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Szabo M, Máté B, Csép K, Benedek T. Genetic Approaches to the Study of Gene Variants and Their Impact on the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes. Biochem Genet 2017; 56:22-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-017-9827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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52
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Myers JS, Koleck TA, Sereika SM, Conley YP, Bender CM. Perceived cognitive function for breast cancer survivors: association of genetic and behaviorally related variables for inflammation. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:2475-2484. [PMID: 28247126 PMCID: PMC5481483 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored relationships between genetic variability and behaviorally related variables (body mass index and exercise frequency) for inflammation, and perceived cognitive function (PCF) for breast cancer survivors (BCS). Our primary aim was to explore relationships between select single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IL1R1, IL6, TNF genes, and PCF. Our secondary aim was to explore whether body mass index (BMI) and exercise frequency moderate these relationships. METHODS We conducted an exploratory candidate gene substudy. Saliva samples from participants (N = 101) in a larger, cross-sectional study were genotyped. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore relationships between SNPs and PCF, controlling for age, education level, fatigue, and distress. Hierarchical expansion of regression models included main effects for BMI and exercise frequency and interaction effects between BMI, exercise frequency, and each SNP. RESULTS The most parsimonious regression model included fatigue, exercise frequency, and IL1R1rs2287047 minor alleles (AA+GG) (R 2 = 0.244, adjusted R 2 = 0.220, p = 0.013). No other SNPs were significant. Higher exercise frequency (b = 7.300, p = 0.013) and IL1R1rs2287047 (AA+AG) (b = 6.512, p = 0.025) predicted better PCF. Greater fatigue predicted poorer PCF (b = -2.359, p < 0.01). No interaction was demonstrated between BMI and exercise related to PCF or between BMI, exercise, and SNPs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a protective relationship between IL1R1rs2287047 (AA+AG) and PCF and provide further evidence supporting exercise as a potential intervention for poorer PCF. Ours is the first study to investigate genetic variability associated with inflammation, behaviorally related variables, and PCF for BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Myers
- School of Nursing, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | - Susan M Sereika
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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53
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Spallone V. Might genetics play a role in understanding and treating diabetic polyneuropathy? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28032668 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and impact on quality of life, costs, and survival, there are still unresolved issues regarding diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN): the lack of definite knowledge of its pathogenesis; the limited preventive action of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; and the unavailability of evidence-based effective disease-modifying treatment. How can genetics provide the tools to address these gaps? Ziegler et al for the GDS Group explore the novel hypothesis that genetic variability in transketolase (TKT) might contribute to susceptibility to DPN in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes (well characterised for DPN). Transketolase diverts excess glycolytic metabolites from the hexosamine, protein kinase C, and advanced glycation endproduct pathways to the pentose phosphate pathway, with a protective effect against hyperglycaemia-induced damage. Moreover, thiamine and its derivative benfotiamine are among the few disease-modifying agents still under consideration as DPN treatment. The authors find significant associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TKT gene with the Total Symptom Score and thermal thresholds, in particular in male participants with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, they measure plasma methylglyoxal (a glycating agent, whose availability is hindered by TKT) without however finding a relation with TKT single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The link found between TKT genetic variability and nerve function measures is considered here in the context of DPN genetic studies and of experimental and clinical findings regarding thiamine and benfotiamine. The conclusion is that available data supports the decision to maintain focus on both the search for DPN genetic biomarkers and the therapeutic attempts to target thiamine, TKT, and methylglyoxal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Spallone
- Endocrinology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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54
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Bogunia-Kubik K, Łacina P. From genetic single candidate gene studies to complex genomics of GvHD. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:661-675. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
- Laboratory of Tissue Immunology; Medical Centre; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
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55
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A Dopamine Receptor genetic variant enhances perceptual speed in cognitive healthy subjects. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:254-261. [PMID: 28993814 PMCID: PMC5630172 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cognition is under strong genetic control, yet the specific genes are unknown. Methods One hundred and fifty-three cognitive healthy European subjects from the Reference Abilities Study (RANN) were genotyped for 1,160 variants within 446 neuropsychiatric genes. Adjusted linear regression models evaluated the association between the genetic variants and four reference abilities (Vocabulary, Episodic Memory, Perceptual Speed, and Reasoning). Results One hundred and fifty-nine variants nominally were found significant in the RANN cohort and re-evaluated in an independent cohort of 868 cognitive healthy subjects from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory Aging Project. Meta-analysis yielded a Bonferroni adjusted statistically significant association between perceptual speed and a variant located in the promoter of the dopamine receptor D4 gene, rs3756450 (β = 0.23, standard error = 0.05, Pmeta = 2.3 × 10−5). Discussion Our data suggest that genetic variation in a dopamine pathway gene influences perceptual speed performance in cognitively healthy individuals.
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56
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Orth T, Paré J, Froehlich JE. CURRENT CONCEPTS ON THE GENETIC FACTORS IN ROTATOR CUFF PATHOLOGY AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPISTS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12:273-285. [PMID: 28515982 PMCID: PMC5380870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent advances within the field of genetics are currently changing many of the methodologies in which medicine is practiced. These advances are also beginning to influence the manner in which physical therapy services are rendered. Rotator cuff pathology is one of the most common diagnoses treated by the sports physical therapist. The purpose of this commentary is to educate sports physical therapists on the recent advances regarding how genetics influences rotator cuff pathology, including rotator cuff tears, and provide a perspective on how this information will likely influence post-operative shoulder rehabilitation in the near future. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive review of the literature was completed using the Medline database along with individual searches of relevant physical therapy, surgical, cell biology, and sports medicine journals. Search terms included: shoulder, rotator cuff pathology, genetics, apoptosis, and physical therapy. Search results were compiled and evaluated; relevant primary studies and review articles were gathered; the results from this comprehensive review are summarized here. STUDY DESIGN Clinical Commentary, Review of the Literature. RESULTS Recent advances within the understanding of rotator cuff pathology have further elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with rotator cuff tears. There appears to be a hypoxic-induced apoptotic cellular pathway that contributes to rotator cuff tears. Activation of specific proteins termed matrix metalloproteinases appear to be involved in not only primary rotator cuff tears, but also may influence the re-tear rate after surgical intervention. Further advancements in the understanding of the cellular mechanisms contributing to rotator cuff tears and postoperative techniques to help prevent re-tears, may soon influence the methodology in which physical therapy services are provided to patients sustaining a rotator cuff injury. CONCLUSIONS At this time continued research is required to more fully develop a comprehensive understanding of the role of genetic variables both within primary rotator cuff tears and their influences on post-operative rehabilitation from rotator cuff repair surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Orth
- Athletico Physical Therapy, Wheaton, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Paré
- Lake Washington Physical Therapy, Kirkland, WA, USA
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57
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Yu Y, Liu J, Li F, Zhang X, Zhang C, Xiang J. Gene set based association analyses for the WSSV resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40549. [PMID: 28094323 PMCID: PMC5240139 DOI: 10.1038/srep40549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is regarded as a virus with the strongest pathogenicity to shrimp. For the threshold trait such as disease resistance, marker assisted selection (MAS) was considered to be a more effective approach. In the present study, association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in a set of immune related genes were conducted to identify markers associated with WSSV resistance. SNPs were detected by bioinformatics analysis on RNA sequencing data generated by Illimina sequencing platform and Roche 454 sequencing technology. A total of 681 SNPs located in the exons of immune related genes were selected as candidate SNPs. Among these SNPs, 77 loci were genotyped in WSSV susceptible group and resistant group. Association analysis was performed based on logistic regression method under an additive and dominance model in GenABEL package. As a result, five SNPs showed associations with WSSV resistance at a significant level of 0.05. Besides, SNP-SNP interaction analysis was conducted. The combination of SNP loci in TRAF6, Cu/Zn SOD and nLvALF2 exhibited a significant effect on the WSSV resistance of shrimp. Gene expression analysis revealed that these SNPs might influence the expression of these immune-related genes. This study provides a useful method for performing MAS in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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58
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El Ezzi AA, Boyko VG, Baker MT, Zaidan WR, Hraiki KM, El Saidi MA, Kuddus RH. Association of Some Polymorphisms in the VDR Gene, CYP17 Gene and SRD5A2 Gene and Prostate Cancer among Lebanese
Men. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:93-100. [PMID: 28240015 PMCID: PMC5563125 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The goal of the study was to investigate possible association of some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VDR gene (the FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqαI loci), and the CYP17 gene (the MspA1I locus), and 0 or 9 TA repeats in the SRD5A2 gene, and prostate cancer (PCa) among Lebanese men. Materials and Methods: Blood DNA of 69 subjects with confirmed PCa and 69 controls, all about 50 years of age or older, was subjected to PCR or PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses, and the risk-bearing and the protective alleles were identified. The odds ratio (OR) of having a genotype and the relative risk (RR) of developing PCa were calculated. In addition, the distributions of homozygosis and heterozygosis in the risk-bearing alleles and the protective alleles among the control and the PCa groups were compared. Results: The f allele of the VDR FokI locus and the (TA) 9 repeat allele of the SRD5A2 gene were found to be associated with increased risks of PCa (p = 0.006 and 0.050, respectively). Homozygosis in the risk-bearing alleles was rare both in the control and the PCa groups. A higher fraction of the controls compared to the PCa group was double-homozygous in the two protective alleles (52.2% for controls, 24.6% for PCa group, p = <0.001). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genetic study demonstrating the association of certain polymorphisms of the VDR gene and the SDR5A2 gene and increased risk of PCa among Lebanese men. Our study also indicates that the overall polymorphism profile of all genes involved in the prostate physiology is likely to be a better indicator for PCa risk than the polymorphisms in the individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmahan A El Ezzi
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Beirut, Lebanon,Department of Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon,Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, USA.
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59
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Nikolova ST, Yablanski VT, Vlaev EN, Savov AS, Kremensky IM. Investigation of Predictive Potential of TPH1 Common Polymorphism in Idiopathic Scoliosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.328607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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60
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Burgarella C, Chantret N, Gay L, Prosperi J, Bonhomme M, Tiffin P, Young ND, Ronfort J. Adaptation to climate through flowering phenology: a case study in
Medicago truncatula. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3397-415. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Burgarella
- UMR 232 DIADE/DYNADIV Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) 911 avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier France
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Laurène Gay
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Marie Prosperi
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- UPS Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales Université de Toulouse BP42617, Auzeville F‐31326 Castanet‐Tolosan France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales CNRS BP42617, Auzeville F‐31326 Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Nevin D. Young
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Joelle Ronfort
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
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Azim S, Zubair H, Srivastava SK, Bhardwaj A, Zubair A, Ahmad A, Singh S, Khushman M, Singh AP. Deep sequencing and in silico analyses identify MYB-regulated gene networks and signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28446. [PMID: 27354262 PMCID: PMC4926062 DOI: 10.1038/srep28446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the transcription factor MYB can modulate several cancer-associated phenotypes in pancreatic cancer. In order to understand the molecular basis of these MYB-associated changes, we conducted deep-sequencing of transcriptome of MYB-overexpressing and -silenced pancreatic cancer cells, followed by in silico pathway analysis. We identified significant modulation of 774 genes upon MYB-silencing (p < 0.05) that were assigned to 25 gene networks by in silico analysis. Further analyses placed genes in our RNA sequencing-generated dataset to several canonical signalling pathways, such as cell-cycle control, DNA-damage and -repair responses, p53 and HIF1α. Importantly, we observed downregulation of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma signaling pathway in MYB-silenced pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting suppression of EGFR and NF-κB. Decreased expression of EGFR and RELA was validated by both qPCR and immunoblotting and they were both shown to be under direct transcriptional control of MYB. These observations were further confirmed in a converse approach wherein MYB was overexpressed ectopically in a MYB-null pancreatic cancer cell line. Our findings thus suggest that MYB potentially regulates growth and genomic stability of pancreatic cancer cells via targeting complex gene networks and signaling pathways. Further in-depth functional studies are warranted to fully understand MYB signaling in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafquat Azim
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Srivastava
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Asif Zubair
- Molecular and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Moh'd Khushman
- Department of Interdisciplinary Clinical Oncology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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A Quantitative Genomic Approach for Analysis of Fitness and Stress Related Traits in a Drosophila melanogaster Model Population. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:2157494. [PMID: 27274984 PMCID: PMC4853962 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2157494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of natural populations to withstand environmental stresses relies partly on their adaptive ability. In this study, we used a subset of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, a population of inbred, genome-sequenced lines derived from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate whether this population harbors genetic variation for a set of stress resistance and life history traits. Using a genomic approach, we found substantial genetic variation for metabolic rate, heat stress resistance, expression of a major heat shock protein, and egg-to-adult viability investigated at a benign and a higher stressful temperature. This suggests that these traits will be able to evolve. In addition, we outline an approach to conduct pathway associations based on genomic linear models, which has potential to identify adaptive genes and pathways, and therefore can be a valuable tool in conservation genomics.
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63
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Kasim NB, Huri HZ, Vethakkan SR, Ibrahim L, Abdullah BM. Genetic polymorphisms associated with overweight and obesity in uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomark Med 2016; 10:403-15. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, obese and overweight individuals display higher free fatty acid levels, which stimulate insulin resistance. The combination of overweight or obesity with insulin resistance can trigger Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are primary contributing factors to the development of uncontrolled T2DM. Genetic polymorphisms also play an important role as they can impact a population's susceptibility to becoming overweight or obese and developing related chronic complications, such as uncontrolled T2DM. This review specifically examines the genetic polymorphisms associated with overweight and obesity in patients with uncontrolled T2DM. Particularly, gene polymorphisms in ADIPOQ (rs1501299 and rs17300539), LepR (rs1137101 and rs1045895), IRS2 (rs1805092), GRB14 (rs10195252 and rs3923113) and PPARG (rs1801282) have been associated with overweight and obesity in uncontrolled T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Bahirah Kasim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 13th Floor Main Tower, University Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Lembah Pantai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Luqman Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bashar Mudhaffar Abdullah
- Clinical Investigation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 13th Floor Main Tower, University Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Lembah Pantai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gonçalves AC, Alves R, Baldeiras I, Cortesão E, Carda JP, Branco CC, Oliveiros B, Loureiro L, Pereira A, Nascimento Costa JM, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Mota-Vieira L. Genetic variants involved in oxidative stress, base excision repair, DNA methylation, and folate metabolism pathways influence myeloid neoplasias susceptibility and prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:130-148. [PMID: 26950655 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) share common features: elevated oxidative stress, DNA repair deficiency, and aberrant DNA methylation. We performed a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate the association in variants of genes involved in oxidative stress, folate metabolism, DNA repair, and DNA methylation with susceptibility and prognosis of these malignancies. To that end, 16 SNPs (one per gene: CAT, CYBA, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, GPX1, KEAP1, MPO, MTRR, NEIL1, NFE2F2, OGG1, SLC19A1, SOD1, SOD2, and XRCC1) were genotyped in 191 patients (101 MDS and 90 AML) and 261 controls. We also measured oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species/total antioxidant status ratio), DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), and DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) in 50 subjects (40 MDS and 10 controls). Results showed that five genes (GPX1, NEIL1, NFE2L2, OGG1, and SOD2) were associated with MDS, two (DNMT3B and SLC19A1) with AML, and two (CYBA and DNMT1) with both diseases. We observed a correlation of CYBA TT, GPX1 TT, and SOD2 CC genotypes with increased oxidative stress levels, as well as NEIL1 TT and OGG1 GG genotypes with higher DNA damage. The 5-methylcytosine levels were negatively associated with DNMT1 CC, DNMT3A CC, and MTRR AA genotypes, and positively with DNMT3B CC genotype. Furthermore, DNMT3A, MTRR, NEIL1, and OGG1 variants modulated AML transformation in MDS patients. Additionally, DNMT3A, OGG1, GPX1, and KEAP1 variants influenced survival of MDS and AML patients. Altogether, data suggest that genetic variability influence predisposition and prognosis of MDS and AML patients, as well AML transformation rate in MDS patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Alves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Cortesão
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Carda
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Claudia C Branco
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.,Azores Genetics Research Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Laboratory for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Loureiro
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE (HDFF, EPE), Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pereira
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE (HDFF, EPE), Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Nascimento Costa
- Department of Oncology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic of Oncology, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Mota-Vieira
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.,Azores Genetics Research Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Boon-Peng H, Mat Jusoh JA, Marshall CR, Majid F, Danuri N, Basir F, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Scherer SW, Yusoff K. Rare Copy Number Variants Identified Suggest the Regulating Pathways in Hypertension-Related Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148755. [PMID: 26930585 PMCID: PMC4773219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and a powerful predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the hypertensive patients. It has complex multifactorial and polygenic basis for its pathogenesis. We hypothesized that rare copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to the LVH pathogenesis in hypertensive patients. Copy number variants (CNV) were identified in 258 hypertensive patients, 95 of whom had LVH, after genotyping with a high resolution SNP array. Following stringent filtering criteria, we identified 208 rare, or private CNVs that were only present in our patients with hypertension related LVH. Preliminary findings from Gene Ontology and pathway analysis of this study confirmed the involvement of the genes known to be functionally involved in cardiac development and phenotypes, in line with previously reported transcriptomic studies. Network enrichment analyses suggested that the gene-set was, directly or indirectly, involved in the transcription factors regulating the "foetal cardiac gene programme" which triggered the hypertrophic cascade, confirming previous reports. These findings suggest that multiple, individually rare copy number variants altering genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension-related LVH. In summary, we have provided further supporting evidence that rare CNV could potentially impact this common and complex disease susceptibility with lower heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoh Boon-Peng
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Julia Ashazila Mat Jusoh
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fadhlina Majid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norlaila Danuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fashieha Basir
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khalid Yusoff
- UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Stringer S, Cerrone KC, van den Brink W, van den Berg JF, Denys D, Kahn RS, Derks EM. A guide on gene prioritization in studies of psychiatric disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2015; 24:245-56. [PMID: 26230968 PMCID: PMC6878611 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in the identification of genetic variants causing individual differences in human behavior. Psychiatrists have contributed to the genetics field by defining the most important behavioral characteristics and by studying the association between genetic variants and behavioral differences within phenotypically well-characterized samples in which detailed assessments have been collected (e.g. neuroimaging). These samples are typically limited in size and are therefore not suitable for a genome-wide association analysis. Instead, gene association studies conducted in such samples typically focus on a few genes of interest, allowing smaller sample sizes. However, the selection of high-priority genes is not always straightforward and psychiatrists will usually have a limited background in genetics. We aim to fill this gap by (i) providing a basic introduction to genetics; (ii) showing how the selection of genes of interest can be optimized by the use of two web tools: Polysearch and Gene Prospector; (iii) illustrating how statistical power analyses can be performed and discussing the importance of sufficiently powered studies. This guide can help psychiatrists with limited experience in genetics in designing genetic studies that allow identification of specific behavioral, cognitive, or neural correlates of genetic risk variants, while avoiding common pitfalls. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stringer
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kim C. Cerrone
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julia F. van den Berg
- Parnassia Psychiatric InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Ching-López A, Cervilla J, Rivera M, Molina E, McKenney K, Ruiz-Perez I, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Gutiérrez B. Epidemiological support for genetic variability at hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonergic system as risk factors for major depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:2743-54. [PMID: 26543368 PMCID: PMC4622554 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s90369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious, and common psychiatric disorder worldwide. By the year 2020, MDD will be the second cause of disability in the world. The GranadΣp study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, epidemiological study of mental disorders carried out in Andalusia (South Spain), being one of its main objectives to identify genetic and environmental risk factors for MDD and other major psychiatric disorders. In this study, we focused on the possible association of 91 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with MDD. METHODS A total of 711 community-based individuals participated in the GranadΣp study. All individuals were extensively assessed for clinical, psychological, sociodemographic, life style, and other environmental variables. A biological sample was also collected for subsequent genetic analyses in 91 candidate SNPs for MDD. DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was used as the outcome variable. Logistic regression analysis assuming an additive genetic model was performed to test the association between MDD and the genetic data. The experiment-wide significance threshold adjusted with the SNP spectral decomposition method provided a maximum P-value (8×10(-3)) required to identify an association. Haplotype analyses were also performed. RESULTS One SNP (rs623580) located in the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene (TPH1; chromosome 11), one intergenic variant (rs9526236) upstream of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A gene (HTR2A; chromosome 13), and five polymorphisms (rs17689966, rs173365, rs7209436, rs110402, and rs242924) located in the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1; chromosome 17), all showed suggestive trends for association with MDD (P<0.05). Within CRHR1 gene, the TATGA haplotype combination was found to increase significantly the risk for MDD with an odds ratio =1.68 (95% CI: 1.16-2.42, P=0.006). CONCLUSION Although limited, perhaps due to insufficient sample size power, our results seem to support the notion that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and serotonergic systems are likely to be involved in the genetic susceptibility for MDD. Future studies, including larger samples, should be addressed for further validation and replication of the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ching-López
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Cervilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Kathryn McKenney
- CIBER en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Glotov AS, Sinitsyna ES, Danilova MM, Vashukova ES, Walter JG, Stahl F, Baranov VS, Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Detection of human genome mutations associated with pregnancy complications using 3-D microarray based on macroporous polymer monoliths. Talanta 2015; 147:537-46. [PMID: 26592644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of variations in DNA structure using a low-density microarray technology for routine diagnostic in evidence-based medicine is still relevant. In this work the applicability of 3-D macroporous monolithic methacrylate-based platforms for detection of different pathogenic genomic substitutions was studied. The detection of nucleotide replacements in F5 (Leiden G/A, rs6025), MTHFR (C/T, rs1801133) and ITGB3 (T/C, rs5918), involved in coagulation, and COMT (C/G, rs4818), TPH2 (T/A, rs11178997), PON1 (T/A rs854560), AGTR2 (C/A, rs11091046) and SERPINE1 (5G/4G, rs1799889), associated with pregnancy complications, was performed. The effect of such parameters as amount and type of oligonucleotide probe, amount of PCR product on signal-to-noise ratio, as well as mismatch discrimination was analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity of mutation detections were coincided and equal to 98.6%. The analysis of SERPINE1 and MTHFR genotypes by both NGS and developed microarray was performed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Glotov
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Sinitsyna
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Macromolecular Compound, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M M Danilova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Vashukova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - J G Walter
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Stahl
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - V S Baranov
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E G Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Macromolecular Compound, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T B Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Macromolecular Compound, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Srinivasan S, Clements JA, Batra J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in clinics: Fantasy or reality for cancer? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:29-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1075469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bühler KM, Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, Calleja-Conde J, de Fonseca FR, López-Moreno JA. Common single nucleotide variants underlying drug addiction: more than a decade of research. Addict Biol 2015; 20:845-71. [PMID: 25603899 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug-related phenotypes are common complex and highly heritable traits. In the last few years, candidate gene (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a huge number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with drug use, abuse or dependence, mainly related to alcohol or nicotine. Nevertheless, few of these associations have been replicated in independent studies. The aim of this study was to provide a review of the SNPs that have been most significantly associated with alcohol-, nicotine-, cannabis- and cocaine-related phenotypes in humans between the years of 2000 and 2012. To this end, we selected CGAS, GWAS, family-based association and case-only studies published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals (using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Addiction GWAS Resource databases) in which a significant association was reported. A total of 371 studies fit the search criteria. We then filtered SNPs with at least one replication study and performed meta-analysis of the significance of the associations. SNPs in the alcohol metabolizing genes, in the cholinergic gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4, and in the DRD2 and ANNK1 genes, are, to date, the most replicated and significant gene variants associated with alcohol- and nicotine-related phenotypes. In the case of cannabis and cocaine, a far fewer number of studies and replications have been reported, indicating either a need for further investigation or that the genetics of cannabis/cocaine addiction are more elusive. This review brings a global state-of-the-art vision of the behavioral genetics of addiction and collaborates on formulation of new hypothesis to guide future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kora-Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
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Shen Y, Fu GH, Liu F, Yue GH. Characterization of the duodenase-1 gene and its associations with resistance to Streptococuus agalactiae in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:717-724. [PMID: 26052009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia is a group of cultured teleost fishes whose production is threatened by some diseases. Identification of DNA markers associated with disease resistance in candidate genes may facilitate to accelerate the selection of disease resistance. The gene encoding a duodenase, which can trigger immune response, has not been studied in fish. We characterized the cDNA of duodenase-1 gene of hybrid tilapia. Its ORF is 759 bp, encoding a serine protease of 252 amino acids. This gene consisted of five exons and four introns. Its expression was detected in all 10 tissues examined, and it was highly expressed in the intestine and kidney. After a challenge with the bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus agalactiae, its expression was up-regulated significantly in the intestine, liver and spleen. We identified seven SNPs in the gene and found that four of them were significantly associated with the resistance to S. agalactiae (P < 0.05). The CGTCC haplotype, CAGTC/CGGTC and CGTCC/CGTCC diplotype were significantly associated with the resistance to S. agalactiae (P = 0.00, 0.04 and < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, one SNP was associated significantly with growth traits (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the duodenase-1 gene plays an important role in the resistance to S. agalactiae in tilapia. The SNP markers in the duodenase-1 gene associated with resistance to the bacterial pathogen, may facilitate the selection of tilapia resistant to the bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubang Shen
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gui Hong Fu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Han X, Zhang JJ, Yao N, Wang G, Mei J, Li B, Li C, Wang ZA. Polymorphisms in NFKB1 and NFKBIA Genes Modulate the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer among Han Chinese. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1707-15. [PMID: 26068031 PMCID: PMC4473804 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway proteins play an important role in modulating inflammation and other carcinogenic processes. Polymorphisms within NF-κB pathway genes may influence cancer risk. This study aimed to examine the association between NFKB19-4 ATTG ins→del, NFKBIA 3′ UTR A→G, -826CT and -881AG polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk among Chinese. Material/Methods The polymorphisms were genotyped via PCR-RFLP technique on 936 prostate cancer patients and 936 population-based healthy controls. Logistic regression model was used to measure the risk association present. Results With the exception of NFKBIA 3′ UTR polymorphism, the heterozygous and mutant genotypes of the other polymorphisms were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. For NFKB1 polymorphism, a decreased risk was observed, with adjusted OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.98; P=0.01 (heterozygous) and adjusted OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.91; P=0.02 (mutant). NFKBIA -826CT and -881AG polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium and shared the same risk association, with adjusted OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.62; P=0.02 (heterozygous) and adjusted OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.79, 4.50; P=0.01 (mutants). Interestingly, the impact of the NFKB1 polymorphism was not present in nonsmokers and younger (<60 years) subjects (P<0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, polymorphisms in NFKB1 and NFKBIA genes may modulate the risk of developing prostate cancer among Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jia-Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Bengbu Third People's Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Urology, The People's Liberation Army 123rd Hospital China, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Urology, Bengbu First People's Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Zi-An Wang
- Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Bose D, Krishnamurthy V, Venkatesh KS, Aiyaz M, Shetty M, Rao SN, Kutty AVM. Molecular Delineation of Partial Trisomy 14q and Partial Trisomy 12p in a Patient with Dysmorphic Features, Heart Defect and Developmental Delay. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 145:14-8. [PMID: 25896599 DOI: 10.1159/000381294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a molecular analysis of partial trisomy 14q and partial trisomy 12p in a 5-year-old male child presenting with dysmorphic features, congenital heart disease and global developmental delay. Chromosomal analysis of the patient with GTG bands revealed a 47,XY,+der(14)t(12;14)(p13;q22)mat karyotype; the mother's karyotype was 46,XX,t(12;14)(p13;q22). Further, oligonucleotide array- CGH studies revealed an amplification of 32.3 Mb in the 14q11.1q22.1 region, substantiating partial trisomy 14q and additionally displaying an amplification of ∼1 Mb in the 12p13.3pter region for partial trisomy 12p. This is the first study to demonstrate a novel association of partial trisomies of 14q and 12p due to a 3:1 segregation of a maternal balanced translocation involving chromosomes 12 and 14. Gene ontology studies indicated 5 potential candidate genes in the amplified regions for the observed congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bose
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, India
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Smita S, Katiyar A, Chinnusamy V, Pandey DM, Bansal KC. Transcriptional Regulatory Network Analysis of MYB Transcription Factor Family Genes in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1157. [PMID: 26734052 PMCID: PMC4689866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factor (TF) is one of the largest TF families and regulates defense responses to various stresses, hormone signaling as well as many metabolic and developmental processes in plants. Understanding these regulatory hierarchies of gene expression networks in response to developmental and environmental cues is a major challenge due to the complex interactions between the genetic elements. Correlation analyses are useful to unravel co-regulated gene pairs governing biological process as well as identification of new candidate hub genes in response to these complex processes. High throughput expression profiling data are highly useful for construction of co-expression networks. In the present study, we utilized transcriptome data for comprehensive regulatory network studies of MYB TFs by "top-down" and "guide-gene" approaches. More than 50% of OsMYBs were strongly correlated under 50 experimental conditions with 51 hub genes via "top-down" approach. Further, clusters were identified using Markov Clustering (MCL). To maximize the clustering performance, parameter evaluation of the MCL inflation score (I) was performed in terms of enriched GO categories by measuring F-score. Comparison of co-expressed cluster and clads analyzed from phylogenetic analysis signifies their evolutionarily conserved co-regulatory role. We utilized compendium of known interaction and biological role with Gene Ontology enrichment analysis to hypothesize function of coexpressed OsMYBs. In the other part, the transcriptional regulatory network analysis by "guide-gene" approach revealed 40 putative targets of 26 OsMYB TF hubs with high correlation value utilizing 815 microarray data. The putative targets with MYB-binding cis-elements enrichment in their promoter region, functional co-occurrence as well as nuclear localization supports our finding. Specially, enrichment of MYB binding regions involved in drought-inducibility implying their regulatory role in drought response in rice. Thus, the co-regulatory network analysis facilitated the identification of complex OsMYB regulatory networks, and candidate target regulon genes of selected guide MYB genes. The results contribute to the candidate gene screening, and experimentally testable hypotheses for potential regulatory MYB TFs, and their targets under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Smita
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Amit Katiyar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Dev M. Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Kailash C. Bansal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Kailash C. Bansal
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Valenciano A, Foro-Arnalot P, Álvarez-Cubero MJ, Cozar JM, Suárez-Novo JF, Castells-Esteve M, Fernández-Gonzalo P, De-Paula-Carranza B, Ferrer M, Guedea F, Sancho-Pardo G, Craven-Bartle J, Ortiz-Gordillo MJ, Cabrera-Roldán P, Herrera-Ramos E, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Rodríguez-Melcón JI, Lara PC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes as risk factors associated to prostate cancer progression. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:143. [PMID: 25540025 PMCID: PMC4316399 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Besides serum levels of PSA, there is a lack of prostate cancer specific biomarkers. It is need to develop new biological markers associated with the tumor behavior which would be valuable to better individualize treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in DNA repair and prostate cancer progression. Methods A total of 494 prostate cancer patients from a Spanish multicenter study were genotyped for 10 SNPs in XRCC1, ERCC2, ERCC1, LIG4, ATM and TP53 genes. The SNP genotyping was made in a Biotrove OpenArray® NT Cycler. Clinical tumor stage, diagnostic PSA serum levels, and Gleason score at diagnosis were obtained for all participants. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined using the web-based environment SNPator. Results SNPs rs11615 (ERCC1) and rs17503908 (ATM) appeared as risk factors for prostate cancer aggressiveness. Patients wild homozygous for these SNPs (AA and TT, respectively) were at higher risk for developing cT2b – cT4 (OR = 2.21 (confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.47 – 3.31), p < 0.001) and Gleason scores ≥ 7 (OR = 2.22 (CI 95% 1.38 – 3.57), p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, those patients wild homozygous for both SNPs had the greatest risk of presenting D’Amico high-risk tumors (OR = 2.57 (CI 95% 1.28 – 5.16)). Conclusions Genetic variants at DNA repair genes are associated with prostate cancer progression, and would be taken into account when assessing the malignancy of prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-014-0143-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Raz N, Danin-Poleg Y, Hayman RB, Bar-On Y, Linetsky A, Shmoish M, Sanjuán E, Amaro C, Walt DR, Kashi Y. Genome-wide SNP-genotyping array to study the evolution of the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114576. [PMID: 25526263 PMCID: PMC4272304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. Strains of V. vulnificus are classified into three different biotypes. The newly emerged biotype 3 has been found to be clonal and restricted to Israel. In the family Vibrionaceae, horizontal gene transfer is the main mechanism responsible for the emergence of new pathogen groups. To better understand the evolution of the bacterium, and in particular to trace the evolution of biotype 3, we performed genome-wide SNP genotyping of 254 clinical and environmental V. vulnificus isolates with worldwide distribution recovered over a 30-year period, representing all phylogeny groups. A custom single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array implemented on the Illumina GoldenGate platform was developed based on 570 SNPs randomly distributed throughout the genome. In general, the genotyping results divided the V. vulnificus species into three main phylogenetic lineages and an additional subgroup, clade B, consisting of environmental and clinical isolates from Israel. Data analysis suggested that 69% of biotype 3 SNPs are similar to SNPs from clade B, indicating that biotype 3 and clade B have a common ancestor. The rest of the biotype 3 SNPs were scattered along the biotype 3 genome, probably representing multiple chromosomal segments that may have been horizontally inserted into the clade B recipient core genome from other phylogroups or bacterial species sharing the same ecological niche. Results emphasize the continuous evolution of V. vulnificus and support the emergence of new pathogenic groups within this species as a recurrent phenomenon. Our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the evolution of this human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Raz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yael Danin-Poleg
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ryan B. Hayman
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yudi Bar-On
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alex Linetsky
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael Shmoish
- Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Eva Sanjuán
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David R. Walt
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yechezkel Kashi
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Smyth LJ, Duffy S, Maxwell AP, McKnight AJ. Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F757-76. [PMID: 25080522 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00306.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a serious public health problem because of its associated morbidity, premature mortality, and attendant healthcare costs. The rising number of persons with CKD is linked with the aging population structure and an increased prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. There is an inherited risk associated with developing CKD, as evidenced by familial clustering and differing prevalence rates across ethnic groups. Previous studies to determine the inherited risk factors for CKD rarely identified genetic variants that were robustly replicated. However, improvements in genotyping technologies and analytic methods are now helping to identify promising genetic loci aided by international collaboration and multiconsortia efforts. More recently, epigenetic modifications have been proposed to play a role in both the inherited susceptibility to CKD and, importantly, to explain how the environment dynamically interacts with the genome to alter an individual's disease risk. Genome-wide, epigenome-wide, and whole transcriptome studies have been performed, and optimal approaches for integrative analysis are being developed. This review summarizes recent research and the current status of genetic and epigenetic risk factors influencing CKD using population-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Smyth
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - S Duffy
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A P Maxwell
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A J McKnight
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Skinner MK, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Role of CpG deserts in the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of differential DNA methylation regions. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:692. [PMID: 25142051 PMCID: PMC4149044 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously a variety of environmental toxicants were found to promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease through differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs), termed epimutations, present in sperm. The transgenerational epimutations in sperm and somatic cells identified in a number of previous studies were further investigated. Results The epimutations from six different environmental exposures were found to be predominantly exposure specific with negligible overlap. The current report describes a major genomic feature of all the unique epimutations identified (535) as a very low (<10 CpG/100 bp) CpG density in sperm and somatic cells associated with transgenerational disease. The genomic locations of these epimutations were found to contain DMRs with small clusters of CpG within a general region of very low density CpG. The potential role of these epimutations on gene expression is suggested to be important. Conclusions Observations suggest a potential regulatory role for lower density CpG regions termed “CpG deserts”. The potential evolutionary origins of these regions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
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Abstract
Driven by innovative technologies, novel analytical methods, and collaborations unimaginable not long ago, our understanding of the role of genetic variation in stroke has advanced substantially in recent years. However, a vast amount of data have accumulated quickly, and increasingly complex methodologies used in studies make keeping up to date on relevant findings difficult. In addition to well known, highly penetrant rare mutations that cause mendelian disorders related to stroke, several common genetic variants have been associated with common stroke subtypes, some of which also affect disease severity and clinical outcome. Furthermore, common genetic variations in biological pathways that have an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases-such as blood pressure and oxidative phosphorylation-have been implicated in stroke. Clinical and translational applications of these and future discoveries in stroke genetics include identification of novel targets for treatment and development of personalised approaches to stroke prevention and management.
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Cis-regulatory variation: significance in biomedicine and evolution. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:495-505. [PMID: 24744265 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cis-regulatory regions (CRR) control gene expression and chromatin modifications. Genetic variation at CRR in individuals across a population contributes to phenotypic differences of biomedical relevance. This standing variation is important for personalized genomic medicine as well as for adaptive evolution and speciation. This review focuses on genetic variation at CRR, its influence on chromatin, gene expression, and ultimately disease phenotypes. In addition, we summarize our understanding of how this variation may contribute to evolution. Recent technological and computational advances have accelerated research in the direction of personalized medicine, combining strengths of molecular biology and genomics. This will pave new ways to understand how CRR variation affects phenotypes and chart out possible avenues of intervention.
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Drögemöller BI, Wright GEB, Warnich L. Considerations for rare variants in drug metabolism genes and the clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:873-84. [PMID: 24673405 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.903239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large-scale whole genome and exome resequencing studies have revealed that humans have a high level of deleterious rare variation, which has important implications for the design of future pharmacogenetics studies. AREAS COVERED Current pharmacogenetic guidelines focus on the implementation of common variation into dosing guidelines. However, it is becoming apparent that rare variation may also play an important role in differential drug response. Current sequencing technologies offer the opportunity to examine rare variation, but there are many challenges associated with such analyses. Nonetheless, if a comprehensive picture of the role that genetic variants play in treatment outcomes is to be obtained, it will be necessary to include the entire spectrum of variation, including rare variants, into pharmacogenetic research. EXPERT OPINION In order to implement pharmacogenetics in the clinic, patients should be genotyped for clinically actionable pharmacogenetic variants and patients responding unfavourably to treatment after pharmacogenetics-based dosing should be identified and resequenced to identify additional functionally relevant variants, including rare variants. All derived information should be added to a central database to allow for the updating of existing dosing guidelines. By routinely implementing such strategies, pharmacogenetics-based treatment guidelines will continue to improve.
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