51
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Lee JB, Kim HR, Ha SJ. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in 10 Years: Contribution of Basic Research and Clinical Application in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e2. [PMID: 35291660 PMCID: PMC8901707 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting immune evasion via immune checkpoint pathways has changed the treatment paradigm in cancer. Since CTLA-4 antibody was first approved in 2011 for treatment of metastatic melanoma, eight immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) centered on PD-1 pathway blockade are approved and currently administered to treat 18 different types of cancers. The first part of the review focuses on the history of CTLA-4 and PD-1 discovery and the preclinical experiments that demonstrated the possibility of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 as anti-cancer therapeutics. The approval process of clinical trials and clinical utility of ICIs are described, specifically focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in which immunotherapies are most actively applied. Additionally, this review covers the combination therapy and novel ICIs currently under investigation in NSCLC. Although ICIs are now key pivotal cancer therapy option in clinical settings, they show inconsistent therapeutic efficacy and limited responsiveness. Thus, newly proposed action mechanism to overcome the limitations of ICIs in a near future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jii Bum Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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52
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Korman AJ, Garrett-Thomson SC, Lonberg N. The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:509-528. [PMID: 34937915 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer immunotherapies - such as IL-2 and interferon-α (IFNα) - have appeared over the past 30 years. However, it is only in the past decade that immunotherapy has made a broad impact on patient survival in multiple high-incidence cancer indications. The emergence of immunotherapy as a new pillar of cancer treatment (adding to surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies) is due to the success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) drugs, the first of which - ipilimumab - was approved in 2011. ICB drugs block receptors and ligands involved in pathways that attenuate T cell activation - such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and its ligand, PDL1 - and prevent, or reverse, acquired peripheral tolerance to tumour antigens. In this Review we mark the tenth anniversary of the approval of ipilimumab and discuss the foundational scientific history of ICB, together with the history of the discovery, development and elucidation of the mechanism of action of the first generation of drugs targeting the CTLA4 and PD1 pathways.
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53
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Kim MJ, Ha SJ. Differential Role of PD-1 Expressed by Various Immune and Tumor Cells in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Expression, Function, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:767466. [PMID: 34901012 PMCID: PMC8662983 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), tumor cells interact with various cells and operate various strategies to avoid antitumor immune responses. These immune escape strategies often make the TIME resistant to cancer immunotherapy. Neutralizing immune escape strategies is necessary to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) expressed in effector immune cells inhibit their effector function via direct interaction with immune checkpoint ligands (ICLs) expressed in tumor cells. Therefore, blocking ICRs or ICLs has been developed as a promising cancer immunotherapy by reinvigorating the function of effector immune cells. Among the ICRs, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) has mainly been antagonized to enhance the survival of human patients with cancer by restoring the function of tumor-infiltrating (TI) CD8+ T cells. It has been demonstrated that PD-1 is expressed not only in TI CD8+ T cells, but also in other TI immune cells and even tumor cells. While PD-1 suppresses the function of TI CD8+ T cells, it is controversial whether PD-1 suppresses or amplifies the suppressive function of TI-suppressive immune cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid cells). There is also controversy regarding the role of tumor-expressing PD-1. Therefore, a precise understanding of the expression pattern and function of PD-1 in each cell subset is important for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the differential role of PD-1 expressed by various TI immune cells and tumor cells. We focused on how cell-type-specific ablation or blockade of PD-1 affects tumor growth in a murine tumor model. Furthermore, we will also describe how the blockade of PD-1 acts on TI immune cells in human patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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54
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Huang J, Zhang L, Chen J, Wan D, Zhou L, Zheng S, Qiao Y. The Landscape of Immune Cells Indicates Prognosis and Applicability of Checkpoint Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:744951. [PMID: 34650926 PMCID: PMC8510566 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are important components of tumor microenvironment (TME), and their composition reflects the confrontation between host immune system and tumor cells. However, the relationship between the composition of infiltrating immune cells, prognosis, and the applicability of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) needs systematic examination. Methods Cell-Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) was applied to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cohort. Diagnostic and prognostic models were constructed based on immune cells, and the models were validated by two external cohorts. The relationship between immune cells and PD-L1 was evaluated by Spearman correlation, and the finding was validated in our in-house HCC sample. Result Patients in TCGA LIHC cohort were classified into six subtypes with different prognosis based on the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells simulated via CIBERSORT. Among 22 types of immune cells, intratumoral PD-L1 mRNA level exhibited linear relationship with the fraction of five types of immune cells (M1 macrophages, plasma cells, CD8+ T cells, resting mast cells, and regulatory T cells), and M1 macrophages showed the strongest relevance (R = 0.26, p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry of our in-house HCC specimens verified this conclusion. Moreover, intratumoral mRNA levels of M1 macrophage-associated cytokines were positively correlated with PD-L1 level. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the prognosis of HCC patients was associated with the pattern of infiltrating immune cells in TME, and macrophage-associated cytokines might be a potential non-invasive marker for predicting the PD-L1 level for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dalong Wan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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55
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Chen Z, Kong H, Cai Z, Chen K, Wu B, Li H, Wang P, Wu Y, Shen H. Identification of MAP3K15 as a potential prognostic biomarker and correlation with immune infiltrates in osteosarcoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1179. [PMID: 34430620 PMCID: PMC8350644 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of primary malignant tumor, and increasing evidence shows the clinical benefits of immunotherapy in treating OS. However, the lack of comprehensive studies on the complex OS immune microenvironment hinders the application of immunotherapy. Thus, this study aimed to systematically explore the immune characteristics of OS and identify novel biomarkers for OS treatment. Methods We systematically studied the immune score and proportions of infiltrating immune cells in OS in the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases using the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Differential expression and functional analyses were used to identify dysregulated genes and explore their functions. Survival and Cox regression analyses were applied to establish an immune-related prognostic signature. Additionally, qPCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to validate the results. Results A total of 103 differentially expressed immune genes (DEIGs) were found in the TARGET-OS and GSE39058 databases, and these DEIGs were mainly enriched in leukocyte proliferation, leukocyte differentiation, osteoclast differentiation, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and the adaptive immune system. A predictive signature was constructed based on the survival analysis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.65. Moreover, we found that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 15 (MAP3K15) can predict the prognosis of patients with OS and is closely related to CD4+ T cells and macrophages. The OS patients with high MAP3K15 expression had a significantly poorer prognosis. Conclusions Our study found that MAP3K15, whose expression level is closely related to immune activity in tumors, is a critical immune-related biomarker, and our findings may provide a basis for OS immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuning Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoran Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaopeng Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boyang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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56
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Tranberg KG. Local Destruction of Tumors and Systemic Immune Effects. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708810. [PMID: 34307177 PMCID: PMC8298109 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immune-based therapies signify a major advancement in cancer therapy; yet, they are not effective in the majority of patients. Physically based local destruction techniques have been shown to induce immunologic effects and are increasingly used in order to improve the outcome of immunotherapies. The various local destruction methods have different modes of action and there is considerable variation between the different techniques with respect to the ability and frequency to create a systemic anti-tumor immunologic effect. Since the abscopal effect is considered to be the best indicator of a relevant immunologic effect, the present review focused on the tissue changes associated with this effect in order to find determinants for a strong immunologic response, both when local destruction is used alone and combined with immunotherapy. In addition to the T cell-inflammation that was induced by all methods, the analysis indicated that it was important for an optimal outcome that the released antigens were not destroyed, tumor cell death was necrotic and tumor tissue perfusion was at least partially preserved allowing for antigen presentation, immune cell trafficking and reduction of hypoxia. Local treatment with controlled low level hyperthermia met these requisites and was especially prone to result in abscopal immune activity on its own.
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57
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The Immune Landscape of Osteosarcoma: Implications for Prognosis and Treatment Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071668. [PMID: 34359840 PMCID: PMC8304628 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a high-grade malignant stromal tumor composed of mesenchymal cells producing osteoid and immature bone, with a peak of incidence in the second decade of life. Hence, although relatively rare, the social impact of this neoplasm is particularly relevant. Differently from carcinomas, molecular genetics and the role of the tumor microenvironment in the development and progression of OS are mainly unknown. Indeed, while the tumor microenvironment has been widely studied in other solid tumor types and its contribution to tumor progression has been definitely established, tumor-stroma interaction in OS has been quite neglected for years. Only recently have new insights been gained, also thanks to the availability of new technologies and bioinformatics tools. A better understanding of the cross-talk between the bone microenvironment, including immune and stromal cells, and OS will be key not only for a deeper knowledge of osteosarcoma pathophysiology, but also for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the tumor microenvironment in OS, mainly focusing on immune cells, discussing their role and implication for disease prognosis and treatment response.
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58
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Zhang H, Zhao W, Li X, He Y. Cholesterol Metabolism as a Potential Therapeutic Target and a Prognostic Biomarker for Cancer Immunotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3803-3812. [PMID: 34188488 PMCID: PMC8232957 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s315998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint-based immunotherapies, such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, have shown promising clinical outcomes in many types of cancers. Unfortunately, the response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors is low. It is very important to discover novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers. Cholesterol metabolism has been demonstrated to be related to the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors and may provide a new breakthrough in the development of immunotherapy. First of all, cholesterol metabolism in the tumor microenvironment affects the function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In addition, intracellular cholesterol homeostasis is an important regulator of immune cell function. Furthermore, drugs that act on cholesterol metabolism affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. What is more, peripheral blood cholesterol level can be a biomarker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, we aimed to explore the potential role of cholesterol metabolism on immunotherapy. By summarizing the major findings of recent preclinical and clinical studies on cholesterol metabolism in immunotherapy, we suggested that cholesterol metabolism could be a potential therapeutic target and a prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingya Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Ma C, Cui X, Lam RHW, Chen W. An in silico glioblastoma microenvironment model dissects the immunological mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:2100197. [PMID: 34423116 PMCID: PMC8372235 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The PD-1 immune checkpoint-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapy strategy for treating the malignant brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). However, patient response varies in clinical trials due in large to the tumor heterogeneity and immunological resistance in the tumor microenvironment. To further understand how mechanistically the niche interplay and competition drive anti-PD-1 resistance, we established an in-silico model to quantitatively describe the biological rationale of critical GBM-immune interactions, such as tumor growth and apoptosis, T cell activation and cytotoxicity, and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) mediated immunosuppression. Such an in-silico experimentation and predictive model, based on the in vitro microfluidic chip-measured end-point data and patient-specific immunological characteristics, allowed for a comprehensive and dynamic analysis of multiple TAM-associated immunosuppression mechanisms against the anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our computational model demonstrated that the TAM-associated immunosuppression varied in severity across different GBM subtypes, which resulted in distinct tumor responses. Our prediction results indicated that a combination therapy co-targeting of PD-1 checkpoint and TAM-associated CSF-1R signaling could enhance the immune responses of GBM patients, especially those patients with mesenchymal GBM who are irresponsive to the single anti-PD-1 therapy. The development of a patient-specific in silico-in vitro GBM model would help navigate and personalize immunotherapies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Lunan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY
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Costa B, Vale N. A Review of Repurposed Cancer Drugs in Clinical Trials for Potential Treatment of COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060815. [PMID: 34070725 PMCID: PMC8229933 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for prevention and treatment. While the world’s attention is focused on news of COVID-19 vaccine updates, clinical management still requires improvement. Due to the similarity of cancer-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy to COVID-19, anticancer drugs, such as Interferon, Pembrolizumab or Bicalutamide, are already being tested in clinical trials for repurposing, alone or in combination. Given the rapid pace of scientific discovery and clinical data generated by the large number of people rapidly infected, clinicians need effective medical treatments for this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-513-622
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Ou D, Tseng S, Kempson IM, Hsu C, Yang P, Liao Z. Enhanced Targeting and Immune Activation of Tumor Microenvironment by Nanomodified Anti‐PD1 in Liver Cancer. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - S.‐Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - Ivan M. Kempson
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Chia‐Lang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
| | - Pan‐Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei 10051 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Zi‐Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology National Sun Yat‐Sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
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Dong Y, Yang C, Pan F. Post-Translational Regulations of Foxp3 in Treg Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626172. [PMID: 33912156 PMCID: PMC8071870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are indispensable for immune homeostasis due to their roles in peripheral tolerance. As the master transcription factor of Treg cells, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) strongly regulates Treg function and plasticity. Because of this, considerable research efforts have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms controlling Foxp3 and its co-regulators. Such work is not only advancing our understanding on Treg cell biology, but also uncovering novel targets for clinical manipulation in autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and tumor therapies. Recently, many studies have explored the post-translational regulation of Foxp3, which have shown that acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, and ubiquitination are important for determining Foxp3 function and plasticity. Additionally, some of these targets have been implicated to have great therapeutic values. In this review, we will discuss emerging evidence of post-translational regulations on Foxp3 in Treg cells and their exciting therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
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63
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PD1 blockade potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of photothermally-activated and MRI-guided low temperature-sensitive magnetoliposomes. J Control Release 2021; 332:419-433. [PMID: 33677010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of PD1 blockade on the therapeutic efficacy of novel doxorubicin-loaded temperature-sensitive liposomes. Herein, we report photothermally-activated, low temperature-sensitive magnetoliposomes (mLTSL) for efficient drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mLTSL were prepared by embedding small nitrodopamine palmitate (NDPM)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IO NPs) in the lipid bilayer of low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSL), using lipid film hydration and extrusion. Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded mLTSL were characterized using dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Photothermal experiments using 808 nm laser irradiation were conducted. In vitro photothermal DOX release studies and cytotoxicity was assessed using flow cytometry and resazurin viability assay, respectively. In vivo DOX release and tumor accumulation of mLTSL(DOX) were assessed using fluorescence and MR imaging, respectively. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of PD1 blockade in combination with photothermally-activated mLTSL(DOX) in CT26-tumor model was evaluated by monitoring tumor growth, cytokine release and immune cell infiltration in the tumor tissue. Interestingly, efficient photothermal heating was obtained by varying the IO NPs content and the laser power, where on-demand burst DOX release was achievable in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our mLTSL exhibited promising MR imaging properties with high transverse r2 relaxivity (333 mM-1 s-1), resulting in superior MR imaging in vivo. Furthermore, mLTSL(DOX) therapeutic efficacy was potentiated in combination with anti-PD1 mAb, resulting in a significant reduction in CT26 tumor growth via immune cell activation. Our study highlights the potential of combining PD1 blockade with mLTSL(DOX), where the latter could facilitate chemo/photothermal therapy and MRI-guided drug delivery.
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64
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Cui G. The Mechanisms Leading to Distinct Responses to PD-1/PD-L1 Blockades in Colorectal Cancers With Different MSI Statuses. Front Oncol 2021; 11:573547. [PMID: 33763344 PMCID: PMC7982849 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.573547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical studies showed distinct therapeutic outcomes, in which CRC patients with mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) seem to be relatively more "sensitive" in response to anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/programmed death-1 receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy than those with mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR)/microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L). The mechanisms by which the same PD-1/PD-L1 blockades lead to two distinct therapeutic responses in CRC patients with different MSI statuses remain poorly understood and become a topic of great interest in both basic research and clinical practice. In this review of the potential mechanisms for the distinct response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockades between dMMR/MSI-H CRCs and pMMR/MSI-L CRCs, relevant references were electronically searched and collected from databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar. Sixty-eight articles with full text and 10 articles by reference-cross search were included for final analysis after eligibility selection according to the guidelines of PRISMA. Analysis revealed that multiple factors e.g. tumor mutation burden, immune cell densities and types in the tumor microenvironment, expression levels of PD-1/PD-L1 and cytokines are potential determinants of such distinct response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockades in CRC patients with different MSI statuses which might help clinicians to select candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and improve therapeutic response in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Relecom A, Merhi M, Inchakalody V, Uddin S, Rinchai D, Bedognetti D, Dermime S. Emerging dynamics pathways of response and resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade: tackling uncertainty by confronting complexity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:74. [PMID: 33602280 PMCID: PMC7893879 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors provide considerable therapeutic benefit in a range of solid cancers as well as in a subgroup of hematological malignancies. Response rates are however suboptimal, and despite considerable efforts, predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors ahead of their administration in a given patient remains elusive. The study of the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade brought insight into the mechanisms of action of these therapeutic agents. Equally relevant are the mechanisms of adaptive resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been uncovered through this approach. In this review, we discuss the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade emanating from recent studies on animal models and humans. We will focus on mechanisms of action and of resistance conveying information predictive of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Relecom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute & Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- Cancer Research Program, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research Program, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. .,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Said Dermime
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Gault A, Anderson A, Plummer R, Stewart C, Pratt A, Rajan N. Cutaneous immune‐related adverse events in patients with melanoma treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:263-271. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gault
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care Freeman Hospital Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - A.E. Anderson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - R. Plummer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care Freeman Hospital Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - C. Stewart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - A.G. Pratt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - N. Rajan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Department of Dermatology Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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67
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Fan MK, Qi LL, Zhang Q, Wang L. The Updated Status and Future Direction of Immunotherapy Targeting B7-H1/PD-1 in Osteosarcoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:757-764. [PMID: 33536783 PMCID: PMC7850464 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s285560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mortality rate of osteosarcoma (OS) patients has improved, there are still many unsolved problems concerning how to reduce recurrence and metastasis. In the tumor microenvironment, immune escape plays a more important role in tumor progression and development. Many costimulatory molecules of the B7 family have been reported to be involved in regulating immunological interactions between OS cells and immune cells. Among these molecules, B7-H1 and its receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1), have been the focus of the fields of tumor immunology and have been recently applied in clinical trials of therapies for several solid tumors. These therapies, referred to as B7-H1/PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapies, are designed to block the interaction between the two molecules. Although the mechanism has been reported in some malignancies, the specific impact of B7-H1/PD-1 expression on OS has not been well defined. Here, we review the expression, function, and regulatory mechanism of the B7-H1/PD-1 axis in OS and introduce and compare the advantages and disadvantages of B7-H1/PD-1 immunotherapies in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-ke Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-li Qi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
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Dees S, Ganesan R, Singh S, Grewal IS. Regulatory T cell targeting in cancer: Emerging strategies in immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:280-291. [PMID: 33302322 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is modulated by an important subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes called Treg cells that function in maintaining immune homeostasis by preventing excessive immune activation. Both deficiency and overactivation of Treg cell function can result in disease pathology. While loss of Treg function can lead to autoimmunity, an overabundance of Treg activity can promote tumorigenesis. Blocking and/or depleting Tregs has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance antitumor immunity. A major limitation underlying the limited efficacy observed with Treg therapies in the clinic is lack of selective targeting, often attributed to concurrent depletion of antitumor effector T-cell populations. Novel approaches to improve the specificity of Treg targeting in the context of cancer include the use of T-cell receptor mimic antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy. Next-generation technology platforms and transcriptomic/computational-based screening methods have been recently developed to identify preferential Treg targets. Herein, we highlight key advancements and challenges pertaining to the development of novel Treg targeting cancer therapeutics and discuss ongoing clinical trials evaluating next-generation Treg therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundee Dees
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Iqbal S Grewal
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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69
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Immunotherapy for osteosarcoma: Fundamental mechanism, rationale, and recent breakthroughs. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:1-10. [PMID: 33359211 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of the bone and has a high propensity for local invasion and metastasis. Although combining surgery with chemotherapy has immensely improved the outcomes of osteosarcoma patients, the prognosis of metastatic or recurrent osteosarcomas is still unsatisfactory. Immunotherapy has proven to be a promising therapeutic strategy against human malignancies and improved understanding of the immune response to OS, and biomarker development has increased the number of patients who benefit from immunotherapies in recent years. Here, we review recent advances in immunotherapy in osteosarcoma and discuss the mechanisms and status of immunotherapies in both preclinical and clinical trials as well as future therapies on the horizon. These advances may pave the way for novel treatments requisite for patients with osteosarcoma in need of new therapies.
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70
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Zeng G, Jin L, Ying Q, Chen H, Thembinkosi MC, Yang C, Zhao J, Ji H, Lin S, Peng R, Zhang M, Sun D. Regulatory T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Basic Research Outcomes and Clinical Directions. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:10411-10421. [PMID: 33116895 PMCID: PMC7586057 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s265828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising approach that has recently gained its importance in treating cancer. Despite various approaches of immunotherapies being used to target cancer cells, they are either not effective against all types of cancer or for all patients. Although efforts are being made to improve the cancer immunotherapy in all possible ways, one important hindrance that lowers the immune response to kill cancer cells is the infiltration of Regulatory T (Treg) cells into the tumor cells, favoring tumor progression, on one hand, and inhibiting the activation of T cells to respond to cancer cells, on the other hand. Therefore, new anti-cancer drugs and vaccines fail to show promising results against cancer. This is due to the infiltration of Treg cells into the tumor region and suppression of anti-cancer activity. Thus, regardless of various types of immunotherapies being practiced, understanding the mechanisms of how Treg cells favor tumor progression and inhibition of anti-cancer activity is worthwhile. Therefore, the review highlights the importance of Tregs cells and how depletion of Treg cells can pave the way to an effective immunotherapy by activating the immune responses against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Zeng
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.,China Metallurgical Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province & Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinsi Ying
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Chunguang Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Maolan Zhang
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Wang G, Xia H. Molecular mechanism for impaired suppressive function of Tregs in autoimmune diseases: A summary of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11056-11063. [PMID: 32881301 PMCID: PMC7576235 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are responsible for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. In immune homeostasis condition, Tregs exert their suppressive function through inhibiting the proliferation of effector T cells. In response to environmental signals, Tregs display phenotypic heterogeneity and altered stability, which endows their suppressive function in a context-dependent manner. Compelling evidence indicates deficiency of Treg suppressive function is related to the immunopathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. Consequently, it is vital to further our understanding of the molecular mechanism accounting for the regulation of Treg suppressive functions. In this review, we outline the current knowledge that highlights how cell-intrinsic factors, such as inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, signalling pathways, post-translational modification (PTM), miRNAs, protein and protein complex, and cell-extrinsic factors orchestrate the suppressive function of Tregs. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanism related to the suppressive functional property of Tregs should provide new insights into autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis, which offers opportunity for identifying new therapeutic targets for Treg-related autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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A Review of T-Cell Related Therapy for Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144877. [PMID: 32664248 PMCID: PMC7402310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant tumors of bone. The combination of chemotherapy and surgery makes the prognosis better than before, but therapy has not dramatically improved over the last three decades. This is partially because of the lack of a novel specialized drug for osteosarcoma, which is known as a tumor with heterogeneity. On the other hand, immunotherapy has been one of the most widely used strategies for many cancers over the last ten years. The therapies related to T-cell response, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, are well-known options for some cancers. In this review, we offer the accumulated knowledge of T-cell-related immunotherapy for osteosarcoma, and discuss the future of the therapy.
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