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Lira-Junior R, Figueredo CM. Periodontal and inflammatory bowel diseases: Is there evidence of complex pathogenic interactions? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7963-7972. [PMID: 27672291 PMCID: PMC5028810 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are both chronic inflammatory diseases. Their pathogenesis is mediated by a complex interplay between a dysbiotic microbiota and the host immune-inflammatory response, and both are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This review aimed to provide an overview of the evidence dealing with a possible pathogenic interaction between periodontal disease and IBD. There seems to be an increased prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with IBD when compared to healthy controls, probably due to changes in the oral microbiota and a higher inflammatory response. Moreover, the induction of periodontitis seems to result in gut dysbiosis and altered gut epithelial cell barrier function, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Considering the complexity of both periodontal disease and IBD, it is very challenging to understand the possible pathways involved in their coexistence. In conclusion, this review points to a complex pathogenic interaction between periodontal disease and IBD, in which one disease might alter the composition of the microbiota and increase the inflammatory response related to the other. However, we still need more data derived from human studies to confirm results from murine models. Thus, mechanistic studies are definitely warranted to clarify this possible bidirectional association.
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Behfarnia P, Saied-Moallemi Z, Javanmard SH, Naseri R. Serum, saliva, and GCF concentration of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smokers versus nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:80. [PMID: 27195253 PMCID: PMC4863406 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.180992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of host response in periodontitis pathogenesis is confirmed, and it is well established that immune response plays a major role in the alveolar bone destruction. In the investigation of these responses, the role of receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is the most promising. Smoking can affect the RANKL-OPG system in a manner that will further enhance bone loss in periodontitis. The aim of this study is to assess the serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentration of RANKL and OPG in smoker versus nonsmoker untreated chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine subjects were included in the present cross-sectional study: 29 systemically healthy CP male patients (15 smokers, 14 nonsmokers) and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy nonsmoker male subjects. Serum, GCF, and whole saliva samples were obtained from the subjects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used for assaying the concentrations of RANKL and OPG in the samples. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test were utilized to compare differences between the groups. Results: RANKL and OPG concentrations in saliva, serum, and GCF did not show any significant difference among all groups (P > 0.05). Salivary RANKL/OPG ratios were significantly higher in the nonsmoker CP group than in the healthy control group (P > 0.05) but they were not statistically significant among smoker periodontitis patients. Conclusions: The salivary RANKL/OPG ratio was higher in nonsmokers with periodontitis in comparison with smoker periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Behfarnia
- Department of Periodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Saied-Moallemi
- Department of Oral Public Health, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Roohollah Naseri
- Department of Periodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
The mineralized structure of bone undergoes constant remodeling by the balanced actions of bone-producing osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs). Physiologic bone remodeling occurs in response to the body's need to respond to changes in electrolyte levels, or mechanical forces on bone. There are many pathological conditions, however, that cause an imbalance between bone production and resorption due to excessive OCL action that results in net bone loss. Situations involving chronic or acute inflammation are often associated with net bone loss, and research into understanding the mechanisms regulating this bone loss has led to the development of the field of osteoimmunology. It is now evident that the skeletal and immune systems are functionally linked and share common cells and signaling molecules. This review discusses the signaling system of immune cells and cytokines regulating aberrant OCL differentiation and activity. The role of these cells and cytokines in the bone loss occurring in periodontal disease (PD) (chronic inflammation) and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) (acute inflammation) is then described. The review finishes with an exploration of the emerging role of Notch signaling in the development of the immune cells and OCLs that are involved in osteoimmunological bone loss and the research into Notch signaling in OTM and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Tompkins
- a Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Balli U, Aydogdu A, Dede FO, Turer CC, Guven B. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 86:1396-404. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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55
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Gursoy UK, Liukkonen J, Jula A, Huumonen S, Suominen AL, Puukka P, Könönen E. Associations Between Salivary Bone Metabolism Markers and Periodontal Breakdown. J Periodontol 2015; 87:367-75. [PMID: 26609698 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dual relationship between glycemic status and bone remodeling was suggested recently. The present study aimed to 1) analyze salivary levels of receptor activator for nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin as potential biomarkers of alveolar bone loss and 2) determine whether the glycemic status affects the relationship between bone remodeling markers and periodontal status. METHODS Salivary levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and glucose were analyzed in 220 participants divided into four groups according to their periodontal health status: 1) 79 participants had at least 14 teeth with probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm (generalized periodontitis [GP]); 2) 65 participants had either two or seven teeth with PD ≥4 mm (two groups of localized periodontitis [LP1 and LP2, respectively]); and 3) 76 participants had no teeth with PD ≥4 mm (non-periodontitis control group). RESULTS Salivary concentrations of RANKL, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were higher, and osteoprotegerin was lower in females than in males. Salivary osteoprotegerin concentrations were higher in the GP and LP2 groups than in the control group, whereas RANKL, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were not related with periodontal status. Salivary osteopontin correlated positively with serum and salivary insulin. The association observed between increased osteoprotegerin concentrations and periodontitis was lost after salivary insulin was included into the analyses as a confounding factor. CONCLUSIONS Salivary concentrations of bone markers are either affected by glycemic status or detected at very low levels. These factors hinder their use as salivary biomarkers of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi K Gursoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Antti Jula
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sisko Huumonen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna L Suominen
- Unit of Living Conditions, Health, and Wellbeing and Department of Environmental Health in Environmental Epidemiology Unit; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pauli Puukka
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Board-Davies E, Moses R, Sloan A, Stephens P, Davies LC. Oral Mucosal Lamina Propria-Progenitor Cells Exert Antibacterial Properties via the Secretion of Osteoprotegerin and Haptoglobin. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1283-93. [PMID: 26378260 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The oral cavity possesses a diverse microflora, yet recurrent infections within healthy individuals are rare. Wound healing within the buccal mucosa is preferential, potentially because of the presence of oral mucosal lamina propria-progenitor cells (OMLP-PCs). In addition to their multipotency, OMLP-PCs demonstrate potent immunosuppressive properties. The present study investigated whether OMLP-PCs possess antibacterial properties, directly interacting with microorganisms and contributing to the maintenance of a balanced oral microflora. Gram-positive and -negative bacteria were cocultured with OMLP-PCs, buccal mucosal fibroblasts, or their respective conditioned media (CM). Bacterial growth was significantly inhibited when cocultured with OMLP-PCs or their CM. No antibacterial activity was apparent within the fibroblasts. Analysis of the OMLP-PC CM indicated constitutive secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and haptoglobin (Hp). Exposure of the bacteria to OPG or Hp demonstrated their differential antibacterial properties, with neutralization/blocking studies confirming that the growth of Gram-positive bacteria was partially restored by neutralizing OPG within OMLP-PC CM; blocking Hp restored the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of OMLP-PCs. We report the direct and constitutive antibacterial nature of OMLP-PCs, with retention of this effect within the CM suggesting a role for soluble factors such as OPG and Hp. Knowledge of the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of these cells could potentially be exploited in the development of novel cell- or soluble factor-based therapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases such as pneumonia or ailments such as chronic nonhealing wounds. SIGNIFICANCE Oral mucosal lamina propria-progenitor cells (OMLP-PCs) are a cell source with known immunomodulatory properties. The present report demonstrates the novel finding that OMLP-PCs possess potent antibacterial properties, halting the growth of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria through the secretion of soluble factors. OMLP-PCs constitutively secrete osteoprotegerin (OPG) and haptoglobin (Hp) at levels high enough to exert antibacterial action. OPG, a glycoprotein not previously known to be antibacterial, can suppress Gram-positive bacterial growth. Hp is only active against Gram-negative microorganisms. These findings indicate that OMLP-PCs could offer great potential in the development of novel cell- or soluble factor-based therapies for the treatment of infectious illness, such as bacterial pneumonia, through systemic infusion and of chronic wounds through local administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Board-Davies
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Moses
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Sloan
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Stephens
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay C Davies
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Rody WJ, Wijegunasinghe M, Holliday LS, McHugh KP, Wallet SM. Immunoassay analysis of proteins in gingival crevicular fluid samples from resorbing teeth. Angle Orthod 2015; 86:187-92. [DOI: 10.2319/032415-195.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To carry out an immunoassay analysis of biomarkers expressed in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) with the main goal of finding a useful diagnostic pattern to distinguish between resorbing deciduous teeth and nonresorbing controls.
Materials and Methods:
A split-mouth design was used in this study with a total of 22 GCF samples collected from 11 patients in the mixed dentition. For each child, one deciduous molar with radiographic evidence of root resorption was used as the test tooth whereas the contralateral first permanent molar with formed roots was used as the control tooth. Samples were processed with immunoassays using a panel of selected biomarkers including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and dentin sialoprotein (DSP).
Results:
There were no statistically significant differences in levels of IL-1b, OPG, and MMP-9 between test and control sites (P > .05). IL-1RA was the only biomarker to show a significant down-regulation (P = .04) in GCF samples collected from resorbing teeth. RANKL data showed a heavily skewed distribution and was deemed unreliable. Only one deciduous GCF sample had detectable levels of DSP; therefore, no further statistical calculation was applicable because of the limited amount of data for this biomarker.
Conclusions:
This study indicated that IL1-RA is down-regulated in GCF from resorbing primary molars, thus suggesting this cytokine as a potential analyte to be included in a panel that can discriminate between resorbing and nonresorbing teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington J. Rody
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Manjula Wijegunasinghe
- Laboratory Assistant, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - L. Shannon Holliday
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Kevin P. McHugh
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
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Arabacı T, Kermen E, Özkanlar S, Köse O, Kara A, Kızıldağ A, Duman ŞB, Ibişoğlu E. Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin on Alveolar Bone Resorption After Experimental Periodontitis in Rats: A Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Study. J Periodontol 2015; 86:874-81. [PMID: 25812911 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to investigate the effects of systemic melatonin administration on alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis in rats. METHODS Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (control, experimental periodontitis [Ped], and experimental periodontitis treated with melatonin [Mel-Ped]). For periodontitis induction, first molars were ligatured submarginally for 4 weeks. After ligature removal, rats in the Mel-Ped group were treated with a daily single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight melatonin for 15 consecutive days. At the end of the study, intracardiac blood samples and mandible tissues were obtained for histologic, biochemical, and radiographic analysis. Serum markers related to bone turnover, calcium, phosphorus, bone alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP), and terminal C telopeptide of collagen Type I (CTX) were analyzed. Myeloperoxidase levels were determined in gingival tissue homogenates, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) activation was analyzed in the mandible samples stereologically. Alveolar bone loss was also evaluated radiographically in the mandible samples of each group. RESULTS Melatonin treatment decreased serum CTX levels and increased b-ALP levels. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were not statistically different among groups (P >0.05). Alveolar bone resorption and myeloperoxidase activity were statistically higher in the Ped group compared to the Mel-Ped group (P <0.05). Immunohistochemical staining of RANKL and osteoclast activity were significantly lower in the Mel-Ped group compared to the Ped group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION This study reveals that melatonin treatment significantly inhibits regional alveolar bone resorption and contributes to periodontal healing in an experimental periodontitis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Arabacı
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Eda Kermen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seçkin Özkanlar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University
| | - Oğuz Köse
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adem Kara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University
| | - Alper Kızıldağ
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şuayip Burak Duman
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University
| | - Ebru Ibişoğlu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University
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Su F, Liu SS, Ma JL, Wang DS, E LL, Liu HC. Enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration by transplantation of osteoprotegerin-engineered periodontal ligament stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 25888745 PMCID: PMC4425908 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of a tissue-engineered complex of human osteoprotegerin (hOPG)-transfected periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) seeding on beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to regenerate alveolar bone defects in New Zealand rabbits. Methods PDLSCs were isolated from rabbit periodontal ligament tissues and expanded in vitro to enrich PDLSC numbers, and their proliferative activities and differentiation capability were evaluated under specific induction conditions. Lentiviral vector containing hOPG and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed by using Gateway technology and transfected into rabbit PDLSCs. The expression of hOPG was determined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The PDLSCs with or without engineered hOPG were seeded on β-TCP scaffolds prior to transplantation. Morphological characterization of cells and materials was done by scanning electron microscope. Twenty rabbits with alveolar bone defects were randomly allocated into four groups and transplanted with β-TCP, PDLSCs/β-TCP, and hOPG-transfected PDLSCs/β-TCP or were left untreated as a control. Animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after operation for histological observation and histomorphometric analysis. Results PDLSCs expressed STRO-1 and vementin and favored osteogenesis and adipogenesis in conditioned media. Expressions of hOPG were significantly upregulated after transfection of the lentiviral vector into PDLSCs. PDLSCs attached and spread well on β-TCP, and there was no significant difference in growth of PDLSCs on β-TCP between the hOPG transfection group and the non-transfection group. The histological observation and histomorphometric analysis showed that the hOPG-transfected PDLSCs/β-TCP complex exhibited an earlier mineralization and more bone formation inside the scaffold than control, β-TCP, and PDLSCs/β-TCP complexes. Implantation of hOPG-transfected PDLSCs contributed to new bone formation as determined by EGFP gene expression under circularly polarized light microscopy. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the feasibility of β-TCP scaffolds for primary PDLSC culture and expression of hOPG gene in vitro and in vivo, and hOPG-transfected PDLSCs could serve as a potential cell source for periodontal bone regeneration, which may shed light on the potential of systemic hOPG gene therapy in combination with PDLSC tissue engineering as a good candidate in periodontal tissue engineering for alveolar bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Su
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Department of Stomatology, The 306th Hospital of Chinese PLA, No.9 Anxiang Beili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shi-Sen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Department of Stomatology, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 6 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jun-Li Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ling-Ling E
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Hong-Chen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Effect of periodontal surgery on osteoprotegerin levels in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:341259. [PMID: 25814780 PMCID: PMC4359842 DOI: 10.1155/2015/341259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This study was undertaken to investigate the OPG profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients in response to open flap debridement (OFD). Subjects and Methods. The study included 30 subjects divided into 2 groups: 20 CP patients and 10 periodontally healthy subjects. Plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level measurements were recorded for all subjects. GCF, salivary, and gingival samples were collected from all 30 subjects at baseline and 3 and 6 month after OFD from the 20 CP patients. GCF and salivary OPG levels were assessed by ELISA assay, while OPG expression in gingival tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results. GCF, salivary and gingival OPG profiles were significantly higher in control subjects compared to CP patients at baseline (P < 0.001). Within CP group, OPG levels in GCF, saliva, and gingival samples showed a significant increase at 3 and 6 months after OFD (P < 0.001) compared to baseline. Although OPG values increased significantly in gingival samples and insignificantly in saliva after 3 months compared to 6 months, yet GCF levels were significantly decreased. Conclusions. OPG might be considered as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of periodontal bone destruction. This trial is registered with NCT02160613.
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Mitani A, Niedbala W, Fujimura T, Mogi M, Miyamae S, Higuchi N, Abe A, Hishikawa T, Mizutani M, Ishihara Y, Nakamura H, Kurita K, Ohno N, Tanaka Y, Hattori M, Noguchi T. Increased expression of interleukin (IL)-35 and IL-17, but not IL-27, in gingival tissues with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 86:301-9. [PMID: 25272982 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-35 plays an important role in immune regulation through the suppression of effector T-cell populations, including T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. Although Th17 cells and IL-17 are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the level of IL-35 in inflamed periodontal tissues is unclear. Here, IL-35, IL-17, and IL-27 production/expression in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and human gingival tissue were investigated. METHODS GCF samples were collected from buccal (mesial, center, and distal) sites of teeth from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls and were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IL-35 (periodontitis, n = 36; healthy, n = 30) and IL-17 (periodontitis, n = 16; healthy, n = 13). Gingival tissue, including sulcus/pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue, was collected from an additional 10 healthy participants and 10 patients with CP and were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Epstein Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), IL12A, and IL17A. IL27p28 was also tested by qPCR. RESULTS IL-35 and IL-17 were significantly higher in GCF from patients with periodontitis than healthy participants (P <0.01, P <0.05, respectively). In both healthy participants and those with periodontitis, positive correlations were found among IL-35 and probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) as well as between IL-17 and CAL. EBI3, IL12A (components of IL-35), and IL17A messenger RNA expression levels were significantly higher in inflamed gingival tissue than in healthy control tissues (P <0.05). IL27p28 was not detected in any sample, suggesting that IL-27 is not produced in large quantities in periodontal tissue. CONCLUSION IL-35 and IL-17, but not IL-27, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Pei Z, Wang B, Zhang F, Niu Z, Shi S, Cannon RD, Mei L. Response of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells to Baicalin. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Meeran NA. Biological response at the cellular level within the periodontal ligament on application of orthodontic force - An update. J Orthod Sci 2014; 1:2-10. [PMID: 24987618 PMCID: PMC4072349 DOI: 10.4103/2278-0203.94769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force elicits a biological response in the tissues surrounding the teeth, resulting in remodeling of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. The force-induced tissue strain result in reorganization of both cellular and extracellular matrix, besides producing changes in the local vascularity. This in turn leads to the synthesis and release of various neurotransmitters, arachidonic acid, growth factors, metabolites, cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, and enzymes like cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinases, and aspartate aminotransferase. Despite the availability of many studies in the orthodontic and related scientific literature, a concise integration of all data is still lacking. Such a consolidation of the rapidly accumulating scientific information should help in understanding the biological processes that underlie the phenomenon of tooth movement in response to mechanical loading. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the biological processes taking place at the molecular level on application of orthodontic force and to provide an update of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Ahmed Meeran
- Departments of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
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Konermann A, Götz W, Le M, Dirk C, Lossdörfer S, Heinemann F. Histopathological Verification of Osteoimmunological Mediators in Peri-Implantitis and Correlation to Bone Loss and Implant Functional Period. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 42:61-8. [PMID: 24945460 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis (PI) is characterized by inflammation and bone resorption eventually leading to implant failure, but the characteristic pathologic determinants are undefined to date. This study aims to elucidate the parameters involved in PI pathogenesis, including intraoral implant retention time, extent of bone loss, smoking history, and identification of osteoimmunological markers for inflammation and bone loss. Peri-implant tissues (n = 21) displaying clinically diagnosed PI from patients with vertical bone loss ranging from 0-12 mm and implant function period between 1 and 60 months were evaluated by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for TRAP, CD3, RANK, RANKL, OPG, and TNF-α. Statistical analyses were performed with the Welch test and correlation coefficients were calculated. Most bone resorption occurred during the first 12 months of implant function and correlated with the extent of inflammation, although histological signs of inflammation strongly varied between samples from minimal appearance of inflammatory cells to extended infiltrates. Implant function period and smoking history did not significantly affect the degree of inflammation. Higher RANK levels emerged in the first 12 months of implant function compared to longer retention times and were negatively correlated to the occurrence of RANKL. Additionally, histological signs of inflammation were about two-fold higher in specimens with bone resorption up from 5 mm compared to under 5 mm. CD3(+) cells were more prevalent in extensive inflammatory infiltrates and samples derived from smokers. Our analyses proved that PI-induced bone loss is differentially influenced by the parameters evaluated in this study, but a distinct interconnection between disease severity and implant retention time can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konermann
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Götz
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Le
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Dirk
- 2 Department of Oral Technology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Friedhelm Heinemann
- 3 Department of Dental Prosthodontics, Gerontostomatology and Medical Materials Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Aghaloo TL, Cheong S, Bezouglaia O, Kostenuik P, Atti E, Dry SM, Pirih FQ, Tetradis S. RANKL inhibitors induce osteonecrosis of the jaw in mice with periapical disease. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:843-54. [PMID: 24115073 PMCID: PMC4476544 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antiresorptive medications are essential in treating diseases of pathologic osteoclastic bone resorption, including bone cancer and osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most commonly used antiresorptives in clinical practice. Although inhibition of bone resorption is important in regulating unwanted malignant and metabolic osteolysis, BP treatment is associated with potential side effects, including osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). Recently, non-BP antiresorptive medications targeting osteoclastic function and differentiation, such as denosumab, have entered the clinical arena. Denosumab treatment results in a similar rate of ONJ as BPs. Animal models of ONJ, using high-dose BP treatment in combination with tooth extraction or dental disease, provide valuable tools and insight in exploring ONJ pathophysiology. However, the ability of other antiresorptives to induce ONJ-like lesions in animal models has not been explored. Such studies would be beneficial in providing support for the role of osteoclast inhibition in ONJ pathogenesis versus a direct BP effect on oral tissues. Here, we tested the ability of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) inhibitors RANK-Fc (composed of the extracellular domain of RANK fused to the fragment crystallizable [Fc] portion of immunoglobulin G [IgG]) and OPG-Fc (composed of the RANKL-binding domains of osteoprotegerin [OPG] linked to the Fc portion of IgG) to induce ONJ in mice in the presence of periapical disease, but in the absence of dental extractions. We demonstrate radiographic evidence of ONJ in RANK-Fc-treated and OPG-Fc-treated mice, including inhibition of bone loss, increased bone density, lamina dura thickening, and periosteal bone deposition. These findings closely resembled the radiographic appearance of an ONJ patient on denosumab treatment. Histologic examination revealed that RANK-Fc treatment and OPG-Fc treatment resulted in absence of osteoclasts, periosteal bone formation, empty osteocytic lacunae, osteonecrosis, and bone exposure. In conclusion, we have successfully induced ONJ in mice with periapical disease, using potent osteoclast inhibitors other than BPs. Our findings, coupled with ONJ animal models using high-dose BPs, suggest that osteoclast inhibition is pivotal to the pathogenesis of ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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66
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Mogi M, Kondo A. The presence of RANKL-OPG complex in human osteosarcoma U2OS. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 34:356-64. [PMID: 23859786 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2012.741640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the human receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) complex was developed by utilizing a monoclonal antibody that recognizes human soluble RANKL as an immobilized capture component and biotinylated human OPG polyclonal antibody. We could quantify the RANKL-OPG complex level (detection limit: 100 pg/mL). Employing this assay system, we demonstrated that the RANKL-OPG complex was constitutively present in the conditioned medium of human osteoblastic sarcoma U2OS, although the complex was not detectable in other human osteoblastic sarcoma cell line, MG-63, HOS, and SaOS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Mogi
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
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67
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Baltacıoğlu E, Kehribar MA, Yuva P, Alver A, Atagün ÖS, Karabulut E, Akalın FA. Total Oxidant Status and Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Serum and Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients With Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:317-26. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and CD 31 expressions in chronic periodontitis patients before and after surgery. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:508-17. [PMID: 26155171 PMCID: PMC4439964 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.47737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study The present study investigated the hypothesis that upregulation of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression may be associated with upregulation of endothelial cell activitiy, which is common for periods of periodontal bone loss in chronic periodontitis. Material and methods RANKL expression of activated cells in soft tissue biopsies with CD 31 activity and the presence of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed in chronic periodontitis patients. Biopsies from 17 patients and 10 healthy subjects were immunohistochemically analyzed. Clinical measurements [plaque index (PI), the gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival bleeding index (GBI)] and GCF samples were obtained before and after periodontal therapy. Results CD31 staining did not support the assumption that endothelium-like cells were predominantly associated with RANKL expression. Conclusions RANKL-positive cells were widely distributed in periodontitis patients giving only partial support to the hypothesis that RANKL expression is restricted to T- and B-cell activation.
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Tabari ZA, Azadmehr A, Tabrizi MAA, Hamissi J, Ghaedi FB. Salivary soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in periodontal disease and health. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:227-32. [PMID: 24236245 PMCID: PMC3825990 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system plays a significant role in osteoclastogenesis, activation of osteoclasts, and regulation of bone resorption. This study aimed to evaluate the use of the salivary soluble RANKL (sRANKL)/OPG ratio as a diagnostic marker for periodontitis in nonsmokers. Methods Twenty-five patients with chronic periodontitis and 25 individuals with a healthy periodontium were enrolled in this study. Samples containing 5 mL of unstimulated saliva were obtained from each subject. Salivary sRANKL and OPG concentrations were determined using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 18.0. Results The levels of sRANKL and OPG were detectable in all of the samples. Positive relationships were found between the plaque index and clinical attachment level and both the salivary concentration of sRANKL and the salivary sRANKL/OPG ratio (P<0.05). The salivary concentration of sRANKL and the sRANKL/OPG ratio were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the healthy group (P=0.004 and P=0.001, respectively). In contrast, the OPG concentration showed no significant differences between the groups (P=0.455). Conclusions These findings suggest that the salivary sRANKL/OPG ratio may be helpful in the screening and diagnosis of periodontitis. However, longitudinal studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh Tabari
- Department of Periodontics, Dental School, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Domon H, Tabeta K, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Age-related alterations in gene expression of gingival fibroblasts stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:536-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Domon
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Tabeta
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Nakajima
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit; Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
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Fujihara R, Usui M, Yamamoto G, Nishii K, Tsukamoto Y, Okamatsu Y, Sato T, Asou Y, Nakashima K, Yamamoto M. Tumor necrosis factor-α enhances RANKL expression in gingival epithelial cells via protein kinase A signaling. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:508-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Usui
- Department of Periodontology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Departmetnt of Cariology and Periodontology; Kyushu Dental University; Kitakyushu City Fukuoka Japan
| | - G. Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Nishii
- Department of Periodontology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Tsukamoto
- Department of Periodontology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Okamatsu
- Dental Clinic; Showa University Medical Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Y. Asou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology; Departmetnt of Cariology and Periodontology; Kyushu Dental University; Kitakyushu City Fukuoka Japan
| | - M. Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
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PEI ZHENHUA, ZHANG FENGQIU, NIU ZHONGYING, SHI SHENGGEN. Effect of icariin on cell proliferation and the expression of bone resorption/formation-related markers in human periodontal ligament cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1499-504. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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73
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Cutando A, López-Valverde A, de Diego RG, de Vicente J, Reiter R, Herrero Fernández M, Ferrera MJ. Effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary osteoprotegerin, RANKL and melatonin levels in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease. Odontology 2013; 102:290-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-013-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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74
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Enhos S, Veli I, Cakmak O, Ucar FI, Alkan A, Uysal T. OPG and RANKL levels around miniscrew implants during orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144:203-9. [PMID: 23910201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid receptor activator of nuclear factor-кB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels around loaded and unloaded miniscrew implants at different time intervals. METHODS Twenty loaded and 16 unloaded miniscrew implants were included in this study. All miniscrew implants were placed bilaterally between the maxillary second premolars and first molars as anchorage units for canine distalization. Peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid was taken from the mesiobuccal aspects of the loaded and unloaded miniscrew implants before loading; at 24, 48, and 168 hours; and on day 30 after force application. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine RANKL and OPG levels in the peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid samples. Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests were used for statistical evaluations at the P <0.05 level. RESULTS Although the total amount of OPG was not different between the groups, the total amount of RANKL was significantly elevated in the loaded miniscrew implant group (P <0.05) at all time periods. Peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid volume was the highest at 48 hours in the loaded group. Also, the OPG/RANKL ratio in the peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid was significantly decreased in the loaded miniscrew implant group. CONCLUSIONS The OPG and RANKL levels vary around loaded and unloaded miniscrew implants as a result of force application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Enhos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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75
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated by complex and diverse microbial biofilms which form on the teeth, i.e. dental plaque. Substances released from this biofilm such as lipopolysaccharides, antigens and other virulence factors, gain access to the gingival tissue and initiate an inflammatory and immune response, leading to the activation of host defence cells. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and proteolytic enzymes collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. This review summarises recent studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis, with the main focus on inflammatory mediators and their role in periodontal disease.
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Antonoglou G, Knuuttila M, Nieminen P, Vainio O, Hiltunen L, Raunio T, Niemelä O, Hedberg P, Karttunen R, Tervonen T. Serum osteoprotegerin and periodontal destruction in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:765-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Antonoglou
- Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group; Oulu University; Oulu Finland
| | - Olli Vainio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Liisa Hiltunen
- Health Centre of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Primary Health Care; Vaasa Central Hospital; Vaasa Finland
| | - Taina Raunio
- Specialist Dental Health Care Unit; Oulu Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Medical Research Unit; Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Pirjo Hedberg
- Laboratory; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Diagnostics; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Riitta Karttunen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Haartman Institute; Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Tellervo Tervonen
- Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
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Kadkhodazadeh M, Ebadian AR, Gholami GA, Khosravi A, Tabari ZA. Analysis of RANKL gene polymorphism (rs9533156 and rs2277438) in Iranian patients with chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis. Arch Oral Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lin YP, Love RM, Friedlander LT, Shang HF, Pai MH. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and the OPG-RANKL-RANK system in inflammatory external root resorption and external cervical resorption. Int Endod J 2013; 46:971-81. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. P. Lin
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - R. M. Love
- Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - L. T. Friedlander
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - H. F. Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Taipei Medical University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - M. H. Pai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology; Taipei Medical University; Taipei; Taiwan
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Koide M, Kobayashi Y, Ninomiya T, Nakamura M, Yasuda H, Arai Y, Okahashi N, Yoshinari N, Takahashi N, Udagawa N. Osteoprotegerin-deficient male mice as a model for severe alveolar bone loss: comparison with RANKL-overexpressing transgenic male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:773-82. [PMID: 23291450 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues, is characterized by excessive alveolar bone resorption. An increase in the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio is thought to reflect the severity of periodontitis. Here, we examined alveolar bone loss in OPG-deficient (OPG(-/-)) mice and RANKL-overexpressing transgenic (RANKL-Tg) mice. Alveolar bone loss in OPG(-/-) mice at 12 weeks was significantly higher than that in RANKL-Tg mice. OPG(-/-) but not RANKL-Tg mice exhibited severe bone resorption especially in cortical areas of the alveolar bone. An increased number of osteoclasts was observed in the cortical areas in OPG(-/-) but not in RANKL-Tg mice. Immunohistochemical analyses showed many OPG-positive signals in osteocytes but not osteoblasts. OPG-positive osteocytes in the cortical area of alveolar bones and long bones were abundant in both wild-type and RANKL-Tg mice. This suggests the resorption in cortical bone areas to be prevented by OPG produced locally. To test the usefulness of OPG(-/-) mice as an animal model for screening drugs to prevent alveolar bone loss, we administered an antimouse RANKL antibody or risedronate, a bisphosphonate, to OPG(-/-) mice. They suppressed alveolar bone resorption effectively. OPG(-/-) mice are useful for screening therapeutic agents against alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Koide
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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Gümüş P, Buduneli E, Bıyıkoğlu B, Aksu K, Saraç F, Nile C, Lappin D, Buduneli N. Gingival crevicular fluid, serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and interleukin-17 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis and with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1627-37. [PMID: 23327689 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is performed to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL), interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-17A/F, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OPR), and those who are systemically healthy (SH), all with periodontal disease. METHODS GCF and serum samples were obtained before any periodontal intervention from 17 women with RA, 19 with OPR, and 13 who were SH with periodontitis. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. sRANKL, OPG, and IL-17 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Clinical periodontal measurements were similar in the three study groups. Although the total amounts of GCF albumin, OPG, IL-17A, and IL-17A/F were similar in the study groups, there were statistically significant differences in GCF concentrations of sRANKL, OPG, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, and IL-17A/F. The sRANKL/OPG ratios were significantly higher in the RA group than in the OPR and SH groups (P <0.05). Serum sRANKL, sRANKL/OPG, and IL-17A/IL-17E ratios were significantly higher, whereas OPG concentrations were significantly lower in the RA group compared to other groups (P <0.05). Serum IL-17A concentrations were significantly higher in the RA and OPR groups than in the SH group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION Increased inflammatory mediator levels in patients with RA, despite the long-term use of various anti-inflammatory drugs, suggest that these patients may have a propensity to overproduce these inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Gümüş
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Yoneda T, Morita M. Involvement of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in association between dyslipidemia and osteoclast differentiation in apolipoprotein E deficient rat periodontium. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:1. [PMID: 23295061 PMCID: PMC3599925 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia increases circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and this may induce alveolar bone loss through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dyslipidemia on osteoclast differentiation associated with TLR2 and TLR4 in periodontal tissues using a rat dyslipidemia (apolipoprotein E deficient) model. Methods Levels of plasma OxLDL, and the cholesterol and phospholipid profiles in plasma lipoproteins were compared between apolipoprotein E-deficient rats (16-week-old males) and wild-type (control) rats. In the periodontal tissue, we evaluated the changes in TLR2, TLR4, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression. Results Apolipoprotein E-deficient rats showed higher plasma levels of OxLDL than control rats (p<0.05), with higher plasma levels of total cholesterol (p<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) and lower plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Their periodontal tissue also exhibited a higher ratio of RANKL-positive cells and a higher number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts than control rats (p<0.05). Furthermore, periodontal gene expression of TLR2, TLR4 and RANKL was higher in apolipoprotein E-deficient rats than in control rats (p<0.05). Conclusion These findings underscore the important role for TLR2 and TLR4 in mediating the osteoclast differentiation on alveolar bone response to dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, 700-8558, Okayama, Kita-ku, Japan
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Flórez-Moreno GA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Time-related changes in salivary levels of the osteotropic factors sRANKL and OPG through orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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83
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Giannopoulou C, Martinelli-Klay CP, Lombardi T. Immunohistochemical expression of RANKL, RANK and OPG in gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:629-34. [PMID: 22214279 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.645064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression of the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue was obtained from 14 systemically healthy subjects with chronic periodontitis during conventional periodontal surgery. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of RANK, RANKL and OPG in the oral and periodontal pocket epithelium as well as in the connective tissue cells. RESULTS RANKL was negatively expressed in both oral and periodontal pocket epithelium. OPG was also negative or weakly positive in the whole epithelium. RANK showed moderate/strong positive staining mainly in the basal and suprabasal layer of oral and periodontal pocket epithelium. In most of the cases, more than 60% of the inflammatory cell infiltrate stained for RANK and RANKL. In these cases the intensity of the stained cells ranged from moderate-to-strong. In less than half of the cases, OPG was positive in more than 60% of the stained cells of the inflammatory cell infiltrate. CONCLUSION The RANK, RANKL and OPG proteins are differentially expressed in periodontal tissues and may play a major role in the bone loss occurring in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Giannopoulou
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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84
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Tobón-Arroyave SI, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Restrepo-Cadavid EM, Zapata-Molina SM, Martínez-Pabón MC. Association of salivary levels of the bone remodelling regulators sRANKL and OPG with periodontal clinical status. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:1132-40. [PMID: 23039038 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the variations in salivary concentrations of sRANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ratio, regarding the periodontal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-seven chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 43 healthy controls were selected. Periodontal status was assessed based on full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. sRANKL and OPG salivary levels were analysed by ELISA. The association between these analytes and its ratio with CP was analysed individually and adjusted for confounding using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS sRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio were increased, whereas OPG was decreased in CP compared with healthy controls subjects. Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of sRANKL salivary levels ≥6 pg/ml, OPG salivary levels ≤131 pg/ml and sRANKL/OPG ratio ≥0.062 with CP, after logistic regression analysis only the latter parameter was strongly and independently associated with disease status. Confounding and interaction effects of ageing and smoking habit on sRANKL and OPG levels could be noted. CONCLUSION Although salivary concentrations of sRANKL, OPG and its ratio may act as indicators of the amount/extent of periodontal breakdown, the mutual confounding and synergistic biological interactive effects related to ageing and smoking habit of the susceptible host may also promote the tissue destruction in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio I Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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85
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Belibasakis GN, Rechenberg DK, Zehnder M. The receptor activator of
NF
‐κ
B
ligand‐osteoprotegerin system in pulpal and periapical disease. Int Endod J 2012; 46:99-111. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Belibasakis
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine ZürichSwitzerland
| | - D. K. Rechenberg
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Zehnder
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine Zürich Switzerland
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86
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Tsoukaki M, Kalpidis CDR, Sakellari D, Tsalikis L, Mikrogiorgis G, Konstantinidis A. Clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological outcomes of flapped vs. flapless dental implants: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:969-76. [PMID: 22708917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the placement of flapped vs. flapless dental implants utilizing clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 20 patients received 30 dental implants following a one-stage protocol. The patients were randomly assigned into two study groups: control group with 15 flapped implants and test group with 15 flapless implants. Follow-up examinations were carried out after 1, 2, 6, and 12 weeks. Clinical recordings, sulcular fluid sampling, microbiological analysis, and digital subtraction radiography were utilized to compare the two surgical approaches. RESULTS Peri-implant sulcus depth was significantly greater in flapped implants at both 6 and 12 postsurgical weeks (P < 0.001). Flapped implants showed crestal bone loss (0.29 ± 0.06 mm), whereas no bone resorption was detected around flapless implants. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 values were higher to a statistically significant level in the control group at 1 (P = 0.003) and 6 weeks (P = 0.007) after placement. In the test group, the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly higher at the 2nd postoperative week (P = 0.005), whereas the counts of Tannerella forsythia were significantly elevated at the 1st (P = 0.005), 2nd (P = 0.001), and 12th (P = 0.002) postoperative weeks, possibly indicating an earlier formation and maturation of the peri-implant sulcus. Patients reported more pain after flapped implant placement. CONCLUSIONS Flapless implant placement yielded improved clinical, radiographic, and immunological outcomes compared with flapped implantation. In addition, patients seem to better withstand flapless implant placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tsoukaki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology & Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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87
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Sooampon S, Manokawinchoke J, Pavasant P. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 regulates osteoprotegerin/RANKL homeostasis in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:22-9. [PMID: 22587561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence has shown the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in a variety of nonneuronal tissues; however, the function of TRPV1 in these cells is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of TRPV1 in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. As HPDL cells are known to play an important role in the bone-remodeling process, we hypothesized that TRPV1 might be implicated in the regulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS TRPV1 expression was examined by western blot analysis. The function of TRPV1 was studied using capsaicin, a well-known TRPV1 agonist. RT-PCR was performed to study the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNAs. The expression of OPG and RANKL proteins was analyzed by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The mechanisms of capsaicin-induced OPG expression in HPDL cells were studied using inhibitors. RESULTS In this study we found that TRPV1 was present in HPDL cells. Treatment with capsaicin induced OPG expression in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the expression of RANKL. The increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio was also found in human osteoblasts, but not in MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line, suggesting species specificity. Capsazepine, the competitive TRPV1 antagonist, significantly abolished the effect of capsaicin on OPG expression in HPDL cells. In addition, studies investigating the effects of a calcium chelator and a phospholipase C inhibitor indicated that calcium ions and phospholipase C were required for the induction. Interestingly, capsaicin was able to increase the OPG/RANKL ratio, even in the presence of prostaglandin E2, a potent inducer of RANKL. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that activation of TRPV1 leads to an increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio in HPDL cells. These findings suggest the novel function of TRPV1 in periodontal tissues, at least, as the regulator of the OPG/RANKL axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sooampon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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88
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Kim TG, Lee YH, Bhattari G, Lee NH, Lee KW, Yi HK, Yu MK. PPARγ inhibits inflammation and RANKL expression in epoxy resin-based sealer-induced osteoblast precursor cells E1 cells. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 58:28-34. [PMID: 22591774 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The AH26 of epoxy resin-based sealer is used widely owing to its excellent physical characteristics but it induces oxidative stress and cytotoxicity at the periapical tissues. AH26 exhibited cytotoxicity towards MC-3T3-E1 cells, which resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) has an anti-inflammatory effect in several tissue and cells, but its action of AH26-related inflammation is not completely understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic mechanisms of PPARγ in AH26-induced MC-3T3 E1 cells. METHODS AH26 was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 1-day extraction sample, which was diluted by 30%, was tested in this experiment. Recombinant deficiency adenoviral PPARγ (Ad/PPARγ) was used to examine PPARγ over-expression in MC-3T3 E1 cells. AH26-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was analysed using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and inflammatory molecules was determined by immunoblotting. The anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic mechanisms of the PPARγ-involved signal pathway was examined by immunoblotting. RESULTS The AH26 elutes induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), RANKL expression and ROS formation. In addition, the AH26 elutes suppressed the expression of PPARγ. However, the recovery of PPARγ expression with Ad/PPARγ resulted in the inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, RANKL and ROS formation despite the AH26 treatment in MC-3T3 E1 cells. The mechanism of PPARγ was confirmed by the blocking of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation to the nucleus after the suppression of ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK and AP-1 in AH26-induced MC-3T3 E1 cells. CONCLUSION From this result, PPARγ acts to inhibit bone destruction in AH26-induced bone cells. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic character of PPARγ might be applicable for healing periapical lesions more rapidly or reducing the induction of cellular inflammation caused by some endodontic sealers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gun Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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89
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Güncü GN, Akman AC, Günday S, Yamalık N, Berker E. Effect of inflammation on cytokine levels and bone remodelling markers in peri-implant sulcus fluid: a preliminary report. Cytokine 2012; 59:313-6. [PMID: 22592038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since ingredients of peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) may be related to the bony structure surrounding dental implants, analyze of specific markers related to bone resorption in PISF seems to be suitable for long term monitoring of peri-implant health. It is suggested that analysis of PISF may serve for detection of inflammation. The aim of this study is to analyze PISF interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-10, osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) levels to determine whether the diagnostic value of PISF can be used to evaluate early changes around implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 47 dental implants either healthy/non-inflamed (n=20) (Group I), or gingivitis/inflamed (n=27) (Group II), were classified. Peri-implant status has been evaluated by clinical evaluation (plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and gingival bleeding time index) were recorded and PISF samples were also obtained. PISF IL-1β, IL-10, RANKL, and OPG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Potential volumetric changes in PISF were also evaluated. RESULTS All clinical parameters and volume of PISF were higher in Group II and these differences were statistically significant except volume values. IL-1β, IL-10 and OPG levels in PISF were significantly higher in Group II. Although the PISF RANKL level in Group II was higher than the level of Group I, the difference between groups did not reach the statistically significant level. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a balance of inflammatory- and osteoclastogenesis related molecules locally produced may play an important role in the development of inflammatory peri-implant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz N Güncü
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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90
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Babür C, Özcan G, Çebi DU, Pervane B, Özdemir B, Yücel A, Biri AA, Babür C. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with or without chronic periodontitis. J Dent 2012; 40:364-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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91
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Kotake S, Yago T, Kawamoto M, Nanke Y. Role of osteoclasts and interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: crucial 'human osteoclastology'. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:125-35. [PMID: 21960179 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many papers have reported that osteoclasts play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, when we started to investigate the pathogenesis of RA, the roles of osteoclasts were not highlighted in RA bone resorption. In recent years, the number of articles on the roles of osteoclasts and interleukin (IL)-17 in the pathogenesis of RA has increased exponentially. In this review article, we describe our articles on the roles of osteoclasts and IL-17 in joint destruction in RA, from 1990 to 2011, and highlight a novel term, 'human osteoclastology', which we have used since 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kotake
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 10-22 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0054, Japan.
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92
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MAPK usage in periodontal disease progression. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:308943. [PMID: 22315682 PMCID: PMC3270463 DOI: 10.1155/2012/308943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In periodontal disease, host recognition of bacterial constituents, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces p38 MAPK activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine expression, favoring osteoclastogenesis and increased net bone resorption in the local periodontal environment. In this paper, we discuss evidence that the p38/MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) signaling axis is needed for periodontal disease progression: an orally administered p38α inhibitor reduced the progression of experimental periodontal bone loss by reducing inflammation and cytokine expression. Subsequently, the significance of p38 signaling was confirmed with RNA interference to attenuate MK2-reduced cytokine expression and LPS-induced alveolar bone loss. MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAPK activation, was also critical for periodontal disease progression. In MPK-1-deficient mice, p38-sustained activation increased osteoclast formation and bone loss, whereas MKP-1 overexpression dampened p38 signaling and subsequent cytokine expression. Finally, overexpression of the p38/MK2 target RNA-binding tristetraprolin (TTP) decreased mRNA stability of key inflammatory cytokines at the posttranscriptional level, thereby protecting against periodontal inflammation. Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of p38 MAPK signaling in immune cytokine production and periodontal disease progression.
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93
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Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. The RANKL-OPG system in clinical periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:239-48. [PMID: 22092994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-osteoprotegerin (RANKL-OPG) bi-molecular system is the "bottle-neck" regulator of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, both in physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to elaborate the current knowledge on RANKL and OPG in periodontal disease, and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential as biomarkers of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS To pursue this aim, electronic and manual searches were performed for identifying clinical and in vivo studies on RANKL and OPG in gingival tissue, gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and blood. Smoking and diabetes mellitus were also considered for their potential effects. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria demonstrate that RANKL is up-regulated, whereas OPG is down-regulated in periodontitis, compared to periodontal health, resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio is further up-regulated in smokers and diabetics, and is not affected by conventional periodontal treatment. CONCLUSIONS The increased RANKL/OPG ratio may serve as a biomarker that denotes the occurrence of periodontitis, but may not necessarily predict on-going disease activity. Its steadily elevated levels post treatment may indicate that the molecular mechanisms of bone resorption are still active, holding an imminent risk for relapse of the disease. Additional adjunct treatment modalities that would "switch-off" the RANKL/OPG ratio may therefore be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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94
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Cantley MD, Bartold PM, Marino V, Fairlie DP, Le GT, Lucke AJ, Haynes DR. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and periodontal bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:697-703. [PMID: 21745207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bone loss caused by enhanced osteoclast activity is a significant feature of periodontitis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress osteoclast-mediated bone loss in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated whether HDACi can suppress bone loss in experimental periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice by oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Mice were treated orally with olive oil alone, with olive oil and a novel compound - 1179.4b - which targets both Class I and Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) or with olive oil and MS-275, which targets Class I HDACs. Micro-computed tomography scans of live mice, stereo imaging and histological analyses were used to detect changes in bone. RESULTS In the absence of treatment there was a 13.2% increase in bone volume in controls compared with a 7.4% decrease in P. gingivalis-inoculated mice. 1179.4b significantly reduced bone loss, with a 3.4% increase in bone volume (p < 0.01). MS-275 did not have a significant effect on P. gingivalis-induced bone loss. Histological analysis revealed that 1179.4b reduced bone loss despite having no effect on inflammation. CONCLUSION HDACi were found to effectively suppress bone loss in the mouse model of periodontitis. 1179.4b - the inhibitor of Class I and Class II HDACs - was more effective at suppressing bone loss than MS-275, which targets Class I HDACs only. These compounds may therefore have the potential to be used for the management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cantley
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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95
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Belibasakis GN, Meier A, Guggenheim B, Bostanci N. The RANKL–OPG system is differentially regulated by supragingival and subgingival biofilm supernatants. Cytokine 2011; 55:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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Buduneli N, Kinane DF. Host-derived diagnostic markers related to soft tissue destruction and bone degradation in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:85-105. [PMID: 21323706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in clinical periodontics is to find a reliable molecular marker of periodontal tissue destruction with high sensitivity, specificity and utility. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate available literature on 'the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction'. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the focused question, 'What is the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction', an electronic and manual search was conducted for human studies presenting clinical data for the potential of molecular markers of tissue destruction in biofluids; gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. All relevant data from the selected papers were extracted and recorded in separate tables for molecules in GCF, saliva, and serum. CONCLUSION Within the defined limits of the Problem/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, the present analysis reveals that (a) no single or combination of markers exists that can disclose periodontal tissue destruction adequately; (b) while the most fruitful source of biomarkers for periodontal destruction appears to be in molecules tightly related to bone and soft tissue destruction, this remains to be objectively demonstrated. Currently, clinical measurements are still the most reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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97
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Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is a dynamic and emerging field utilizing nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics to aid in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. In this article the author critically reviews the latest advances using oral biomarkers for disease detection. The use of oral fluids is broadening perspectives in clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and decision making for patient care. Important elements determining the future possibilities and challenges in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malamud
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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98
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Kim M, Jun HK, Choi BK, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. Td92, an outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, induces osteoclastogenesis via prostaglandin E(2)-mediated RANKL/osteoprotegerin regulation. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:772-9. [PMID: 20682013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that causes significant alveolar bone loss. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells. Osteoblasts regulate osteoclast differentiation by expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Td92 is a surface-exposed outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, a periodontopathogen. Although it has been demonstrated that Td92 acts as a stimulator of various proinflammatory mediators, the role of Td92 in alveolar bone resorption remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Td92 in bone resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mouse bone marrow cells were co-cultured with calvariae-derived osteoblasts in the presence or absence of Td92. Osteoclast formation was assessed by TRAP staining. Expressions of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) in osteoblasts were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS Td92 induced osteoclast formation in the co-cultures. In the osteoblasts, RANKL and PGE(2) expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG expression was down-regulated by Td92. The addition of OPG inhibited Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors NS398 and indomethacin were also shown to inhibit Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The effects of Td92 on the expressions of RANKL, OPG and PGE(2) in osteoblasts were blocked by NS398 or indomethacin. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Td92 promotes osteoclast formation through the regulation of RANKL and OPG production via a PGE(2) -dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Hernández M, Gamonal J, Salo T, Tervahartiala T, Hukkanen M, Tjäderhane L, Sorsa T. Reduced expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis in matrix metalloproteinase-8 null mice. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:58-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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100
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Bostanci N, Saygan B, Emingil G, Atilla G, Belibasakis GN. Effect of periodontal treatment on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin levels and relative ratio in gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:428-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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