51
|
Analysis of volatile organic compounds liberated and metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:323-9. [PMID: 25123840 PMCID: PMC4289529 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection combined with head-space needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds released or metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Amongst the consumed species there were eight aldehydes (2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, n-hexanal, benzaldehyde, n-octanal and n-nonanal) and n-butyl acetate. Further eight compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl butyrate, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)-furan and toluene) were found to be emitted by the cells under study. Possible metabolic pathways leading to the uptake and release of these compounds by HUVEC are proposed and discussed. The uptake of aldehydes by endothelial cells questions the reliability of species from this chemical class as breath or blood markers of disease processes in human organism. The analysis of volatiles released or emitted by cell lines is shown to have a potential for the identification and assessment of enzymes activities and expression.
Collapse
|
52
|
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Exhaled Breath for the Identification of Volatile Organic Compound Biomarkers in Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2016; 262:981-90. [PMID: 25575255 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study assessed whether exhaled breath analysis using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry could distinguish esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma from noncancer controls. BACKGROUND The majority of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer present with advanced disease, resulting in poor long-term survival rates. Novel methods are needed to diagnose potentially curable upper gastrointestinal malignancies. METHODS A Profile-3 Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry instrument was used for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within exhaled breath samples. All study participants had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy on the day of breath sampling. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and a diagnostic risk prediction model were used to assess the discriminatory accuracy of the identified VOCs. RESULTS Exhaled breath samples were analyzed from 81 patients with esophageal (N = 48) or gastric adenocarcinoma (N = 33) and 129 controls including Barrett's metaplasia (N = 16), benign upper gastrointestinal diseases (N = 62), or a normal upper gastrointestinal tract (N = 51). Twelve VOCs-pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, phenol, methyl phenol, ethyl phenol, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal-were present at significantly higher concentrations (P < 0.05) in the cancer groups than in the noncancer controls. The area under the ROC curve using these significant VOCs to discriminate esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma from those with normal upper gastrointestinal tracts was 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for the model and validation subsets of the diagnostic prediction model was 0.92 ± 0.01 and 0.87 ± 0.03, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Distinct exhaled breath VOC profiles can distinguish patients with esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma from noncancer controls.
Collapse
|
53
|
Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Baranska A, Smolinska A, Boots AW, Dallinga JW, van Schooten FJ. Dynamic collection and analysis of volatile organic compounds from the headspace of cell cultures. J Breath Res 2015; 9:047102. [PMID: 26469548 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/047102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath has proven to be a valuable source of information about human bodies. Subtle differences between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formed endogenously can be detected and become a base for a potential monitoring tool for health and disease. Until now, there has been a lack of biological and mechanistic knowledge of the processes involved in the production of relevant VOCs. Among the possible sources of health-related and disease-related VOCs are microorganisms found in the respiratory tract and in the gut. Other VOCs in the body are produced by cells that are influenced by the disease, for instance, due to metabolic disorders and/or inflammation. To gain insight into the in vivo production of VOCs by human cells and thus the exhaled breath composition, in vitro experiments involving relevant cells should be studied because they may provide valuable information on the production of VOCs by the affected cells. To this aim we developed and validated a system for dynamically (continuously) collecting headspace air in vitro using a Caco-2 cell line. The system allows the application of different cell lines as well as different experimental setups, including varying exposure times and treatment options while preserving cell viability. Significant correlation (p ⩽ 0.0001) between collection outputs within each studied group confirmed high reproducibility of the collection system. An example of such an application is presented here. We studied the influence of oxidative stress on the VOC composition of the headspace air of Caco-2 cells. By comparing the VOC composition of air flushed through empty culture flasks (n = 35), flasks with culture medium (n = 35), flasks with medium and cells (n = 20), flasks with medium and an oxidative stressor (H2O2) (n = 20), and flasks with medium, stressor, and cells (n = 20), we were able to separate the effects from the stressor on the cells from all other interactions. Measurements were performed with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis allowed detection of significant altered compounds in the compared groups. We found a significant change (p ⩽ 0.001) of the composition of VOCs due to the stressing of the Caco-2 cells by H2O2. A total of ten VOCs showed either increased or decreased abundance in the headspace of the cell cultures due to the presence of the H2O2 stressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Baranska
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Hicks LC, Huang J, Kumar S, Powles ST, Orchard TR, Hanna GB, Williams HRT. Analysis of Exhaled Breath Volatile Organic Compounds in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:731-7. [PMID: 26071410 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Distinguishing between the inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC], is important for determining management and prognosis. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry [SIFT-MS] may be used to analyse volatile organic compounds [VOCs] in exhaled breath: these may be altered in disease states, and distinguishing breath VOC profiles can be identified. The aim of this pilot study was to identify, quantify, and analyse VOCs present in the breath of IBD patients and controls, potentially providing insights into disease pathogenesis and complementing current diagnostic algorithms. METHODS SIFT-MS breath profiling of 56 individuals [20 UC, 18 CD, and 18 healthy controls] was undertaken. Multivariate analysis included principal components analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis with orthogonal signal correction [OSC-PLS-DA]. Receiver operating characteristic [ROC] analysis was performed for each comparative analysis using statistically significant VOCs. RESULTS OSC-PLS-DA modelling was able to distinguish both CD and UC from healthy controls and from one other with good sensitivity and specificity. ROC analysis using combinations of statistically significant VOCs [dimethyl sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, butanal, and nonanal] gave integrated areas under the curve of 0.86 [CD vs healthy controls], 0.74 [UC vs healthy controls], and 0.83 [CD vs UC]. CONCLUSIONS Exhaled breath VOC profiling was able to distinguish IBD patients from controls, as well as to separate UC from CD, using both multivariate and univariate statistical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Hicks
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - Juzheng Huang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - Sam T Powles
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - Timothy R Orchard
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London UK
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London UK
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lavra L, Catini A, Ulivieri A, Capuano R, Baghernajad Salehi L, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A, Nardis S, Paolesse R, Martinelli E, Di Natale C. Investigation of VOCs associated with different characteristics of breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13246. [PMID: 26304457 PMCID: PMC4548242 DOI: 10.1038/srep13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analysis for the screening of patients bearing breast cancer lesions has been demonstrated by using gas chromatography and artificial olfactory systems. On the other hand, in-vitro studies suggest that VOCs detection could also give important indications regarding molecular and tumorigenic characteristics of tumor cells. Aim of this study was to analyze VOCs in the headspace of breast cancer cell lines in order to ascertain the potentiality of VOCs signatures in giving information about these cells and set-up a new sensor system able to detect breast tumor-associated VOCs. We identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis a VOCs signature that discriminates breast cancer cells for: i) transformed condition; ii) cell doubling time (CDT); iii) Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors (ER, PgR) expression, and HER2 overexpression. Moreover, the signals obtained from a temperature modulated metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor can be classified in order to recognize VOCs signatures associated with breast cancer cells, CDT and ER expression. Our results demonstrate that VOCs analysis could give clinically relevant information about proliferative and molecular features of breast cancer cells and pose the basis for the optimization of a low-cost diagnostic device to be used for tumors characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lavra
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Leila Baghernajad Salehi
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, Universitary Hospital Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical science and technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical science and technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nozoe T, Goda S, Selyanchyn R, Wang T, Nakazawa K, Hirano T, Matsui H, Lee SW. In vitro detection of small molecule metabolites excreted from cancer cells using a Tenax TA thin-film microextraction device. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 991:99-107. [PMID: 25932789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new device for the in vitro extraction of small molecule metabolites excreted from cancer cells. The extraction device, which was biocompatible and incubated with cancer cells, consists of a thin Tenax TA film deposited on the surface of a cylindrical aluminum rod. The Tenax TA solid phase was utilized for the direct extraction and preconcentration of the small molecule metabolites from a cell culture sample. The device fabrication and the metabolite extraction were optimized, tested, and validated using HeLa cell cultures. Comparison of metabolic profiles with the control measurement from the culture medium enabled detection of metabolites that were consumed or produced by the cell culture. Tentative identification and semi-quantitative investigation of the excreted metabolites were performed by GC-MS analysis. The proposed approach can be a valuable tool for the characterization of low-volatile cancer cell metabolites that are not covered by use of conventional methods based on headspace solid phase microextraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Nozoe
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goda
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | - Roman Selyanchyn
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan; WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I(2) CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tao Wang
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirano
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | | | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Current Challenges in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis as Potential Biomarkers of Cancer. J Biomark 2015; 2015:981458. [PMID: 26317039 PMCID: PMC4437398 DOI: 10.1155/2015/981458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial in reducing mortality among people suffering from cancer. There is a lack of characteristic early clinical symptoms in most forms of cancer, which highlights the importance of investigating new methods for its early detection. One of the most promising methods is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a diverse group of carbon-based chemicals that are present in exhaled breath and biofluids and may be collected from the headspace of these matrices. Different patterns of VOCs have been correlated with various diseases, cancer among them. Studies have also shown that cancer cells in vitro produce or consume specific VOCs that can serve as potential biomarkers that differentiate them from noncancerous cells. This review identifies the current challenges in the investigation of VOCs as potential cancer biomarkers, by the critical evaluation of available matrices for the in vivo and in vitro approaches in this field and by comparison of the main extraction and detection techniques that have been applied to date in this area of study. It also summarises complementary in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies conducted to date in order to try to identify volatile biomarkers of cancer.
Collapse
|
59
|
Effects of packing density, flow and humidity on the performance of needle trap devices. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
60
|
Mochalski P, Al-Zoairy R, Niederwanger A, Unterkofler K, Amann A. Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds released and consumed by rat L6 skeletal muscle cells in vitro. J Breath Res 2014; 8:046003. [PMID: 25307263 PMCID: PMC4913865 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by cells provides important information on the origin of VOCs in exhaled breath. Muscle cells are particularly important, since their release of volatiles during the exertion of an effort contributes considerably to breath concentration profiles. Presently, the cultivation of human skeletal muscle cells is encountering a number of obstacles, necessitating the use of animal muscle cells in in vitro studies. Rat L6 skeletal muscle cells are therefore commonly used as a model for studying the molecular mechanisms of human skeletal muscle differentiation and functions, and facilitate the study of the origin and metabolic fate of the endogenously produced compounds observed in breath and skin emanations. Within this study the production and uptake of VOCs by rat L6 skeletal muscle cells were investigated using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, combined with head-space needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique (HS-NTE-GC-MS). Seven compounds were found to be produced, whereas sixteen species were consumed (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.05) by the cells being studied. The set of released volatiles included two ketones (2-pentanone and 2-nonanone), two volatile sulphur compounds (dimethyl sulfide and methyl 5-methyl-2-furyl sulphide), and three hydrocarbons (2-methyl 1-propene, n-pentane and isoprene). Of the metabolized species there were thirteen aldehydes (2-propenal, 2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-methyl propanal, 2-butenal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, n-pentanal, 2-methyl 2-butenal, n-hexanal, benzaldehyde, n-octanal, n-nonanal and n-decanal), two esters (n-propyl propionate and n-butyl acetate), and one volatile sulphur compound (dimethyl disulfide). The possible metabolic pathways leading to the uptake and release of these compounds by L6 cells are proposed and discussed. An analysis of the VOCs showed them to have huge potential for the identification and monitoring of some molecular mechanism and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Taivans I, Bukovskis M, Strazda G, Jurka N. Breath testing as a method for detecting lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:121-3. [PMID: 24467216 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.866044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of lung cancer is important due to high mortality in late stages of the disease. An ideal approach for population screening could be the breath analysis, due to its non-invasiveness, simplicity and cheapness. Using sensitive methods of analysis like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in exhaled air of cancer patients were discovered some volatile organic compounds - possible candidates for cancer markers. However, these compounds were not specific for cancer cells. At the same time, integrative approaches used to analyze the exhaled breath have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this method for lung cancer diagnosis. Such integrative approaches include detection of smell prints by electronic nose or integrated analysis of wide range of volatile organic compounds detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or related methods. Modern statistical pattern recognition systems like logistic regression analysis, support vector machine or analysis by artificial neuronal network may improve diagnostic accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuels Taivans
- University of Latvia, Medical Faculty, Raina Bulevard 19, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO(+) with some physiologically significant volatile organosulfur and organoselenium compounds obtained using a selective reagent ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1683-1690. [PMID: 24975248 PMCID: PMC4142009 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The reactions of NO(+) with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Selective Reagent Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) reactors are relatively poorly known, inhibiting their use for trace gas analysis. The rationale for this product ion distribution study was to identify the major product ions of the reactions of NO(+) ions with 13 organosulfur compounds and 2 organoselenium compounds in an SRI-TOF-MS instrument and thus to prepare the way for their analysis in exhaled breath, in skin emanations and in the headspace of urine, blood and cell and bacterial cultures. METHODS Product ion distributions have been investigated by a SRI-TOF-MS instrument at an E/N in the drift tube reactor of 130 Td for both dry air and humid air (4.9% absolute humidity) used as the matrix gas. The investigated species were five monosulfides (dimethyl sulfide, ethyl methyl sulfide, methyl propyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and methyl 5-methyl-2-furyl sulfide), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, thiophene, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, methanethiol, allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and two selenium compounds - dimethyl selenide and dimethyl diselenide. RESULTS Charge transfer was seen to be the dominant reaction mechanism in all reactions under study forming the M(+) cations. For methanethiol and allyl isothiocyanate significant fractions were also observed of the stable adduct ions NO(+) M, formed by ion-molecule association, and [M-H](+) ions, formed by hydride ion transfer. Several other minor product channels are seen for most reactions indicating that the nascent excited intermediate (NOM)(+) * adduct ions partially fragment along other channels, most commonly by the elimination of neutral CH3 , CH4 and/or C2 H4 species that are probably bound to an NO molecule. Humidity had little effect on the product ion distributions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of volatile organosulfur and volatile organoselenium compounds employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO(+) mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied SciencesHochschulstr. 1, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicDolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele UniversityThornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstr, 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Amann A, Costello BDL, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Pleil J, Ratcliffe N, Risby T. The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J Breath Res 2014; 8:034001. [PMID: 24946087 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. Antoine Lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, Wilhelm (Vilém) Petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and Johannes Müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. A recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. For a large number of compounds, real-time analysis of exhaled breath or skin emanations has been performed, e.g., during exertion of effort on a stationary bicycle or during sleep. Volatile compounds in exhaled breath, which record historical exposure, are called the 'exposome'. Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound concentrations can be used to mirror metabolic or (patho)physiological processes in the whole body or blood concentrations of drugs (e.g. propofol) in clinical settings-even during artificial ventilation or during surgery. Also compounds released by bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumonia could be very interesting. Methyl methacrylate (CAS 80-62-6), for example, was observed in the headspace of Streptococcus pneumonia in concentrations up to 1420 ppb. Fecal volatiles have been implicated in differentiating certain infectious bowel diseases such as Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Cholera. They have also been used to differentiate other non-infectious conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, alterations in urine volatiles have been used to detect urinary tract infections, bladder, prostate and other cancers. Peroxidation of lipids and other biomolecules by reactive oxygen species produce volatile compounds like ethane and 1-pentane. Noninvasive detection and therapeutic monitoring of oxidative stress would be highly desirable in autoimmunological, neurological, inflammatory diseases and cancer, but also during surgery and in intensive care units. The investigation of cell cultures opens up new possibilities for elucidation of the biochemical background of volatile compounds. In future studies, combined investigations of a particular compound with regard to human matrices such as breath, urine, saliva and cell culture investigations will lead to novel scientific progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Univ-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr, 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Filipiak W, Filipiak A, Sponring A, Schmid T, Zelger B, Ager C, Klodzinska E, Denz H, Pizzini A, Lucciarini P, Jamnig H, Troppmair J, Amann A. Comparative analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from patients, tumors and transformed cell lines for the validation of lung cancer-derived breath markers. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027111. [PMID: 24862102 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis for the purpose of non-invasive diagnosis of lung cancer has yielded numerous candidate compounds with still questionable clinical relevance. To arrive at suitable volatile organic compounds our approach combined the analysis of different sources: isolated tumor samples compared to healthy lung tissues, and exhaled breath from lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Candidate compounds were further compared to substances previously identified in the comparison of transformed and normal lung epithelial cell lines. For human studies, a breath sampling device was developed enabling automated and CO2-controlled collection of the end-tidal air. All samples were first preconcentrated on multibed sorption tubes and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations in all three types of cancer samples studied were observed for ethanol and n-octane. Additional metabolites (inter alia 2-methylpentane, n-hexane) significantly released by lung cancer cells were observed at higher levels in cancer lung tissues and breath samples (compared to respective healthy controls) with statistical significance (p < 0.05) only in breath samples. The results obtained confirmed the cancer-related origin of volatile metabolites, e.g. ethanol and octane that were both detected at significantly (p < 0.05) elevated concentrations in all three kinds of cancer samples studied. This work is an important step towards identification of volatile breath markers of lung cancer through the demonstration of cancer-related origin of certain volatile metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Filipiak
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Amann A, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Broza YY, Haick H. Assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile cancer biomarkers based on their physicochemical properties. J Breath Res 2014; 8:016003. [PMID: 24566039 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current review provides an assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have been linked with cancer. Towards this end, we evaluate various physicochemical properties, such as 'breath:air' and 'blood:fat' partition coefficients, of 112 VOCs that have been suggested over the past decade as potential markers of cancer. With these data, we show that the cancer VOC concentrations in the blood and in the fat span over 12 and 8 orders of magnitude, respectively, in order to provide a specific counterpart concentration in the exhaled breath (e.g., 1 ppb). This finding suggests that these 112 different compounds have different storage compartments in the body and that their exhalation kinetics depends on one or a combination of the following factors: (i) the VOC concentrations in different parts of the body; (ii) the VOC synthesis and metabolism rates; (iii) the partition coefficients between tissue(s), blood and air; and (iv) the VOCs' diffusion constants. Based on this analysis, we discuss how this knowledge allows modeling and simulating the behavior of a specific VOC under different sampling protocols (with and without exertion of effort). We end this review by a brief discussion on the potential role of these scenarios in screening and therapeutic monitoring of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Taivans I, Bukovskis M, Strazda G, Jurka N. Breath testing as a method for detecting lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013:1-3. [PMID: 24329530 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.866044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of lung cancer is important due to high mortality in late stages of the disease. An ideal approach for population screening could be the breath analysis, due to its non-invasiveness, simplicity and cheapness. Using sensitive methods of analysis like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in exhaled air of cancer patients were discovered some volatile organic compounds - possible candidates for cancer markers. However, these compounds were not specific for cancer cells. At the same time, integrative approaches used to analyze the exhaled breath have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this method for lung cancer diagnosis. Such integrative approaches include detection of smell prints by electronic nose or integrated analysis of wide range of volatile organic compounds detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or related methods. Modern statistical pattern recognition systems like logistic regression analysis, support vector machine or analysis by artificial neuronal network may improve diagnostic accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuels Taivans
- University of Latvia, Medical Faculty, Raina Bulevard 19, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A. Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1423-49. [PMID: 24305596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new non-invasive and potentially inexpensive frontier in the diagnosis of cancer relies on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath samples. Breath can be sampled and analyzed in real-time, leading to fascinating and cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures. Nevertheless, breath analysis is a very young field of research and faces challenges, mainly because the biochemical mechanisms behind the cancer-related VOCs are largely unknown. In this review, we present a list of 115 validated cancer-related VOCs published in the literature during the past decade, and classify them with respect to their "fat-to-blood" and "blood-to-air" partition coefficients. These partition coefficients provide an estimation of the relative concentrations of VOCs in alveolar breath, in blood and in the fat compartments of the human body. Additionally, we try to clarify controversial issues concerning possible experimental malpractice in the field, and propose ways to translate the basic science results as well as the mechanistic understanding to tools (sensors) that could serve as point-of-care diagnostics of cancer. We end this review with a conclusion and a future perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|