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Peltonen HM, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Mannermaa A. Γ-secretase components as predictors of breast cancer outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79249. [PMID: 24223915 PMCID: PMC3815159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is a large ubiquitously expressed protease complex composed of four core subunits: presenilin, Aph1, PEN-2, and nicastrin. The function of γ-secretase in the cells is to proteolytically cleave various proteins within their transmembrane domains. Presenilin and Aph1 occur as alternative variants belonging to mutually exclusive γ-secretase complexes and providing the complexes with heterogeneous biochemical and physiological properties. γ-secretase is proposed to have a role in the development and progression of cancer and γ-secretase inhibitors are intensively studied for their probable anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer models. Here, we for the first time determined mRNA expression levels of presenilin-1, presenilin-2, Aph1a, Aph1b, PEN-2, and nicastrin in a set of breast cancer tissue samples (N = 55) by quantitative real-time PCR in order to clarify the clinical significance of the expression of different γ-secretase complex components in breast cancer. We found a high positive correlation between the subunit expression levels implying a common regulation of transcription. Our univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analyses established low expression level of γ-secretase complex as a risk factor for breast cancer specific mortality. The tumors expressing low levels of γ-secretase complex were characterized by high histopathological tumor grade, low or no expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and consequently high probability to fall into the class of triple negative breast cancer tumors. These results may provide novel tools to further categorize breast cancer tumors, especially the highly aggressive and poorly treatable breast cancer type of triple negative cases, and suggest a significant role for γ-secretase in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Peltonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kataja
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oncology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Melnik BC, Plewig G. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:172-7. [PMID: 23489419 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings in familial hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) demonstrated loss-of-function mutations of components of the γ-secretase (GS) complex leading to decreased protease cleaving activity, which may compromise canonical Notch signalling. Appropriate Notch signalling is of pivotal importance for maintaining the inner and outer root sheath of the hair follicle and skin appendages. This viewpoint on the pathogenesis of HS is primarily supported by circumstantial evidence derived from translational biology. Impaired Notch signalling is proposed to be the major pathogenic mechanism of HS. Deficient Notch signalling switches the fate of outer root sheath cells, resulting in conversion of hair follicles to keratin-enriched epidermal cysts. Impaired Notch signalling may compromise apocrine gland homoeostasis as well. Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules released by either ruptured epidermal cysts exposing keratin fibres or altered structural components of less maintained apocrine glands may both stimulate TLR-mediated innate immunity. All aggravating factors of HS, that is, smoking, obesity, skin occlusion, androgens and progesterone, may further promote inflammation by release of proinflammatory cytokines derived from activated monocyte/macrophages. Inappropriate Notch signalling may not only initiate inflammation in HS but may lead to insufficient feedback inhibition of overstimulated innate immunity. Regular Notch signalling via induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) terminates TLR-MAPK-signalling in macrophages and IL-23 secreting DCs, the key players for Th17 cell polarization. Thus, impaired Notch signalling links HS to other Th17-driven comorbidities. All major therapeutic interventions in HS appear to attenuate increased MAPK activation of innate immune cells due to impaired Notch-mediated feedback regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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Avila JL, Kissil JL. Notch signaling in pancreatic cancer: oncogene or tumor suppressor? Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:320-7. [PMID: 23545339 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathways are known to play critical roles during pancreatic development, but it remains unclear what functions are important in the adult organ. One area of debate is the role of Notch signaling in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and proposed precursor lesions, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Initial studies revealed that Notch signaling is reactivated during PDAC initiation and development, suggesting that Notch promotes PDAC and may therefore represent a target for drug development. However, more recent work reveals a tumor suppressive role for Notch receptors in the context of PanIN development. Here, we summarize the current literature describing Notch signaling in the development of PDAC, and discuss the potential of the Notch pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Avila
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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54
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Cutaneous wound healing: recruiting developmental pathways for regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2059-81. [PMID: 23052205 PMCID: PMC3663196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following a skin injury, the damaged tissue is repaired through the coordinated biological actions that constitute the cutaneous healing response. In mammals, repaired skin is not identical to intact uninjured skin, however, and this disparity may be caused by differences in the mechanisms that regulate postnatal cutaneous wound repair compared to embryonic skin development. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for wound healing complications. Here we focus on the roles of several key developmental signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Notch) in mammalian cutaneous wound repair, and compare this to their function in skin development. We discuss the varying responses to cutaneous injury across the taxa, ranging from complete regeneration to scar tissue formation. Finally, we outline how research into the role of developmental pathways during skin repair has contributed to current wound therapies, and holds potential for the development of more effective treatments.
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Reichrath S, Reichrath J. No evidence for induction of key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) by treatment with UV-B, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and/or epigenetic drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) in human keratinocytes in vitro. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:44-52. [PMID: 22870352 PMCID: PMC3408992 DOI: 10.4161/derm.19027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is of high importance for growth and survival of various cell types. We now analyzed the protein expression of two key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) in spontaneously immortalized (HaCaT) and in malignant (SCL-1) human keratinocytes, using western analysis. We found that Notch-1 and its corresponding ligand Jagged-1 are expressed in both cell lines, with no marked change following UV-B treatment. Moreover, treatment of both cell lines before or after UV-B irradiation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the biologically active form of vitamin D, and/or epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA; 5-Aza) did not result in a marked modulation of the protein expression of Notch-1 or Jagged-1. Under the experimental conditions of this study, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 protected human keratinocytes in part against the antiproliferative effects of UV-B-radiation. In conclusion, our findings do not point at a differential expression of these two key components of Notch signaling in non-malignant as compared to malignant human keratinocytes, indicating that alterations in their expression are not of importance for the photocarcinogenesis of human squamous cell carcinomas. Moreover, our findings do not support the hypothesis that modulation of Notch signaling may be involved in the photoprotective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, that we and others reported previously. Additionally, we demonstrate that epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) do not markedly modulate the expression Notch-1 or Jagged-1 in UV-B-treated human keratinocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology; The Saarland University Hospital; Homburg/Saar, Germany
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microRNA-31/factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 nexus regulates keratinocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14030-4. [PMID: 22891326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111292109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch plays a critical role in the transition from proliferation to differentiation in the epidermis and corneal epithelium. Furthermore, aberrant Notch signaling is a feature of diseases like psoriasis, eczema, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and melanoma where differentiation and proliferation are impaired. Whereas much is known about the downstream events following Notch signaling, factors responsible for negatively regulating Notch receptor signaling after ligand activation are incompletely understood. Notch can undergo hydroxylation by factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1); however, the biological significance of this phenomenon is unclear. Here we show that FIH-1 expression is up-regulated in diseased epidermis and corneal epithelium. Elevating FIH-1 levels in primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human corneal epithelial keratinocytes (HCEKs) impairs differentiation in submerged cultures and in a "three-dimensional" organotypic raft model of human epidermis, in part, via a coordinate decrease in Notch signaling. Knockdown of FIH-1 enhances keratinocyte differentiation. Loss of FIH-1 in vivo increased Notch activity in the limbal epithelium, resulting in a more differentiated phenotype. microRNA-31 (miR-31) is an endogenous negative regulator of FIH-1 expression that results in keratinocyte differentiation, mediated by Notch activation. Ectopically expressing miR-31 in an undifferentiated corneal epithelial cell line promotes differentiation and recapitulates a corneal epithelium in a three-dimensional raft culture model. Our results define a previously unknown mechanism for keratinocyte fate decisions where Notch signaling potential is, in part, controlled through a miR-31/FIH-1 nexus.
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57
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A transposon-based analysis of gene mutations related to skin cancer development. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:239-48. [PMID: 22832494 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is by far the most frequent type of cancer in humans. NMSC includes several types of malignancies with different clinical outcomes, the most frequent being basal and squamous cell carcinomas. We have used the Sleeping Beauty transposon/transposase system to identify somatic mutations associated with NMSC. Transgenic mice bearing multiple copies of a mutagenic Sleeping Beauty transposon T2Onc2 and expressing the SB11 transposase under the transcriptional control of regulatory elements from the keratin K5 promoter were treated with TPA, either in wild-type or Ha-ras mutated backgrounds. After several weeks of treatment, mice with transposition developed more malignant tumors with decreased latency compared with control mice. Transposon/transposase animals also developed basal cell carcinomas. Genetic analysis of the transposon integration sites in the tumors identified several genes recurrently mutated in different tumor samples, which may represent novel candidate cancer genes. We observed alterations in the expression levels of some of these genes in human tumors. Our results show that inactivating mutations in Notch1 and Nsd1, among others, may have an important role in skin carcinogenesis.
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58
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Park HS, Jung CK, Lee SH, Chae BJ, Lim DJ, Park WC, Song BJ, Kim JS, Jung SS, Bae JS. Notch1 receptor as a marker of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:305-9. [PMID: 22118425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor according to the type of malignancy, and the BRAF(V600E) mutation is commonly observed in thyroid cancer. However, the role of Notch and BRAF(V600E) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is unclear. This study sought to elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics in patients with PTC regarding the expression of Notch1/Notch3 receptors and BRAF(V600E) mutation. Clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated according to the Notch1/Notch3 receptors and BRAF(V600E) mutation in 187 patients with PTC who underwent definitive surgery. Expression of the Notch1 receptor was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers including large tumor size, nodal metastasis, capsular invasion, and extrathyroidal extension. However, there was no significant association between the clinicopathological characteristics and Notch3 receptor expression/BRAF(V600E) mutation. In multivariate analysis, Notch1 receptor expression showed a significant relationship with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.04). Notch1 receptor may be a predictor of lymph node metastasis and may be related to poor prognostic markers in patients with PTC. Further investigation of Notch1 receptor may further the understanding of the pathogenesis of nodal metastasis in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Seok Park
- Departments of Surgery Hospital Pathology Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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59
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Massi D, Panelos J. Notch signaling and the developing skin epidermis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 727:131-41. [PMID: 22399344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0899-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innermost (basal) layer of the skin epidermis consists of proliferative progenitors which give rise to multiple differentiating layers providing a barrier that keeps the inside of the body moist and protects the body from outside assaults by physical, environmental and biological factors. The epidermis is maintained throughout life through the proliferation of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny. Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved molecular network that plays an essential role in cell fate determination during embryogenesis and also in postnatal life. Data from ongoing studies indicate that Notch signaling orchestrates the process of epidermal differentiation and proliferation through the sequential activity of different Notch ligands, receptors and downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Massi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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60
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Reichrath J, Reichrath S. Notch-signaling and nonmelanoma skin cancer: an ancient friend, revisited. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 727:265-71. [PMID: 22399354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0899-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans and other species, Notch-signaling is of critical importance for carcinogenesis in several organs, including the skin. Interestingly, Notch-signaling appears to exert opposite roles in skin carcinogenesis as compared to carcinogenesis in other tissues. While the Notch1 receptor (Notch1) acts as a proto-oncogene in most tissues, it has been shown that Notch1 deletion in epidermal keratinocytes causes skin carcinogenesis. Recent results indicate that loss of Notch1 is not involved in the initiating event of multistage skin carcinogenesis, but acts as a skin cancer-promoting event. Moreover, recent findings underline the importance of multiple other factors, including the microenvironment, for Notch signaling in skin carcinogenesis. It can be speculated that pharmacologic modulation of Notch signaling may be an interesting target for the prevention and therapy of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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61
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Abdou AG, Maraee AH, Sharaf A, Elnaidany NF. Up-regulation of Notch-1 in psoriasis: an immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2011; 16:177-84. [PMID: 22197545 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway plays a key role in differentiation, proliferation, and influencing cell fate decision in multiple organisms and tissues including the epidermis and its appendages. The role of Notch-1 in psoriasis has not been widely evaluated; therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate its role in etiopathogenesis of this common skin disease. The current study used immunohistochemical technique to evaluate Notch-1 expression in 35 lesional biopsies of patients having chronic plaque psoriasis in comparison with normal skin biopsies, representing the control group. Notch-1 was expressed in the epidermis of both normal and psoriatic skins; however, the intensity was in favor of psoriatic lesion, and the nuclear form of Notch-1 was more frequently and diffusely seen in psoriasis. Exacerbation of psoriasis as assessed by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was significantly associated with intense (P = .005) and nuclear form of Notch-1 expression (P = .0001). The nuclear form of Notch-1 was also correlated with female sex (P = .043). From this study, up-regulation and not down-regulation of Notch-1 may have a role in pathogenesis of psoriasis. The nuclear form is responsible for the exacerbation of symptoms, and it is the one that may disappear by the effect of psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt.
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62
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Rodrigues K, Oliveira M, Maretti-Mira A, Oliveira-Neto M, Mattos M, Silva L, Soares D, Dolci E, Perico R, Pirmez C. Influence of the Notch system in the therapeutic response of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1228-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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63
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Weber S, Niessen MT, Prox J, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Schmitz A, Schwanbeck R, Blobel CP, Jorissen E, de Strooper B, Niessen CM, Saftig P. The disintegrin/metalloproteinase Adam10 is essential for epidermal integrity and Notch-mediated signaling. Development 2011; 138:495-505. [PMID: 21205794 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase Adam10 has been implicated in the regulation of key signaling pathways that determine skin morphogenesis and homeostasis. To address the in vivo relevance of Adam10 in the epidermis, we have selectively disrupted Adam10 during skin morphogenesis and in adult skin. K14-Cre driven epidermal Adam10 deletion leads to perinatal lethality, barrier impairment and absence of sebaceous glands. A reduction of spinous layers, not associated with differences in either proliferation or apoptosis, indicates that loss of Adam10 triggers a premature differentiation of spinous keratinocytes. The few surviving K14-Adam10-deleted mice and mice in which Adam10 was deleted postnatally showed loss of hair, malformed vibrissae, epidermal hyperproliferation, cyst formation, thymic atrophy and upregulation of the cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP), thus indicating non cell-autonomous multi-organ disease resulting from a compromised barrier. Together, these phenotypes closely resemble skin specific Notch pathway loss-of-function phenotypes. Notch processing is indeed strongly reduced resulting in decreased levels of Notch intracellular domain fragment and functional Notch signaling. The data identify Adam10 as the major Site-2 processing enzyme for Notch in the epidermis in vivo, and thus as a central regulator of skin development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Weber
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
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Kim DH, Yun JY, Lee JH, Myoung H, Kim SM. Cancer stem cell theory and update in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2011.37.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hun Kim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Yun
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Myoung
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung-Min Kim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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65
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Exploring the "hair growth-wound healing connection": anagen phase promotes wound re-epithelialization. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:518-28. [PMID: 20927125 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When the skin is damaged, a variety of cell types must migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to reform a functional barrier to the external environment. Recent studies have shown that progenitor cells residing in hair follicles (HFs) are able to contribute to this re-epithelialization of wounds in vivo. However, the influence of the hair cycle on wound healing has not previously been addressed. Here, we have exploited spontaneous postnatal hair-cycle synchronicity in mice to systematically examine the influence of the different hair-cycle stages on murine skin wound healing. We report significant acceleration of healing during the anagen phase of HF cycling in vivo, associated with alterations in epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cell types. Intriguingly, gene profiling data reveal a clear correlation between the transcription of genes beneficial for wound healing and those upregulated during the anagen phase of the hair cycle in unwounded skin. These findings, which demonstrate a previously unappreciated association between HF cycling and wound healing, reveal numerous molecular correlates for further investigation.
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66
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Qi Y, Li X, Zhao L, Seykora JT. Decreased Srcasm expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:3535-3539. [PMID: 20944134 PMCID: PMC3107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) play critical roles in regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation. Src-activating and signaling molecule (Srcasm) is a novel molecule that down-regulates SFK activity and promotes cell differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine whether Srcasm expression was altered in esophageal squamous epithelial carcinoma compared with normal epithelium in a Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined Srcasm immunohistochemical staining in 30 cases in both normal esophageal epithelium and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from the same patient in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks. RESULTS Srcasm protein expression levels are decreased in esophageal SCC compared to the esophageal normal epithelium. CONCLUSION This pattern of Srcasm expression suggests that it may act as a negative regulator in esophageal SCC cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PRC.
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67
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Lambertini C, Pantano S, Dotto GP. Differential control of Notch1 gene transcription by Klf4 and Sp3 transcription factors in normal versus cancer-derived keratinocytes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10369. [PMID: 20442780 PMCID: PMC2860992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In specific cell types like keratinocytes, Notch signaling plays an important pro-differentiation and tumor suppressing function, with down-modulation of the Notch1 gene being associated with cancer development. Besides being controlled by p53, little else is known on regulation of Notch1 gene expression in this context. We report here that transcription of this gene is driven by a TATA-less “sharp peak” promoter and that the minimal functional region of this promoter, which extends from the −342 bp position to the initiation codon, is differentially active in normal versus cancer cells. This GC rich region lacks p53 binding sites, but binds Klf4 and Sp3. This finding is likely to be of biological significance, as Klf4 and, to a lesser extent, Sp3 are up-regulated in a number of cancer cells where Notch1 expression is down-modulated, and Klf4 over-expression in normal cells is sufficient to down-modulate Notch1 gene transcription. The combined knock-down of Klf4 and Sp3 was necessary for the reverse effect of increasing Notch1 transcription, consistent with the two factors exerting an overlapping repressor function through their binding to the Notch1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lambertini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Serafino Pantano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - G. Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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68
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Abstract
In recent years a substantial body of evidence derived from not only preclinical but also clinical studies has accumulated in support of Notch signaling playing important oncogenic roles in several types of cancer. The finding that activating Notch mutations are frequently found in patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia is one of the best examples for a critical role of Notch signaling in cancer, a fact that motivated many researchers and clinicians to study the role of Notch also in solid tumors. Hence Notch signaling has gained increasing attention as a potential therapeutic target. In this book chapter we would like to discuss our current knowledge of Notch signaling within different types of solid cancers as well as advantages and disadvantages of potential new therapies that try to target the oncogenic properties of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Koch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
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69
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Loss of Calcineurin Aα Alters Keratinocyte Survival and Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:135-40. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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70
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Rácz E, Prens EP. Molecular pathophysiology of psoriasis and molecular targets of antipsoriatic therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e38. [PMID: 20003607 DOI: 10.1017/s146239940900129x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by elevated red scaly plaques on specific body sites. Histologically, the plaques are defined by epidermal hyperplasia, epidermal and dermal infiltration by leukocytes, and changes in the dermal microvasculature. Differentiation and activation are disturbed in lesional psoriatic keratinocytes, and the pool of proliferating keratinocytes is increased, which is accompanied by enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and antimicrobial peptides. These changes in psoriatic keratinocytes are caused by altered expression of genes associated with epidermal differentiation, and by activation of signalling pathways involving signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), type I interferon (IFN) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The number of T cells, and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) is markedly increased in psoriatic lesions. Myeloid DCs produce interleukin (IL)-23, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are crucial cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-23 stimulates the secretion of IL-22 by T helper 17 cells, and IL-22 induces epidermal hyperplasia. The crosstalk between keratinocytes and leukocytes via their proinflammatory cytokines creates the vicious circle of chronic skin inflammation seen in psoriasis. This suggests that optimal treatment of psoriasis needs to target pathogenic pathways in both leukocytes and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emoke Rácz
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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71
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Abstract
Understanding the complexity of cancer depends on an elucidation of the underlying regulatory networks, at the cellular and intercellular levels and in their temporal dimension. This Opinion article focuses on the multilevel crosstalk between the Notch pathway and the p53 and p63 pathways. These two coordinated signalling modules are at the interface of external damaging signals and control of stem cell potential and differentiation. Positive or negative reciprocal regulation of the two pathways can vary with cell type and cancer stage. Therefore, selective or combined targeting of the two pathways could improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland.
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72
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Abstract
A new theory about the development of solid tumours is emerging from the idea that solid tumours, like normal adult tissues, contain stem cells (called cancer stem cells) and arise from them. Genetic mutations encoding for proteins involved in critical signalling pathways for stem cells such as BMP, Notch, Hedgehog and Wnt would allow stem cells to undergo uncontrolled proliferation and form tumours. Taking into account that cancer stem cells (CSCs) would represent the real driving force behind tumour growth and that they may be drug resistant, new agents that target the above signalling pathways could be more effective than current anti-solid tumour therapies. In the present paper we will review the molecular basis of the Notch signalling pathway. Additionally, we will pay attention to their role in adult stem cell self-renewal, and cell fate specification and differentiation, and we will also review evidence that supports their implication in cancer.
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73
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Abstract
Notch signaling regulates pancreatic cell differentiation, and mutations of various Notch signaling components result in perturbed pancreas development. Members of the Fringe family of beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases, Manic Fringe (MFng), Lunatic Fringe (LFng), and Radical Fringe (RFng), modulate Notch signaling, and MFng has been suggested to regulate pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation. We have characterized the expression of the three mouse Fringe genes in the developing mouse pancreas between embryonic days 9 and 14 and show that the expression of MFng colocalized with the proendocrine transcription factor Ngn3. In contrast, the expression of LFng colocalized with the exocrine marker Ptf1a, whereas RFng was not expressed. Moreover, we show that expression of MFng is lost in Ngn3 mutant mice, providing evidence that MFng is genetically downstream of Ngn3. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses of MFng by the generation of mice that overexpress MFng in early pancreatic progenitor cells and mice with a targeted deletion of MFng provide, however, evidence that MFng is dispensable for pancreas development and function, since no pancreatic defects in these mice were observed.
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74
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Mutation of the fucose-specific β1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase LFNG results in abnormal formation of the spine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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75
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Nakano N, Nishiyama C, Yagita H, Koyanagi A, Akiba H, Chiba S, Ogawa H, Okumura K. Notch signaling confers antigen-presenting cell functions on mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:74-81.e1. [PMID: 19130928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch signaling is involved in cell fate determination along with the development of the immune system. However, very little is known about the role for Notch signaling in mast cells. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of Notch signaling in mast cell functions. METHODS After mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) or peritoneal mast cells (PMCs) were cocultured with mouse Notch ligand-expressing chinese hamster ovary cells for 5 days, we examined the mast cell surface expressions of MHC-II molecules and OX40 ligand (OX40L), Fc epsilon RI-mediated cytokine production, and the effects of the mast cells on proliferation and differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells in vitro. RESULTS We showed that BMMCs and PMCs constitutively expressed Notch1 and Notch2 proteins on the cell surface. We also found that Delta-like 1 (Dll1)/Notch signaling induced the expression of MHC-II and upregulated the expression level of OX40L on the surface of the mast cells. Dll1/Notch signaling augmented Fc epsilon RI-mediated IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF production by BMMCs. Dll1-stimulated MHC-II(+)OX40L(high) BMMCs promoted proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells and their differentiation into T(H)2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. CONCLUSION Dll1/Notch signaling confers the functions as an antigen-presenting cell on mast cells, which preferentially induce the differentiation of T(H)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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76
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Graziani I, Eliasz S, De Marco MA, Chen Y, Pass HI, De May RM, Strack PR, Miele L, Bocchetta M. Opposite effects of Notch-1 and Notch-2 on mesothelioma cell survival under hypoxia are exerted through the Akt pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9678-85. [PMID: 19047145 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a cancer of the lining of the lungs, heart, and intestine and is known to respond poorly to chemotherapy. Here we show that malignant mesothelial cells have an elevated Notch signaling pathway compared with normal human mesothelial cells. We studied the role of Notch in MM under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, the latter condition best recapitulating the MM microenvironment. Genetic and chemical modulation of the Notch pathway indicated that MM cells are dependent on Notch signaling. More specifically, this signaling was Notch-1 dependent as the result of its negative transcriptional regulation on phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), which led to activation of the prosurvival phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Our study also provides evidence that whereas Notch-1 is elevated in the malignant setting, Notch-2 is diminished. This differential expression of the two Notch isoforms benefits cancer cell survival because reexpression of Notch-2 was toxic to MM cells. The mechanism of Notch-2 toxicity to MM cells countered that of Notch-1, as it was the result of positive transcriptional regulation of PTEN and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results provide new insight into the role of Notch in MM and suggest that Notch pathway inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Graziani
- Department of Pathology and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Cancer Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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77
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were essentially a molecular 'black box' until some 12 years ago, when identification of a genetic flaw in a rare subset of patients who have a great propensity to develop BCCs pointed to aberrant Hedgehog signalling as the pivotal defect leading to formation of these tumours. This discovery has facilitated a remarkable increase in our understanding of BCC carcinogenesis and has highlighted the carcinogenic role of this developmental pathway when aberrantly activated in adulthood. Importantly, a phase 1 first-in-human trial of a Hedgehog inhibitor has shown real progress in halting and even reversing the growth of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin H Epstein
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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78
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Abstract
Cancer development results from deregulated control of stem cell populations and alterations in their surrounding environment. Notch signaling is an important form of direct cell-cell communication involved in cell fate determination, stem cell potential and lineage commitment. The biological function of this pathway is critically context dependent. Here we review the pro-differentiation role and tumor suppressing function of this pathway, as revealed by loss-of-function in keratinocytes and skin, downstream of p53 and in cross-connection with other determinants of stem cell potential and/or tumor formation, such as p63 and Rho/CDC42 effectors. The possibility that Notch signaling elicits a duality of signals, involved in growth/differentiation control and cell survival will be discussed, in the context of novel approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Lausanne University, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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79
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Djalilian A, Namavari A, Ito A, Balali S, Afshar A, Lavker R, Yue BJT. Down-regulation of Notch signaling during corneal epithelial proliferation. Mol Vis 2008; 14:1041-9. [PMID: 18552977 PMCID: PMC2426716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the expression and activation of Notch pathway genes in the adult human and murine corneal epithelium during proliferation. METHODS The expression of Notch pathway genes in the limbal and central human corneal epithelium was compared by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Their expression pattern was examined by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. The temporal expression of Notch1 during murine wound healing was assessed by RT-PCR. Notch activity was determined using western blot for the Notch intracellular domain (NotchIC). The expression of Hes1 was evaluated in cell culture. RESULTS The expression of Notch1 and Jagged1 was higher in the human limbal epithelium while the expression of Hes1 and Hes5 was higher in the central cornea. Expression of Notch1, Jagged1, and Hes1 was found predominantly in the basal and immediate suprabasal cells. During neonatal corneal development, NotchIC was detected in occasional cells at P10 while at P15 and P90, it was found in the basal and early suprabasal layers. NotchIC was found to be lower in the limbal compared to central corneal epithelium. The expression of Notch1 was lower at 24 h post-wounding but was completely restored in six days. The levels of NotchIC were decreased at 24 h post-wounding and after application of topical phorbol myristate. In vitro, the expression of Hes1 was higher in confluent cells maintained under high calcium conditions. CONCLUSIONS The inverse correlation between Notch signaling and the proliferative status of the corneal epithelium is consistent with the idea that Notch plays a role in corneal epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A. Namavari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A. Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - S. Balali
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A. Afshar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - R.M. Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - B.Y. J. T. Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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80
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Siddiqi S, Gude N, Hosoda T, Muraski J, Rubio M, Emmanuel G, Fransioli J, Vitale S, Parolin C, D'Amario D, Schaefer E, Kajstura J, Leri A, Anversa P, Sussman MA. Myocardial induction of nucleostemin in response to postnatal growth and pathological challenge. Circ Res 2008; 103:89-97. [PMID: 18519946 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.169334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-specific proteins and regulatory pathways that determine self-renewal and differentiation have become of fundamental importance in understanding regenerative and reparative processes in the myocardium. One such regulatory protein, named nucleostemin, has been studied in the context of stem cells and several cancer cell lines, where expression is associated with proliferation and maintenance of a primitive cellular phenotype. We find nucleostemin is present in young myocardium and is also induced following cardiomyopathic injury. Nucleostemin expression in cardiomyocytes is induced by fibroblast growth factor-2 and accumulates in response to Pim-1 kinase activity. Cardiac stem cells also express nucleostemin that is diminished in response to commitment to a differentiated phenotype. Overexpression of nucleostemin in cultured cardiac stem cells increases proliferation while preserving telomere length, providing a mechanistic basis for potential actions of nucleostemin in promotion of cell survival and proliferation as seen in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailay Siddiqi
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA 92182, USA
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81
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Paranjothy T, Wiechec E, Pocar P, Mustafa T, Seifert A, Zahl C, Gerlach KL, Biermann K, Steger K, Hoang-Vu C, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Cancer stem cells as targets for cancer therapy: selected cancers as examples. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:165-80. [PMID: 18512024 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that cancer constitutes a group of diseases involving altered stem-cell maturation/differentiation and the disturbance of regenerative processes. The observed malignant transformation is merely a symptom of normal differentiation processes gone astray rather than the primary event. This review focuses on the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in three common but also relatively under-investigated cancers: head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. For didactic purpose, the physiology of stem cells is first introduced using hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells as examples. This is followed by a discussion of the (possible) role of CSCs in head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Aside from basic information about the pathophysiology of these cancers, current research results focused on the discovery of molecular markers specific to these cancers are also discussed. The last part of the review is largely dedicated to signaling pathways active within various normal and CSC types (e.g. Nanog, Nestin, Notch1, Notch2, Oct3 and 4, Wnt). Different elements of these pathways are also discussed in the context of therapeutic opportunities for the development of targeted therapies aimed at CSCs. Finally, alternative targeted anticancer therapies arising from recently identified molecules with cancer-(semi-)selective capabilities (e.g. apoptin, Brevinin-2R) are considered.
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82
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Watt FM, Estrach S, Ambler CA. Epidermal Notch signalling: differentiation, cancer and adhesion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:171-9. [PMID: 18342499 PMCID: PMC2324124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway plays an important role in regulating epidermal differentiation. Notch ligands, receptors and effectors are expressed in a complex and dynamic pattern in embryonic and adult skin. Genetic ablation or activation of the pathway reveals that Notch signalling promotes differentiation of the hair follicle, sebaceous gland and interfollicular epidermal lineages and that Notch acts as an epidermal tumour suppressor. Notch signalling interacts with a range of other pathways to fulfil these functions and acts via RBP-Jκ dependent and independent mechanisms. The effects on differentiation can be cell autonomous and non-autonomous, and Notch contributes to stem cell clustering via modulation of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Watt
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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83
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Panelos J, Tarantini F, Paglierani M, Di Serio C, Maio V, Pellerito S, Pimpinelli N, Santucci M, Massi D. Photoexposition discriminates Notch 1 expression in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:316-25. [PMID: 18192969 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3801007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway may play opposing roles in cancer. It can be oncosuppressive or protumoral, depending on the cellular and tissue context. In skin cancer, Notch 1 expression is downregulated, thus supporting the hypothesis of an oncosuppressive role in cutaneous carcinomas. However, as members of the Notch family undergo downregulation upon exposure to UV irradiation, we wondered whether Notch 1 expression in skin carcinomas may be governed by additional factors, including UV exposure. We investigated the expression of Notch 1 and its ligands, Jagged 1, Jagged 2 and Delta-like 1, by immunohistochemistry in a series of premalignant and invasive cutaneous carcinomas, including 4 solar keratoses, 5 Bowen's disease, 5 squamous cell carcinomas on sun-exposed skin, 6 squamous cell carcinomas on sun-protected genital skin and 14 basal cell carcinomas of different histotypes (nodular, superficial type, sclerodermiform/infiltrating and baso-squamous). Expression of Notch 1 was decreased in solar keratoses and invasive squamous cell carcinomas localized on sun-exposed skin. In contrast, marked Notch 1 staining was observed in extragenital Bowen's disease as well as in genital (penile) human papilloma virus-related in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. A diffuse Notch 1 staining was detected in nodular and superficial basal cell carcinomas while sclerodermiform/infiltrating and baso-squamous basal cell carcinomas showed a low to absent Notch 1 expression. Jagged 1, Jagged 2 and Delta-like 1 proteins were expressed in all tissues examined. Present findings show divergent expression of Notch 1 in skin cancer, depending on anatomical site and tumor histotype. Thus, whereas in UV-related squamous cell photocarcinogenesis Notch 1 downregulation could mirror a tumor suppressor function of the receptor, in sun-protected squamous cell carcinomas Notch 1 was upregulated. Furthermore, Notch 1 expression was minimal in basal cell carcinoma subtypes correlated with risk of recurrence (sclerodermiform/infiltrating and baso-squamous) in comparison with nodular and superficial types.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Panelos
- Department of Pathology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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84
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85
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Induction of the members of Notch pathway in superficial basal cell carcinomas treated with imiquimod. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:493-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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86
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Okuyama R, Tagami H, Aiba S. Notch signaling: its role in epidermal homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 49:187-94. [PMID: 17624739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin undergoes self-renewal throughout life. Terminally differentiated keratinocytes, namely the corneocytes, are continually shed from the surface of the skin, whereas immature cells produce progeny that proceed through the differentiation process. Notch signaling controls a number of cellular processes including cell fate decision, proliferation, differentiation and survival/apoptosis. Hence, Notch and its ligands are expressed in multiple tissues including the skin, where they are abundantly expressed in the epidermis. Notch activation results in the promotion of growth arrest and the onset of differentiation, therefore suggesting that specific Notch activation may regulate skin homeostasis by balancing these processes, i.e. Notch signaling functions as a molecular switch that controls the transition of cells between skin layers during the epidermal differentiation process. Recent advances in the study of Notch signaling have confirmed that there is cross-talk between the Notch signaling pathway and a variety of other signaling molecules including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), beta-catenin and the p53 family member, p63. The absence of Notch activity allows Wnt and Shh signaling to persist in a tissue where they are normally repressed. In addition, Notch counteracts the action of p63 to maintain immature cell characteristics. However, aberrant Notch signaling results in the development of psoriasis and skin cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Future efforts to further define how Notch controls cell proliferation and differentiation may lead to the application of Notch in new therapies for various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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87
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Mo JS, Kim MY, Han SO, Kim IS, Ann EJ, Lee KS, Seo MS, Kim JY, Lee SC, Park JW, Choi EJ, Seong JY, Joe CO, Faessler R, Park HS. Integrin-linked kinase controls Notch1 signaling by down-regulation of protein stability through Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:5565-74. [PMID: 17526737 PMCID: PMC1952089 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02372-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold and protein kinase that acts as a pivotal effector in integrin signaling for various cellular functions. In this study, we found that ILK remarkably reduced the protein stability of Notch1 through Fbw7. The kinase activity of ILK was essential for the inhibition of Notch1 signaling. Notably, the protein level and transcriptional activity of the endogenous Notch1 intracellular domain (Notch1-IC) were higher in ILK-null cells than in ILK wild-type cells, and the level of endogenous Notch1-IC was increased by the blocking of the proteasome, suggesting that ILK enhances the proteasomal degradation of Notch1-IC. ILK directly bound and phosphorylated Notch1-IC, thereby facilitating proteasomal protein degradation through Fbw7. Furthermore, we found down-regulation of Notch1-IC and up-regulation of ILK in basal cell carcinoma and melanoma patients but not in squamous cell carcinoma patients. These results suggest that ILK down-regulated the protein stability of Notch1-IC through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by means of Fbw7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soon Mo
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-dong, Buk-ku, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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88
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Abstract
Notch is an evolutionarily conserved local cell signaling mechanism that participates in a variety of cellular processes: cell fate specification, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and angiogenesis. These processes can be subverted in Notch-mediated pathological situations. In the first part of this review, we will discuss the role of Notch in vertebrate central nervous system development, somitogenesis, cardiovascular and endocrine development, with attention to the mechanisms by which Notch regulates cell fate specification and patterning in these tissues. In the second part, we will review the molecular aspects of Notch-mediated neoplasias, where Notch can act as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. From all these studies, it becomes evident that the outcome of Notch signaling is strictly context-dependent and differences in the strength, timing, cell type, and context of the signal may affect the final outcome. It is essential to understand how Notch integrates inputs from other signaling pathways and how specificity is achieved, because this knowledge may be relevant for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bolós
- Departmento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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89
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Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Nagoshi H, Yabuki M, Kurihara A, Terui T, Aiba S, Obinata M, Tagami H, Ikawa S. p53 homologue, p51/p63, maintains the immaturity of keratinocyte stem cells by inhibiting Notch1 activity. Oncogene 2007; 26:4478-88. [PMID: 17237812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 homologue, p51/p63, predominantly expressed in keratinocyte stem cells, is indispensable for the formation of epidermis. Notch1, another such gene indispensable for the process, induces growth arrest and differentiation in keratinocytes. We found that exogenous expression of DeltaNp51B (DeltaNp63alpha), one of the isoforms of p51 specifically expressed in basal keratinocytes, blocked Notch 1-dependent growth arrest and differentiation in mouse keratinocytes by inhibiting p21 expression and maintaining integrins expression. Furthermore, DeltaNp51B by itself was found to have ability to induce expression of integrin alpha6beta4, which promotes attachment of basal cells to basal membrane thereby keeping the cells in immature state. Therefore, we conclude that DeltaNp51B expression warrants integrin expression even under the influence of Notch1 and that DeltaNp51B is a long-sought factor required to maintain basal cell keratinocytes immaturity by inhibiting Notch1 activity. We will postulate a plausible model explaining the maintenance of the squamous epithelium architectures as well as offering mechanistic explanations for pathological features of skin diseases, including cancers, psoriasis along with physiological wound healings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Okuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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90
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Clark PA, Treisman DM, Ebben J, Kuo JS. Developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor-derived stem-like cells. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:3297-308. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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91
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Nickoloff BJ, Bonish BK, Marble DJ, Schriedel KA, DiPietro LA, Gordon KB, Lingen MW. Lessons learned from psoriatic plaques concerning mechanisms of tissue repair, remodeling, and inflammation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2006; 11:16-29. [PMID: 17069007 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, skin establishes a balance between too little inflammation increasing risk of infection, and excessive inflammation contributing to delayed wound healing and scarring. Mounting evidence indicates both initiation and termination of inflammation involve active mechanisms. Not only does inflammation itself seem to be a paradox because inflammatory responses are both essential and potentially detrimental, but one chronic inflammatory skin disease (e.g. psoriasis) presents additional paradoxes. While plaques share several factors with wound healing, two understudied and puzzling aspects include why do not inflamed plaques more frequently transform?; and why do not plaques result in scarring? To get at these questions, we review responses involved in wound repair. Oral mucosa was probed because, like fetal skin, wound repair is characterized by its rapidity, low inflammation, and scarless resolution. Active roles for macrophages as both initiators and terminators of inflammation are highlighted. Therapeutic implications are discussed regarding psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Based on biochemical and immunohistochemical considerations linking psoriatic plaques to hard palate, a novel metaplastic model is presented. We hypothesize saliva and chronic trauma contribute to a constitutive epithelial program where keratinocyte proliferation is more intense prior to differentiation, accompanied by keratin 16 expression in hard palate, thereby resembling plaques. Rather than viewing psoriasis as a nonspecific response to inflammation, we postulate a metaplastic switch by which prepsoriatic skin is converted to a distinct adult tissue type resembling hard palate. In summary, many lessons can be learned by focusing on complex processes involved in regulation of inflammation, tissue repair, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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92
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Liu J, Sun YH, Wang N, Wang YP, Zhu ZY. Upstream regulatory region of zebrafish lunatic fringe: isolation and promoter analysis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:357-65. [PMID: 16729214 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-5125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lunatic fringe (Lfng), one modulator of Notch signaling, plays an essential part in demarcation of tissues boundaries during animal early development, especially somitogenesis. To characterize the promoter of zebrafish lfng and generate somite-specific transgenic zebrafish, we isolated the upstream regulatory region of zebrafish lfng by blast search at the Ensembl genome database ( http://www.ensembl.org ) and analyzed the promoter activity using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. Promoter activity assay in zebrafish shows that the 0.2-kb fragment containing GC-box, CAAT-box, and TATA-box can direct tissue-specific GFP expression, while the 0.4-kb and 1.2-kb fragments with further upstream sequence included drive GFP expression more efficiently. We produced lfngEGFP-transgenic founders showing somite-specific expression of GFP and consequently generated a hemizygous lfngEGFP-transgenic line. The eggs from lfngEGFP-transgenic female zebrafish show strong GFP expression, which is consistent to the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction PCR (RT-PCR) detection of lfng transcripts in the fertilized eggs. This reveals that zebrafish lfng is a maternal factor existing in matured eggs, suggesting that fish somitogenesis may be influenced by maternal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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93
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Whitfield JF. Parathyroid hormone and leptin--new peptides, expanding clinical prospects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 14:251-64. [PMID: 15833057 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are three injectable and one oral bone-building (i.e., bone anabolic) parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptides. One of the four, Lilly's injectable teriparatide (Forteo), is currently being used, and the other three are in clinical trials. They are being used or assessed only for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, their potential clinical targets now extend far beyond osteoporosis. They can accelerate the mending of even severe non-union fractures; they will probably be used to strengthen the anchorage of pros-theses to bone; they have been shown to treat psoriasis that has resisted other treatments; they can increase the size of haematopoietic stem cell proliferation and accelerate the endogenous repopulation or repopulation by donor transplants of bone marrow depleted by chemotherapeutic drugs; and they may prevent vascular ossification. Leptin, a member of the cytokine superfamily has a PTH-like osteogenic activity and may even partly mediate PTH action. But leptin has two drawbacks that cloud its therapeutic future. First, apart from directly stimulating osteoblastic cells, it targets cells in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei and through them it reduces oestrogenic activity by promoting osteoblast-suppressing adrenergic activity. Second, it stimulates vascular and heart valve ossification, which leads to such events as heart failure and diabetic limb amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Institute for Biological Sciences, The National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road Campus, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada.
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94
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Wilson A, Radtke F. Multiple functions of Notch signaling in self-renewing organs and cancer. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2860-8. [PMID: 16574107 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years a substantial body of evidence has accumulated to support the notion that signaling pathways known to be important during embryonic development play important roles in regulating self-renewing tissues. Moreover, the same pathways are often deregulated during tumorigenesis due to mutations of key elements of these pathways. The Notch signaling cascade meets all of the above-mentioned criteria. We discuss here the pleiotropic roles of the Notch signaling pathway in three different self-renewing organs (intestine, hematopoietic system and skin) and how its deregulation is involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wilson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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95
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Hardman MJ, Waite A, Zeef L, Burow M, Nakayama T, Ashcroft GS. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a central regulator of wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 167:1561-74. [PMID: 16314470 PMCID: PMC1613193 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated differences in estrogen levels critically modify the cutaneous wound healing response. Using a microarray-based approach, we profiled changes in gene expression within the wounds of mice that were wild type or null for the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the presence or absence of estrogen. This experimental design identified more than 600 differentially expressed genes and established MIF as a key player in the wound healing process, regulating many novel repair/inflammation-associated gene targets. Moreover, MIF affected virtually all of the effects of reduced estrogen on wound repair. In humans, serum and wound levels of MIF increased with age and were strongly down-regulated by estrogen in vivo. Estrogen-regulated MIF transcription in vitro via a nuclear factor kappaB-dependent mechanism. These findings have wide-ranging implications for the many pathophysiological states in which MIF plays an important regulatory role and suggest a potential therapeutic role for MIF in modulating clinical conditions associated with age-related decline in estrogen levels.
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96
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Nakanishi G, Kim YS, Nakajima T, Jetten AM. Regulatory role for Krüppel-like zinc-finger protein Gli-similar 1 (Glis1) in PMA-treated and psoriatic epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:49-60. [PMID: 16417217 PMCID: PMC1435652 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the expression and potential function of the Krüppel-like zinc-finger protein Gli-similar protein 1 (Glis1) in normal and inflammatory skin and in the differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Glis1 mRNA is not expressed in normal human epidermis, but is significantly induced in psoriatic epidermis and in mouse skin upon treatment with the tumor promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The expression of Glis1 is restricted to the suprabasal layers. These observations suggest that Glis1 expression is associated with hyperplastic, inflammatory epidermis. Consistent with these findings, Glis1 mRNA is not expressed in undifferentiated or differentiated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in culture, but is dramatically induced after the addition of PMA or interferon gamma. A similar induction of Glis1 mRNA by PMA treatment was observed in the immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line NHEK-HPV, whereas PMA did not induce Glis1 in HaCaT cells or in several squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. To obtain insight into its function, Glis1 and a C-terminal deletion mutant Glis1DeltaC were expressed in NHEK-HPV cells and changes in epidermal differentiation and gene expression examined. Microarray analysis revealed that Glis1DeltaC promoted PMA-induced epidermal differentiation, as indicated by increased expression of many differentiation-specific genes. This, in association with its induction in psoriasis, suggests that transcriptional factor Glis1 is involved in the regulation of aberrant differentiation observed in psoriatic epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Nakanishi
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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97
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Massi D, Tarantini F, Franchi A, Paglierani M, Di Serio C, Pellerito S, Leoncini G, Cirino G, Geppetti P, Santucci M. Evidence for differential expression of Notch receptors and their ligands in melanocytic nevi and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:246-54. [PMID: 16341148 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling has been implicated in the regulation of self-renewal of adult stem cells and differentiation of precursors along a specific cell lineage, in normal embryonic development and organogenesis. There is also evidence that signaling through Notch receptors regulate cell proliferation and cell survival in several types of cancer, with opposing results depending on tissue context. No data are available in the literature concerning modulation of the expression of Notch receptors, and their ligands, in human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Here, we have investigated, for the first time, the expression of Notch-1, Notch-2, Jagged-1, Jagged-2 and Delta-like 1 proteins, by immunohistochemistry, in a series of benign and malignant human melanocytic lesions: five common melanocytic nevi, five 'dysplastic nevi' and 20 melanomas (five in situ, five T1-T2, five T3-T4 and five metastatic melanomas). We found that the expression of Notch-1 and Notch-2, as well as Notch ligands, was upregulated in 'dysplastic nevi' and melanomas as compared with common melanocytic nevi. These results indicate that the activation of Notch may represent an early event in melanocytic tumor growth and upregulation of Notch signaling may sustain tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Massi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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98
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Abstract
Krüppel-like factors are transcriptional regulators that influence several cellular functions, including proliferation. Recent studies have shown that one family member, KLF4, can function both as a tumour suppressor and an oncogene. The ability of KLF4 to affect the levels of expression of the cell-cycle regulator p21 seems to be involved, in that this protein might function as a switch that determines the outcome of KLF4 signalling. Is this role of p21 restricted to KLF4, or does p21 represent a nodal point for signals from multiple other factors with opposing functions in cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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99
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Nickoloff BJ, Hendrix MJC, Pollock PM, Trent JM, Miele L, Qin JZ. Notch and NOXA-related pathways in melanoma cells. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:95-104. [PMID: 16363061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.200404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Notch receptor-mediated intracellular events represent an ancient cell signaling system, and alterations in Notch expression are associated with various malignancies in which Notch may function as an oncogene or less commonly as a tumor suppressor. Notch signaling regulates cell fate decisions in the epidermis, including influencing stem cell dynamics and growth/differentiation control of cells in skin. Because of increasing evidence that the Notch signaling network is deregulated in human malignancies, Notch receptors have become attractive targets for selective killing of malignant cells. Compared with proliferating normal human melanocytes, melanoma cell lines are characterized by markedly enhanced levels of activated Notch-1 receptor. By using a small molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) consisting of a tripeptide aldehyde, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Leu-Nle-CHO, which can block processing and activation of all four different Notch receptors, we identified a specific apoptotic vulnerability in melanoma cells. GSI triggers apoptosis in melanoma cells, but only G2/M growth arrest in melanocytes without subsequent cell death. Moreover, GSI treatment induced a pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein, NOXA, in melanoma cells but not in normal melanocytes. The use of GSI to induce NOXA induction overcomes the apoptotic resistance of melanoma cells, which commonly express numerous cell survival proteins such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and survivin. Taken together, these results highlight the concept of synthetic lethality in which exposure to GSI, in combination with melanoma cells overexpressing activated Notch receptors, has lethal consequences, producing selective killing of melanoma cells, while sparing normal melanocytes. By identifying signaling pathways that contribute to the transformation of melanoma cells (e.g. Notch signaling), and anti-cancer agents that achieve tumor selectivity (e.g., GSI-induced NOXA), this experimental approach provides a useful framework for future therapeutic strategies in cutaneous oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Department of Pathology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60153-5385, USA.
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100
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Løvschall H, Tummers M, Thesleff I, Füchtbauer EM, Poulsen K. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway in response to pulp capping of rat molars. Eur J Oral Sci 2005; 113:312-7. [PMID: 16048523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that controls the developmental choices made by individual cells. Cells communicate via Notch receptors and their ligands, which direct decisions on the fate of stem cells according to the states of their neighbors. In this study we explored Notch signaling after the pulp capping of adult first upper rat molars. The wound was capped with calcium hydroxide. In situ hybridization revealed an increased expression of Notch signaling genes on day 1, which showed a tendency to decrease on day 3. Notch1 increased in the subodontoblast zone and close to the lesion limited to a few cells. Notch2 increased in pulp stroma surrounded by coronal odontoblasts. Notch1 and, especially, Notch3 expression increased, corresponding to perivascular cell groups. A low increase of ligand expression was observed near the injury with Delta1 expression along the dentin wall and Jagged1 in the stroma. Expression of the downstream target, Hes1, was observed along the lesion and adjacent dentin walls. Hes5 expression was not observed. The results indicate that Notch signaling is activated in response to injury and associated with the differentiation of pulp cells into perivascular cells and odontoblasts. The findings are consistent with the concept that the Notch pathway controls stem cell fate during pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Løvschall
- Department of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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