98
|
Coratti G, Ricci M, Capasso A, D'amico A, Sansone V, Bruno C, Messina S, Ricci F, Mongini T, Coccia M, Siciliano G, Pegoraro E, Turri M, Filosto M, Comi G, Masson R, Maggi L, Bruno I, D'Angelo MG, Trabacca A, Vacchiano V, Donati M, Simone I, Ruggiero L, Varone A, Verriello L, Berardinelli A, Agosto C, Pini A, Maioli MA, Passamano L, Brighina F, Carboni N, Garibaldi M, Zuccarino R, Gagliardi D, Siliquini S, Previtali S, Taruscio D, Boccia S, Pera MC, Pane M, Mercuri E. Prevalence of Spinal Muscular Atrophy in the Era of Disease-Modifying Therapies: An Italian Nationwide Survey. Neurology 2023; 100:522-528. [PMID: 36460469 PMCID: PMC10074458 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SMA and treatment prescription in Italy. METHODS An online survey was distributed to 36 centers identified by the Italian government as referral centers for SMA. Data on the number of patients with SMA subdivided according to age, type, SMN2 copy number, and treatment were collected. RESULTS One thousand two hundred fifty-five patients with SMA are currently followed in the Italian centers with an estimated prevalence of 2.12/100,000. Of the 1,255, 284 were type I, 470 type II, 467 type III, and 15 type IV with estimated prevalence of 0.48, 0.79, 0.79 and 0.02/100,000, respectively. Three patients with SMA 0 and 16 presymptomatic patients were also included. Approximately 85% were receiving one of the available treatments. The percentage of treated patients decreased with decreasing severity (SMA I: 95.77%, SMA II: 85.11%, SMA III: 79.01%). DISCUSSION The results provide for the first time an estimate of the prevalence of SMA at the national level and the current distribution of patients treated with the available therapeutical options. These data provide a baseline to assess future changes in relation to the evolving therapeutical scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Coratti
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Ricci
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele D'amico
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sansone
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Messina
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mongini
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Coccia
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Turri
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Comi
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masson
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Bruno
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Angelo
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Veria Vacchiano
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Donati
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Simone
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Varone
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Verriello
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Berardinelli
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Agosto
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pini
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Maioli
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Passamano
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Carboni
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Garibaldi
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zuccarino
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Delio Gagliardi
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Siliquini
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Previtali
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Taruscio
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Boccia
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Pera
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Pane
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- From the Pediatric Neurology (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Centro Clinico Nemo (Giorgia Coratti, M.R., A.C., M.C.P., M.D.P., E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Neurosciences (A.D.), Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; The NEMO Center in Milan (V.S.), Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology (C.B.), and Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.M.), University of Messina; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (F.R., T.M.), presidio Molinette e OIRM (SS Malattie Neuromuscolari e SC Neuropsichiatria Infantile), Turin; Department of Neurological Sciences (M.C.), AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; AOU Pisana (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) (G.S.), Neurology Unit, Pisa; Neurology Unit (E.P.), Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padua; Department of Neurology/Stroke Unit (M.T.), Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (M.F.), University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.F.), Brescia; Neurology Unit (Giacomo Comi), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan; Dino Ferrari Center (Giacomo Comi), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Developmental Neurology Unit (R.M.), Milan; Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (L.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Institute for Maternal and Child Health (I.B.), IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste; NeuroMuscular Unit (M.G.D.A.), Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea" (A.T.), Unit for Severe disabilities in developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi; UOC Clinica Neurologica (V.V.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna; Metabolic Unit (M.D.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence; Neurology Unit (I.S.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico Bari "Amaducci", Bari; Department of Neurosciences (L.R.), Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II; Department of Neurosciences (A.V.), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples; Neurology Unit (L.V.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Department of Child Neuropsychiatry (A.B.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C Mondino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia; Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino (C.A.), Università di Padova, Padua; IRCCS Istituto delleScienze Neurologiche di Bologna-UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (A.P.); Centro Sclerosi Multipla (M.A.M.), P.O. Binaghi, ASSL Cagliari; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics Unit (L.P.), Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli; Section of Neurology (F.B.), Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo; Neurology Department (N.C.), Hospital San Francesco of Nuoro; Department of Neuroscience (M.G.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento-Fondazione Serena Onlus (R.Z.), Pergine Valsugana; Pediatric Neurology Unit (D.G.), Pediatric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.S.), Paediatric Hospital G Salesi, Ancona; Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; National Centre for Rare Diseases (D.T.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; and Sezione di Igiene (S.B.), Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|