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Benoit C, Smith M, Jansson M, Magnus S, Maurice R, Flagg J, Reist D. Canadian Sex Workers Weigh the Costs and Benefits of Disclosing Their Occupational Status to Health Providers. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2018; 16:329-341. [PMID: 31423291 PMCID: PMC6669194 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-018-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostitution stigma has been shown to negatively affect the work, personal lives, and health of sex workers. Research also shows that sex workers have much higher unmet health care needs than the general population. Less is known about how stigma obstructs their health-seeking behaviors. For our thematic analysis, we explored Canadian sex workers' accounts (N = 218) of accessing health care services for work-related health concerns. Results show that participants had mixed feelings about revealing their work status in health care encounters. Those who decided not to disclose were fearful of negative treatment or expressed confidentiality concerns or lack of relevancy. Those who divulged their occupational status to a health provider mainly described benefits, including nonjudgment, relationship building, and comprehensive care, while a minority experienced costs that included judgment, stigma, and inappropriate health care. Overall, health professionals in Canada appear to be doing a good job relating to sex workers who come forward for care. There is still a need for some providers to learn how to better converse with, diagnose, and care for people in sex work jobs that take into account the heavy costs associated with prostitution stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Benoit
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research and Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave., Victoria, BC V8N 5M8 Canada
| | - Michaela Smith
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Mikael Jansson
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research and Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave., Victoria, BC V8N 5M8 Canada
| | - Samantha Magnus
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Renay Maurice
- Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Jackson Flagg
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Dan Reist
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
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Te V, Floden N, Hussain S, Brolan CE, Hill PS. What did the Go4Health policy research project contribute to the policy discourse on the sustainable development goals? A reflexive review. Global Health 2018; 14:51. [PMID: 29769100 PMCID: PMC5956956 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-018-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2012, the European Commission funded Go4Health—Goals and Governance for Global Health, a consortium of 13 academic research and human rights institutions from both Global North and South—to track the evolution of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and provide ongoing policy advice. This paper reviews the research outputs published between 2012 and 2016, analyzing the thematic content of the publications, and the influence on global health and development discourse through citation metrics. Findings and discussion Analysis of the 54 published papers showed 6 dominant themes related to the SDGs: the formulation process for the SDG health goal; the right to health; Universal Health Coverage; voices of marginalized peoples; global health governance; and the integration of health across the other SDGs. The papers combined advocacy---particularly for the right to health and its potential embodiment in Universal Health Coverage—with qualitative research and analysis of policy and stakeholders. Go4Health’s publications on the right to health, global health governance and the voices of marginalized peoples in relation to the SDGs represented a substantial proportion of papers published for these topics. Go4Health analysis of the right to health clarified its elements and their application to Universal Health Coverage, global health governance, financing the SDGs and access to medicines. Qualitative research identified correspondence between perceptions of marginalized peoples and right to health principles, and reluctance among multilateral organizations to explicitly represent the right to health in the goals, despite their acknowledgement of their importance. Citation metrics analysis confirmed an average of 5.5 citations per paper, with a field-weighted citation impact of 2.24 for the 43 peer reviewed publications. Citations in the academic literature and UN policy documents confirmed the impact of Go4Health on the global discourse around the SDGs, but within the Go4Health consortium there was also evidence of two epistemological frames of analysis—normative legal analysis and empirical research—that created productive synergies in unpacking the health SDG and the right to health. Conclusion The analysis offers clear evidence for the contribution of funded programmatic research—such as the Go4Health project—to the global health discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vannarath Te
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia.,National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nadia Floden
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sameera Hussain
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia.,Canadian Society for International Health, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Claire E Brolan
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter S Hill
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Australia.
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Temporal Trends of Common Female Malignances on Breast, Cervical, and Ovarian Cancer Mortality in Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore: Application of the Age-Period-Cohort Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5307459. [PMID: 29750160 PMCID: PMC5884400 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5307459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Reproductive system cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide which threatens women's health and lives. Breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer have the higher incidence and mortality among a series of gynecology malignant tumor. We aimed to compare and assess the temporal trends of common female malignances on breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer mortality in developed regions of Asia including Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore and analyze the detached effects of chronological age, time period, and birth cohort by age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Methods The mortality data for these three cancers were collected from the WHO Mortality Database in Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore from 1954 to 2013, from 1989 to 2013, and from 1964 to 2013, respectively. We fitted an age-period-cohort model and intrinsic estimator method to estimate the independent effect of each age, time period, and birth cohort on cancer mortality and describe the secular changes in three Asian countries. Results For the overall trends of breast cancer, the ASMRs of breast cancer showed a general increasing trend among three countries during the study periods while the change pattern in Singapore was different from the rest of the two countries for cervical and ovarian cancer. By APC analysis, the three cancer mortality risks generally increased with age and decreased with birth cohort. For period effects of breast and ovarian cancer, increasing effects with time were observed; however, for period effects of cervical cancer, converse change pattern was presented among three countries. Conclusions Our study shows that the ASMRs of breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer remain high in Singapore compared to Japan and Korea. Generally speaking, the mortality risk of three cancers increased with age, and period and cohort effects may collectively affect the common female malignances mortality for East Asian women.
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Luo L, Jiang J, Zhang G, Wang L, Wang Z, Yang J, Yu C. Stroke Mortality Attributable to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution from 1990 to 2015 in China: An Age-Period-Cohort and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070772. [PMID: 28703768 PMCID: PMC5551210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of stroke mortality attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution (stroke mortality-PM2.5) in China from 1990 to 2015. Data were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study and analyzed by an age-period-cohort model (APC) with an intrinsic estimator (IE) algorithm, as well as spatial autocorrelation based on the Geographic Information System. Based on APC analysis with the IE method, stroke mortality-PM2.5 increased exponentially with age, its relative risk reaching 42.85 (95% CI: 28.79, 63.43) in the 75–79 age group. The period effects showed a reversed V-shape and its highest relative risk was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.27) in 2005. The cohort effects decreased monotonically from 1915–1919 to 1990–1994. The change rate fluctuated from 1920–1924 to 1990–1994, including three accelerating and three decelerating decreases. There was a positive spatial autocorrelation in stroke mortality-PM2.5 from 1990 to 2015. Hot-spots moved from the northeastern areas to the middle and southwestern areas, whereas cold-spots lay mostly in coastal provinces. Besides the aging process in recent years, stroke mortality-PM2.5 had significantly declined from 2005 to 2015 due to socio-economic and healthcare development. Stroke mortality-PM2.5 varied substantially among different regions, and cost-effective prevention and control should be implemented more in the middle and southwestern areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ganshen Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhenkun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, #185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, #8 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Kuwawenaruwa A, Borghi J, Remme M, Mtei G. An assessment of equity in the distribution of non-financial health care inputs across public primary health care facilities in Tanzania. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:124. [PMID: 28697732 PMCID: PMC5505032 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence on how health care inputs are distributed from the sub-national level down to health facilities and their potential influence on promoting health equity. To address this gap, this paper assesses equity in the distribution of health care inputs across public primary health facilities at the district level in Tanzania. METHODS This is a quantitative assessment of equity in the distribution of health care inputs (staff, drugs, medical supplies and equipment) from district to facility level. The study was carried out in three districts (Kinondoni, Singida Rural and Manyoni district) in Tanzania. These districts were selected because they were implementing primary care reforms. We administered 729 exit surveys with patients seeking out-patient care; and health facility surveys at 69 facilities in early 2014. A total of seventeen indices of input availability were constructed with the collected data. The distribution of inputs was considered in relation to (i) the wealth of patients accessing the facilities, which was taken as a proxy for the wealth of the population in the catchment area; and (ii) facility distance from the district headquarters. We assessed equity in the distribution of inputs through the use of equity ratios, concentration indices and curves. RESULTS We found a significant pro-rich distribution of clinical staff and nurses per 1000 population. Facilities with the poorest patients (most remote facilities) have fewer staff per 1000 population than those with the least poor patients (least remote facilities): 0.6 staff per 1000 among the poorest, compared to 0.9 among the least poor; 0.7 staff per 1000 among the most remote facilities compared to 0.9 among the least remote. The negative concentration index for support staff suggests a pro-poor distribution of this cadre but the 45 degree dominated the concentration curve. The distribution of vaccines, antibiotics, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-malarials and medical supplies was approximately proportional (non dominance), whereas the distribution of oxytocics, anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and anti-hypertensive drugs was pro-rich, with the 45 degree line dominating the concentration curve for ART. CONCLUSION This study has shown there are inequities in the distribution of health care inputs across public primary care facilities. This highlights the need to ensure a better coordinated and equitable distribution of inputs through regular monitoring of the availability of health care inputs and strengthening of reporting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Kuwawenaruwa
- Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78 373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Josephine Borghi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78 373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle Remme
- Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78 373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gemini Mtei
- Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78 373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Bai X, Chen JY, Fang Z, Zhang XY, Wang F, Pan ZQ, Fang PQ. Motivations, challenges and coping strategies for smoking cessation: Based on multi-ethnic pregnant couples in far western China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:439-445. [PMID: 28585135 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify the smoking cessation motivations, challenges and coping strategies among pregnant couples. A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was applied. Data were collected by individual semi-structured interviews with 39 married individuals (21 non-smoking pregnant women and 18 smoking or ever-smoking men with a pregnant wife) and 3 imams in an ethnically diverse region of far western China. The most common theme for smoking cessation motivation was "embryo quality" (i.e., a healthier baby), followed by family's health. Most interviewees reported that husband's withdrawal symptoms were the greatest challenge to smoking cessation, followed by the Chinese tobacco culture. Coping strategies given by the pregnant women typically involved combining emotional, behavioral and social interventions. Social interventions showed advantages in helping to quit smoking. Pregnancy appears to be a positive stimulus for pregnant couples' smoking cessation. Our results suggest that pregnancy, a highly important life event, may help to reduce barriers to smoking cessation at the social level (e.g., limiting access to cigarettes, avoiding temptation to smoke), but does little to help with the withdrawal symptoms. Professional guidance for smoking cessation is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Health and Medicine Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Chen
- School of Health and Medicine Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zi Fang
- Department of Financial Management, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- School of Policy and Public Administration, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Medical Department, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zheng-Qiong Pan
- School of Health and Medicine Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng-Qian Fang
- School of Health and Medicine Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Mtowa A, Gerritsen AA, Mtenga S, Mwangome M, Geubbels E. Socio-demographic inequalities in HIV testing behaviour and HIV prevalence among older adults in rural Tanzania, 2013. AIDS Care 2017; 29:1162-1168. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1308462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Mtenga
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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Xu Y, Hang L. Height inequalities and their change trends in China during 1985-2010: results from 6 cross-sectional surveys on children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:473. [PMID: 28521793 PMCID: PMC5437404 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Great health inequalities have been reported in China over the past few years. Height has been used as an important parameter of health and it may also be distributed unequally in different regions. By studying height data of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years, we analyze height inequalities and their change trends during 1985–2010. Methods On the base of data from 6 successive cross-sectional surveys of the Chinese National Survey on Student’s Constitution and Health(CNSSCH) conducted in 1985,1991,1995,2000,2005 and 2010, we calculated difference of height for children and adolescents aged 7–18 years in different regions. Coefficients of Variation (CVs) of height were computed in urban and rural areas during 1985–2010. Results Great height difference existed between urban and rural, eastern and western, Shanghai and Guizhou children and adolescents aged 7–18 years. The urban-rural difference averagely decreased from 4.24 cm to 2.85 cm for boys and 3.72 cm to 1.31 cm for girls since 1985. Urban-rural difference tend to be more obvious in the poorer provinces, which has short mean statures. From 1985 to 2010, height difference became larger in eastern-western and Shanghai-Guizhou which represented the comparison between the richest and poorest regions. We also found there was a larger height inequality in rural areas compared with that in urban areas, and difference in rural subjects increased greater than their urban peers in eastern-western and Shanghai-Guizhou. Conclusions There were obvious height inequalities in China and the urban-rural difference narrowed, while increasing differences happened between regions with different socioeconomic levels especially in their rural residents. More attention should be paid to these differences and policies and strategies should be developed to reduce inequalities in height. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4402-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Hang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Fang S, Liu S, Liu X, Li M, Liang H, Fu H. Analysis of inequality in maternal and child health outcomes and mortality from 2000 to 2013 in China. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:66. [PMID: 28427423 PMCID: PMC5399313 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inequality in maternal and child health seriously hinders the overall improvement of health, which is a concern in both the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Healthy China 2030. However, research on the equality of maternal and child health is scarce. This study longitudinally assessed the equality trends in China's maternal and child health outcomes from 2000 to 2013 based on place of residence and gender to improve the fairness of domestic maternal and child health. METHODS Data on China's maternal and child health monitoring reports were collected from 2000 to 2013. Horizontal and vertical monitoring were performed on the following maternal and child health outcome indicators: incidence of birth defects (IBD), maternal mortality rate (MMR), under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR). The newly developed HD*Calc software by the World Health Organization (WHO) was employed as a tool for the health inequality assessment. The between group variance (BGV) and the Theil index (T) were used to measure disparity between different population groups, and the Slope index was used to analyse the BGV and T trends. RESULTS The disparity in the MMR, U5MR and NMR for the different places of residence (urban and rural) improved over time. The BGV (Slope BGV = -32.24) and T (Slope T = -7.87) of MMR declined the fastest. The gender differences in the U5MR (Slope BGV = -0.06, Slope T = -0.21) and the NMR (Slope BGV = -0.01, Slope T = 0.23) were relatively stable, but the IBD disparity still showed an upward trend in both the place of residence and gender strata. A decline in urban-rural differences in the cause of maternal death was found for obstetric bleeding (Slope BGV = -14.61, Slope T = -20.84). Improvements were seen in the urban-rural disparity in premature birth and being underweight (PBU) in children under 5 years of age. Although diarrhoea and pneumonia decreased in the U5MR, no obvious gender-based trend in the causes of death was observed. CONCLUSION We found improvement in the disparity of maternal and child health outcomes in China. However, the improvements still do not meet the requirements proposed by the Healthy China 2030 strategy, particularly regarding the rise in the IBD levels and the decline in equality. This study suggests starting with maternal and child health services and focusing on the disparity in the causes of death in both the place of residence and gender strata. Placing an emphasis on health services may encourage the recovery of the premarital check and measures such as prenatal and postnatal examinations to improve equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Li
- School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, 200129, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, 200129, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, 200129, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ming Li
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Pudong new district, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, 200129, China.,School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hua Fu
- School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Yan K, Jiang Y, Qiu J, Zhong X, Wang Y, Deng J, Lian J, Wang T, Cao C. The equity of China's emergency medical services from 2010-2014. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28077150 PMCID: PMC5225518 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the depth development of health care system reform in China, emergency medical services (EMS) is confronted with challenges as well as opportunities. This study aimed to analyze the equity of China’s EMS needs, utilization, and resources distribution, and put forward proposal to improve the equity. Method Three emergency needs indicators (mortality rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, harm, and digestive system disease), two utilization indicators (emergency outpatient visits and rate of utilization) and one resource allocation indicator (number of EMS facilities) were collected after the review of the China Statistical Yearbook and the National Disease Surveillance System. Next, EMS related indicators were compared among 31 provinces from the eastern, central, and western regions of the country. Concentration Index (CI) were used to measure the equity of EMS needs and utilization among the western, central, and eastern regions. The Gini coefficient of demographic and geographic distribution of facilities represented the equity of resource allocation. Result During 2010–2014, the CI of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality changed from positive to negative, which indicates that the concentrated trend transferred from richer regions to the poorer area. Injury mortality (CI: range from − 0.1241to −0.1504) and digestive disease mortality (CI: range from − 0.1921 to − 0.2279) consistently concentrated in the poorer region, and the inequity among regions became more obviously year-by-year. The utilization of EMS (CI: range from 0.1074 to 0.0824) showed an improvement; however, the inequity reduced gradually. The EMS facilities distribution by population (Gini coefficient: range from 0.0922 to 0.1200) showed high equitability but the EMS facilities distribution by geography (Gini coefficient: range from 0.0922 to 0.1200) suggested a huge gap between regions because the Gini coefficients were greater than 0.5 in the past 5 years. Conclusion There are some inequities of needs, utilization, and resource allocation in the China EMS. The government needs to stick to the principle of increasing investment in poorer regions, perfecting ambulance configuration and improving health workers’ professional skills to improve the equity and quality of EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yan
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhong
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Deng
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jingxi Lian
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Ivert AK, Mulinari S, van Leeuwen W, Wagner P, Merlo J. Appropriate assessment of ethnic differences in adolescent use of psychotropic medication: multilevel analysis of discriminatory accuracy. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2016; 21:578-595. [PMID: 26884047 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1143090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we used a multilevel approach to investigate the role of maternal country of birth (MCOB) in predicting adolescent use of psychotropic medication in Sweden. DESIGN Using the Swedish Medical Birth Register we identified all 428,314 adolescents born between 1987 and 1990 and who were residing in Sweden in the year they turned 18. We applied multilevel logistic regression analysis with adolescents (level 1) nested within MCOBs (level 2). Measures of association (odds ratio) and measures of variance (intra-class correlation (ICC)) were calculated, as well as the discriminatory accuracy by calculating the area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic (AU-ROC) curve. RESULTS In comparison with adolescents with Swedish-born mothers, adolescents with mothers born in upper-middle, lower-middle and low-income countries were less likely to use psychotropic medication. However, the variance between MCOBs was small (ICC = 2.5 in the final model) relative to the variation within MCOBs. This was confirmed by an AU-ROC value of 0.598. CONCLUSIONS Even though we found associations between MCOB and adolescent use of psychotropic medication, the small ICC and AU-ROC indicate that MCOB appears to be an inaccurate context for discriminating adolescent use of psychotropic medication in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Ivert
- a Faculty of Medicine, Unit for Social Epidemiology , CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
- b Faculty of Health and Society , Malmö University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Shai Mulinari
- a Faculty of Medicine, Unit for Social Epidemiology , CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
- c Department of Sociology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Willemijn van Leeuwen
- a Faculty of Medicine, Unit for Social Epidemiology , CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
- d Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden , Leeuwarden , Netherlands
| | - Philippe Wagner
- a Faculty of Medicine, Unit for Social Epidemiology , CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
- e Centre for Clinical Research Västmanland , Uppsala University , Sweden
| | - Juan Merlo
- a Faculty of Medicine, Unit for Social Epidemiology , CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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Wang J, Bai Z, Wang Z, Yu C. Comparison of Secular Trends in Cervical Cancer Mortality in China and the United States: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111148. [PMID: 27869688 PMCID: PMC5129358 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: As one of the most common cancers in the female population, cervical cancer has ranked as the second most incident gynecological cancer in recent years, trailing only breast cancer. We aimed to assess and compare the secular trends in cervical cancer mortality in China and the United States and analyze the independent effects of chronological age, time period and birth cohort using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Methods: We performed an age-period-cohort analysis using the intrinsic estimator method to estimate the independent effects of age, time period, and birth cohort on cervical cancer mortality. We collected mortality data for China and the United States from the WHO Mortality Database and China Health Statistical Yearbook database. Results: We examined the general trends in cervical mortality rates in China and the United States during the periods 1988-2012 and 1953-2012, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) for cervical cancer in urban China, rural China and the U.S. showed a general decreasing trend during the observation period, except for urban China, which experienced a significant increase beginning in 2002. The mortality rates for cervical cancer in the three areas showed a general increasing trend with age, regardless of the period effect. Period effects declined steadily in both rural China (from 0.19 to -0.26) and the U.S. (from -0.20 to -0.43); however, a slight increasing trend was identified (from -0.25 to 0.33) in urban China, which indicated that the risk of mortality increased with time. Cohort effects peaked in the cohort born in 1911-1915 in both rural China and urban China, declined consistently in the cohort born before 1950, and then decreased again in the cohort born after 1976-1980. The cohort effect in the U.S. peaked in the birth cohort born in 1876-1880, then leveled off and slightly decreased in younger generations. Conclusions: Our study showed that in general, cervical cancer mortality rates increased with age and decreased with birth cohort in the U.S., while the risk of mortality was highest in the cohort born during 1946-1975 in urban China. Additionally, the risk of mortality consistently increased with age in women younger than 64 years old in urban and rural China and began to decline in older groups. Although the age and cohort effects were relatively strong, the period effect may be the key factor affecting cervical cancer mortality trends, mainly reflecting the immediate effects of effective treatment and the implementation of screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhenkun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Park J, Jee YH. Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Liver Cancer Mortality in Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:8589-94. [PMID: 26745121 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.18.8589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the world. In Korea, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for liver cancer but infection rates have been declining since the implementation of the national vaccination program. In this study, we examined the secular trends in liver cancer mortality to distinguish the effects of age, time period, and birth cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for the annual number of liver cancer deaths in Korean adults (30 years and older) were obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service for the period from 1984-2013. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to study the shapes of and to detect the changes in mortality trends. Also, an age-period-cohort model was designed to study the effect of each age, period, and birth cohort on liver cancer mortality. RESULTS For both men and women, the age-standardized mortality rate for liver cancer increased from 1984 to 1993 and decreased thereafter. The highest liver cancer mortality rate has shifted to an older age group in recent years. Within the same birth cohort group, the mortality rate of older age groups has been higher than in the younger age groups. Age-period-cohort analysis showed an association with a high mortality rate in the older age group and in recent years, whereas a decreasing mortality rate were observed in the younger birth cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed a decreasing trend in liver cancer mortality among Korean men and women after 1993. The trends in mortality rate may be mainly attributed to cohort effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Park
- Department of Applied Statistics, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea E-mail :
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Edward A, Dam K, Chege J, Ghee AE, Zare H, Chhorvann C. Measuring pediatric quality of care in rural clinics-a multi-country assessment-Cambodia, Guatemala, Zambia and Kenya. Int J Qual Health Care 2016; 28:586-593. [PMID: 27488477 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the quality of care provided in rural pediatric facilities in Cambodia, Guatemala, Kenya and Zambia DESIGN: All public health facilities in four districts in each country were included in the assessment. Based on utilization patterns, five children under five were selected randomly from each facility to perform the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) assessments followed by exit interviews with their caretakers. SETTING Seventy rural ambulatory pediatric care facilities. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and forty pediatric case management observations and exit interviews with child caretakers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE IMCI index of observed quality of care for patient assessment and counseling RESULTS: Screening for danger signs, diarrhea and fever showed significant differences between countries (P < 0.001), with facilities in Cambodia and Guatemala performing better. More than 90% of the children were screened for fever in all three countries, but <75% were screened in Cambodia. The assessment of nutritional status, checking weight against growth chart and palmar pallor for anemia, was suboptimal in all countries. Mean consultation time ranged from 8.2 minutes in Zambia and 12.6 minutes in Guatemala. Child age, consultation time, health provider cadre and presenting symptoms were significantly associated with higher quality of assessment and counseling care as measured by the IMCI index. CONCLUSIONS Achieving the goals of universal health coverage in these contexts must be complimented with accelerated efforts for capacity investments at the primary care level to ensure optimal quality of healthcare and favorable health outcomes for children, who still experience a high disease burden for these common IMCI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbrasi Edward
- Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kim Dam
- Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Jane Chege
- Global Health, 300 I Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Annette E Ghee
- Global Health, 300 I Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chea Chhorvann
- National Institute of Public Health, #2, St 289, Toul Kork district, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Flatø H, Zhang H. Inequity in level of healthcare utilization before and after universal health coverage reforms in China: evidence from household surveys in Sichuan Province. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:96. [PMID: 27334384 PMCID: PMC4917991 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has since the beginning of this millennium engaged in substantial Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms. This paper adds evidence on how equity in level of health service utilization changed after UHC reforms. METHODS Our study was based on household survey data from 30 counties in Sichuan province in 2004 and 2011. We introduce an unusual outcome variable, namely level of healthcare utilization. Concentration index (CI) was used to measure income based inequality in level of healthcare utilization. Horizontal index (HI) was used to assess whether inequalities are inequitable. We decomposed the concentration index to measure the factors contributing to inequality in level of utilization. Oaxaca type decomposition was applied to control whether identified changes were attributable to changed inequality or to other factors. RESULTS Pro-rich inequity in level of healthcare utilization increased after UHC reforms. Overall, a higher proportion of users sought services at county hospitals or higher in 2011 compared with 2004. Richer users were considerably more likely than the poor to seek care at hospitals rather than at clinics or health centers, and the pro-rich inequality in level of healthcare utilization was highly inequitable. Insurance enrollment became the main driver of pro-rich inequity in level of healthcare utilization after reforms, while health needs became less important for determining level of care, all disfavoring low income groups. CONCLUSIONS Assessments of equity should pay attention to inequalities in level of healthcare utilization. Our results indicate that in China, wide insurance coverage is insufficient to ensure equity in level of healthcare utilization. On the contrary, type of insurance enrollment has become a main driver of inequity in level of utilization. Hence, equalizing health insurance schemes would be of crucial importance in order to improve health equity in China. Moreover, UHC reforms should strengthen the primary sector and limit non-needs based use of high-level hospitals in order to promote equitable use of healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Flatø
- Fafo Research Foundation, PO Box 2947, Tøyen, NO-0608 Oslo Norway
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Fafo Research Foundation, PO Box 2947, Tøyen, NO-0608 Oslo Norway
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Kumara AS, Samaratunge R. Patterns and determinants of out-of-pocket health care expenditure in Sri Lanka: evidence from household surveys. Health Policy Plan 2016; 31:970-83. [PMID: 27015982 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines patterns and determinants of the likelihood and financial burden of encountering out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in Sri Lankan households as, on average, more than 60% of households incur such costs. This percentage varies substantially across household categories in demographic properties, sectors and ability-to-pay. Households comprising more than one elderly person, pre-school children, members with chronic illnesses, and literate household heads are at significant risk of incurring out-of-pocket payments and bearing a higher financial burden. Rural and estate sector households are more likely to bear a higher burden. The marginal effects of household income show that the burden of private healthcare is less sensitive towards changes in household income and that households' burden in private healthcare was regressive in 2006/2007. Hence results imply that low-income households need to be protected. Analysis of supply side factors shows that availability of closer government hospitals, bed numbers and dentists in government hospitals reduce the burden of out-of-pocket expenses. However, more government doctors lead to higher likelihood and burden of incurring such healthcare expenses and create a government-doctor-induced cost. Therefore, the results show a convincing need for the expansion of healthcare infrastructure by government and a policy framework for its doctors that will lessen the financial burden in Sri Lankan households, particularly the poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajantha Sisira Kumara
- Department of Public Administration, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila-Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Berkemeyer S, Lemke D, Hense HW. Incidence and Mortality Trends in German Women with Breast Cancer Using Age, Period and Cohort 1999 to 2008. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150723. [PMID: 26933878 PMCID: PMC4774986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal analysis investigates period (P), often as years. Additional scales of time are age (A) and birth cohort (C) Aim of our study was to use ecological APC analysis for women breast cancer incidence and mortality in Germany. Nation-wide new cases and deaths were obtained from Robert Koch Institute and female population from federal statistics, 1999–2008. Data was stratified into ten 5-years age-groups starting 20–24 years, ten birth cohorts starting 1939–43, and two calendar periods 1999–2003 and 2004–2008. Annual incidence and mortality were calculated: cases to 100,000 women per year. Data was analyzed using glm and apc packages of R. Breast cancer incidence and mortality increased with age. Secular rise in breast cancer incidence and decline in mortality was observed for period1999-2008. Breast cancer incidence and mortality declined with cohorts; cohorts 1950s showed highest incidence and mortality. Age-cohort best explained incidence and mortality followed by age-period-cohort with overall declining trends. Declining age-cohort mortality could be probable. Declining age-cohort incidence would require future biological explanations or rendered statistical artefact. Cohorts 1949–1958 could be unique in having highest incidence and mortality in recent time or future period associations could emerge relatively stronger to cohort to provide additional explanation of temporal change over cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Berkemeyer
- Hochschule für Gesundheit, Department of Community Health, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dorothea Lemke
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Hense
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
- Epidemiological Cancer Registry North Rhine-Westphalia, Münster, Germany
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Secular Trends of Breast Cancer in China, South Korea, Japan and the United States: Application of the Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15409-18. [PMID: 26690183 PMCID: PMC4690929 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To describe the temporal trends of breast cancer mortality in East Asia and to better understand the causes of these trends, we analyzed the independent effects of chronological age, time period and birth cohort on breast cancer mortality trends using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. We chose three main countries in East Asia, namely China, South Korea, and Japan, which have reported death status to the WHO Mortality Database, and used the United States as a comparison population. Our study shows that in general, breast cancer mortality rates in females increased in all three East Asian countries throughout the study period. By APC analysis, we confirmed that there is, in fact, a difference in age-specific mortality rate patterns between the Eastern and the Western countries, which is presumably caused by the two-disease model. While the cause of the decrease from approximately the 1950s generation is still in question, we believe that increasing general awareness and improvements in the health-care system have made a significant contribution to it. Although the age and cohort effects are relatively strong, the period effect may be a more critical factor in the mortality trend, mainly reflecting the increase in exposures to carcinogens and behavioral risk factors.
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Liang Y, Wang H, Tao X. Quality of life of young clinical doctors in public hospitals in China's developed cities as measured by the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Int J Equity Health 2015; 14:85. [PMID: 26400673 PMCID: PMC4581107 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-015-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contemporary Chinese society, obstacles such as frequent violence against medical workers and tense doctor-patient relationships affect the health of Chinese doctors. This study attempted to explore the quality of life (QOL) of young clinical doctors in public hospitals in China's developed cities to study the psychometric properties of QOL and related risk factors of doctors' health. METHODS This study sampled young doctors aged 15-45 in 18 public hospitals of three cities in East China (Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, N = 762). The Nottingham Health Profile was used to measure QOL, the dependent variable of this study. Methodologies such as reliability analysis, mean comparison, and exploratory factor analysis were used to study related psychometric properties. RESULTS Almost 90 % of young Chinese clinical doctors have a bachelor's degree or above. Approximately 70.4 % of the doctors have relatively low job titles. Among the sample, 76.1 % have a monthly income ranging from USD 326 to USD 1139, and 91.3 % work over eight hours daily. These respondents have poor sleeping habits and mental functions, but have relatively good physical functions. Being female, low education, low job title, low salary, and long work hours are factors associated with doctors' poor QOL. Regression analysis results emphasize the great effect of high education on the improvement of QOL. CONCLUSIONS Young clinical doctors in public hospitals in Chinese developed cities have poor QOL. Reforms on the current medical health system, improving the working environment of doctors and relieve their occupational stress should be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanwei Wang
- School of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Tao
- College of Cultural Industries of Nanjing Art Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Servan-Mori E, Sosa-Rubí SG, Najera-Leon E, Darney BG. Timeliness, frequency and content of antenatal care: which is most important to reducing indigenous disparities in birth weight in Mexico? Health Policy Plan 2015; 31:444-53. [PMID: 26329891 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the role of components of adequate antenatal care (ANC) in disparities in birth weight between indigenous and non-indigenous women in Mexico. We estimate the potential for added weight gain among indigenous infants if their mothers received timely, frequent ( ≥4 visits) and complete ANC (≥75% of recommended processes of care). We used population-based survey data (2012;N= 6612 women 12-49). We applied quantile regression to examine heterogeneity of the association between adequate ANC, indigenous ethnicity and birth weight across quantiles of the birth weight distribution. A greater proportion of indigenous women reported a low-birth weight infant (<2.5 kg) at last delivery (14 vs 8% among non-indigenous women). Coverage of adequate ANC (timely, frequent and complete care) is lower among indigenous (59%, CI:53;65) than non-indigenous (68%, CI:66;70) women. Indigenous ethnicity is associated with a lower birth weight across quantiles of the observed birth weight distribution: between 300 g in the 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 quantiles. Among indigenous women, greater newborn weight gains are achieved in the lowest quantiles if they have access to ≥75% of the content of ANC compared with those that did not have access: ∼180 and 260 g are gained in both quantiles 0.05 and 0.10, respectively. This means that the smallest indigenous newborns could potentially reach 2.36 kg (from 1.86 kg), close to the normal weight threshold. The frequency of ANC was positively associated with birth weight for all women but complete ANC appears to differentially affect indigenous women at the bottom of the birth weight distribution. The marginal gains obtained among indigenous newborns that received complete ANC compared with indigenous/non-indigenous newborns did not receive it, is particularly important in low-birth weight quantiles. Delivering basic processes of ANC may therefore have the potential to impact the highest risk women and help them to overcome the low-birth weight threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Servan-Mori
- National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Center for Health System Research
| | - Sandra G Sosa-Rubí
- National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Center for Health System Research,
| | | | - Blair G Darney
- National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Center for Health System Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Shen XR, Feng R, Chai J, Cheng J, Wang DB. Modeling Age-specific Cancer Incidences Using Logistic Growth Equations: Implications for Data Collection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:9731-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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