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Wang F, Weng H, Quon MJ, Yu J, Wang JY, Hueber AO, Yang P. Dominant negative FADD dissipates the proapoptotic signalosome of the unfolded protein response in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E861-73. [PMID: 26419589 PMCID: PMC4652069 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and caspase 8-dependent apoptosis are two interlinked causal events in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) signalosome mediates the proapoptotic effect of ER stress. Diabetes increases tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1R-associated death domain (TRADD) expression. Here, we revealed two new unfolded protein response (UPR) regulators, TRADD and Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD). TRADD interacted with both the IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex and FADD. In vivo overexpression of a FADD dominant negative (FADD-DN) mutant lacking the death effector domain disrupted diabetes-induced IRE1α signalosome and suppressed ER stress and caspase 8-dependent apoptosis, leading to NTD prevention. FADD-DN abrogated ER stress markers and blocked the JNK1/2-ASK1 pathway. Diabetes-induced mitochondrial translocation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase cleavage were also alleviated by FADD-DN. In vitro TRADD overexpression triggered UPR and ER stress before manifestation of caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage and apoptosis. FADD-DN overexpression repressed high glucose- or TRADD overexpression-induced IRE1α phosphorylation, its downstream proapoptotic kinase activation and endonuclease activities, and apoptosis. FADD-DN also attenuated tunicamycin-induced UPR and ER stress. These findings suggest that TRADD participates in the IRE1α signalosome and induces UPR and ER stress and that the association between TRADD and FADD is essential for diabetes- or high glucose-induced UPR and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | | | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | | | - Anne-Odile Hueber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Institut de Biologie de Valrose, UMR CNRS 7277, UMR Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale 1091, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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52
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Gene expression profiling of changes induced by maternal diabetes in the embryonic heart. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Renkema KY, Verhaar MC, Knoers NVAM. Diabetes-Induced Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT): Nurture and Nature at Work? Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 65:644-6. [PMID: 25919497 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.02.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Koskinen A, Lehtoranta L, Laiho A, Laine J, Kääpä P, Soukka H. Maternal diabetes induces changes in the umbilical cord gene expression. Placenta 2015; 36:767-74. [PMID: 25935091 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since maternal diabetes may affect fetal development and the umbilical cord provides an extension of the fetal vasculature, we decided to investigate cords' biological responses to maternal diabetic milieu. METHODS Using microarray analysis, we determined the gene expression profiles in the umbilical cords of six neonates born to type 1 diabetic mothers and in six control cords. Umbilical cord tissue was collected immediately after elective cesarean section. Expression data were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (11 genes). Additionally, the same umbilical cords were analyzed histologically. RESULTS Two hundred eighty six genes were differentially expressed in the umbilical cords from diabetic pregnancies compared to the controls (fold change ±1.5 and P < 0.01). Maternal diabetes had a major effect on the expression of genes involved in vascular development (Bone morphogenetic protein 4, Delta-like 1, and Notch homolog 4), vessel wall integrity (Collagen type VIII alpha 1, Myocyte enhancer factor 2C, and Matrix metalloproteinase 2), and vascular function (Natriuretic peptide precursor B, Endothelin 1, Endothelin receptor B, Cyclooxygenase 1, and Phosphodiesterase 5A). Maternal diabetes was associated with thicker umbilical vein intima-media layers and larger umbilical vein and artery intima-media areas compared to the controls. DISCUSSION Maternal diabetic environment seems to alter umbilical cord expression of genes involved in the regulation of vascular development and function with simultaneous umbilical vessel muscle layer thickening. These alterations suggest vascular phenotypic modifications, which in turn may lead to long-term vascular consequences in various tissues in infants of diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koskinen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (CAPC), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
| | - L Lehtoranta
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (CAPC), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - A Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - J Laine
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - P Kääpä
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (CAPC), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - H Soukka
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (CAPC), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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Ornoy A, Reece EA, Pavlinkova G, Kappen C, Miller RK. Effect of maternal diabetes on the embryo, fetus, and children: congenital anomalies, genetic and epigenetic changes and developmental outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:53-72. [PMID: 25783684 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM; GDM) are significant health concerns because they are associated with an increased rate of malformations and maternal health complications. METHODS We reviewed the data that help us to understand the effects of diabetes in pregnancy. RESULTS Diabetic embryopathy can affect any developing organ system, but cardiovascular and neural tube defects are among the most frequent anomalies. Other complications include preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal growth abnormalities, and perinatal mortality. Neurodevelopmental studies on offspring of mothers with diabetes demonstrated increased rate of Gross and Fine motor abnormalities, of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, learning difficulties, and possibly also Autism Spectrum Disorder. The mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal hyperglycemia on the developing fetus may involve increased oxidative stress, hypoxia, apoptosis, and epigenetic changes. Evidence for epigenetic changes are the following: not all progeny are affected and not to the same extent; maternal diet may influence pregnancy outcomes; and maternal diabetes alters embryonic transcriptional profiles and increases the variation between transcriptomic profiles as a result of altered gene regulation. Research in animal models has revealed that maternal hyperglycemia is a teratogen, and has helped uncover potential therapeutic targets which, when blocked, can mitigate or ameliorate the negative effects of diabetes on the developing fetus. CONCLUSIONS Tight metabolic control, surveillance, and labor management remain the cornerstone of care for pregnant women with diabetes, but advances in the field indicate that new treatments to protect the mother and baby are not far from becoming clinical realities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Laboratory of Teratology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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56
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Ma RCW, Tutino GE, Lillycrop KA, Hanson MA, Tam WH. Maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes and the role of epigenetics in their long term effects on offspring. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 118:55-68. [PMID: 25792090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a global epidemic of obesity and diabetes, and current efforts to curb the diabetes epidemic have had limited success. Epidemiological studies have highlighted increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular complications in offspring exposed to maternal diabetes, and gestational diabetes increases the risk of diabetes in subsequent generations, thereby setting up a vicious cycle of "diabetes begetting diabetes". This relationship between maternal hyperglycaemia and long-term health in the offspring is likely to become even more important with an increasing proportion of young woman being affected by diabetes, and the number of pregnancies complicated by hyperglycaemia continuing to rise. Animal models of gestational diabetes or maternal hyperglycaemia have highlighted long-term changes in the offspring with some instances of sex bias, including increased adiposity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, hypertension, as well as other structural and functional changes. Furthermore, several of these changes appear to be transmissible to later generations through the maternal line. Epigenetic changes play an important role in regulating gene expression, especially during early development. Recent studies have identified a number of epigenetic modifications in the offspring associated with maternal hyperglycaemia. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence linking maternal hyperglycaemia with adverse long-term outcome in the offspring, as well as of some of the studies that explore the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. A better understanding of the pathways involved may provide novel approaches for combating this global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Greg E Tutino
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Wang F, Wu Y, Gu H, Reece EA, Fang S, Gabbay-Benziv R, Aberdeen G, Yang P. Ask1 gene deletion blocks maternal diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in the developing embryo by disrupting the unfolded protein response signalosome. Diabetes 2015; 64:973-88. [PMID: 25249581 PMCID: PMC4338585 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is activated by various stresses. The link between ASK1 activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, two causal events in diabetic embryopathy, has not been determined. We sought to investigate whether ASK1 is involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) that leads to ER stress. Deleting Ask1 abrogated diabetes-induced UPR by suppressing phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) blocked the mitochondrial translocation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members and ER stress. ASK1 participated in the IRE1α signalosome, and removing ASK1 abrogated the proapoptotic kinase activity of IRE1α. Ask1 deletion suppressed diabetes-induced IRE1α endoriboneclease activities, which led to X-box binding protein 1 mRNA cleavage, an ER stress marker, decreased expression of microRNAs, and increased expression of a miR-17 target, thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), a thioredoxin binding protein, which enhanced ASK1 activation by disrupting the thioredoxin-ASK1 complexes. ASK1 is essential for the assembly and function of the IRE1α signalosome, which forms a positive feedback loop with ASK1 through Txnip. ASK1 knockdown in C17.2 neural stem cells diminished high glucose- or tunicamycin-induced IRE1α activation, which further supports our hypothesis that ASK1 plays a causal role in diabetes-induced ER stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hui Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shengyun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rinat Gabbay-Benziv
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Graham Aberdeen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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58
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Horstick EJ, Jordan DC, Bergeron SA, Tabor KM, Serpe M, Feldman B, Burgess HA. Increased functional protein expression using nucleotide sequence features enriched in highly expressed genes in zebrafish. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e48. [PMID: 25628360 PMCID: PMC4402511 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic manipulations are limited by difficulty in obtaining adequate levels of protein expression. Bioinformatic and experimental studies have identified nucleotide sequence features that may increase expression, however it is difficult to assess the relative influence of these features. Zebrafish embryos are rapidly injected with calibrated doses of mRNA, enabling the effects of multiple sequence changes to be compared in vivo. Using RNAseq and microarray data, we identified a set of genes that are highly expressed in zebrafish embryos and systematically analyzed for enrichment of sequence features correlated with levels of protein expression. We then tested enriched features by embryo microinjection and functional tests of multiple protein reporters. Codon selection, releasing factor recognition sequence and specific introns and 3′ untranslated regions each increased protein expression between 1.5- and 3-fold. These results suggested principles for increasing protein yield in zebrafish through biomolecular engineering. We implemented these principles for rational gene design in software for codon selection (CodonZ) and plasmid vectors incorporating the most active non-coding elements. Rational gene design thus significantly boosts expression in zebrafish, and a similar approach will likely elevate expression in other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Horstick
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana C Jordan
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sadie A Bergeron
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn M Tabor
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Feldman
- Zebrafish Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harold A Burgess
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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López-Escobar B, Cano DA, Rojas A, de Felipe B, Palma F, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Henderson D, Ybot-González P. The effect of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway during embryogenesis as reflected in the developing mouse eye. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:157-68. [PMID: 25540130 PMCID: PMC4314781 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryopathies that develop as a consequence of maternal diabetes have been studied intensely in both experimental and clinical scenarios. Accordingly, hyperglycaemia has been shown to downregulate the expression of elements in the non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway, such as the Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam1) and Vangl2. Daam1 is a formin that is essential for actin polymerization and for cytoskeletal reorganization, and it is expressed strongly in certain organs during mouse development, including the eye, neural tube and heart. Daam1gt/gt and Daam1gt/+ embryos develop ocular defects (anophthalmia or microphthalmia) that are similar to those detected as a result of hyperglycaemia. Indeed, studying the effects of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway demonstrated that there was strong association with the Daam1 genotype, whereby the embryopathy observed in Daam1gt/+ mutant embryos of diabetic dams was more severe. There was evidence that embryonic exposure to glucose in vitro diminishes the expression of genes in the Wnt-PCP pathway, leading to altered cytoskeletal organization, cell shape and cell polarity in the optic vesicle. Hence, the Wnt-PCP pathway appears to influence cell morphology and cell polarity, events that drive the cellular movements required for optic vesicle formation and that, in turn, are required to maintain the fate determination. Here, we demonstrate that the Wnt-PCP pathway is involved in the early stages of mouse eye development and that it is altered by diabetes, provoking the ocular phenotype observed in the affected embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Escobar
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Felipe
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Palma
- Unidad de Experimentación animal. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Deborah Henderson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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60
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Joó JG, Karabélyos C, Héjja H, Kornya L, Rigó J. [Epigenetic mechanisms in physiologic and pathologic pregnancies]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:566-74. [PMID: 24704768 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic factors are nowadays in the focus of scientific interest in medicine including obstetrics. The environment in utero and early neonatal life may induce a permanent response in the fetus and the newborn leading to enhanced susceptibility to later diseases. There is now growing evidence that the effects of developmental programming may also manifest themselves in the next generations without further suboptimal exposure. The so-called fetal programming may also highlight a tight connection between pathological conditions in pregnancy, environmental factors and the development of chronic diseases in adulthood. Investigation of epigenetic factors may yield new possibilities for the prevention of chronic diseases affecting a significant part of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Gábor Joó
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Baross utca 27. 1088
| | | | - Hajnalka Héjja
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Baross utca 27. 1088
| | - László Kornya
- Egyesített Szent István és Szent László Kórház Budapest
| | - János Rigó
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Baross utca 27. 1088
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Bohuslavova R, Kolar F, Sedmera D, Skvorova L, Papousek F, Neckar J, Pavlinkova G. Partial deficiency of HIF-1α stimulates pathological cardiac changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24502509 PMCID: PMC3922431 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with a number of functional and structural pathological changes such as left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, and apoptosis. The primary cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy is hyperglycemia, the metabolic hallmark of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that a diabetic environment suppresses hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein stability and function. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional role of HIF-1α in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We have hypothesized that the partial deficiency of HIF-1α may compromise cardiac responses under diabetic conditions and increase susceptibility to diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in wild type (Wt) and heterozygous Hif1a knock-out (Hif1a+/-) mice. Echocardiographic evaluations of left ventricular functional parameters, expression analyses by qPCR and Western blot, and cardiac histopathology assessments were performed in age-matched groups, diabetic, and non-diabetic Wt and Hif1a+/- mice. RESULTS Five weeks after diabetes was established, a significant decrease in left ventricle fractional shortening was detected in diabetic Hif1a+/- but not in diabetic Wt mice. The combination effects of the partial deficiency of Hif1a and diabetes affected the gene expression profile of the heart, including reduced vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) expression. Adverse cardiac remodeling in the diabetic Hif1a+/- heart was shown by molecular changes in the expression of structural molecules and components of the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS We have shown a correlation between heterozygosity for Hif1α and adverse functional, molecular, and cellular changes associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our results provide evidence that HIF-1α regulates early cardiac responses to diabetes, and that HIF-1α deregulation may influence the increased risk for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Jan Neckar
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ-142 20, Czechia
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Kappen C, Salbaum JM. Gene expression in teratogenic exposures: a new approach to understanding individual risk. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 45:94-104. [PMID: 24491834 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of partial or incomplete penetrance is common to many paradigms of exposure to teratogens, where only some of the exposed individuals exhibit developmental defects. We here argue that the most widely used experimental approaches in reproductive toxicology do not take partial penetrance into account, and are thus likely to miss differences between affected and unaffected individuals that contribute to susceptibility for teratogenesis. We propose that focus on the variation between exposed individuals could help to discover factors that may play a causative role for abnormal developmental processes that occur with incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
| | - J Michael Salbaum
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
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63
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Kappen C. Modeling anterior development in mice: diet as modulator of risk for neural tube defects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:333-56. [PMID: 24124024 PMCID: PMC4149464 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Head morphogenesis is a complex process that is controlled by multiple signaling centers. The most common defects of cranial development are craniofacial defects, such as cleft lip and cleft palate, and neural tube defects, such as anencephaly and encephalocoele in humans. More than 400 genes that contribute to proper neural tube closure have been identified in experimental animals, but only very few causative gene mutations have been identified in humans, supporting the notion that environmental influences are critical. The intrauterine environment is influenced by maternal nutrition, and hence, maternal diet can modulate the risk for cranial and neural tube defects. This article reviews recent progress toward a better understanding of nutrients during pregnancy, with particular focus on mouse models for defective neural tube closure. At least four major patterns of nutrient responses are apparent, suggesting that multiple pathways are involved in the response, and likely in the underlying pathogenesis of the defects. Folic acid has been the most widely studied nutrient, and the diverse responses of the mouse models to folic acid supplementation indicate that folic acid is not universally beneficial, but that the effect is dependent on genetic configuration. If this is the case for other nutrients as well, efforts to prevent neural tube defects with nutritional supplementation may need to become more specifically targeted than previously appreciated. Mouse models are indispensable for a better understanding of nutrient-gene interactions in normal pregnancies, as well as in those affected by metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity.
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Xu C, Li X, Wang F, Weng H, Yang P. Trehalose prevents neural tube defects by correcting maternal diabetes-suppressed autophagy and neurogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E667-78. [PMID: 23880312 PMCID: PMC3761168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Preexisting maternal diabetes increases the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). The mechanism underlying maternal diabetes-induced NTDs is not totally defined, and its prevention remains a challenge. Autophagy, an intracellular process to degrade dysfunction protein and damaged cellular organelles, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Because autophagy impairment causes NTDs reminiscent of those observed in diabetic pregnancies, we hypothesize that maternal diabetes-induced autophagy impairment causes NTD formation by disrupting cellular homeostasis, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, and that restoration of autophagy by trehalose, a natural disaccharide, prevents diabetes-induced NTDs. Embryos from nondiabetic and type 1 diabetic mice fed with or without 2 or 5% trehalose water were used to assess markers of autophagy, ER stress, and neurogenesis, numbers of autophagosomes, gene expression that regulates autophagy, NTD rates, indices of mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis. Maternal diabetes suppressed autophagy by significantly reducing LC3-II expression, autophagosome numbers, and GFP-LC3 punctate foci in neuroepithelial cells and by altering autophagy-related gene expression. Maternal diabetes delayed neurogenesis by blocking Sox1 neural progenitor differentiation. Trehalose treatment reversed autophagy impairment and prevented NTDs in diabetic pregnancies. Trehalose resolved homeostatic imbalance by correcting mitochondrial defects, dysfunctional proteins, ER stress, apoptosis, and delayed neurogenesis in the neural tubes exposed to hyperglycemia. Our study demonstrates for the first time that maternal diabetes suppresses autophagy in neuroepithelial cells of the developing neural tube, leading to NTD formation, and provides evidence for the potential efficacy of trehalose as an intervention against hyperglycemia-induced NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and
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65
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Salbaum JM, Kruger C, Kappen C. Mutation at the folate receptor 4 locus modulates gene expression profiles in the mouse uterus in response to periconceptional folate supplementation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1653-61. [PMID: 23651732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periconceptional supplementation of folic acid to the diet of women is considered a great success for a public health intervention. Higher folate status, either by supplementation, or via the mandatory fortification of grain products in the United States, has led to significant reduction in the incidence of neural tube defects. Besides birth defects, folate deficiency has been linked to a variety of morbidities, most notably to increased risk for cancer. However, recent evidence suggests that excess folate may be detrimental - for birth defect incidence or in the progression of cancer. How folate mediates beneficial or detrimental effects is not well understood. It is also unknown what molecular responses are elicited in women taking folate supplements, and thus experience a bolus of folate on top of the status achieved by fortification. To characterize the response to a periconceptional regimen of supplementation with folinic acid, we performed gene expression profiling experiments on uterus tissue of pregnant mice with either wildtype alleles or targeted disruption at the folate receptor 4 locus. We observed that, depending on the genetic background, folinic acid supplementation affects expression of genes that contribute to lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, cell cycle, and cell activation. The extent of the response is strongly modulated by the genetic background. Finally, we provide evidence that folinic acid supplementation in the mutant paradigm affects histone methylation status, a potential mechanism of gene regulation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Salbaum
- Department of Regulation of Gene Expression, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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66
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Bohuslavova R, Skvorova L, Sedmera D, Semenza GL, Pavlinkova G. Increased susceptibility of HIF-1α heterozygous-null mice to cardiovascular malformations associated with maternal diabetes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:129-41. [PMID: 23619295 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations are the most common manifestation of diabetic embryopathy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the teratogenic effect of maternal diabetes have not been fully elucidated. Using genome-wide expression profiling, we previously demonstrated that exposure to maternal diabetes resulted in dysregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway in the developing embryo. We thus considered a possible link between HIF-1-regulated pathways and the development of congenital malformations. HIF-1α heterozygous-null (Hif1a(+/-)) and wild type (Wt) littermate embryos were exposed to the intrauterine environment of a diabetic mother to analyze the frequency and morphology of congenital defects, and assess gene expression changes in Wt and Hif1a(+/-) embryos. We observed a decreased number of embryos per litter and an increased incidence of heart malformations, including atrioventricular septal defects and reduced myocardial mass, in diabetes-exposed Hif1a(+/-) embryos as compared to Wt embryos. We also detected significant differences in the expression of key cardiac transcription factors, including Nkx2.5, Tbx5, and Mef2C, in diabetes-exposed Hif1a(+/-) embryonic hearts compared to Wt littermates. Thus, partial global HIF-1α deficiency alters gene expression in the developing heart and increases susceptibility to congenital defects in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy.
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67
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Li X, Xu C, Yang P. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 and endoplasmic reticulum stress as interdependent and reciprocal causation in diabetic embryopathy. Diabetes 2013; 62:599-608. [PMID: 22961085 PMCID: PMC3554374 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Embryos exposed to high glucose exhibit aberrant maturational and cytoarchitectural cellular changes, implicating cellular organelle stress in diabetic embryopathy. c-Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) activation is a causal event in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTD). However, the relationship between JNK1/2 activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in diabetic embryopathy has never been explored. We found that maternal diabetes significantly increased ER stress markers and induced swollen/enlarged ER lumens in embryonic neuroepithelial cells during neurulation. Deletion of either jnk1 or jnk2 gene diminished hyperglycemia-increased ER stress markers and ER chaperone gene expression. In embryos cultured under high-glucose conditions (20 mmol/L), the use of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER chemical chaperone, diminished ER stress markers and abolished the activation of JNK1/2 and its downstream transcription factors, caspase 3 and caspase 8, and Sox1 neural progenitor apoptosis. Consequently, both 1 and 2 mmol/L 4-PBA significantly ameliorated high glucose-induced NTD. We conclude that hyperglycemia induces ER stress, which is responsible for the proapoptotic JNK1/2 pathway activation, apoptosis, and NTD induction. Suppressing JNK1/2 activation by either jnk1 or jnk2 gene deletion prevents ER stress. Thus, our study reveals a reciprocal causation of ER stress and JNK1/2 in mediating the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Peixin Yang,
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68
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Vijaya M, Manikandan J, Parakalan R, Dheen ST, Kumar SD, Tay SSW. Differential gene expression profiles during embryonic heart development in diabetic mice pregnancy. Gene 2012; 516:218-27. [PMID: 23287646 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are one of the most common defects in offspring of diabetic mothers. There is a clear association between maternal diabetes and CHD; however the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that maternal diabetes affects with the expression of early developmental genes that regulate the essential developmental processes of the heart, thereby resulting in the pathogenesis of CHD. We analyzed genome-wide expression profiling in the developing heart of embryos from diabetic and control mice by using the oligonucleotide microarray. Microarray analysis revealed that a total of 878 genes exhibited more than 1.5 fold changes in expression level in the hearts of experimental embryos in either E13.5 or E15.5 compared with their respective controls. Expression pattern of genes that is differentially expressed in the developing heart was further examined by the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Several genes involved in a number of molecular signaling pathways such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration and differentiation in the developing heart were differentially expressed in embryos of diabetic pregnancy. It is concluded that altered expression of several genes involved in heart development may contribute to CHD in offspring of diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiyan Vijaya
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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69
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Sukanya S, Bay BH, Tay SSW, Dheen ST. Frontiers in research on maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects: Past, present and future. World J Diabetes 2012; 3:196-200. [PMID: 23301121 PMCID: PMC3538985 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i12.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus rightly regarded as a silent-epidemic is continually on the rise and estimated to have a global prevalence of 6.4 % as of 2010. Diabetes during pregnancy is a well known risk factor for congenital anomalies in various organ systems that contribute to neonatal mortality, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and neurological systems, among which the neural tube defects are frequently reported. Over the last two to three decades, several groups around the world have focussed on identifying the molecular cues and cellular changes resulting in altered gene expression and the morphological defects and in diabetic pregnancy. In recent years, the focus has gradually shifted to looking at pre-programmed changes and activation of epigenetic mechanisms that cause altered gene expression. While several theories such as oxidative stress, hypoxia, and apoptosis triggered due to hyperglycemic conditions have been proposed and proven for being the cause for these defects, the exact mechanism or the link between how high glucose can alter gene expression/transcriptome and activate epigenetic mechanisms is largely unknown. Although preconceptual control of diabetes, (i.e., managing glucose levels during pregnancy), and in utero therapies has been proposed as an effective solution for managing diabetes during pregnancy, the impact that a fluctuating glycemic index can have on foetal development has not been evaluated in detail. A tight glycemic control started before pregnancy has shown to reduce the incidence of congenital abnormalities in diabetic mothers. On the other hand, a tight glycemic control after organogenesis and embryogenesis have begun may prove insufficient to prevent or reverse the onset of congenital defects. The importance of determining the extent to which glycemic levels in diabetic mothers should be regulated is critical as foetal hypoglycemia has also been shown to be teratogenic. Finally, the major question remaining is if this whole issue is negligible and not worthy of investigation as the efficient management of diabetes during pregnancy is well in place in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamasundar Sukanya
- Shyamasundar Sukanya, Boon Huat Bay, Samuel Sam Wah Tay, S Thameem Dheen, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Cardiovascular disease risk in the offspring of diabetic women: the impact of the intrauterine environment. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:565160. [PMID: 23133443 PMCID: PMC3485506 DOI: 10.1155/2012/565160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of gestational diabetes is increasing worldwide, exposing large numbers of infants to hyperglycaemia whilst in utero. This exposure may have a long-term negative impact on the cardiovascular health of the offspring. Novel methods to assess cardiovascular status in the neonatal period are now available—including measuring arterial intima-media thickness and retinal photography. These measures will allow researchers to assess the relative impact of intrauterine exposures, distinguishing these from genetic or postnatal environmental factors. Understanding the long-term impact of the intrauterine environment should allow the development of more effective health policy and interventions to decrease the future burden of cardiovascular disease. Initiating disease prevention aimed at the developing fetus during the antenatal period may optimise community health outcomes.
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71
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Zohn IE. Mouse as a model for multifactorial inheritance of neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 96:193-205. [PMID: 22692891 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida and anencephaly are some of the most common structural birth defects found in humans. These defects occur due to failures of neurulation, a process where the flat neural plate rolls into a tube. In spite of their prevalence, the causes of NTDs are poorly understood. The multifactorial threshold model best describes the pattern of inheritance of NTDs where multiple undefined gene variants interact with environmental factors to cause an NTD. To date, mouse models have implicated a multitude of genes as required for neurulation, providing a mechanistic understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways that control neurulation. However, the majority of these mouse models exhibit NTDs with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Still, many examples of multifactorial inheritance have been demonstrated in mouse models of NTDs. These include null and hypomorphic alleles of neurulation genes that interact in a complex fashion with other genetic mutations or environmental factors to cause NTDs. These models have implicated several genes and pathways for testing as candidates for the genetic basis of NTDs in humans, resulting in identification of putative pathogenic mutations in some patients. Mouse models also provide an experimental paradigm to gain a mechanistic understanding of the environmental factors that influence NTD occurrence, such as folic acid and maternal diabetes, and have led to the discovery of additional preventative nutritional supplements such as inositol. This review provides examples of how multifactorial inheritance of NTDs can be modeled in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Zohn
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Li X, Weng H, Xu C, Reece EA, Yang P. Oxidative stress-induced JNK1/2 activation triggers proapoptotic signaling and apoptosis that leads to diabetic embryopathy. Diabetes 2012; 61:2084-92. [PMID: 22688338 PMCID: PMC3402327 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy. The proapoptotic c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK)1/2 activation is associated with diabetic embryopathy. We sought to determine whether 1) hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is responsible for the activation of JNK1/2 signaling, 2) JNK1 contributes to the teratogenicity of hyperglycemia, and 3) both JNK1 and JNK2 activation cause activation of downstream transcription factors, caspase activation, and apoptosis, resulting in neural tube defects (NTDs). Wild-type (WT) embryos from nondiabetic WT dams and WT, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1-overexpressing, jnk1(+/-), jnk1(-/-), and jnk2(-/-) embryos exposed to maternal hyperglycemia were used to assess JNK1/2 activation, NTDs, activation of transcription factors downstream of JNK1/2, caspase cascade, and apoptosis. SOD1 overexpression abolished diabetes-induced activation of JNK1/2 and their downstream effectors: phosphorylation of c-Jun, activating transcription factor 2, and E twenty-six-like transcription factor 1 and dephosphorylation of forkhead box class O3a. jnk1(-/-) embryos had significantly lower incidences of NTDs than those of WT or jnk1(+/-) embryos. Either jnk1 or jnk2 gene deletion blocked diabetes-induced activation of JNK1/2 signaling, caspases 3 and 8, and apoptosis in Sox1(+) neural progenitors of the developing neural tube. Our results show that JNK1 and JNK2 are equally involved in diabetic embryopathy and that the oxidative stress-JNK1/2-caspase pathway mediates the proapoptotic signals and the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E. Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Peixin Yang,
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73
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Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Responses of the embryonic epigenome to maternal diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:770-81. [PMID: 22786762 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes and obesity are independent risk factors for neural tube defects, although it is unclear whether the effects are mediated by common pathogenic mechanisms. In this manuscript, we report a genome-wide survey of histone acetylation in neurulation stage embryos from mouse pregnancies with different metabolic conditions: maternal diabetes, and maternal consumption of a high fat content diet. We find that maternal diabetes, and independently, exposure to high-fat diet, are associated with increases and decreases of H3 and H4 histone acetylation in the embryo. Intriguingly, changes of H3K27 acetylation marks are significantly enriched near genes known to cause neural tube defects in mouse mutants. These data suggest that epigenetic changes in response to diet and metabolic condition may contribute to increased risk for neural tube defects in diabetic and obese pregnancies. Importantly, the responses to high-fat diet and maternal diabetes were distinct, suggesting that perturbed embryonic development under these conditions is mediated by different molecular pathways. This conclusion is supported by morphometric analyses that reveal a trend for maternal diabetes to delay embryonic development in the C57BL/6 strain, while high-fat diet appears to be associated with accelerated development. Taken together, our results link changes in histone acetylation to metabolic conditions during pregnancy, and implicate distinct epigenetic mechanisms in susceptibility to neural tube defects under conditions of maternal diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Regulation of Gene Expression, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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74
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Thieme R, Schindler M, Ramin N, Fischer S, Mühleck B, Fischer B, Navarrete Santos A. Insulin growth factor adjustment in preimplantation rabbit blastocysts and uterine tissues in response to maternal type 1 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:96-103. [PMID: 22465205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well-known regulators of embryonic growth and differentiation. IGF function is closely related to insulin action. IGFs are available to the preimplantation embryo through maternal blood (endocrine action), uterine secretions (paracrine action) and by the embryo itself (autocrine action). In rabbit blastocysts, embryonic IGF1 and IGF2 are specifically strong in the embryoblast (ICM). Signalling of IGFs and insulin in blastocysts follows the classical pathway with Erk1/2 and Akt kinase activation. The aim of this study was to analyse signalling of IGFs in experimental insulin dependent diabetes (exp IDD) in pregnancy, employing a diabetic rabbit model with uterine hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycaemia. Exp IDD was induced in female rabbits by alloxan treatment prior to mating. At 6 days p.c., the maternal and embryonic IGFs were quantified by RT-PCR and ELISA. In pregnant females, hepatic IGF1 expression and IGF1 serum levels were decreased while IGF1 and IGF2 were increased in endometrium. In blastocysts, IGF1 RNA and protein was approx. 7.5-fold and 2-fold higher, respectively, than in controls from normoglycemic females. In cultured control blastocysts supplemented with IGF1 or insulin in vitro for 1 or 12 h, IGF1 and insulin receptors as well as IGF1 and IGF2 were downregulated. In cultured T1D blastocysts activation of Akt and Erk1/2 was impaired with lower amounts of total Akt and Erk1/2 protein and a reduced phosphorylation capacity after IGF1 supplementation. Our data show that the IGF axis is severely altered in embryo-maternal interactions in exp IDD pregnancy. Both, the endometrium and the blastocyst produce more IGF1 and IGF2. The increased endogenous IGF1 and IGF2 expression by the blastocyst compensates for the loss of systemic insulin and IGF. However, this counterbalance does not fill the gap of the reduced insulin/IGF sensitivity, leading to a developmental delay of blastocysts in exp IDD pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Thieme
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
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75
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Maternal diet modulates placenta growth and gene expression in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38445. [PMID: 22701643 PMCID: PMC3372526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfavorable maternal diet during pregnancy can predispose the offspring to diseases later in life, such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. However, the molecular basis for this phenomenon of "developmental programming" is poorly understood. We have recently shown that a diet nutritionally optimized for pregnancy can nevertheless be harmful in the context of diabetic pregnancy in the mouse, associated with a high incidence of neural tube defects and intrauterine growth restriction. We hypothesized that placental abnormalities may contribute to impaired fetal growth in these pregnancies, and therefore investigated the role of maternal diet in the placenta. LabDiet 5015 diet was associated with reduced placental growth, commencing at midgestation, when compared to pregnancies in which the diabetic dam was fed LabDiet 5001 maintenance chow. Furthermore, by quantitative RT-PCR we identify 34 genes whose expression in placenta at midgestation is modulated by diet, diabetes, or both, establishing biomarkers for gene-environment interactions in the placenta. These results implicate maternal diet as an important factor in pregnancy complications and suggest that the early phases of placenta development could be a critical time window for developmental origins of adult disease.
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76
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Singh CK, Kumar A, LaVoie HA, DiPette DJ, Singh US. Resveratrol prevents impairment in activation of retinoic acid receptors and MAP kinases in the embryos of a rodent model of diabetic embryopathy. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:949-61. [PMID: 22534330 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112438972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes induces impairments in gene expression during embryonic development that leads to premature and improper tissue specialization. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs and retinoid X receptor [RXRs]) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play crucial roles during embryonic development, and their suppression or activation has been shown as a determinant of the fate of embryonic organogenesis. We studied the activation of RARs and MAPKs in embryonic day 12 (E12) in embryos of rats under normal, diabetic, and diabetic treated with resveratrol ([RSV]; 100 mg/kg body weight) conditions. We found downregulation of RARs and RXRs expressions as well as their DNA-binding activities in the embryos exhibiting developmental delays due to diabetes. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was decreased and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 and p38 was increased. Interestingly, embryos of diabetic rats treated with RSV showed normalized patterns of RARs, RXRs, neuronal markers, and ERK, JNK and p38 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Abstract
The link between an adverse intrauterine environment and the development of disease later in life has been observed in offspring of pregnancies complicated by obesity and diabetes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. In this review, we highlight recent publications exploring the role of gestational diabetes mellitus in the programming of disease in the offspring. We also review recent publications aiming to identify mechanisms responsible for the "programming effect" that results from exposure to diabetes in utero. Finally, we highlight research on the role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in an animal model of uteroplacental insufficiency where the offspring develop diabetes as a model by which an exposure to the mother can alter epigenetic modifications that affect expression of key genes and ultimately lead to the development of diabetes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Pinney
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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78
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Thieme R, Ramin N, Fischer S, Püschel B, Fischer B, Santos AN. Gastrulation in rabbit blastocysts depends on insulin and insulin-like-growth-factor 1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:112-9. [PMID: 21827825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like-growth-factor 1 (IGF1) are components of the uterine secretions. As potent growth factors they influence early embryo development. The underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we report on the effects of insulin and IGF1 on early gastrulation in rabbit blastocysts. We have studied blastocysts grown in vivo in metabolically healthy rabbits, in rabbits with type 1 diabetes and in vitro in the presence or absence of insulin or IGF1. Embryonic disc morphology and expression of Brachyury, Wnt3a and Wnt4 were analysed by qPCR and IHC. Pre-gastrulated blastocysts (stage 0/1) cultured with insulin or IGF1 showed a significantly higher capacity to form the posterior mesoderm and primitive streak (stage 2 and 3) than blastocysts cultured without growth factors. In gastrulating blastocysts the levels of the mesoderm-specific transcription factor Brachyury and the Wnt signalling molecules Wnt3a and Wnt4 showed a stage-specific expression pattern with Brachyury transcripts increasing from stage 0/1 to 3. Wnt4 protein was found spread over the whole embryoblast. Insulin induced Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Brachyury expression in a temporal- and stage-specific pattern. Only blastocysts cultured with insulin reached the Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Brachyury expression levels of stage 2 in vivo blastocysts, indicating that insulin is required for Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Brachyury expression during gastrulation. Insulin-induced Wnt3a and Wnt4 expression preceded Brachyury. Wnt3a-induced expression could be depleted by MEK1 inhibition (PD98059). Involvement of insulin in embryonic Wnt3a expression was further shown in vivo with Wnt3a expression being notably down regulated in stage 2 blastocysts from rabbits with type 1 diabetes. Blastocysts grown in diabetic rabbits are retarded in development, a finding which supports our current results that insulin is highly likely required for early mesoderm formation in rabbit blastocysts by inducing a distinct spatiotemporal expression profile of Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Brachyury.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Thieme
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Abstract
Diabetic embryopathy reflects a scientific enigma--how does a seemingly rich intrauterine environment manage to disturb the development of the embryo? Which compounds in that environment may be teratogenic--and how shall we find them? How can we investigate a putative dose-response nature of the teratogen, i.e., how can we monitor the effects of varied severity of the diabetic state (which can be varied in a number of metabolic ways) on the embryonic development? Here, the whole embryo culture (WEC) technique provides an excellent tool for such studies. WEC is thus currently used to investigate the effect of graded levels of diabetes (e.g., hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, increased branched chain amino acid (BCAA) levels), and putative antiteratogenic agents (antioxidants, folic acid, arachidonic acid, inositol), as well as the effect of different embryonic genotypes on diabetes-induced (mal)development. WEC is the only method, which is able to couple specific embryonic maldevelopment to precise changes in substrate levels or the (epi)genotype of the embryo. Using this method, we have been able to demonstrate that a diabetic environment--culture of embryos in serum from diabetic animals or in serum with increased levels of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate or α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC)--causes increased embryonic maldevelopment, and that this dysmorphogenesis is blocked by the addition of ROS scavenging agents to the culture medium. Genetically, others and we have demonstrated that Pax-3 downregulation predisposes for diabetes-induced dysmorphogenesis.
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80
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Wlodarczyk BJ, Palacios AM, Chapa CJ, Zhu H, George TM, Finnell RH. Genetic basis of susceptibility to teratogen induced birth defects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:215-26. [PMID: 21766441 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects remain the leading cause of infant death in US. The field of teratology has been focused on the causes and underlying mechanisms of birth defects for decades, yet our understanding of these critical issues remain unacceptably vague. Conclusions from years of animal and human studies made it clear that the vast majority of birth defects have multifactorial origins, with contributions from environmental and genetic factors. The environment comprises not only of the physical, biological, and chemical external environment surrounding the pregnant woman, but it also includes the internal environment of the woman's body that interact with the developing embryo in a complex fashion. The importance of maternal and embryonic genetic factors consisting of countless genetic variants/mutations that exist within every individual contribute to birth defect susceptibility is only now being more fully appreciated. This great complexity of the genome and its diversity within individuals and populations seems to be the principal reason why the same teratogenic exposure can induce severe malformation in one embryo, while fail to do so to other exposed embryos. As the interaction between genetic and environmental factors has long been recognized as the first "Principle of Teratology" by Wilson and Warkany [1965. Teratology: Principles and techniques. Chicago: University of Chicago Press], it is only recently that the appropriate investigative tools have been developed with which to fully investigate this fundamental principle. The introduction of high throughput technologies like whole genome sequencing or genome-wide association studies are promising to deliver an enormous amount of new data that will shed light on the genomic factors that contribute susceptibility to environmental teratogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize the epidemiological and experimental literature concerning birth defects whose phenotypic expression can be clearly related to the interactions between several select environmental factors and those genetic pathways in which they are most likely to have significant modifying effects. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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81
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Salbaum JM, Kruger C, Zhang X, Delahaye NA, Pavlinkova G, Burk DH, Kappen C. Altered gene expression and spongiotrophoblast differentiation in placenta from a mouse model of diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1909-20. [PMID: 21491160 PMCID: PMC3882064 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pregnancies complicated by diabetes have a higher risk of adverse outcomes for mothers and children, including predisposition to disease later in life, e.g. metabolic syndrome and hypertension. We hypothesised that adverse outcomes from diabetic pregnancies may be linked to compromised placental function, and sought to identify cellular and molecular abnormalities in diabetic placenta. METHODS Using a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy, placental gene expression was assayed at mid-gestation and cellular composition analysed at various stages. Genome-wide expression profiling was validated by quantitative PCR and tissue localisation studies were performed to identify cellular correlates of altered gene expression in diabetic placenta. RESULTS We detected significantly altered gene expression in diabetic placenta for genes expressed in the maternal and those expressed in the embryonic compartments. We also found altered cellular composition of the decidual compartment. In addition, the junctional and labyrinth layers were reduced in diabetic placenta, accompanied by aberrant differentiation of spongiotrophoblast cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Diabetes during pregnancy alters transcriptional profiles in the murine placenta, affecting cells of embryonic and maternal origin, and involving several genes not previously implicated in diabetic pregnancies. The molecular changes and abnormal differentiation of multiple cell types precede impaired growth of junctional zone and labyrinth, and of placenta overall. Regardless of whether these changes represent direct responses to hyperglycaemia or are physiological adaptations, they are likely to play a role in pregnancy complications and outcomes, and to have implications for developmental origins of adult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Salbaum
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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82
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Ornoy A, Livshitz A, Ergaz Z, Stodgell CJ, Miller RK. Hyperglycemia, hypoxia and their combination exert oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant gene expression: studies on cultured rat embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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83
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Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Diabetic embryopathy: a role for the epigenome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:770-80. [PMID: 21538816 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development under adverse conditions, such as maternal diabetes or obesity during pregnancy, constitutes a major risk factor for birth defects, as well as for long-term health consequences and disease susceptibility in the offspring. While contributions from epigenetic changes have been invoked previously to explain the long-term changes in terms of developmental programming, we here review how maternal metabolism may directly affect the embryonic epigenome in relationship to teratogenic processes. We consider four epigenetic modalities--DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, transcription factors, and histone modifications--and their contribution to epigenetic memory, and discuss how epigenomic changes may mediate the altered control of embryonic gene expression brought about by maternal diabetes. In combination, the epigenomic modalities serve to define transcription-permissive domains of the genome, resulting in distinct epigenomic landscapes in different developmental cell types. We evaluate experimental approaches to characterize the epigenome in adverse pregnancy conditions, highlighting the role of next-generation sequencing on the technological side, while emphasizing the necessity to study defined cell populations in terms of biologic impact. Finally, we outline the challenges in moving from findings that correlate epigenomics to developmental phenotypes to scenarios that establish teratogenic causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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84
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Yang P, Reece EA. Role of HIF-1α in maternal hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:332.e1-7. [PMID: 21345401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal diabetes adversely impacts embryonic vasculogenesis, which results in embryonic vasculopathy. The purpose of our study is to determine whether hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α plays a role in diabetic embryonic vasculopathy. STUDY DESIGN Levels of HIF-1α were determined in mouse conceptuses. Conceptuses on day 7 of pregnancy were cultured under euglycemic (150 mg/dL glucose) and hyperglycemic (300 mg/dL) conditions with or without AdCA5, or in the presence or absence of 2.0 μg/mL human recombinant thioredoxin, an endogenous antioxidant protein. AdCA5 is an adenovirus encoding a constitutively active form of HIF-1α. RESULTS Maternal diabetes significantly reduced HIF-1α protein expression. The administration of 1 μL (1 × 10(7) infectious units/mL) per 1 mL culture medium AdCA5 completely reversed hyperglycemia-reduced vasculature morphological scores and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Thioredoxin treatment reversed hyperglycemia-reduced HIF-1α levels. CONCLUSION We conclude that reduced HIF-1α plays a critical role in the induction of diabetic embryonic vasculopathy, and that oxidative stress is implicated in hyperglycemia-induced HIF-1α reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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85
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Lale S, Yu S, Ahmed A. Complex congenital heart defects in association with maternal diabetes and partial deletion of the A2BP1 gene. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2011; 30:161-6. [PMID: 21355681 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2010.547555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report a case of complex congenital heart disease in a female infant with maternal diabetes who eventually died of sepsis and post-surgical complications. The autopsy phenotypic findings and organ malformations are detailed. Genomic studies identified a 162 kb intragenic deletion of A2BP1 gene within chromosome band 16p13.2. To our knowledge, this is the first description of A2BP1 gene deletion in association with congenital heart anomalies. This case also demonstrates the effect of maternal diabetes on gene transcription and emphasizes the importance of scanning the human genome in neonates born with congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Lale
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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86
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Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Neural tube defect genes and maternal diabetes during pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:601-11. [PMID: 20564432 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is a well-known teratogen that increases the risk for birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). We have previously shown that maternal diabetes profoundly affects gene expression in the developing embryo, in particular a suite of known NTD genes. In rodent experimental systems, NTDs present as phenotypes of incomplete penetrance in diabetic pregnancies. This property is difficult to reconcile with observations of consistently altered gene expression in exposed embryos. We here show that maternal diabetes increases the overall variability of gene expression levels in embryos. RESULTS Altered gene expression and increased variability of gene expression together may constitute the molecular correlates for incomplete phenotype penetrance. DISCUSSION Based on this model, we suggest that maternal diabetes reduces the precision of gene regulation in exposed individuals. Loss of precision in embryonic gene regulation may include changes to the epigenome via deregulated expression of chromatin-modifying factors. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying such epigenetic modifications in diabetic pregnancies will help to understand how teratogenic insults compromise embryonic development and possibly provide avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Salbaum
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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Abstract
The worldwide increase in the incidence of diabetes, the increase in type 2 diabetes in women at reproductive ages, and the cross-generation of the intrauterine programming of type 2 diabetes are the bases for the growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of induction of developmental alterations in maternal diabetes. In this scenario, experimental models that present the most common features of diabetes in pregnancy are highly required. Several important aspects of human diabetic pregnancies such as the increased rates of spontaneous abortions, malformations, fetoplacental impairments, and offspring diseases in later life can be approached by using the appropriate animal models. The purpose of this review is to give a practical and critical guide into the most frequently used experimental models in diabetes and pregnancy, discuss their advantages and limitations, and describe the aspects of diabetes and pregnancy for which these models are thought to be adequate. This review provides a comprehensive view and an extensive analysis of the different models and phenotypes addressed in diabetic animals throughout pregnancy. The review includes an analysis of the surgical, chemical-induced, and genetic experimental models of diabetes and an evaluation of their use to analyze early pregnancy defects, induction of congenital malformations, placental and fetal alterations, and the intrauterine programming of metabolic diseases in the offspring's later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Zabihi S, Loeken MR. Understanding diabetic teratogenesis: where are we now and where are we going? BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2010; 88:779-90. [PMID: 20706996 PMCID: PMC5070114 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal pregestational diabetes (type 1 or type 2) poses an increased risk for a broad spectrum of birth defects. To our knowledge, this problem first came to the attention of the Teratology Society at the 14th Annual Meeting in Vancouver, B.C. in 1974, with a presentation by Lewis Holmes, "Etiologic heterogeneity of neural tube defects". Although advances in the control of diabetes in the decades since the discovery of insulin in the 1920's have reduced the risk for birth defects during diabetic pregnancy, the increasing incidence of diabetes among women of childbearing years indicates that this cause of birth defects is a growing public health concern. Major advances in understanding how a disease of maternal fuel metabolism can interfere with embryogenesis of multiple organ systems have been made in recent years. In this review, we trace the history of the study of diabetic teratogenesis and discuss a model in which tissue-specific developmental control genes are regulated at specific times in embryonic development by glucose metabolism. The major function of such genes is to suppress apoptosis, perhaps to preserve proliferative capability, and inhibit premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheller Zabihi
- Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mary R. Loeken
- Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215
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Kappen C, Kruger C, MacGowan J, Salbaum JM. Maternal diet modulates the risk for neural tube defects in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:41-9. [PMID: 20868740 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes have long been known to carry a higher risk for congenital malformations, such as neural tube defects. Using the FVB inbred mouse strain and the Streptozotocin-induced diabetes model, we tested whether the incidence of neural tube defects in diabetic pregnancies can be modulated by maternal diet. In a comparison of two commercial mouse diets, which are considered nutritionally replete, we found that maternal consumption of the unfavorable diet was associated with a more than 3-fold higher rate of neural tube defects. Our results demonstrate that maternal diet can act as a modifier of the risk for abnormal development in high-risk pregnancies, and provide support for the possibility that neural tube defects in human diabetic pregnancies might be preventable by optimized maternal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Au KS, Ashley-Koch A, Northrup H. Epidemiologic and genetic aspects of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:6-15. [PMID: 20419766 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) ranges from 1.0 to 10.0 per 1,000 births with almost equal frequencies between two major categories: anencephaly and spina bifida (SB). Epidemiological studies have provided valuable insight for (a) researchers to identify nongenetic and genetic factors contributing to etiology, (b) public health officials to design and implement policies to prevent NTD pregnancies, and (c) individuals to take precautions to reduce the chance of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. Despite extensive research, our knowledge of the genetic etiology of human NTDs is limited. Although more than 200 small animal models with NTDs exist, most of these models do not replicate the human disease phenotype. Over a hundred candidate genes have been examined for risk association to human SB. The candidate genes studied include those important in folic acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, retinoid metabolism, and apoptosis. Many genes that regulate transcription in early embryogenesis and maintain planar cell polarity have also been tested as candidates. Additionally, genes identified through mouse models of NTDs have been explored as candidates. We do not know how many genes in the human genome may confer risk for NTDs in human. Less than 20% of the studied candidate genes have been determined to confer even a minor effect on risk association. Many studies have provided conflicting conclusions due to limitations in study design that potentially affect the power of statistical analysis. Future directions such as genomewide association studies (GWAS) and whole exome or even whole genome sequencing are discussed as possible avenues to identify genes that affect risk for human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Sing Au
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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