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Londhe VA, Tomi T, Nguyen TT, Lopez B, Smith JB. Overexpression of LINCR in the developing mouse lung epithelium inhibits distal differentiation and induces cystic changes. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:827-38. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A. Londhe
- Neonatal Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | - Tomoko Tomi
- Neonatal Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | - Tam T. Nguyen
- Neonatal Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- Neonatal Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | - Jeffrey B. Smith
- Neonatal Research Center; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
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Snowball J, Ambalavanan M, Whitsett J, Sinner D. Endodermal Wnt signaling is required for tracheal cartilage formation. Dev Biol 2015; 405:56-70. [PMID: 26093309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracheobronchomalacia is a common congenital defect in which the walls of the trachea and bronchi lack of adequate cartilage required for support of the airways. Deletion of Wls, a cargo receptor mediating Wnt ligand secretion, in the embryonic endoderm using ShhCre mice inhibited formation of tracheal-bronchial cartilaginous rings. The normal dorsal-ventral patterning of tracheal mesenchyme was lost. Smooth muscle cells, identified by Acta2 staining, were aberrantly located in ventral mesenchyme of the trachea, normally the region of Sox9 expression in cartilage progenitors. Wnt/β-catenin activity, indicated by Axin2 LacZ reporter, was decreased in tracheal mesenchyme of Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) embryos. Proliferation of chondroblasts was decreased and reciprocally, proliferation of smooth muscle cells was increased in Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) tracheal tissue. Expression of Tbx4, Tbx5, Msx1 and Msx2, known to mediate cartilage and muscle patterning, were decreased in tracheal mesenchyme of Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) embryos. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that Wnt7b and Wnt5a, expressed by the epithelium of developing trachea, and active Wnt/β-catenin signaling are required for tracheal chondrogenesis before formation of mesenchymal condensations. In conclusion, Wnt ligands produced by the tracheal epithelium pattern the tracheal mesenchyme via modulation of gene expression and cell proliferation required for proper tracheal cartilage and smooth muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Snowball
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA
| | - Manoj Ambalavanan
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA
| | - Debora Sinner
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA.
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Chao CM, El Agha E, Tiozzo C, Minoo P, Bellusci S. A breath of fresh air on the mesenchyme: impact of impaired mesenchymal development on the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:27. [PMID: 25973420 PMCID: PMC4412070 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early mouse embryonic lung, with its robust and apparently reproducible branching pattern, has always fascinated developmental biologists. They have extensively used this embryonic organ to decipher the role of mammalian orthologs of Drosophila genes in controlling the process of branching morphogenesis. During the early pseudoglandular stage, the embryonic lung is formed mostly of tubes that keep on branching. As the branching takes place, progenitor cells located in niches are also amplified and progressively differentiate along the proximo-distal and dorso-ventral axes of the lung. Such elaborate processes require coordinated interactions between signaling molecules arising from and acting on four functional domains: the epithelium, the endothelium, the mesenchyme, and the mesothelium. These interactions, quite well characterized in a relatively simple lung tubular structure remain elusive in the successive developmental and postnatal phases of lung development. In particular, a better understanding of the process underlying the formation of secondary septa, key structural units characteristic of the alveologenesis phase, is still missing. This structure is critical for the formation of a mature lung as it allows the subdivision of saccules in the early neonatal lung into alveoli, thereby considerably expanding the respiratory surface. Interruption of alveologenesis in preterm neonates underlies the pathogenesis of chronic neonatal lung disease known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. De novo formation of secondary septae appears also to be the limiting factor for lung regeneration in human patients with emphysema. In this review, we will therefore focus on what is known in terms of interactions between the different lung compartments and discuss the current understanding of mesenchymal cell lineage formation in the lung, focusing on secondary septae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Ming Chao
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Giessen , Giessen , Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Caterina Tiozzo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany ; Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
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54
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Capaccione KM, Hong X, Morgan KM, Liu W, Bishop JM, Liu L, Markert E, Deen M, Minerowicz C, Bertino JR, Allen T, Pine SR. Sox9 mediates Notch1-induced mesenchymal features in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3636-50. [PMID: 25004243 PMCID: PMC4116509 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox9 has gained increasing importance both functionally and as a prognostic factor in cancer. We demonstrate a functional role for Sox9 in inducing a mesenchymal phenotype in lung ADC. We show that Sox9 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in lung ADC, particularly those with KRAS mutations. Sox9 expression correlated with the Notch target gene Hes1, and numerous other Notch pathway components. We observed that Sox9 is a potent inducer of lung cancer cell motility and invasion, and a negative regulator of E-cadherin, a key protein that is lost during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we show that Notch1 signaling directly regulates Sox9 expression through a SOX9 promoter binding site, independently of the TGF-β pathway, and that Sox9 participates in Notch-1 induced cell motility, cell invasion, and loss of E-cadherin expression. Together, the results identify a new functional role for a Notch1-Sox9 signaling axis in lung ADC that may explain the correlation of Sox9 with tumor progression, higher tumor grade, and poor lung cancer survival. In addition to Notch and TGF-β, Sox9 also acts downstream of NF-κB, BMP, EGFR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, Sox9 could potentially act as a hub to mediate cross-talk among key oncogenic pathways in lung ADC. Targeting Sox9 expression or transcriptional activity could potentially reduce resistance to targeted therapy for lung ADC caused by pathway redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Capaccione
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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McCulley D, Wienhold M, Sun X. The pulmonary mesenchyme directs lung development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:98-105. [PMID: 25796078 PMCID: PMC4763935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each of the steps of respiratory system development relies on intricate interactions and coordinated development of the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. In the past, more attention has been paid to the epithelium than the mesenchyme. The mesenchyme is a source of specification and morphogenetic signals as well as a host of surprisingly complex cell lineages that are critical for normal lung development and function. This review highlights recent research focusing on the mesenchyme that has revealed genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of its development in the context of other cell layers during respiratory lineage specification, branching morphogenesis, epithelial differentiation, lineage distinction, vascular development, and alveolar maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McCulley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Mark Wienhold
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Carter E, Miron-Buchacra G, Goldoni S, Danahay H, Westwick J, Watson ML, Tosh D, Ward SG. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha-dependent regulation of branching morphogenesis in murine embryonic lung: evidence for a role in determining morphogenic properties of FGF7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113555. [PMID: 25460003 PMCID: PMC4251986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a critical step in the development of many epithelial organs. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been identified as a central component of this process but the precise role has not been fully established. Herein we sought to determine the role of PI3K in murine lung branching using a series of pharmacological inhibitors directed at this pathway. The pan-class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 greatly enhanced the branching potential of whole murine lung explants as measured by an increase in the number of terminal branches compared with controls over 48 hours. This enhancement of branching was also observed following inhibition of the downstream signalling components of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. Isoform selective inhibitors of PI3K identified that the alpha isoform of PI3K is a key driver in branching morphogenesis. To determine if the effect of PI3K inhibition on branching was specific to the lung epithelium or secondary to an effect on the mesenchyme we assessed the impact of PI3K inhibition in cultures of mesenchyme-free lung epithelium. Isolated lung epithelium cultured with FGF7 formed large cyst-like structures, whereas co-culture with FGF7 and ZSTK474 induced the formation of defined branches with an intact lumen. Together these data suggest a novel role for PI3K in the branching program of the murine embryonic lung contradictory to that reported in other branching organs. Our observations also point towards PI3K acting as a morphogenic switch for FGF7 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Carter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Miron-Buchacra
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Goldoni
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Danahay
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - John Westwick
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm L. Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Jo A, Denduluri S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Yin L, Yan Z, Kang R, Shi LL, Mok J, Lee MJ, Haydon RC. The versatile functions of Sox9 in development, stem cells, and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:149-161. [PMID: 25685828 PMCID: PMC4326072 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox9 was first discovered in patients with campomelic dysplasia, a haploinsufficiency disorder with skeletal deformities caused by dysregulation of Sox9 expression during chondrogenesis. Since then, its role as a cell fate determiner during embryonic development has been well characterized; Sox9 expression differentiates cells derived from all three germ layers into a large variety of specialized tissues and organs. However, recent data has shown that ectoderm- and endoderm-derived tissues continue to express Sox9 in mature organs and stem cell pools, suggesting its role in cell maintenance and specification during adult life. The versatility of Sox9 may be explained by a combination of post-transcriptional modifications, binding partners, and the tissue type in which it is expressed. Considering its importance during both development and adult life, it follows that dysregulation of Sox9 has been implicated in various congenital and acquired diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. This review provides a summary of the various roles of Sox9 in cell fate specification, stem cell biology, and related human diseases. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Sox9 will be crucial for developing effective therapies to treat disease caused by stem cell dysregulation or even reverse organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bosi Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Schilders K, Ochieng JK, van de Ven CP, Gontan C, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Role of SOX2 in foregut development in relation to congenital abnormalities. World J Med Genet 2014; 4:94-104. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v4.i4.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake of the two essential ingredients for life, oxygen and nutrients, occurs primarily through the oral cavity, but these two lifelines need to be separated with high accuracy once inside the body. The two systems, the gas exchange pulmonary system and the gastro-intestinal feeding system, are derived from the same primitive embryonic structure during development, the foregut, which need to be separated before birth. In certain newborns, this separation occurs not or insufficiently, leading to life threatening conditions, sometimes incompatible with life. The development of the foregut, trachea and lungs is influenced and coordinated by a multitude of signaling cascades and transcription factors. In this review, we will highlight the development of the foregut and pulmonary system and focus on associated congenital abnormalities in light of known genetic alterations with specific attention to the transcription factor SOX2.
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McGowan SE, McCoy DM. Regulation of fibroblast lipid storage and myofibroblast phenotypes during alveolar septation in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L618-31. [PMID: 25150063 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00144.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) is required for alveolar septation and participates in alveolar regeneration after pneumonectomy. In both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, bipotent pdgfrα-expressing progenitors expressing delta-like ligand-1 or sex-determining region Y box 9 (Sox9) may differentiate into either lipid storage cells or myofibroblasts. We analyzed markers of mesenchymal progenitors and differentiation in lung fibroblasts (LF) with different levels (absent, low, or high) of pdgfrα gene expression. A larger proportion of pdgfrα-expressing than nonexpressing LF contained Sox9. Neutral lipids, CD166, and Tcf21 were more abundant in LF with a lower compared with a higher level of pdgfrα gene expression. PDGF-A increased Sox9 in primary LF cultures, suggesting that active signaling through PDGFRα is required to maintain Sox9. As alveolar septation progresses from postnatal day (P) 8 to P12, fewer pdgfrα-expressing LF contain Sox9, whereas more of these LF contain myocardin-like transcription factor-A, showing that Sox9 diminishes as LF become myofibroblasts. At P8, neutral lipid droplets predominate in LF with the lower level of pdgfrα gene expression, whereas transgelin (tagln) was predominantly expressed in LF with higher pdgfrα gene expression. Targeted deletion of pdgfrα in LF, which expressed tagln, reduced Sox9 in α-actin (α-SMA, ACTA2)-containing LF, whereas it increased the abundance of cell surface delta-like protein-1 (as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and tcf21 mRNA in LF, which also expressed stem cell antigen-1). Thus pdgfrα deletion differentially alters delta-like protein-1 and Sox9, suggesting that targeting different downstream pathways in PDGF-A-responsive LF could identify strategies that promote lung regeneration without initiating fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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