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Gopalakrishnapillai A, Kolb EA, Dhanan P, Bojja AS, Mason RW, Corao D, Barwe SP. Generation of Pediatric Leukemia Xenograft Models in NSG-B2m Mice: Comparison with NOD/SCID Mice. Front Oncol 2016; 6:162. [PMID: 27446808 PMCID: PMC4921874 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of orthotopic xenograft mouse models of leukemia is important to understand the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, cancer progression, its cross talk with the bone marrow microenvironment, and for preclinical evaluation of drugs. In these models, following intravenous injection, leukemic cells home to the bone marrow and proliferate there before infiltrating other organs, such as spleen, liver, and the central nervous system. Moreover, such models have been shown to accurately recapitulate the human disease and correlate with patient response to therapy and prognosis. Thus, various immune-deficient mice strains have been used with or without recipient preconditioning to increase engraftment efficiency. Mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mutation and with non-obese diabetic background (NOD/SCID) have been used in the majority of leukemia xenograft studies. Later, NOD/SCID mice deficient for interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain (IL2Rγ) gene called NSG mice became the model of choice for leukemia xenografts. However, engraftment of leukemia cells without irradiation preconditioning still remained a challenge. In this study, we used NSG mice with null alleles for major histocompatibility complex class I beta2-microglobulin (β2m) called NSG-B2m. This is a first report describing the 100% engraftment efficiency of pediatric leukemia cell lines and primary samples in NSG-B2m mice in the absence of host preconditioning by sublethal irradiation. We also show direct comparison of the engraftment efficiency and growth rate of pediatric acute leukemia cells in NSG-B2m and NOD/SCID mice, which showed 80–90% engraftment efficiency. Secondary and tertiary xenografts in NSG-B2m mice generated by injection of cells isolated from the spleens of leukemia-bearing mice also behaved similar to the primary patient sample. We have successfully engrafted 25 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples with distinct cytogenetic characteristics in NSG-B2m mice, with the purpose of generating pediatric ALL and AML xenografts for preclinical evaluation of drugs. Thus, our data support the use of NSG-B2m mouse model for leukemia engraftment and in vivo preclinical drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Priyanka Dhanan
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Aruna Sri Bojja
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Diana Corao
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Sonali P Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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Venetoclax responses of pediatric ALL xenografts reveal sensitivity of MLL-rearranged leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:1382-95. [PMID: 27343252 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-707414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of the BCL-2-selective BH3-mimetic venetoclax in patients with poor prognosis chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) highlights the potential of targeting the BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway in previously untreatable lymphoid malignancies. By selectively inhibiting BCL-2, venetoclax circumvents the dose-limiting, BCL-XL-mediated thrombocytopenia of its less selective predecessor navitoclax, while enhancing efficacy in CLL. We have previously reported the potent sensitivity of many high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts to navitoclax. Given the superior tolerability of venetoclax, here we have investigated its efficacy in childhood ALL. We demonstrate that in contrast to the clear dependence of CLL on BCL-2 alone, effective antileukemic activity in the majority of ALL xenografts requires concurrent inhibition of both BCL-2 and BCL-XL We identify BCL-XL expression as a key predictor of poor response to venetoclax and demonstrate that concurrent inhibition of both BCL-2 and BCL-XL results in synergistic killing in the majority of ALL xenografts. A notable exception is mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged infant ALL, where venetoclax largely recapitulates the activity of navitoclax, identifying this subgroup of patients as potential candidates for clinical trials of venetoclax in childhood ALL. Conversely, our findings provide a clear basis for progressing navitoclax into trials ahead of venetoclax in other subgroups.
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Richmond J, Robbins A, Evans K, Beck D, Kurmasheva RT, Billups CA, Carol H, Heatley S, Sutton R, Marshall GM, White D, Pimanda J, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Acute Sensitivity of Ph-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to the SMAC-Mimetic Birinapant. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4579-91. [PMID: 27302164 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a genetically defined high-risk ALL subtype with a generally poor prognosis. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of birinapant, a small-molecule mimetic of the apoptotic regulator SMAC, against a diverse set of ALL subtypes. Birinapant exhibited potent and selective cytotoxicity against B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) cells that were cultured ex vivo or in vivo as patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX). Cytotoxicity was consistently most acute in Ph-like BCP-ALL. Unbiased gene expression analysis of BCP-ALL PDX specimens identified a 68-gene signature associated with birinapant sensitivity, including an enrichment for genes involved in inflammatory response, hematopoiesis, and cell death pathways. All Ph-like PDXs analyzed clustered within this 68-gene classifier. Mechanistically, birinapant sensitivity was associated with expression of TNF receptor TNFR1 and was abrogated by interfering with the TNFα/TNFR1 interaction. In combination therapy, birinapant enhanced the in vivo efficacy of an induction-type regimen of vincristine, dexamethasone, and L-asparaginase against Ph-like ALL xenografts, offering a preclinical rationale to further evaluate this SMAC mimetic for BCP-ALL treatment. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4579-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Richmond
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alissa Robbins
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominik Beck
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Catherine A Billups
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sue Heatley
- South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Deborah White
- South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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54
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Xenograft-directed personalized therapy for a patient with post-transplant relapse of ALL. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1279-82. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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55
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Townsend EC, Murakami MA, Christodoulou A, Christie AL, Köster J, DeSouza TA, Morgan EA, Kallgren SP, Liu H, Wu SC, Plana O, Montero J, Stevenson KE, Rao P, Vadhi R, Andreeff M, Armand P, Ballen KK, Barzaghi-Rinaudo P, Cahill S, Clark RA, Cooke VG, Davids MS, DeAngelo DJ, Dorfman DM, Eaton H, Ebert BL, Etchin J, Firestone B, Fisher DC, Freedman AS, Galinsky IA, Gao H, Garcia JS, Garnache-Ottou F, Graubert TA, Gutierrez A, Halilovic E, Harris MH, Herbert ZT, Horwitz SM, Inghirami G, Intlekofer AM, Ito M, Izraeli S, Jacobsen ED, Jacobson CA, Jeay S, Jeremias I, Kelliher MA, Koch R, Konopleva M, Kopp N, Kornblau SM, Kung AL, Kupper TS, LeBoeuf NR, LaCasce AS, Lees E, Li LS, Look AT, Murakami M, Muschen M, Neuberg D, Ng SY, Odejide OO, Orkin SH, Paquette RR, Place AE, Roderick JE, Ryan JA, Sallan SE, Shoji B, Silverman LB, Soiffer RJ, Steensma DP, Stegmaier K, Stone RM, Tamburini J, Thorner AR, van Hummelen P, Wadleigh M, Wiesmann M, Weng AP, Wuerthner JU, Williams DA, Wollison BM, Lane AA, Letai A, Bertagnolli MM, Ritz J, Brown M, Long H, Aster JC, Shipp MA, Griffin JD, Weinstock DM. The Public Repository of Xenografts Enables Discovery and Randomized Phase II-like Trials in Mice. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:574-586. [PMID: 27070704 PMCID: PMC5177991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of drugs with preclinical activity fail in human trials, largely due to insufficient efficacy. We hypothesized that adequately powered trials of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in mice could efficiently define therapeutic activity across heterogeneous tumors. To address this hypothesis, we established a large, publicly available repository of well-characterized leukemia and lymphoma PDXs that undergo orthotopic engraftment, called the Public Repository of Xenografts (PRoXe). PRoXe includes all de-identified information relevant to the primary specimens and the PDXs derived from them. Using this repository, we demonstrate that large studies of acute leukemia PDXs that mimic human randomized clinical trials can characterize drug efficacy and generate transcriptional, functional, and proteomic biomarkers in both treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Townsend
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark A Murakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexandra Christodoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Johannes Köster
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenomics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tiffany A DeSouza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott P Kallgren
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huiyun Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shuo-Chieh Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Olivia Plana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joan Montero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristen E Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prakash Rao
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenomics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Raga Vadhi
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenomics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Leukemia Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karen K Ballen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patrizia Barzaghi-Rinaudo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vesselina G Cooke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hilary Eaton
- Office of Research and Technology Ventures, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brant Firestone
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David C Fisher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arnold S Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ilene A Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Graubert
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marian H Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zachary T Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven M Horwitz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew M Intlekofer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moriko Ito
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Functional Genomics and Leukemia Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Eric D Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Caron A Jacobson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sébastien Jeay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Marchioninistraße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle A Kelliher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Raphael Koch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Leukemia Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadja Kopp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Leukemia Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ann S LaCasce
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Loretta S Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Masato Murakami
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Muschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samuel Y Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oreofe O Odejide
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachel R Paquette
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew E Place
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Justine E Roderick
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jeremy A Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brent Shoji
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - David P Steensma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerome Tamburini
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martha Wadleigh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marion Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver V5Z 1H8, Canada
| | - Jens U Wuerthner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David A Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bruce M Wollison
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew A Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Monica M Bertagnolli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenomics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Henry Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenomics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Margaret A Shipp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - James D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 510B, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Dolai S, Sia KC, Robbins AK, Zhong L, Heatley SL, Vincent TL, Hochgräfe F, Sutton R, Kurmasheva RT, Revesz T, White DL, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Teachey DT, Daly RJ, Raftery MJ, Lock RB. Quantitative Phosphotyrosine Profiling of Patient-Derived Xenografts Identifies Therapeutic Targets in Pediatric Leukemia. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2766-2777. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Maris JM, Lock RB, Carol H, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Billups CA, Collins J, Kurmashev D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial Testing of NSC 750854, a Novel Purine Analog, Against Pediatric Tumor Models by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:443-50. [PMID: 26797892 PMCID: PMC4724638 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NSC 750854 is a purine analog with an antitumor activity profile distinctive from that of other anticancer purines. It has shown significant activity against adult cancer preclinical models. PROCEDURE NSC 750854 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 1.0 nM to 10 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg daily for 5 days repeated at day 15. RESULTS The median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) value for the PPTP cell lines was 32 nM (range from 11 to 124 nM), with consistent cytotoxicity across all cell lines. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines were more sensitive to NSC 750854 than non-ALL cell lines. NSC 750854 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 31 of 35 (89%) solid tumor xenografts. It induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate or high event free survival (EFS) T/C activity in 17 of 32 (53%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts (most consistently in the rhabdomyosarcoma panel). Objective responses were observed in 15 of 37 (41%) solid tumor xenografts and in all eight leukemia models with complete response (CR) or maintained complete response (MCR) in seven of eight leukemia models. CONCLUSIONS NSC 750854 has a unique spectrum of antitumor activity compared with other agents tested by the PPTP as it induces regression in tumor models with limited sensitivity to most agents tested to date. Given the promising level of activity observed for NSC 750854 against PPTP preclinical models, further exploration of its mechanism of action is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute of Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute of Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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Attiyeh EF, Maris JM, Lock R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Carol H, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Wu J, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Pharmacodynamic and genomic markers associated with response to the XPO1/CRM1 inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330): A report from the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:276-86. [PMID: 26398108 PMCID: PMC4722540 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selinexor (KPT-330) is an inhibitor of the major nuclear export receptor, exportin 1 (XPO1, also termed chromosome region maintenance 1, CRM1) that has demonstrated activity in preclinical models and clinical activity against several solid and hematological cancers. PROCEDURES Selinexor was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 1.0 nM to 10 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg thrice weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS Selinexor demonstrated cytotoxic activity in vitro, with a median relative IC50 value of 123 nM (range 13.0 nM to >10 μM). Selinexor induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution in 29 of 38 (76%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in five of eight (63%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Objective responses (partial or complete responses, PR/CR) were observed for 4 of 38 solid tumor xenografts including Wilms tumor, medulloblastoma (n = 2), and ependymoma models. For the ALL panel, two of eight (25%) xenografts achieved either CR or maintained CR. Two responding xenografts had FBXW7 mutations at R465 and two had SMARCA4 mutations. Selinexor induced p53, p21, and cleaved PARP in several solid tumor models. CONCLUSIONS Selinexor induced regression against several solid tumor and ALL xenografts and slowed tumor growth in a larger number of models. Pharmacodynamic effects for XPO1 inhibition were noted. Defining the relationship between selinexor systemic exposures in mice and humans will be important in assessing the clinical relevance of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Attiyeh
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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59
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Moses BS, Slone WL, Thomas P, Evans R, Piktel D, Angel PM, Walsh CM, Cantrell PS, Rellick SL, Martin KH, Simpkins JW, Gibson LF. Bone marrow microenvironment modulation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia phenotype. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:50-9.e1-2. [PMID: 26407636 PMCID: PMC4684957 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment regimens have dramatically improved the survival of ALL patients. However, chemoresistant minimal residual disease that persists following cessation of therapy contributes to aggressive relapse. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) is an established "site of sanctuary" for ALL, as well as myeloid-lineage hematopoietic disease, with signals in this unique anatomic location contributing to drug resistance. Several models have been developed to recapitulate the interactions between the BMM and ALL cells. However, many in vitro models fail to accurately reflect the level of protection afforded to the most resistant subset of leukemic cells during coculture with BMM elements. Preclinical in vivo models have advantages, but can be costly, and are often not fully informed by optimal in vitro studies. We describe an innovative extension of 2-D coculture wherein ALL cells uniquely interact with bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Tumor cells in this model bury beneath primary human bone marrow-derived stromal cells or osteoblasts, termed "phase dim" ALL, and exhibit a unique phenotype characterized by altered metabolism, distinct protein expression profiles, increased quiescence, and pronounced chemotherapy resistance. Investigation focused on the phase dim subpopulation may more efficiently inform preclinical design and investigation of the minimal residual disease and relapse that arise from BMM-supported leukemic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S Moses
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - William L Slone
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Debbie Piktel
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie L Rellick
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Karen H Martin
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV; Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV; Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morganstown, WV.
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60
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Francis OL, Milford TAM, Martinez SR, Baez I, Coats JS, Mayagoitia K, Concepcion KR, Ginelli E, Beldiman C, Benitez A, Weldon AJ, Arogyaswamy K, Shiraz P, Fisher R, Morris CL, Zhang XB, Filippov V, Van Handel B, Ge Z, Song C, Dovat S, Su RJ, Payne KJ. A novel xenograft model to study the role of TSLP-induced CRLF2 signals in normal and malignant human B lymphopoiesis. Haematologica 2015; 101:417-26. [PMID: 26611474 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.125336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) stimulates in-vitro proliferation of human fetal B-cell precursors. However, its in-vivo role during normal human B lymphopoiesis is unknown. Genetic alterations that cause overexpression of its receptor component, cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2), lead to high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia implicating this signaling pathway in leukemogenesis. We show that mouse thymic stromal lymphopoietin does not stimulate the downstream pathways (JAK/STAT5 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR) activated by the human cytokine in primary high-risk leukemia with overexpression of the receptor component. Thus, the utility of classic patient-derived xenografts for in-vivo studies of this pathway is limited. We engineered xenograft mice to produce human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (+T mice) by injection with stromal cells transduced to express the cytokine. Control (-T) mice were produced using stroma transduced with control vector. Normal levels of human thymic stromal lymphopoietin were achieved in sera of +T mice, but were undetectable in -T mice. Patient-derived xenografts generated from +T as compared to -T mice showed a 3-6-fold increase in normal human B-cell precursors that was maintained through later stages of B-cell development. Gene expression profiles in high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia expanded in +T mice indicate increased mTOR pathway activation and are more similar to the original patient sample than those from -T mice. +T/-T xenografts provide a novel pre-clinical model for understanding this pathway in B lymphopoiesis and identifying treatments for high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with overexpression of cytokine-like factor receptor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Department of Hematology, Nanjing 210029, China Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chunhua Song
- Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, USA
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61
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Jones CL, Gearheart CM, Fosmire S, Delgado-Martin C, Evensen NA, Bride K, Waanders AJ, Pais F, Wang J, Bhatla T, Bitterman DS, de Rijk SR, Bourgeois W, Dandekar S, Park E, Burleson TM, Madhusoodhan PP, Teachey DT, Raetz EA, Hermiston ML, Müschen M, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Zhang J, Garabedian MJ, Porter CC, Carroll WL. MAPK signaling cascades mediate distinct glucocorticoid resistance mechanisms in pediatric leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:2202-12. [PMID: 26324703 PMCID: PMC4635116 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-639138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients who relapse is dismal. A hallmark of relapsed disease is acquired resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, particularly glucocorticoids. In this study, we performed a genome-scale short hairpin RNA screen to identify mediators of prednisolone sensitivity in ALL cell lines. The incorporation of these data with an integrated analysis of relapse-specific genetic and epigenetic changes allowed us to identify the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as a mediator of prednisolone resistance in pediatric ALL. We show that knockdown of the specific MAPK pathway members MEK2 and MEK4 increased sensitivity to prednisolone through distinct mechanisms. MEK4 knockdown increased sensitivity specifically to prednisolone by increasing the levels of the glucocorticoid receptor. MEK2 knockdown increased sensitivity to all chemotherapy agents tested by increasing the levels of p53. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of MEK1/2 with trametinib increased sensitivity of ALL cells and primary samples to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To confirm a role for MAPK signaling in patients with relapsed ALL, we measured the activation of the MEK1/2 target ERK in matched diagnosis-relapse primary samples and observed increased phosphorylated ERK levels at relapse. Furthermore, relapse samples have an enhanced response to MEK inhibition compared to matched diagnosis samples in xenograft models. Together, our data indicate that inhibition of the MAPK pathway increases chemosensitivity to glucocorticoids and possibly other agents and that the MAPK pathway is an attractive target for prevention and/or treatment of relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Jones
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Christy M Gearheart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Susan Fosmire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Nikki A Evensen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Karen Bride
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Angela J Waanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Faye Pais
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Teena Bhatla
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Danielle S Bitterman
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Simone R de Rijk
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wallace Bourgeois
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Smita Dandekar
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Eugene Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tamara M Burleson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - David T Teachey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michelle L Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - William L Carroll
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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62
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Toscan CE, Rahimi M, Bhadbhade M, Pickford R, McAlpine SR, Lock RB. Thioimidazoline based compounds reverse glucocorticoid resistance in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6299-312. [PMID: 25967739 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00779h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids form a critical component of chemotherapy regimens for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the initial response to glucocorticoid therapy is a major prognostic factor, where resistance is predictive of poor outcome. A high-throughput screen identified four thioimidazoline-containing compounds that reversed dexamethasone resistance in an ALL xenograft derived from a chemoresistant pediatric ALL. The lead compound (1) was synergistic when used in combination with the glucocorticoids, dexamethasone or prednisolone. Synergy was observed in a range of dexamethasone-resistant xenografts representative of B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and T-cell ALL. We describe here the synthesis of twenty compounds and biological evaluation of thirty two molecules that explore the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of this novel class of glucocorticoid sensitizing compounds. SAR analysis has identified that the most effective dexamethasone sensitizers contain a thioimidazoline acetamide substructure with a large hydrophobic moiety on the acetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Toscan
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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63
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Sia D, Moeini A, Labgaa I, Villanueva A. The future of patient-derived tumor xenografts in cancer treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1671-83. [PMID: 26402657 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, major technological advancements have led to a better understanding of the molecular drivers of human malignancies. Nonetheless, this progress only marginally impacted the cancer therapeutic approach, probably due to the limited ability of experimental models to predict efficacy in clinical trials. In an effort to offset this limitation, there has been an increasing interest in the development of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models where human tumors are xenotransplanted into immunocompromised mice. Considering their high resemblance to human tumors and their stability, PDX models are becoming the preferred translational tools in preclinical studies. Nonetheless, several limitations hamper a wider use of PDX models and tarnish the concept that they might represent the missing piece in the personalized medicine puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sia
- Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hepato-biliary Surgery, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 153, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Gastrointestinal Surgery & Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, National Cancer Institute, via Venezian, 1, Milan, Italy.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue NY 10029, USA
| | - Agrin Moeini
- Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hepato-biliary Surgery, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 153, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue NY 10029, USA
| | - Ismail Labgaa
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue NY 10029, USA
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue NY 10029, USA.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, NY, USA
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64
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Yoon SO, Zapata MC, Singh A, Jo WS, Spencer N, Choi YS. Gamma secretase inhibitors enhance vincristine-induced apoptosis in T-ALL in a NOTCH-independent manner. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1616-26. [PMID: 25156146 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene are found in over 50 % of T-ALL cases. Since Notch signaling contributes to the leukemia cell survival and growth, targeting Notch signaling using γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) has been proposed as a molecularly targeted therapy for the treatment of T-ALL. However, not all T-ALL with NOTCH1 activating mutations respond to GSI treatment. We examined whether GSI could enhance the cytotoxic effect of anti-leukemic agents in the GSI-resistant T-ALL cells although GSI does not have anti-tumor effect as a single agent. GSI significantly increased cell death induced by Vincristine (VCR) but not other anti-leukemic drugs (Methotrexate, Asparaginase, and Cytarabine). The GSI effect in enhancing VCR efficacy was not the result of inhibition of Notch signaling. GSI augmented VCR-induced mitotic arrest, followed by apoptosis. GSI accelerated VCR-triggered loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Our finding suggests that GSI has other functions besides inhibiting Notch signaling in T-ALL and incorporating GSI into the conventional regimen containing VCR may offer therapeutic advantage by potentiating VCR treatment in leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ok Yoon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, 70121, LA, USA,
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65
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Ackler S, Oleksijew A, Chen J, Chyla BJ, Clarin J, Foster K, McGonigal T, Mishra S, Schlessinger S, Smith ML, Tahir SK, Leverson JD, Souers AJ, Boghaert ER, Hickson J. Clearance of systemic hematologic tumors by venetoclax (Abt-199) and navitoclax. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00178. [PMID: 26516589 PMCID: PMC4618648 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family inhibitors venetoclax and navitoclax demonstrated potent antitumor activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, notably in reducing marrow load and adenopathy. Subsequent trials with venetoclax have been initiated in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients. Traditional preclinical models fall short either in faithfully recapitulating disease progression within such compartments or in allowing the direct longitudinal analysis of systemic disease. We show that intravenous inoculation of engineered RS4;11 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and Granta 519 (mantle cell lymphoma) bioluminescent reporter cell lines result in tumor engraftment of bone marrow, with additional invasion of the central nervous system in the case of Granta 519. Importantly, apoptosis induction and response of these systemically engrafted tumors to Bcl-2 family inhibitors alone or in combination with standard-of-care agents could be monitored longitudinally with optical imaging, and was more accurately reflective of the observed clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- AbbVie Inc. North Chicago, Illinois
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66
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Geier B, Kurmashev D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Preclinical Childhood Sarcoma Models: Drug Efficacy Biomarker Identification and Validation. Front Oncol 2015; 5:193. [PMID: 26380223 PMCID: PMC4549564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 35 years, cure rates for pediatric cancers have increased dramatically. However, it is clear that further dose intensification using cytotoxic agents or radiation therapy is not possible without enhancing morbidity and long-term effects. Consequently, novel, less genotoxic, agents are being sought to complement existing treatments. Here, we discuss preclinical human tumor xenograft models of pediatric cancers that may be used practically to identify novel agents for soft tissue and bone sarcomas, and "omics" approaches to identifying biomarkers that may identify sensitive and resistant tumors to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Geier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dias Kurmashev
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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67
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Ramsey LB, Janke LJ, Payton MA, Cai X, Paugh SW, Karol SE, Kamdem LK, Cheng C, Williams RT, Jeha S, Pui CH, Evans WE, Relling MV. Antileukemic Efficacy of Continuous vs Discontinuous Dexamethasone in Murine Models of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135134. [PMID: 26252865 PMCID: PMC4529108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis is one of the most common, serious, toxicities resulting from the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In recent years, pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia clinical trials have used discontinuous rather than continuous dosing of dexamethasone in an effort to reduce the incidence of osteonecrosis. However, it is not known whether discontinuous dosing would compromise antileukemic efficacy of glucocorticoids. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of discontinuous dexamethasone against continuous dexamethasone in murine models bearing human acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts (n = 8 patient samples) or murine BCR-ABL+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Plasma dexamethasone concentrations (7.9 to 212 nM) were similar to those achieved in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using conventional dosages. The median leukemia-free survival ranged from 16 to 59 days; dexamethasone prolonged survival from a median of 4 to 129 days in all seven dexamethasone-sensitive acute lymphoblastic leukemias. In the majority of cases (7 of 8 xenografts and the murine BCR-ABL model) we demonstrated equal efficacy of the two dexamethasone dosing regimens; whereas for one acute lymphoblastic leukemia sample, the discontinuous regimen yielded inferior antileukemic efficacy (log-rank p = 0.002). Our results support the clinical practice of using discontinuous rather than continuous dexamethasone dosing in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Ramsey
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Janke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monique A. Payton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiangjun Cai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Paugh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Seth E. Karol
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Landry Kamdem Kamdem
- Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Biostatistics Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William E. Evans
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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AKR1C3 is a biomarker of sensitivity to PR-104 in preclinical models of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:1193-202. [PMID: 26116659 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-618900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PR-104, a phosphate ester of the nitrogen mustard prodrug PR-104A, has shown evidence of efficacy in adult leukemia clinical trials. Originally designed to target hypoxic cells, PR-104A is independently activated by aldo-keto-reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). The aim of this study was to test whether AKR1C3 is a predictive biomarker of in vivo PR-104 sensitivity. In a panel of 7 patient-derived pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts, PR-104 showed significantly greater efficacy against T-lineage ALL (T-ALL) than B-cell-precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) xenografts. Single-agent PR-104 was more efficacious against T-ALL xenografts compared with a combination regimen of vincristine, dexamethasone, and l-asparaginase. Expression of AKR1C3 was significantly higher in T-ALL xenografts compared with BCP-ALL, and correlated with PR-104/PR-104A sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of AKR1C3 in a resistant BCP-ALL xenograft resulted in dramatic sensitization to PR-104 in vivo. Testing leukemic blasts from 11 patients confirmed that T-ALL cells were more sensitive than BCP-ALL to PR-104A in vitro, and that sensitivity correlated with AKR1C3 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that PR-104 shows promise as a novel therapy for relapsed/refractory T-ALL, and that AKR1C3 expression could be used as a biomarker to select patients most likely to benefit from such treatment in prospective clinical trials.
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Milani M, Laranjeira ABA, de Vasconcellos JF, Brandalise SR, Nowill AE, Yunes JA. Plasma Hsp90 Level as a Marker of Early Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Engraftment and Progression in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129298. [PMID: 26068922 PMCID: PMC4466233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current monitoring of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in living mice is based on FACS analysis of blood hCD45+ cells. In this work, we evaluated the use of human IGFBP2, B2M or Hsp90 as soluble markers of leukemia. ELISA for B2M and IGFBP2 resulted in high background levels in healthy animals, precluding its use. Conversely, plasma levels of Hsp90 showed low background and linear correlation to FACS results. In another experiment, we compared Hsp90 levels with percentage of hCD45+ cells in blood, bone marrow, liver and spleen of animals weekly sacrificed. Hsp90 levels proved to be a superior method for the earlier detection of ALL engraftment and correlated linearly to ALL burden and progression in all compartments, even at minimal residual disease levels. Importantly, the Hsp90/hCD45+ ratio was not altered when animals were treated with dexamethasone or a PI3K inhibitor, indicating that chemotherapy does not directly interfere with leukemia production of Hsp90. In conclusion, plasma Hsp90 was validated as a soluble biomarker of ALL, useful for earlier detection of leukemia engraftment, monitoring leukemia kinetics at residual disease levels, and pre-clinical or mouse avatar evaluations of anti-leukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Milani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Eduardo Nowill
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisas Oncohematologicas da Infância (CIPOI), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Andrés Yunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética Médica, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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70
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Maris JM, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Lock RB, Carol H, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of BAL101553, a novel tubulin binding agent, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1106-9. [PMID: 25407467 PMCID: PMC4405429 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BAL101553 is a highly water soluble prodrug of BAL27862 that arrests tumor cell proliferation and induces cell death in cancer cells through disruption of the microtubule network. In vitro BAL27862 demonstrated potent activity, with the median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) of 13.8 nM (range 5.4-25.2 nM). The in vitro activity of BAL27862 against the PPTP cell lines is distinctive from that previously described for vincristine. BAL101553 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 16 of 30 (53%) solid tumor xenografts and in two of four (67%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. No objective responses were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | | | | | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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71
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Verner J, Trbusek M, Chovancova J, Jaskova Z, Moulis M, Folber F, Halouzka R, Mayer J, Pospisilova S, Doubek M. NOD/SCID IL2Rγ-null mouse xenograft model of human p53-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ATM-mutated mantle cell lymphoma using permanent cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:3198-206. [PMID: 25827173 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1034701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenograft models represent a promising tool to study the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. To establish a reliable and appropriate in vivo model of aggressive human B-cell leukemia and lymphoma we xenotransplanted four p53-mutated cell lines and one ATM-mutated cell line into immunodeficient NOD/SCID IL2Rγ-null mice. The cell lines MEC-1, SU-DHL-4, JEKO-1, REC-1, and GRANTA-519 were transplanted intraperitoneally or subcutaneously and the engraftment was investigated using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We found significant differences in engraftment efficiency. MEC-1, JEKO-1 and GRANTA-519 cell lines engrafted most efficiently, while SU-DHL-4 cells did not engraft at all. MEC-1 and GRANTA-519 massively infiltrated organs and the whole intraperitoneal cavity showing very aggressive growth. In addition, GRANTA-519 cells massively migrated to the bone marrow regardless of the transplantation route. The MEC-1 and GRANTA-519 cells can be especially recommended for in vivo study of p53-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ATM-mutated mantle cell lymphoma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Verner
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.,b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trbusek
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.,b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Chovancova
- b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Jaskova
- b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmir Moulis
- c Department of Pathology , University Hospital Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Folber
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Halouzka
- d Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.,b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.,b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.,b CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
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72
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Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α accelerates disease progression in mouse models of leukemia and lymphoma but is not a poor prognosis factor in human AML. Leukemia 2015; 29:2075-85. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Maude SL, Dolai S, Delgado-Martin C, Vincent T, Robbins A, Selvanathan A, Ryan T, Hall J, Wood AC, Tasian SK, Hunger SP, Loh ML, Mullighan CG, Wood BL, Hermiston ML, Grupp SA, Lock RB, Teachey DT. Efficacy of JAK/STAT pathway inhibition in murine xenograft models of early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:1759-67. [PMID: 25645356 PMCID: PMC4357583 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-580480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a recently described subtype of T-ALL characterized by a unique immunophenotype and genomic profile, as well as a high rate of induction failure. Frequent mutations in cytokine receptor and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways led us to hypothesize that ETP-ALL is dependent on JAK/STAT signaling. Here we demonstrate aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in ETP-ALL blasts relative to non-ETP T-ALL. Moreover, ETP-ALL showed hyperactivation of STAT5 in response to interleukin-7, an effect that was abrogated by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. In vivo, ruxolitinib displayed activity in 6 of 6 patient-derived murine xenograft models of ETP-ALL, with profound single-agent efficacy in 5 models. Ruxolitinib treatment decreased peripheral blast counts relative to pretreatment levels and compared with control (P < .01) in 5 of 6 ETP-ALL xenografts, with marked reduction in mean splenic blast counts (P < .01) in 6 of 6 samples. Surprisingly, both JAK/STAT pathway activation and ruxolitinib efficacy were independent of the presence of JAK/STAT pathway mutations, raising the possibility that the therapeutic potential of ruxolitinib in ETP-ALL extends beyond those cases with JAK mutations. These findings establish the preclinical in vivo efficacy of ruxolitinib in ETP-ALL, a biologically distinct subtype for which novel therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Maude
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sibasish Dolai
- Leukaemia Biology, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cristina Delgado-Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tiffaney Vincent
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alissa Robbins
- Leukaemia Biology, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arthavan Selvanathan
- Leukaemia Biology, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theresa Ryan
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Junior Hall
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew C Wood
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
| | - Brent L Wood
- Division of Hematopathology, University of Washington and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
| | - Michelle L Hermiston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard B Lock
- Leukaemia Biology, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Smith MA, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Lock RB, Keir ST, Maris JM, Billups CA, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Synergistic activity of PARP inhibition by talazoparib (BMN 673) with temozolomide in pediatric cancer models in the pediatric preclinical testing program. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:819-32. [PMID: 25500058 PMCID: PMC4587665 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of PARP, an enzyme involved in base excision repair, have demonstrated single-agent activity against tumors deficient in homologous repair processes. Ewing sarcoma cells are also sensitive to PARP inhibitors, although the mechanism is not understood. Here, we evaluated the stereo-selective PARP inhibitor, talazoparib (BMN 673), combined with temozolomide or topotecan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Talazoparib was tested in vitro in combination with temozolomide (0.3-1,000 μmol/L) or topotecan (0.03-100 nmol/L) and in vivo at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg administered twice daily for 5 days combined with temozolomide (30 mg/kg/daily x 5; combination A) or 0.25 mg/kg administered twice daily for 5 days combined with temozolomide (12 mg/kg/daily x 5; combination B). Pharmacodynamic studies were undertaken after 1 or 5 days of treatment. RESULTS In vitro talazoparib potentiated the toxicity of temozolomide up to 85-fold, with marked potentiation in Ewing sarcoma and leukemia lines (30-50-fold). There was less potentiation for topotecan. In vivo, talazoparib potentiated the toxicity of temozolomide, and combination A and combination B represent the MTDs when combined with low-dose or high-dose talazoparib, respectively. Both combinations demonstrated significant synergism against 5 of 10 Ewing sarcoma xenografts. The combination demonstrated modest activity against most other xenograft models. Pharmacodynamic studies showed a treatment-induced complete loss of PARP only in tumor models sensitive to either talazoparib alone or talazoparib plus temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS The high level of activity observed for talazoparib plus temozolomide in Ewing sarcoma xenografts makes this an interesting combination to consider for pediatric evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min H Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - E Anders Kolb
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - John M Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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75
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Richmond J, Carol H, Evans K, High L, Mendomo A, Robbins A, Meyer C, Venn NC, Marschalek R, Henderson M, Sutton R, Kurmasheva RT, Kees UR, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Effective targeting of the P53-MDM2 axis in preclinical models of infant MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1395-405. [PMID: 25573381 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the overall cure rate for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) approaches 90%, infants with ALL harboring translocations in the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) oncogene (infant MLL-ALL) experience shorter remission duration and lower survival rates (∼50%). Mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are uncommon in infant MLL-ALL, and drugs that release p53 from inhibitory mechanisms may be beneficial. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the orally available nutlin, RG7112, against patient-derived MLL-ALL xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight MLL-ALL patient-derived xenografts were established in immune-deficient mice, and their molecular features compared with B-lineage ALL and T-ALL xenografts. The sensitivity of MLL-ALL xenografts to RG7112 was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and the ability of RG7112 to induce p53, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis in vivo was evaluated. RESULTS Gene-expression analysis revealed that MLL-ALL, B-lineage ALL, and T-ALL xenografts clustered according to subtype. Moreover, genes previously reported to be overexpressed in MLL-ALL, including MEIS1, CCNA1, and members of the HOXA family, were significantly upregulated in MLL-ALL xenografts, confirming their ability to recapitulate the clinical disease. Exposure of MLL-ALL xenografts to RG7112 in vivo caused p53 upregulation, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. RG7112 as a single agent induced significant regressions in infant MLL-ALL xenografts. Therapeutic enhancement was observed when RG7112 was assessed using combination treatment with an induction-type regimen (vincristine/dexamethasone/L-asparaginase) against an MLL-ALL xenograft. CONCLUSIONS The utility of targeting the p53-MDM2 axis in combination with established drugs for the management of infant MLL-ALL warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Richmond
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura High
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Agnes Mendomo
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alissa Robbins
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claus Meyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nicola C Venn
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michelle Henderson
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ursula R Kees
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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76
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Smith MA, Hampton OA, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Keir ST, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Wheeler DA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing (stage 1) of the PARP inhibitor BMN 673 by the pediatric preclinical testing program: PALB2 mutation predicts exceptional in vivo response to BMN 673. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:91-8. [PMID: 25263539 PMCID: PMC4456187 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMN 673 is a potent inhibitor of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) that is in clinical testing with a primary focus on BRCA-mutated cancers. BMN 673 is active both through inhibiting PARP catalytic activity and by tightly trapping PARP to DNA at sites of single strand breaks. PROCEDURE BMN 673 was tested in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1 μM and in vivo at a daily dose of 0.33 mg/kg administered orally twice daily (Mon-Fri) and once daily on weekends (solid tumors) for 28 days. RESULTS The median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) concentration against the PPTP cell lines was 25.8 nM. The median rIC50 for the Ewing cell lines was lower than for the remaining cell lines (6.4 vs. 31.1 nM, respectively). In vivo BMN 673 induced statistically significant differences in EFS distribution in 17/43 (39.5%) xenograft models. Three objective regressions were observed: a complete response (CR) in a medulloblastoma line (BT-45), a maintained CR in a Wilms tumor line (KT-10), and a maintained CR in an ependymoma line (BT-41). BMN 673 maintained its high level of activity against KT-10 with a threefold reduction in dose. KT-10 possesses a truncating mutation in PALB2 analogous to PALB2 mutations associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer that abrogate homologous recombination (HR) repair. CONCLUSIONS The PPTP results suggest that single agent BMN 673 may have limited clinical activity against pediatric cancers. Single agent activity is more likely for patients whose tumors have defects in HR repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver A. Hampton
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - David A. Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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77
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Carol H, Fan MMY, Harasym TO, Boehm I, Mayer LD, Houghton P, Smith M, Lock RB. Efficacy of CPX-351, (cytarabine:daunorubicin) liposome injection, against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenograft models of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:65-71. [PMID: 25203866 PMCID: PMC4237711 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CPX-351, a liposomal formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin co-encapsulated at an optimized synergistic 5:1 molar ratio, has demonstrated improved clinical outcomes over conventional cytarabine/daunorubicin treatment in a randomized phase 2 trial in patients with AML as well as superior efficacy against preclinical leukemia models when compared to the free drugs in combination. PROCEDURES Given the promising phase 2 data, limited toxicities observed, and the known clinical activities of cytarabine/daunorubicin, we assessed the efficacy of CPX-351 against a panel of childhood ALL xenograft models. Plasma pharmacokinetics of cytarabine and daunorubicin following CPX-351 treatment were determined by HPLC in order to correlate efficacy with drug exposure. RESULTS CPX-351, at a dose of 5 units/kg (corresponding to 5 mg/kg cytarabine and 2.2 mg/kg daunorubicin), was highly efficacious against all xenografts tested, inducing complete responses in four B-lineage xenografts and partial response in one T-lineage xenograft. These therapeutic responses were achieved with CPX-351 doses that provided drug exposures (based on Cmax and AUC) comparable to those observed in patients with AML. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CPX-351 may be a promising chemotherapeutic to be utilized in the treatment of ALL and support its testing in pediatric patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Ingrid Boehm
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Malcolm Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCl, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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78
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Suryani S, Bracken LS, Harvey RC, Sia KCS, Carol H, Chen IM, Evans K, Dietrich PA, Roberts KG, Kurmasheva RT, Billups CA, Mullighan CG, Willman CL, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the JAK inhibitor AZD1480 against JAK-mutated acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:364-74. [PMID: 25504635 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide studies have identified a high-risk subgroup of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) harboring mutations in the Janus kinases (JAK). The purpose of this study was to assess the preclinical efficacy of the JAK1/2 inhibitor AZD1480, both as a single agent and in combination with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib, against JAK-mutated patient-derived xenografts. Patient-derived xenografts were established in immunodeficient mice from bone marrow or peripheral blood biopsy specimens, and their gene expression profiles compared with the original patient biopsies by microarray analysis. JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling pathways, and the inhibitory effects of targeted drugs, were interrogated by immunoblotting of phosphoproteins. The antileukemic effects of AZD1480 and selumetinib, alone and in combination, were tested against JAK-mutated ALL xenografts both in vitro and in vivo. Xenografts accurately represented the primary disease as determined by gene expression profiling. Cellular phosphoprotein analysis demonstrated that JAK-mutated xenografts exhibited heightened activation status of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling pathways compared with typical B-cell precursor ALL xenografts, which were inhibited by AZD1480 exposure. However, AZD1480 exhibited modest single-agent in vivo efficacy against JAK-mutated xenografts. Combining AZD1480 with selumetinib resulted in profound synergistic in vitro cell killing, although these results were not translated in vivo despite evidence of target inhibition. Despite validation of target inhibition and the demonstration of profound in vitro synergy between AZD1480 and selumetinib, it is likely that prolonged target inhibition is required to achieve in vivo therapeutic enhancement between JAK and MEK inhibitors in the treatment of JAK-mutated ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Suryani
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauryn S Bracken
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard C Harvey
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Keith C S Sia
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - I-Ming Chen
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philipp A Dietrich
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Catherine A Billups
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cheryl L Willman
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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79
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Nowak D, Liem NLM, Mossner M, Klaumünzer M, Papa RA, Nowak V, Jann JC, Akagi T, Kawamata N, Okamoto R, Thoennissen NH, Kato M, Sanada M, Hofmann WK, Ogawa S, Marshall GM, Lock RB, Koeffler HP. Variegated clonality and rapid emergence of new molecular lesions in xenografts of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are associated with drug resistance. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:32-43.e1-35. [PMID: 25450514 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of genome-wide copy-number analysis and massive parallel sequencing has revolutionized the understanding of the clonal architecture of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by demonstrating that this disease is composed of highly variable clonal ancestries following the rules of Darwinian selection. The current study aimed to analyze the molecular composition of childhood ALL biopsies and patient-derived xenografts with particular emphasis on mechanisms associated with acquired chemoresistance. Genomic DNA from seven primary pediatric ALL patient samples, 29 serially passaged xenografts, and six in vivo selected chemoresistant xenografts were analyzed with 250K single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Copy-number analysis of non-drug-selected xenografts confirmed a highly variable molecular pattern of variegated subclones. Whereas primary patient samples from initial diagnosis displayed a mean of 5.7 copy-number alterations per sample, serially passaged xenografts contained a mean of 8.2 and chemoresistant xenografts a mean of 10.5 copy-number alterations per sample, respectively. Resistance to cytarabine was explained by a new homozygous deletion of the DCK gene, whereas methotrexate resistance was associated with monoallelic deletion of FPGS and mutation of the remaining allele. This study demonstrates that selecting for chemoresistance in xenografted human ALL cells can reveal novel mechanisms associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nowak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Natalia L M Liem
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maximilian Mossner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Klaumünzer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachael A Papa
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Verena Nowak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann C Jann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kawamata
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryoko Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nils H Thoennissen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Sanada
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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80
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Opposing regulation of BIM and BCL2 controls glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 125:273-83. [PMID: 25336632 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-576470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are critical components of combination chemotherapy regimens in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The proapoptotic BIM protein is an important mediator of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in normal and malignant lymphocytes, whereas the antiapoptotic BCL2 confers resistance. The signaling pathways regulating BIM and BCL2 expression in glucocorticoid-treated lymphoid cells remain unclear. In this study, pediatric ALL patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) inherently sensitive or resistant to glucocorticoids were exposed to dexamethasone in vivo. Microarray analysis showed that KLF13 and MYB gene expression changes were significantly greater in dexamethasone-sensitive than -resistant PDXs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis detected glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding at the KLF13 promoter to trigger KLF13 expression only in sensitive PDXs. Next, KLF13 bound to the MYB promoter, deactivating MYB expression only in sensitive PDXs. Sustained MYB expression in resistant PDXs resulted in maintenance of BCL2 expression and inhibition of apoptosis. ChIP sequencing analysis revealed a novel GR binding site in a BIM intronic region (IGR) that was engaged only in dexamethasone-sensitive PDXs. The absence of GR binding at the BIM IGR was associated with BIM silencing and dexamethasone resistance. This study has identified novel mechanisms of opposing BCL2 and BIM gene regulation that control glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in pediatric ALL cells in vivo.
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81
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Toscan CE, Failes T, Arndt GM, Lock RB. High-throughput screening of human leukemia xenografts to identify dexamethasone sensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1391-401. [PMID: 25104793 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114546550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. Glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone) form a critical component of chemotherapy regimens for pediatric ALL, and the initial response to glucocorticoid therapy is a major prognostic factor, where resistance is predictive of poor outcome. We have previously established a clinically relevant ALL xenograft model, consisting of primary pediatric ALL biopsies engrafted into immune-deficient mice, in which in vitro and in vivo dexamethasone sensitivity significantly correlated with patient outcome. In this study, we used high-throughput screening (HTS) to identify novel compounds that reverse dexamethasone resistance in a xenograft (ALL-19) derived from a chemoresistant pediatric ALL patient that is representative of the most common pediatric ALL subtype (B-cell precursor [BCP-ALL]). The compound 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)propanamide showed little cytotoxic activity alone (IC50 = 31 µM), but when combined with dexamethasone, it caused a marked decrease in cell viability. Fixed-ratio combination assays were performed against a broad panel of dexamethasone-resistant and -sensitive xenografts representative of BCP-ALL, T-cell ALL, and Mixed Lineage Leukemia-rearranged ALL, and synergy was observed in six of seven xenografts. We describe here the development of a novel 384-well cell-based high-throughput screening assay for identifying potential dexamethasone sensitizers using a clinically relevant ALL xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Toscan
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Failes
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Greg M Arndt
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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82
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Carol H, Maris JM, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB, Lyalin D. Initial testing (stage 1) of the notch inhibitor PF-03084014, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1493-6. [PMID: 24664981 PMCID: PMC4225044 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PF-03084014, a γ-secretase inhibitor, was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel (1.0 nM to 10 μM) and against the in vivo xenograft panels (administered orally twice daily on Days 1-7 and 15-21). PF-03084014 demonstrated limited in vitro activity, with no cell line achieving ≥50% inhibition. PF-03084014 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in 14 of 35 (40%) solid tumor xenografts, and 1 of 9 ALL xenografts (which lacked a NOTCH1 mutation), but objective responses were not observed. PF-03084014 demonstrated limited single agent activity in vitro and in vivo against the pediatric preclinical models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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83
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Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Keir ST, Wu J, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the investigational mTOR kinase inhibitor MLN0128 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1486-9. [PMID: 24623675 PMCID: PMC4248662 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MLN0128 is an investigational small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase mTOR. MLN0128 was tested against the in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1 μM and against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 1 mg/kg administered orally daily × 28. In vitro the median relative IC(50) concentration was 19 nM. In vivo MLN0128 induced significant differences in EFS in 24/31 (77%) solid tumor models, but 0/7 ALL xenografts. The modest activity observed for MLN0128 against the PPTP preclinical models is similar to that previously reported for another TOR kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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84
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A pre-clinical model of resistance to induction therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e232. [PMID: 25083816 PMCID: PMC4219466 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse and acquired drug resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains a significant clinical problem. This study was designed to establish a preclinical model of resistance to induction therapy in childhood T-ALL to examine the emergence of drug resistance and identify novel therapies. Patient-derived T-ALL xenografts in immune-deficient (non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient) mice were exposed to a four-drug combination of vincristine, dexamethasone (DEX), L-asparaginase and daunorubicin (VXLD). ‘Relapse' xenografts were characterized by responses to drugs, changes in gene expression profiles and Connectivity Map (CMap) prediction of strategies to reverse drug resistance. Two of four xenografts developed ex vivo and in vivo drug resistance. Both resistant lines showed altered lipid and cholesterol metabolism, yet they had a distinct drug resistance pattern. CMap analyses reinforced these features, identifying the cholesterol pathway inhibitor simvastatin (SVT) as a potential therapy to overcome resistance. Combined ex vivo with DEX, SVT was significantly synergistic, yet when administered in vivo with VXLD it did not delay leukemia progression. Synergy of SVT with established chemotherapy may depend on higher drug doses than are tolerable in this model. Taken together, we have developed a clinically relevant in vivo model of T-ALL suitable to examine the emergence of drug resistance and to identify novel therapies.
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85
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Suryani S, Carol H, Chonghaile TN, Frismantas V, Sarmah C, High L, Bornhauser B, Cowley MJ, Szymanska B, Evans K, Boehm I, Tonna E, Jones L, Manesh DM, Kurmasheva RT, Billups C, Kaplan W, Letai A, Bourquin JP, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Cell and molecular determinants of in vivo efficacy of the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4520-31. [PMID: 25013123 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Predictive biomarkers are required to identify patients who may benefit from the use of BH3 mimetics such as ABT-263. This study investigated the efficacy of ABT-263 against a panel of patient-derived pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts and utilized cell and molecular approaches to identify biomarkers that predict in vivo ABT-263 sensitivity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The in vivo efficacy of ABT-263 was tested against a panel of 31 patient-derived ALL xenografts composed of MLL-, BCP-, and T-ALL subtypes. Basal gene expression profiles of ALL xenografts were analyzed and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, protein expression and BH3 profiling. An in vitro coculture assay with immortalized human mesenchymal cells was utilized to build a predictive model of in vivo ABT-263 sensitivity. RESULTS ABT-263 demonstrated impressive activity against pediatric ALL xenografts, with 19 of 31 achieving objective responses. Among BCL2 family members, in vivo ABT-263 sensitivity correlated best with low MCL1 mRNA expression levels. BH3 profiling revealed that resistance to ABT-263 correlated with mitochondrial priming by NOXA peptide, suggesting a functional role for MCL1 protein. Using an in vitro coculture assay, a predictive model of in vivo ABT-263 sensitivity was built. Testing this model against 11 xenografts predicted in vivo ABT-263 responses with high sensitivity (50%) and specificity (100%). CONCLUSION These results highlight the in vivo efficacy of ABT-263 against a broad range of pediatric ALL subtypes and shows that a combination of in vitro functional assays can be used to predict its in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Suryani
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Triona Ni Chonghaile
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Viktoras Frismantas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chintanu Sarmah
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura High
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Peter Wills Bioinformatics Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Barbara Szymanska
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ingrid Boehm
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elise Tonna
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke Jones
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donya Moradi Manesh
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Billups
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Peter Wills Bioinformatics Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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86
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Wong NC, Bhadri VA, Maksimovic J, Parkinson-Bates M, Ng J, Craig JM, Saffery R, Lock RB. Stability of gene expression and epigenetic profiles highlights the utility of patient-derived paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia xenografts for investigating molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:416. [PMID: 24885906 PMCID: PMC4057609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived tumour xenografts are an attractive model for preclinical testing of anti-cancer drugs. Insights into tumour biology and biomarkers predictive of responses to chemotherapeutic drugs can also be gained from investigating xenograft models. As a first step towards examining the equivalence of epigenetic profiles between xenografts and primary tumours in paediatric leukaemia, we performed genome-scale DNA methylation and gene expression profiling on a panel of 10 paediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) tumours that were stratified by prednisolone response. RESULTS We found high correlations in DNA methylation and gene expression profiles between matching primary and xenograft tumour samples with Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging between 0.85 and 0.98. In order to demonstrate the potential utility of epigenetic analyses in BCP-ALL xenografts, we identified DNA methylation biomarkers that correlated with prednisolone responsiveness of the original tumour samples. Differential methylation of CAPS2, ARHGAP21, ARX and HOXB6 were confirmed by locus specific analysis. We identified 20 genes showing an inverse relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression in association with prednisolone response. Pathway analysis of these genes implicated apoptosis, cell signalling and cell structure networks in prednisolone responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study confirm the stability of epigenetic and gene expression profiles of paediatric BCP-ALL propagated in mouse xenograft models. Further, our preliminary investigation of prednisolone sensitivity highlights the utility of mouse xenograft models for preclinical development of novel drug regimens with parallel investigation of underlying gene expression and epigenetic responses associated with novel drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, PO Box 81, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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87
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Jacoby E, Chien CD, Fry TJ. Murine models of acute leukemia: important tools in current pediatric leukemia research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:95. [PMID: 24847444 PMCID: PMC4019869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia remains the most common diagnosis in pediatric oncology and, despite dramatic progress in upfront therapy, is also the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Much of the initial improvement in outcomes for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was due to identification of cytotoxic agents that are active against leukemia followed by the recognition that combination of these cytotoxic agents and prolonged therapy are essential for cure. Recent data demonstrating lack of progress in patients for whom standard chemotherapy fails suggests that the ability to improve outcome for these children will not be dramatically impacted through more intensive or newer cytotoxic agents. Thus, much of the recent research focus has been in the area of improving our understanding of the genetics and the biology of leukemia. Although in vitro studies remain critical, given the complexity of a living system and the increasing recognition of the contribution of leukemia extrinsic factors such as the bone marrow microenvironment, in vivo models have provided important insights. The murine systems that are used can be broadly categorized into syngeneic models in which a murine leukemia can be studied in immunologically intact hosts and xenograft models where human leukemias are studied in highly immunocompromised murine hosts. Both of these systems have limitations such that neither can be used exclusively to study all aspects of leukemia biology and therapeutics for humans. This review will describe the various ALL model systems that have been developed as well as discuss the advantages and disadvantages inherent to these systems that make each particularly suitable for specific types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christopher D Chien
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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88
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Carol H, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Morton CL, Manesh DM, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak A, Hickson I, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock R. Initial testing (stage 1) of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, quisinostat (JNJ-26481585), by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:245-52. [PMID: 24038993 PMCID: PMC4225045 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585) is a second-generation pyrimidyl-hydroxamic acid histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with high cellular potency towards Class I and II HDACs. Quisinostat was selected for clinical development as it showed prolonged pharmacodynamic effects in vivo and demonstrated improved single agent antitumoral efficacy compared to other analogs. PROCEDURES Quisinostat was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 μM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 5 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 2.5 mg/kg (ALL models) administered intraperitoneally daily × 21. RESULTS In vitro quisinostat demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity, with T/C% values approaching 0% for all of the cell lines at the highest concentration tested. The median relative IC50 value for the PPTP cell lines was 2.2 nM (range <1-19 nM). quisinostat induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 21 of 33 (64%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 4 of 8 (50%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. An objective response was observed in 1 of 33 solid tumor xenografts while for the ALL panel, two xenografts achieved complete response (CR) or maintained CR, and a third ALL xenograft achieved stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Quisinostat demonstrated broad activity in vitro, and retarded growth in the majority of solid tumor xenografts studied. The most consistent in vivo activity signals observed were for the glioblastoma xenografts and T-cell ALL xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Donya Moradi Manesh
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Wozniak
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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89
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Bourquin JP, Bornhauser B. Have chemosensitizing strategies for multidrug-resistant childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia come of age? Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 3:369-72. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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90
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Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Maris JM, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Carol H, Lock R, Billups CA, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the Polo-like kinase inhibitor volasertib (BI 6727), by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:158-64. [PMID: 23956067 PMCID: PMC4241497 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volasertib (BI 6727) is a potent inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), that is overexpressed in several childhood cancers and cell lines. Because of its novel mechanism of action, volasertib was evaluated through the PPTP. PROCEDURES Volasertib was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1.0 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels administered IV at a dose of 30 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 15 mg/kg (ALL models) using a q7dx3 schedule. RESULTS In vitro volasertib demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median relative IC50 value of 14.1 nM, (range 6.0-135 nM). Volasertib induced significant differences in EFS in 19 of 32 (59%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 2 of 4 (50%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Volasertib induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate EFS T/C (>2) activity in 11 of 30 (37%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts, including neuroblastoma (4 of 6) and glioblastoma (2 of 3) panels, and 2 of 4 ALL models. Objective responses (CR's) were observed for 4 of 32 solid tumor (two neuroblastoma, one glioblastoma, and one rhabdomyosarcoma) and one of four ALL xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Volasertib shows potent in vitro activity against the PPTP cell lines with no histotype selectivity. In vivo, volasertib induced regressions in several xenograft models. However, pharmacokinetic data suggest that mice tolerate higher systemic exposure to volasertib than humans, suggesting that the current results may over-estimate potential clinical efficacy against the childhood cancers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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91
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Lu H, Kojima K, Battula VL, Korchin B, Shi Y, Chen Y, Spong S, Thomas DA, Kantarjian H, Lock RB, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. Targeting connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia preclinical models: anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody attenuates leukemia growth. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:485-492. [PMID: 24154679 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is involved in extracellular matrix production, tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that CTGF expression is elevated in precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and that increased expression of CTGF is associated with inferior outcome in B-ALL. In this study, we characterized the functional role and downstream signaling pathways of CTGF in ALL cells. First, we utilized lentiviral shRNA to knockdown CTGF in RS4;11 and REH ALL cells expressing high levels of CTGF mRNA. Silencing of CTGF resulted in significant suppression of leukemia cell growth compared to control vector, which was associated with AKT/mTOR inactivation and increased levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. CTGF knockdown sensitized ALL cells to vincristine and methotrexate. Treatment with an anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody, FG-3019, significantly prolonged survival of mice injected with primary xenograft B-ALL cells when co-treated with conventional chemotherapy (vincristine, L-asparaginase and dexamethasone). Data suggest that CTGF represents a targetable molecular aberration in B-ALL, and blocking CTGF signaling in conjunction with administration of chemotherapy may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Lu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Venkata Lokesh Battula
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Borys Korchin
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yuexi Shi
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ye Chen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Deborah A Thomas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard B Lock
- Leukemia Biology, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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92
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Guihard S, Peyrouze P, Cheok MH. Pharmacogenomic considerations of xenograft mouse models of acute leukemia. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1759-72. [PMID: 23171339 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of combination chemotherapy to cure acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and acute myeloid leukemia in adults emerged for acute myeloid leukemia in the 1960s and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the 1980s as a paradigm for curing any disseminated cancer. This article summarizes recent developments and considerations in the use of acute leukemia xenografts established in immunodeficient mice to elucidate the genetic and genomic basis of acute leukemia pathogenesis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Guihard
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, INSERM U837, Institute for Cancer Research, 1 Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
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93
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Carol H, Lock R, Keir ST, Maris JM, Billups CA, DesJardins C, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of eribulin, a novel tubulin binding agent, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1325-32. [PMID: 23553917 PMCID: PMC4263960 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimitotic agents are essential components for curative therapy of pediatric acute leukemias and many solid tumors. Eribulin is a novel agent that differs from both Vinca alkaloids and taxanes in its mode of binding to tubulin polymers. PROCEDURES Eribulin was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1.0 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels at a dose of 1 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 1.5 mg/kg (ALL models) using a q4dx3 schedule repeated at Day 21. RESULTS In vitro eribulin demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median relative IC50 value of 0.27 nM, (range <0.1-14.8 nM). Eribulin was well tolerated in vivo, and all 43 xenograft models were considered evaluable for efficacy. Eribulin induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 29 of 35 (83%) of the solid tumors and in 8 of 8 (100%) of the ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in 18 of 35 (51%) solid tumor xenografts. Complete responses (CR) or maintained CR were observed in panels of Wilms tumor, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma xenografts. All eight ALL xenografts achieved CR or MCR. CONCLUSIONS The high level of activity observed for eribulin against the PPTP preclinical models makes this an interesting agent to consider for pediatric evaluation. The activity pattern observed for eribulin in the solid tumor panels is equal or superior to that observed previously for vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware,Correspondence to: E. Anders Kolb, Department of Oncology, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803.
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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94
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Lock RB, Carol H, Maris JM, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Billups CA, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of ganetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:E42-5. [PMID: 23303741 PMCID: PMC4225043 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ganetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel and selected xenografts in vivo, including JAK2- and BRAF-mutated models. Ganetespib demonstrated potent in vitro cytotoxic activity (median rIC50 8.8 nM, range 4.4-27.1 nM). In vivo, ganetespib induced significant differences in EFS distribution for 4 of 11 xenografts. Intermediate activity (EFS T/C > 2) was noted only for the MV4;11 xenograft, and there were no objective responses. Administered as single agents, Hsp90 inhibitors examined by the PPTP have shown limited evidence for a therapeutic window against both solid tumor and leukemia pediatric preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Correspondence to: Richard B. Lock, PhD, Leukemia Biology Program Children’s Cancer Institute, Australia Lowy Cancer Research Centre, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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95
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Krishnan V, Xu X, Barwe SP, Yang X, Czymmek K, Waldman SA, Mason RW, Jia X, Rajasekaran AK. Dexamethasone-loaded block copolymer nanoparticles induce leukemia cell death and enhance therapeutic efficacy: a novel application in pediatric nanomedicine. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2199-210. [PMID: 23194373 PMCID: PMC4162306 DOI: 10.1021/mp300350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology approaches have tremendous potential for enhancing treatment efficacy with lower doses of chemotherapeutics. Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery approaches are poorly developed for childhood leukemia. Dexamethasone (Dex) is one of the most common chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of childhood leukemia. In this study, we encapsulated Dex in polymeric NPs and validated their antileukemic potential in vitro and in vivo. NPs with an average diameter of 110 nm were assembled from an amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) bearing pendant cyclic ketals (ECT2). The blank NPs were nontoxic to cultured cells in vitro and to mice in vivo. Encapsulation of Dex into the NPs (Dex-NP) did not compromise the bioactivity of the drug. Dex-NPs induced glucocorticoid phosphorylation and showed cytotoxicity similar to the free Dex in leukemic cells. Studies using NPs labeled with fluorescent dyes revealed leukemic cell surface binding and internalization. In vivo biodistribution studies showed NP accumulation in the liver and spleen with subsequent clearance of the particles with time. In a preclinical model of leukemia, Dex-NPs significantly improved the quality of life and survival of mice as compared to the free drug. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the efficacy of polymeric NPs to deliver Dex to potentially treat childhood leukemia and reveals that low doses of Dex should be sufficient for inducing cell death and improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinu Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Xian Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Kirk Czymmek
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Pharamcology and Experimental Therapeutics, Jefferson Medical College,
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert W. Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Ayyappan K. Rajasekaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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96
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Keir ST, Maris JM, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of temozolomide by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:783-90. [PMID: 23335050 PMCID: PMC4244112 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA methylating agent temozolomide was developed primarily for treatment of glioblastoma. However, preclinical data have suggested a broader application for treatment of childhood cancer. Temozolomide was tested against the PPTP solid tumor and ALL models. PROCEDURES Temozolomide was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 µM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at doses from 22 to 100 mg/kg administered orally daily for 5 days, repeated at day 21. RESULTS In vitro temozolomide showed cytotoxicity with a median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) value of 380 µM against the PPTP cell lines (range 1 to > 1,000 µM). The three lines with rIC50 values lesser than 10 µM had low MGMT expression compared to the remaining cell lines. In vivo temozolomide demonstrated significant toxicity at 100 mg/kg, but induced tumor regressions in 15 of 23 evaluable solid tumor models (13 maintained CR [MCR], 2 CR) and 5 of 8 ALL models (3 MCR, 2 CR). There was a steep dose response curve, with lower activity at 66 mg/kg temozolomide and with tumor regressions at 22 and 44 mg/kg restricted to models with low MGMT expression. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide demonstrated high level antitumor activity against both solid tumor and leukemia models, but also elicited significant toxicity at the highest dose level. Lowering the dose of TMZ to more closely match clinical exposures markedly reduced the antitumor activity for many xenograft lines with responsiveness at lower doses closely related to low MGMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Keir
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence to: Stephen T. Keir, PhD, Deptartment of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC3624, Durham, NC 27710.
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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97
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Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Carol H, Lock R, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Kurmasheva RT, Keir ST, Maris JM, Billups CA, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase inhibitor, SAR245408 (XL147) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:791-8. [PMID: 23002019 PMCID: PMC4684943 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the PI3 kinase pathway occurs frequently in many adult cancers and is implicated in tumor cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, less is known regarding the relevance of this pathway in pediatric cancers. Here we have evaluated SAR245408, a novel small molecule PI3K inhibitor, against childhood cancer cell lines and xenografts. PROCEDURES SAR245408 was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 10 to 100 µM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally daily × 14. RESULTS In vitro SAR245408 demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median relative IC50 value of 10.9 µM (range 2.7-24.5 µM). SAR245408 was well tolerated in vivo, and all 44 tested xenograft models were evaluable for efficacy. SAR245408 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 29 of 37 (79%) of solid tumor xenografts and in two of seven (29%) ALL xenografts. SAR245408 induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate EFS T/C activity (EFS T/C > 2) in 4 of 37 (11%) solid tumor xenografts. Intermediate EFS T/C activity was also observed for two of seven (29%) evaluable ALL xenografts. Objective responses were not observed for solid tumor or for ALL xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions evaluated in this study, SAR245408 achieved modest single-agent activity against most PPTP preclinical models. Further exploration of SAR245408 in combination with standard agents or with other signaling inhibitors could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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98
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Carol H, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Keir ST, Maris JM, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Billups CA, Geier B, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Initial testing of the MDM2 inhibitor RG7112 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:633-41. [PMID: 22753001 PMCID: PMC3495996 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of p53-MDM2 binding that frees p53 from negative control, activating the p53 pathway in cancer cells leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) due to the relatively low incidence of p53 mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult malignancies. PROCEDURES RG7112 and its inactive enantiomer RG7112i were evaluated against the 23 cell lines of the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure (1 nM to 10 µM). It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panel focusing on p53 wild-type (WT) xenografts at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 14 days followed by 4 weeks of observation. Response outcomes were related to MDM2 and p53 expression datasets (http://pptp.nchresearch.org/data.html). RESULTS RG7112 demonstrated cytotoxic activity with a lower median IC(50) for p53 WT versus p53 mutant cell lines (approximately 0.4 µM vs. >10 µM, respectively). RG7112 induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate activity (EFS T/C > 2) in 10 of 26 (38%) solid tumor xenografts. Objective responses included medulloblastoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms, rhabdoid and Ewing sarcoma xenografts. For the ALL panel, there was one partial response, five complete responses and one maintained complete response. The ALL xenografts expressed the highest levels of p53 among the PPTP panels. CONCLUSIONS RG7112 induced tumor regressions in solid tumors from different histotype panels, and exhibited consistent high-level activity against ALL xenografts. This high level of activity supports prioritization of RG7112 for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Brian Geier
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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99
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Carol H, Szymanska B, Evans K, Boehm I, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. The anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugate SAR3419 prevents hematolymphoid relapse postinduction therapy in preclinical models of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1795-805. [PMID: 23426279 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relapsed or refractory pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains a major cause of death from cancer in children. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of SAR3419, an antibody-drug conjugate of the maytansinoid DM4 and a humanized anti-CD19 antibody, against B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL and infant mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ALL xenografts were established as systemic disease in immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice from direct patient explants. SAR3419 was administered as a single agent and in combination with an induction-type regimen of vincristine/dexamethasone/l-asparaginase (VXL). Leukemia progression and response to treatment were assessed in real-time, and responses were evaluated using strict criteria modeled after the clinical setting. RESULTS SAR3419 significantly delayed the progression of 4 of 4 CD19(+) BCP-ALL and 3 of 3 MLL-ALL xenografts, induced objective responses in all but one xenograft but was ineffective against T-lineage ALL xenografts. Relative surface CD19 expression across the xenograft panel significantly correlated with leukemia progression delay and objective response measure scores. SAR3419 also exerted significant efficacy against chemoresistant BCP-ALL xenografts over a large (10-fold) dose range and significantly enhanced VXL-induced leukemia progression delay in two highly chemoresistant xenografts by up to 82 days. When administered as protracted therapy following remission induction with VXL, SAR3419 prevented disease recurrence into hematolymphoid and other major organs with the notable exception of central nervous system involvement. CONCLUSION These results suggest that incorporation of SAR3419 into remission induction protocols may improve the outcome for high-risk pediatric and adult CD19(+) ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Induction Chemotherapy
- Maytansine/administration & dosage
- Maytansine/analogs & derivatives
- Maytansine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Treatment Outcome
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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100
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Oram SH, Thoms J, Sive JI, Calero-Nieto FJ, Kinston SJ, Schütte J, Knezevic K, Lock RB, Pimanda JE, Göttgens B. Bivalent promoter marks and a latent enhancer may prime the leukaemia oncogene LMO1 for ectopic expression in T-cell leukaemia. Leukemia 2013; 27:1348-57. [PMID: 23302769 PMCID: PMC3677138 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
LMO1 is a transcriptional regulator and a T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) oncogene. Although first identified in association with a chromosomal translocation in T-ALL, the ectopic expression of LMO1 occurs far more frequently in the absence of any known mutation involving its locus. Given that LMO1 is barely expressed in any haematopoietic lineage, and activation of transcriptional drivers in leukaemic cells is not well described, we investigated the regulation of this gene in normal haematopoietic and leukaemic cells. We show that LMO1 has two promoters that drive reporter gene expression in transgenic mice to neural tissues known to express endogenous LMO1. The LMO1 promoters display bivalent histone marks in multiple blood lineages including T-cells, and a 3' flanking region at LMO1 +57 contains a transcriptional enhancer that is active in developing blood cells in transgenic mouse embryos. The LMO1 promoters become activated in T-ALL together with the 3' enhancer, which is bound in primary T-ALL cells by SCL/TAL1 and GATA3. Taken together, our results show that LMO1 is poised for expression in normal progenitors, where activation of SCL/TAL1 together with a breakdown of epigenetic repression of LMO1 regulatory elements induces ectopic LMO1 expression that contributes to the development and maintenance of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Oram
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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