a model adjusted for demographics and disease severity, total FGF23 remained associated with AKI (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.02, 2.26], p = 0.039). In unadjusted models, both higher Day 1 total and intact FGF23 were associated with 60-day mortality (OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.07, 1.91], p = 0.014; and OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.02, 2.05], p = 0.039, respectively). In the adjusted model, only total FGF23 remained associated with 60-day mortality (OR 1.62 [95% CI 1.07, 2.45], p = 0.023). In a subgroup analysis of patients with Day 1 plasma IL-6 concentrations available, inflammation partially mediated the association between total FGF23 and AKI. Our data suggest both inflammation-dependent and inflammation-independent associations between total FGF23 and clinical outcomes in pediatric ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hanudel
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew S. Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Lucia Chen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kinisha Gala
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mona Guglielmo
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Tanaya Deshmukh
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Matthay
- Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Zeng JS, Qian SY, Wong JJM, Ong JSM, Gan CS, Anantasit N, Chor YK, Samransamruajkit R, Phuc PH, Phumeetham S, Feng X, Sultana R, Loh TF, Lee JH. Non-Invasive Ventilation in Children with Paediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2019. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v48n7p224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence supporting non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) remains sparse. We aimed to describe characteristics of patients with PARDS supported with NIV and risk factors for NIV failure. Materials and Methods: This is a multicentre retrospective study. Only patients supported on NIV with PARDS were included. Data on epidemiology and clinical outcomes were collected. Primary outcome was NIV failure which was defined as escalation to invasive mechanical ventilation within the first 7 days of PARDS. Patients in the NIV success and failure groups were compared. Results: There were 303 patients with PARDS; 53/303 (17.5%) patients were supported with NIV. The median age was 50.7 (interquartile range: 15.7-111.9) months. The Paediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score and oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SF) ratio were 2.0 (1.0-10.0) and 155.0 (119.4-187.3), respectively. Indications for NIV use were increased work of breathing (26/53 [49.1%]) and hypoxia (22/53 [41.5%]). Overall NIV failure rate was 77.4% (41/53). All patients with sepsis who developed PARDS experienced NIV failure. NIV failure was associated with an increased median paediatric intensive care unit stay (15.0 [9.5-26.5] vs 4.5 [3.0-6.8] days; P <0.001) and hospital length of stay (26.0 [17.0-39.0] days vs 10.5 [5.5-22.3] days; P = 0.004). Overall mortality rate was 32.1% (17/53). Conclusion: The use of NIV in children with PARDS was associated with high failure rate. As such, future studies should examine the optimal selection criteria for NIV use in these children.
Key words: Bi-level positive airway pressure, Continuous positive airway pressure, Non-invasive ventilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sheng Zeng
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Yun Qian
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jacqueline SM Ong
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Feng
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Tsee Foong Loh
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Orloff KE, Turner DA, Rehder KJ. The Current State of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2019; 32:35-44. [PMID: 31236307 PMCID: PMC6589490 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2019.0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Children with PARDS often require intensive care admission and mechanical ventilation. Unfortunately, beyond lung protective ventilation, there are limited data to support our management strategies in PARDS. The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) offered a new definition of PARDS in 2015 that has improved our understanding of the true epidemiology and heterogeneity of the disease as well as risk stratification. Further studies will be crucial to determine optimal management for varying disease severity. This review will present the physiologic basis of PARDS, describe the unique pediatric definition and risk stratification, and summarize the current evidence for current standards of care as well as adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Orloff
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Turner
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyle J Rehder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
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Flori H, Sapru A, Quasney MW, Gildengorin G, Curley MAQ, Matthay MA, Dahmer MK. A prospective investigation of interleukin-8 levels in pediatric acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:128. [PMID: 30995942 PMCID: PMC6471952 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The association of plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8), or IL-8 genetic variants, with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) in children with acute respiratory failure at risk for PARDS has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of early and sequential measurement of plasma IL-8 and/or its genetic variants with development of PARDS and other clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated children with acute respiratory failure. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of children 2 weeks to 17 years of age with acute airways and/or parenchymal lung disease done in 22 pediatric intensive care units participating in the multi-center clinical trial, Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE). Plasma IL-8 levels were measured within 24 h of consent and 24 and 48 h later. DNA was purified from whole blood, and IL-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs4073, rs2227306, and rs2227307, were genotyped. Results Five hundred forty-nine patients were enrolled; 480 had blood sampling. Plasma IL-8 levels ranged widely from 4 to 7373 pg/mL. Highest IL-8 levels were observed on the day of intubation with subsequent tapering. Levels of IL-8 varied significantly across primary diagnoses with the highest levels occurring in patients with sepsis and the lowest levels in those with asthma. Plasma IL-8 was strongly correlated with oxygenation defect and severity of illness. IL-8 was consistently higher in PARDS patients compared to those without PARDS; levels were 4–12 fold higher in non-survivors compared to survivors. On multivariable analysis, IL-8 was independently associated with death, duration of mechanical ventilation, and PICU length of stay on all days measured, but was not associated with PARDS development. There was no association between the IL-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs4073, rs2227306, and rs2227307, and PARDS development or plasma IL-8 level. Conclusions When measured sequentially, plasma IL-8 was robustly associated with multiple, relevant clinical outcomes including mortality, but was not associated with PARDS development. The wide range of plasma IL-8 levels exhibited in this cohort suggests that further study into the heterogeneity of this patient population and its impact on individual responses to PARDS treatment is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2342-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, F6790/5243, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Quasney
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, F6790/5243, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ginny Gildengorin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha A Q Curley
- Department of Family and Community Health (School of Nursing), Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine (Perelman School of Medicine), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary K Dahmer
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, F6790/5243, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Tan B, Wong JJM, Sultana R, Koh JCJW, Jit M, Mok YH, Lee JH. Global Case-Fatality Rates in Pediatric Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:352-362. [PMID: 30742207 PMCID: PMC6450287 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The global patterns and distribution of case-fatality rates (CFRs) in pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock remain poorly described. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of children with severe sepsis and septic shock to elucidate the patterns of CFRs in developing and developed countries over time. We also described factors associated with CFRs. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane Central systematically for randomized clinical trials and prospective observational studies from earliest publication until January 2017, using the keywords "pediatric," "sepsis," "septic shock," and "mortality." STUDY SELECTION Studies involving children with severe sepsis and septic shock that reported CFRs were included. Retrospective studies and studies including only neonates were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We conducted our systematic review and meta-analysis in close accordance to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Pooled case-fatality estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analysis. The associations of study period, study design, sepsis severity, age, and continents in which studies occurred were assessed with meta-regression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Meta-analyses to provide pooled estimates of CFR of pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock over time. RESULTS Ninety-four studies that included 7561 patients were included. Pooled CFRs were higher in developing countries (31.7% [95% CI, 27.3%-36.4%]) than in developed countries (19.3% [95% CI, 16.4%-22.7%]; P < .001). Meta-analysis of CFRs also showed significant heterogeneity across studies. Continents that include mainly developing countries reported higher CFRs (adjusted odds ratios: Africa, 7.89 [95% CI, 6.02-10.32]; P < .001; Asia, 3.81 [95% CI, 3.60-4.03]; P < .001; South America, 2.91 [95% CI, 2.71-3.12]; P < .001) than North America. Septic shock was associated with higher CFRs than severe sepsis (adjusted odds ratios, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.41-1.54]). Younger age was also a risk factor (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94-0.96] per year of increase in age). Earlier study eras were associated with higher CFRs (adjusted odds ratios for 1991-2000, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.13-1.37]; P < .001) compared with 2011 to 2016. Time-trend analysis showed higher CFRs over time in developing countries than developed countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite the declining trend of pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock CFRs, the disparity between developing and developed countries persists. Further characterizations of vulnerable populations and collaborations between developed and developing countries are warranted to reduce the burden of pediatric sepsis globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Ju-Ming Wong
- Children’s Intensive Care Unit, KK Women’s
and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Mark Jit
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Hui Mok
- Children’s Intensive Care Unit, KK Women’s
and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Children’s Intensive Care Unit, KK Women’s
and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
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Kim SY, Kim B, Choi SH, Kim JD, Sol IS, Kim MJ, Kim YH, Kim KW, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Oxygenation Index in the First 24 Hours after the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as a Surrogate Metric for Risk Stratification in Children. Acute Crit Care 2018; 33:222-229. [PMID: 31723889 PMCID: PMC6849030 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a pragmatic decision based on the degree of hypoxia at the time of onset. We aimed to determine whether reclassification using oxygenation metrics 24 hours after diagnosis could provide prognostic ability for outcomes in PARDS. Methods Two hundred and eighty-eight pediatric patients admitted between January 1, 2010 and January 30, 2017, who met the inclusion criteria for PARDS were retrospectively analyzed. Reclassification based on data measured 24 hours after diagnosis was compared with the initial classification, and changes in pressure parameters and oxygenation were investigated for their prognostic value with respect to mortality. Results PARDS severity varied widely in the first 24 hours; 52.4% of patients showed an improvement, 35.4% showed no change, and 12.2% either showed progression of PARDS or died. Multivariate analysis revealed that mortality risk significantly increased for the severe group, based on classification using metrics collected 24 hours after diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 26.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.43 to 209.89; P=0.002). Compared to changes in pressure variables (peak inspiratory pressure and driving pressure), changes in oxygenation (arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen) over the first 24 hours showed statistically better discriminative power for mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.701; 95% CI, 0.636 to 0.766; P<0.001). Conclusions Implementation of reclassification based on oxygenation metrics 24 hours after diagnosis effectively stratified outcomes in PARDS. Progress within the first 24 hours was significantly associated with outcomes in PARDS, and oxygenation response was the most discernable surrogate metric for mortality.
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59
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Khemani RG, Smith L, Lopez-Fernandez YM, Kwok J, Morzov R, Klein MJ, Yehya N, Willson D, Kneyber MCJ, Lillie J, Fernandez A, Newth CJL, Jouvet P, Thomas NJ. Paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome incidence and epidemiology (PARDIE): an international, observational study. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2018; 7:115-128. [PMID: 30361119 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is associated with high mortality in children, but until recently no paediatric-specific diagnostic criteria existed. The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) definition was developed to overcome limitations of the Berlin definition, which was designed and validated for adults. We aimed to determine the incidence and outcomes of children who meet the PALICC definition of PARDS. METHODS In this international, prospective, cross-sectional, observational study, 145 paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) from 27 countries were recruited, and over a continuous 5 day period across 10 weeks all patients were screened for enrolment. Patients were included if they had a new diagnosis of PARDS that met PALICC criteria during the study week. Exclusion criteria included meeting PARDS criteria more than 24 h before screening, cyanotic heart disease, active perinatal lung disease, and preparation or recovery from a cardiac intervention. Data were collected on the PICU characteristics, patient demographics, and elements of PARDS (ie, PARDS risk factors, hypoxaemia severity metrics, type of ventilation), comorbidities, chest imaging, arterial blood gas measurements, and pulse oximetry. The primary outcome was PICU mortality. Secondary outcomes included 90 day mortality, duration of invasive mechanical and non-invasive ventilation, and cause of death. FINDINGS Between May 9, 2016, and June 16, 2017, during the 10 study weeks, 23 280 patients were admitted to participating PICUs, of whom 744 (3·2%) were identified as having PARDS. 95% (708 of 744) of patients had complete data for analysis, with 17% (121 of 708; 95% CI 14-20) mortality, whereas only 32% (230 of 708) of patients met Berlin criteria with 27% (61 of 230) mortality. Based on hypoxaemia severity at PARDS diagnosis, mortality was similar among those who were non-invasively ventilated and with mild or moderate PARDS (10-15%), but higher for those with severe PARDS (33% [54 of 165; 95% CI 26-41]). 50% (80 of 160) of non-invasively ventilated patients with PARDS were subsequently intubated, with 25% (20 of 80; 95% CI 16-36) mortality. By use of PALICC PARDS definition, severity of PARDS at 6 h after initial diagnosis (area under the curve [AUC] 0·69, 95% CI 0·62-0·76) discriminates PICU mortality better than severity at PARDS diagnosis (AUC 0·64, 0·58-0·71), and outperforms Berlin severity groups at 6 h (0·64, 0·58-0·70; p=0·01). INTERPRETATION The PALICC definition identified more children as having PARDS than the Berlin definition, and PALICC PARDS severity groupings improved the stratification of mortality risk, particularly when applied 6 h after PARDS diagnosis. The PALICC PARDS framework should be considered for use in future epidemiological and therapeutic research among children with PARDS. FUNDING University of Southern California Clinical Translational Science Institute, Sainte Justine Children's Hospital, University of Montreal, Canada, Réseau en Santé Respiratoire du Fonds de Recherche Quebec-Santé, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinder G Khemani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lincoln Smith
- University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeni Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rica Morzov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret J Klein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nadir Yehya
- Children's Hospital Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas Willson
- Children's Hospital Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Martin C J Kneyber
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jon Lillie
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Analia Fernandez
- Hospital General de Agudos "Dr C. Durand", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christopher J L Newth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Neal J Thomas
- Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Extended use of the modified Berlin Definition based on age-related subgroup analysis in pediatric ARDS. Wien Med Wochenschr 2018; 169:93-98. [PMID: 30232661 PMCID: PMC6394569 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-018-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (pARDS) is a rare but very severe condition. Management of the condition remains a major challenge for pediatric intensive care specialists. Objective To perform a descriptive assessment of pARDS based on the modified Berlin Definition by using the SpO2/FiO2 ratio in order to establish an extended patient registry divided into age-related subgroups. Methods The data of all children on mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure admitted between 2005 and 2012 were reviewed retrospectively for this study. The age of patients ranged from newborns >37 weeks, up to children <18 years. Inclusion criteria were based on the modified Berlin Definition of pARDS. The following data were collected: demographic data, primary diagnosis, ventilation settings, and use of supportive treatment, in addition to mechanical ventilation (inhaled nitric oxide, surfactant, corticosteroids, prone positioning, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). Results In all, 93 children where included: 35% were newborns, 29% infants, 24% toddlers, and 12% school children; 66% were male and 34% were female patients. The most common primary diagnosis was viral pneumonia (21%) and 55% of the children were diagnosed with severe ARDS. The median duration of stay on the pediatric intensive care unit was 16 days (10/27). In total, 66 children (71%) had direct lung injury and 18 (19%) had indirect lung injury. More than 80% of all children needed more than one supportive care therapy. The overall survival rate was 77%. Conclusion This study is a valuable report about pediatric patients with ARDS and allows for an important extension of the application of the modified Berlin Definition in all age groups.
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Ngo DT, Phan PH, Kawachi S, Nakajima N, Hirata N, Ainai A, Phung TTB, Tran DM, Le HT. Tuberculous pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated with DIC in a female child: a case of successful treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:294. [PMID: 29970013 PMCID: PMC6029363 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculous (TB) pneumonia can induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although TB pneumonia is one of the causes of disease and death among children worldwide, the literature on TB pneumonia-induced ARDS is limited. We report herein on the successful treatment of a two-year-old female child with TB pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Case presentation A two-year-old Vietnamese female child with sustained fever and cough for 20 days was transferred to our hospital. She had severe dyspnea and a chest X-ray showed bilateral infiltration without findings of heart failure. After tracheal intubation, her oxygenation index (OI) and PaO2/FiO2 (PF) ratio were 29 and 60 mmHg, respectively. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) assay of tracheal lavage fluid. She was diagnosed as having severe ARDS that developed from TB pneumonia. Anti-tuberculous therapy and cardiopulmonary support were started. However, her respiratory condition deteriorated despite treatment with high-frequency oscillating ventilation (HFO), vasopressor support, and 1 g/kg of immunoglobulin. On the third day after admission, her International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis DIC score had increased to 5. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) was administered to treat the DIC. After the administration of rTM was completed, OI gradually decreased, after which the mechanical ventilation mode was changed from HFO to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. The DIC score also gradually decreased. Plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycan end products (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1), which are reported to be associated with ARDS severity, also decreased. In addition, inflammatory biomarkers, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), decreased after the administration of rTM. Although severe ARDS (P/F ratio ≦ 100 mmHg) continued for 19 days, the patient’s OI and P/F ratio improved gradually, and she was extubated on the 27th day after admission. The severe ARDS with DIC was successfully treated, and she was discharged from hospital on day 33 post-admission. Conclusions We successfully treated a female child suffering from TB pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated with DIC using multimodal interventions. (338/350).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoji Kawachi
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Hirata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Akira Ainai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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62
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Abstract
This article reviews the definition, pathophysiology, etiology, assessment, and management of acute respiratory failure in children. Acute respiratory failure is the inability of the respiratory system to maintain oxygenation or eliminate carbon dioxide. Acute respiratory failure is a common cause for admission to a pediatric intensive care unit. Most causes of acute respiratory failure can be grouped into one of three categories: lung parenchymal disease, airway obstruction, or neuromuscular dysfunction. Many patients with acute respiratory failure are managed successfully with noninvasive respiratory support; however, in severe cases, patients may require intubation and mechanical ventilation. [Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(7):e268-e273.].
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63
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Rezoagli E, Fumagalli R, Bellani G. Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:282. [PMID: 28828357 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Ashbaugh and colleagues defined for the first time the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one among the most challenging clinical condition of the critical care medicine. The scientific community worked over the years to generate a unified definition of ARDS, which saw its revisited version in the Berlin definition, in 2014. Epidemiologic information about ARDS is limited in the era of the new Berlin definition, and wide differences are reported among countries all over the world. Despite decades of study in the field of lung injury, ARDS is still so far under-recognized, with 2 out of 5 cases missed by clinicians. Furthermore, although advances of ventilator strategies in the management of ARDS associated with outcome improvements-such as protective mechanical ventilation, lower driving pressure, higher PEEP levels and prone positioning-ARDS appears to be undertreated and mortality remains elevated up to 40%. In this review, we cover the history that led to the current worldwide accepted Berlin definition of ARDS and we summarize the recent data regarding ARDS epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Fumagalli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bellani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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