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Forde PM, Chaft JE, Smith KN, Anagnostou V, Cottrell TR, Hellmann MD, Zahurak M, Yang SC, Jones DR, Broderick S, Battafarano RJ, Velez MJ, Rekhtman N, Olah Z, Naidoo J, Marrone KA, Verde F, Guo H, Zhang J, Caushi JX, Chan HY, Sidhom JW, Scharpf RB, White J, Gabrielson E, Wang H, Rosner GL, Rusch V, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Taube JM, Velculescu VE, Topalian SL, Brahmer JR, Pardoll DM. Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockade in Resectable Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1976-1986. [PMID: 29658848 PMCID: PMC6223617 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1716078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies that block programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein improve survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but have not been tested in resectable NSCLC, a condition in which little progress has been made during the past decade. METHODS In this pilot study, we administered two preoperative doses of PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab in adults with untreated, surgically resectable early (stage I, II, or IIIA) NSCLC. Nivolumab (at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight) was administered intravenously every 2 weeks, with surgery planned approximately 4 weeks after the first dose. The primary end points of the study were safety and feasibility. We also evaluated the tumor pathological response, expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), mutational burden, and mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. RESULTS Neoadjuvant nivolumab had an acceptable side-effect profile and was not associated with delays in surgery. Of the 21 tumors that were removed, 20 were completely resected. A major pathological response occurred in 9 of 20 resected tumors (45%). Responses occurred in both PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative tumors. There was a significant correlation between the pathological response and the pretreatment tumor mutational burden. The number of T-cell clones that were found in both the tumor and peripheral blood increased systemically after PD-1 blockade in eight of nine patients who were evaluated. Mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell clones from a primary tumor with a complete response on pathological assessment rapidly expanded in peripheral blood at 2 to 4 weeks after treatment; some of these clones were not detected before the administration of nivolumab. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant nivolumab was associated with few side effects, did not delay surgery, and induced a major pathological response in 45% of resected tumors. The tumor mutational burden was predictive of the pathological response to PD-1 blockade. Treatment induced expansion of mutation-associated, neoantigen-specific T-cell clones in peripheral blood. (Funded by Cancer Research Institute-Stand Up 2 Cancer and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02259621 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Forde
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Jamie E Chaft
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Kellie N Smith
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Valsamo Anagnostou
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Tricia R Cottrell
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Marianna Zahurak
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Stephen C Yang
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - David R Jones
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Stephen Broderick
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Richard J Battafarano
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Moises J Velez
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Zachary Olah
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Jarushka Naidoo
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Kristen A Marrone
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Franco Verde
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Haidan Guo
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Justina X Caushi
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Hok Yee Chan
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - John-William Sidhom
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Robert B Scharpf
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - James White
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Hao Wang
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Gary L Rosner
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Valerie Rusch
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Taha Merghoub
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Janis M Taube
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Suzanne L Topalian
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Julie R Brahmer
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- From the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (P.M.F., K.N.S., V.A., T.R.C., M.Z., S.C.Y., S.B., R.J.B., J.N., K.A.M., F.V., H.G., J.Z., J.X.C., H.Y.C., J.-W.S., R.B.S., J.W., E.G., H.W., G.L.R., J.M.T., V.E.V., S.L.T., J.R.B., D.M.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine (J.E.C., M.D.H., D.R.J., M.J.V., N.R., Z.O., V.R., J.D.W., T.M.) and the Ludwig Collaborative (J.D.W., T.M.) - all in New York; the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco (J.D.W., T.M.); and Swim Across America Laboratory, Charlotte, NC (J.D.W., T.M.)
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