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Cox LAT. Risk Analysis Implications of Dose-Response Thresholds for NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Diseases: Respirable Crystalline Silica and Lung Cancer as an Example. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819836900. [PMID: 31168301 PMCID: PMC6484684 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819836900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation mediates an extraordinarily wide range of diseases. Recent progress in understanding intracellular inflammasome assembly, priming, activation, cytokine signaling, and interactions with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, lysosome disruption, cell death, and prion-like polymerization and spread of inflammasomes among cells, has potentially profound implications for dose-response modeling. This article discusses mechanisms of exposure concentration and duration thresholds for NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory responses and develops a simple biomathematical model of the onset of exposure-related tissue-level chronic inflammation and resulting disease risks, focusing on respirable crystalline silica (RCS) and lung cancer risk as an example. An inflammation-mediated 2-stage clonal expansion model of RCS-induced lung cancer is proposed that explains why relatively low estimated concentrations of RCS (eg, <1 mg/m3) do not increase lung cancer risk and why even high occupational concentrations increase risk only modestly (typically relative risk <2). The model of chronic inflammation implies a dose-response threshold for excess cancer risk, in contrast to traditional linear-no-threshold assumptions. If this implication is correct, then concentrations of crystalline silica (or amphibole asbestos fibers, or other environmental challenges that act via the NLRP3 inflammasome) below the threshold do not cause chronic inflammation and resulting elevated risks of inflammation-mediated diseases.
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Dover DC, Belon AP. The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:36. [PMID: 30782161 PMCID: PMC6379929 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-0935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wealth of frameworks on social determinants of health (SDOH), two current limitations include the relative superficial description of factors affecting health and a lack of focus on measuring health equity. The Health Equity Measurement Framework (HEMF) addresses these gaps by providing a more encompassing view of the multitude of SDOH and drivers of health service utilisation and by guiding quantitative analysis for public health surveillance and policy development. The objective of this paper is to present the HEMF, which was specifically designed to measure the direct and indirect effects of SDOH to support improved statistical modelling and measurement of health equity. METHODS Based on a framework synthesis, the HEMF development involved initially integrating theoretical components from existing SDOH and health system utilisation frameworks. To further develop the framework, relevant publications on SDOH and health equity were identified through a literature review in major electronic databases. White and grey literatures were critically reviewed to identify strengths and gaps in the existing frameworks in order to inform the development of a unique health equity measurement framework. Finally, over a two-year period of consultation, scholars, health practitioners, and local policy influencers from municipal and provincial governments provided critical feedback on the framework regarding its components and causal relationships. RESULTS This unified framework includes the socioeconomic, cultural, and political context, health policy context, social stratification, social location, material and social circumstances, environment, biological factors, health-related behaviours and beliefs, stress, quality of care, and healthcare utilisation. Alongside the HEMF's self-exploratory diagram showing the causal pathways in-depth, a number of examples are provided to illustrate the framework's usefulness in measuring and monitoring health equity as well as informing policy-making. CONCLUSIONS The HEMF highlights intervention areas to be influenced by strategic public policy for any organisation whose purview has an effect on health, including helping non-health sectors (such as education and labour) to better understand how their policies influence population health and perceive their role in health equity promotion. The HEMF recognises the complexity surrounding the SDOH and provides a clear, overarching direction for empirical work on health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C. Dover
- Alberta Health, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Ana Paula Belon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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Artificial Stone Associated Silicosis: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040568. [PMID: 30781462 PMCID: PMC6406954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a progressive fibrotic lung disease that is caused by the inhalation of respirable crystalline silica. Due to its high silica content, artificial stone (AS) can become a possible source of hazardous dust exposure for workers that are employed in the manufacturing, finishing, and installing of AS countertops. Therefore, the aim of this review was to verify the association between AS derived silica exposure and silicosis development, and also then define the pathological characteristics of the disease in relation to specific work practices and preventive and protective measures that were adopted in the workplace. A systematic review of articles available on Pubmed, Scopus, and Isi Web of Knowledge databases was performed. Although the characteristics of AS-associated silicosis were comparable to those that were reported for the disease in traditional silica exposure settings, some critical issues emerged concerning the general lack of suitable strategies for assessing/managing silica risks in these innovative occupational fields. Further research that is designed to assess the hazardous properties of AS dusts, levels of exposure in workplaces, and the effectiveness of protective equipment appears to be needed to increase awareness concerning AS risks and induce employers, employees, and all factory figures that are engaged in prevention to take action to define/adopt proper measures to protect the health of exposed workers.
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Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death in China, have significantly increased in recent years, and present geographic and gender differences as a result of diversity in lifestyles and socioeconomic development. A series of attribute risk analyses have shown that factors such as smoking, air pollution, and occupational factors are all related to lung cancer. Behavioral intervention, such as smoking cessation and screening, could effectively reduce lung cancer incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Cao
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Ferri C, Artoni E, Sighinolfi GL, Luppi F, Zelent G, Colaci M, Giuggioli D. High serum levels of silica nanoparticles in systemic sclerosis patients with occupational exposure: Possible pathogenetic role in disease phenotypes. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:475-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to bring the neglected phenomenon of subradiological silicosis and its implications to the attention of readers. We define subradiological silicosis as silicosis detectable on pathological examination of lung tissue but not visible radiologically. For extent of the phenomenon, we draw on a study using a large South African autopsy database of deceased miners and chest radiographs taken in life. At an International Labour Organization threshold of >1/0 only 43% of all pathologically detected cases were detected on chest radiograph, and only 62% of those classified on pathology as "moderate or marked" silicosis. Subradiological silicosis has a number of implications for research and practice: for dose-response studies of silicosis; for studies of the relationship between silica and conditions such as tuberculosis, lung cancer, and autoimmune disease, including the mechanistic role of fibrogenesis; for prognostication in silica exposed workers; and for workers' compensation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Ehrlich
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research; School of Public Health and Family Medicine; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jill Murray
- School of Public Health; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - David Rees
- National Institute for Occupational Health; and School of Public Health; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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57
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A Novel Variant of Desmoplakin Is Potentially Associated with Silicosis Risk. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:925-931. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Sato T, Shimosato T, Klinman DM. Silicosis and lung cancer: current perspectives. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2018; 9:91-101. [PMID: 30498384 PMCID: PMC6207090 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s156376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
"Silica" refers to crystalline particles formed by the combination of silicon with oxygen. Inhalation of silica particles promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis that over prolonged periods increases the risk of lung cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified crystalline silica as a human carcinogen in 1997. This categorization was questioned due to 1) the absence of dose-response findings, 2) the presence of confounding variables that complicated interpretation of the data and 3) potential selection bias for compensated silicosis. Yet, recent epidemiologic studies strongly support the conclusion that silica exposure increases the risk of lung cancer in humans independent of confounding factors including cigarette smoke. Based on this evidence, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lowered the occupational exposure limit for crystalline silica from 0.1 to 0.05 mg/m3 in 2013. Further supporting the human epidemiologic data, murine models show that chronic silicosis is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. In animals, the initial inflammation induced by silica exposure is followed by the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment that supports the growth of lung tumors. This work will review our current knowledge of silica-associated lung cancers, highlighting how recent mechanistic insights support the use of cutting-edge approaches to diagnose and treat silica-related lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA,
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Song X, Zhong X, Tang K, Wu G, Jiang Y. Serum magnesium levels and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:137. [PMID: 30001198 PMCID: PMC6044008 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether serum magnesium levels were lower in patients with lung cancer than that in healthy controls is controversial. The aim of this study was to identify and synthesize all citations evaluating the relationship between serum magnesium levels and lung cancer. Methods We searched PubMed, WanFang, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and SinoMed databases for relevant studies before December 31, 2017. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Results Eleven citations comprising 707 cases with lung cancer and 7595 healthy controls were included in our study. Serum magnesium levels were not significantly lower in patients with lung cancer [summary SMD = 0.193, 95%CI = − 1.504 to 1.890] when compared to health controls, with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.6%, P < 0.001) found. Negative associations were found among Asian populations [summary SMD = 0.229, 95%CI = − 1.637 to 2.094] and European populations [summary SMD = − 0.168, 95%CI = − 0.482 to 0.147]. No publication bias was found using the test of Egger and funnel plot. Conclusions Our study suggested that serum magnesium levels had no significant association on lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Song
- Department of respiration, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, N0.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- Department of respiration, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, N0.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Kaijiang Tang
- Department of rheumatism, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of neurosurgery, Liuzhou General Hospital, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of rheumatism, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi, China
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Yang W, Qian F, Teng J, Wang H, Manegold C, Pilz LR, Voigt W, Zhang Y, Ye J, Chen Q, Han B. Community-based lung cancer screening with low-dose CT in China: Results of the baseline screening. Lung Cancer 2018; 117:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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61
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Chen J, Yao Y, Su X, Shi Y, Song X, Xie L, You J, Tian L, Yang L, Fang A, Xiong J. Comparative RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis on silica induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice silicosis model. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:773-782. [PMID: 29341224 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a long-established public health issue in developing countries due to increasingly serious air pollution and poorly implemented occupational safety regulation. Inhalation of silica triggers cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, pulmonary inflammation and eventually silicosis. Current understanding in the pathogenesis and mechanism of silicosis is limited, and no effective cure is clinically available once silicosis is developed. A number of studies were conducted to investigate silica-induced alternate gene expressions in pulmonary cells. However, transcriptome analysis in a silicosis animal model is needed. This study was performed to evaluate the transcriptional alternations in silicotic mice using comparative RNA-Seq. A silicosis mice model was established by intratracheal instillation of silica suspensions, and validated by histological examinations. High-throughput sequencing and differential gene expression analysis revealed 749 upregulated genes and 70 downregulated genes in the silicosis model. Genes related to immune cell interactions, immune cell responses and inflammation were significantly enriched. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and downstream JAK-STAT signaling pathways were the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to validate further the differential expression patterns of representative genes. The reported results in this study provide the basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms for silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, and support the prevention and treatment of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jia You
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liantian Tian
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luo Yang
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Zhang L, Li J, Hao C, Guo W, Wang D, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Duan S, Yao W. Up-regulation of exosomal miR-125a in pneumoconiosis inhibits lung cancer development by suppressing expressions of EZH2 and hnRNPK. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26538-26548. [PMID: 35541090 PMCID: PMC9083100 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to nanoparticles may lead to pneumoconiosis and lung cancer; however, whether patients suffering from pneumoconiosis also face a high risk of lung cancer has been under debate for decades. Recently, exosomes have been found to play critical roles in many diseases via intercellular cargo transportation, which has provided a new insight into the mechanistic investigation of nanoparticle-induced respiratory disorders. Herein, we isolated exosomes from the venous blood of patients with pneumoconiosis and healthy controls and then, we profiled the expression signatures of exosomal miRNAs using high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 14 aberrantly expressed miRNAs were identified and used to process target gene prediction and functional annotation. Specially, miR-125a along with its target genes EZH2 and hnRNPK was found to play a significant role in the development of lung cancer. We then adopted a series of cellular experiments to validate the role of miR-125a in lung cancer. From the results obtained, we found that the suppression of EZH2 and hnRNPK by high levels of miR-125a inhibited the development of nanoparticle-induced lung adenocarcinoma, which contributed to the clarification of the relation between pneumoconiosis and lung cancer. Exosomal miR-125a may act as a bridge between pneumoconiosis and lung cancer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Occupational Disease
- Henan Provincial Institute of Occupational Health
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Shuyin Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
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64
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Chan JYW, Tsui JCC, Law PTW, So WKW, Leung DYP, Sham MMK, Tsui SKW, Chan CWH. Profiling of the silica-induced molecular events in lung epithelial cells using the RNA-Seq approach. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1162-1173. [PMID: 28425640 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a prolonged, irreversible and incurable occupational disease, and there is a significant number of newly diagnosed cases every year in Hong Kong. Due to the long latency of the disease, the diagnosis can be missed until detailed clinical examination at a later stage. For a better control of this deadly disease, detailing the pro-inflammatory and fibrotic events in the macrophage would be instrumental in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and essential for the significant biomarkers discovery. In this in vitro study, human cell line model A549 lung epithelial cells were used. The immediate molecular events underneath the activation of quartz silica polymorphs were followed in a time course of 0, 0.5, 2, 8, 16 and 24 h. The transcriptome library was prepared and subjected to RNA-Seq analysis. Data analysis was performed by pathway analysis tools and verified by real-time PCR. The results showed that triggered genes were mainly found in the immune response and inflammatory pathways. An interesting finding was the association of the DNA-binding protein inhibitor (ID) family in the silica exposure to lung cells. The linkage of ID1, ID2 and ID3 to cancer may rationalize themselves to be the markers indicating an early response of silicosis. However, further studies are required to consolidate the roles of these genes in silicosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Y W Chan
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph C C Tsui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick T W Law
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie K W So
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Doris Y P Leung
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Stephen K W Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen W H Chan
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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