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Hwang J, San BH, Turner NJ, White LJ, Faulk DM, Badylak SF, Li Y, Yu SM. Molecular assessment of collagen denaturation in decellularized tissues using a collagen hybridizing peptide. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:268-278. [PMID: 28161576 PMCID: PMC5462463 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from tissues and organs are emerging as important scaffold materials for regenerative medicine. Many believe that preservation of the native ECM structure during decellularization is highly desirable. However, because effective techniques to assess the structural damage in ECM are lacking, the disruptive effects of a decellularization method and the impact of the associated structural damage upon the scaffold's regenerative capacity are often debated. Using a novel collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) that specifically binds to unfolded collagen chains, we investigated the molecular denaturation of collagen in the ECM decellularized by four commonly used cell-removing detergents: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), sodium deoxycholate (SD), and Triton X-100. Staining of the detergent-treated porcine ligament and urinary bladder matrix with carboxyfluorescein-labeled CHP demonstrated that SDS and Triton X-100 denature the triple helical collagen molecule while CHAPS and SD do not, although second harmonic generation imaging and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that all four detergents disrupt collagen fibrils. Our findings from the CHP staining were further confirmed by the circular dichroism spectra of intact triple helical collagen molecules in CHAPS and SD solutions, and the TEM images of CHP-conjugated gold nanoparticles binding only to the SDS and Triton X-100 treated collagen fibrils. CHP is a powerful new tool for direct and reliable measurement of denatured collagen molecules in decellularized tissues. It is expected to have wide applications in the development and standardization of the tissue/organ decellularization technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Preservation of the native ECM structure in decellularized tissues is highly desirable, since denaturation of ECM molecules (e.g., collagen) during decellularization can strongly influence the cellular response. Unfortunately, conventional techniques (SEM, SHG) are not conducive to identifying denatured collagen molecules in tissues. We demonstrate the first investigation into the molecular denaturation of collagen in decellularized ECM enabled by a novel Collagen Hybridizing Peptide (CHP) that specifically binds to unfolded collagen chains. We show that SDS and Triton X-100 denature collagen molecules while CHAPS and SD cannot. Such detection has been nearly impossible with other existing techniques. The CHP technique will advance our understanding about the effect of the cell-removing process on ECM, and lead to development of the decellularization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Boi Hoa San
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Neill J Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa J White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Denver M Faulk
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - S Michael Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Stefani I, Asnaghi M, Cooper-White J, Mantero S. A double chamber rotating bioreactor for enhanced tubular tissue generation from human mesenchymal stem cells: a promising tool for vascular tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e42-e52. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Stefani
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - M.A. Asnaghi
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Basel 4031 Switzerland
| | - J.J. Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Queensland; QLD 4072 Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO; Clayton VIC 3169 Australia
| | - S. Mantero
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
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Remuzzi A, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Silvani S, Azzollini N, Nossa R, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Experimental Evaluation of Kidney Regeneration by Organ Scaffold Recellularization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43502. [PMID: 28266553 PMCID: PMC5339865 DOI: 10.1038/srep43502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising number of patients needing renal replacement therapy, alongside the significant clinical and economic limitations of current therapies, creates an imperative need for new strategies to treat kidney diseases. Kidney bioengineering through the production of acellular scaffolds and recellularization with stem cells is one potential strategy. While protocols for obtaining organ scaffolds have been developed successfully, scaffold recellularization is more challenging. We evaluated the potential of in vivo and in vitro kidney scaffold recellularization procedures. Our results show that acellular scaffolds implanted in rats cannot be repopulated with host cells, and in vitro recellularization is necessary. However, we obtained very limited and inconsistent cell seeding when using different infusion protocols, regardless of injection site. We also obtained experimental and theoretical data indicating that uniform cell delivery into the kidney scaffolds cannot be obtained using these infusion protocols, due to the permeability of the extracellular matrix of the scaffold. Our results highlight the major physical barriers that limit in vitro recellularization of acellular kidney scaffolds and the obstacles that must be investigated to effectively advance this strategy for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5 - 24044 Dalmine Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Silvani
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nadia Azzollini
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberta Nossa
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori Via Stezzano 87 - 24126 Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII Piazza OMS 1 – 24127 Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7 -20122 Milano, Italy
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Uzarski JS, DiVito MD, Wertheim JA, Miller WM. Essential design considerations for the resazurin reduction assay to noninvasively quantify cell expansion within perfused extracellular matrix scaffolds. Biomaterials 2017; 129:163-175. [PMID: 28343003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Precise measurement of cellularity within bioartificial tissues and extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds is necessary to augment rigorous characterization of cellular behavior, as accurate benchmarking of tissue function to cell number allows for comparison of data across experiments and between laboratories. Resazurin, a soluble dye that is reduced to highly fluorescent resorufin in proportion to the metabolic activity of a cell population, is a valuable, noninvasive tool to measure cell number. We investigated experimental conditions in which resazurin reduction is a reliable indicator of cellularity within three-dimensional (3D) ECM scaffolds. Using three renal cell populations, we demonstrate that correlation of viable cell numbers with the rate of resorufin generation may deviate from linearity at higher cell densities, lower resazurin working volumes, or longer incubation times that all contribute to depleting the pool of resazurin. In conclusion, while the resazurin reduction assay provides a powerful, noninvasive readout of metrics enumerating cellularity and growth within ECM scaffolds, assay conditions may strongly influence its applicability for accurate quantification of cell number. The approach and methodological recommendations presented herein may be used as a guide for application-specific optimization of this assay to obtain rigorous and accurate measurement of cellular content in bioengineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Uzarski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael D DiVito
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - William M Miller
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Courtenay JC, Johns MA, Galembeck F, Deneke C, Lanzoni EM, Costa CA, Scott JL, Sharma RI. Surface modified cellulose scaffolds for tissue engineering. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 24:253-267. [PMID: 32355428 PMCID: PMC7175690 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-016-1111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the ability of cellulose to support cells without the use of matrix ligands on the surface of the material, thus creating a two-component system for tissue engineering of cells and materials. Sheets of bacterial cellulose, grown from a culture medium containing Acetobacter organism were chemically modified with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride or by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite in the presence of sodium bromide and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiridine 1-oxyl radical to introduce a positive, or negative, charge, respectively. This modification process did not degrade the mechanical properties of the bulk material, but grafting of a positively charged moiety to the cellulose surface (cationic cellulose) increased cell attachment by 70% compared to unmodified cellulose, while negatively charged, oxidised cellulose films (anionic cellulose), showed low levels of cell attachment comparable to those seen for unmodified cellulose. Only a minimal level of cationic surface derivitisation (ca 3% degree of substitution) was required for increased cell attachment and no mediating proteins were required. Cell adhesion studies exhibited the same trends as the attachment studies, while the mean cell area and aspect ratio was highest on the cationic surfaces. Overall, we demonstrated the utility of positively charged bacterial cellulose in tissue engineering in the absence of proteins for cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Courtenay
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Marcus A. Johns
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Fernando Galembeck
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Centre for National Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Christoph Deneke
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Centre for National Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Evandro M. Lanzoni
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Centre for National Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Costa
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Centre for National Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Janet L. Scott
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Ram I. Sharma
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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Campo H, Baptista PM, López-Pérez N, Faus A, Cervelló I, Simón C. De- and recellularization of the pig uterus: a bioengineering pilot study. Biol Reprod 2016. [DOI: 10.1095/biolre/bio143396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Campo
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Pérez
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Faus
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Cervelló
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Hellström M, Bandstein S, Brännström M. Uterine Tissue Engineering and the Future of Uterus Transplantation. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1718-1730. [PMID: 27995397 PMCID: PMC5489617 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent successful births following live donor uterus transplantation are proof-of-concept that absolute uterine factor infertility is a treatable condition which affects several hundred thousand infertile women world-wide due to a dysfunctional uterus. This strategy also provides an alternative to gestational surrogate motherhood which is not practiced in most countries due to ethical, religious or legal reasons. The live donor surgery involved in uterus transplantation takes more than 10 h and is then followed by years of immunosuppressive medication to prevent uterine rejection. Immunosuppression is associated with significant adverse side effects, including nephrotoxicity, increased risk of serious infections, and diabetes. Thus, the development of alternative approaches to treat absolute uterine factor infertility would be desirable. This review discusses tissue engineering principles in general, but also details strategies on how to create a bioengineered uterus that could be used for transplantation, without risky donor surgery and any need for immunosuppression. We discuss scaffolds derived from decellularized organs/tissues which may be recellularized using various types of autologous somatic/stem cells, in particular for uterine tissue engineering. It further highlights the hurdles that lay ahead in developing an alternative to an allogeneic source for uterus transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hellström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,, Kvinnokliniken, Blå stråket 6, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sara Bandstein
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,, Kvinnokliniken, Blå stråket 6, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Brännström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,, Kvinnokliniken, Blå stråket 6, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
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Pitkin Z. New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1593. [PMID: 27657057 PMCID: PMC5037858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we examine the advanced clinical development of bioartificial organs and describe the challenges to implementing such systems into patient care. The case for bioartificial organs is evident: they are meant to reduce patient morbidity and mortality caused by the persistent shortage of organs available for allotransplantation. The widespread introduction and adoption of bioengineered organs, incorporating cells and tissues derived from either human or animal sources, would help address this shortage. Despite the decades of development, the variety of organs studied and bioengineered, and continuous progress in the field, only two bioengineered systems are currently commercially available: Apligraf® and Dermagraft® are both approved by the FDA to treat diabetic foot ulcers, and Apligraf® is approved to treat venous leg ulcers. Currently, no products based on xenotransplantation have been approved by the FDA. Risk factors include immunological barriers and the potential infectivity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), which is unique to xenotransplantation. Recent breakthroughs in gene editing may, however, mitigate risks related to PERV. Because of its primary role in interrupting progress in xenotransplantation, we present a risk assessment for PERV infection, and conclude that the formerly high risk has been reduced to a moderate level. Advances in gene editing, and more broadly in the field, may make it more likely than ever before that bioartificial organs will alleviate the suffering of patients with organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorina Pitkin
- Organogenesis Inc., 150 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021, USA.
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59
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Hannoun Z, Steichen C, Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:182-199. [PMID: 26916529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease. However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in recent years as a result of severe organ shortages; furthermore the incidence of liver disease is increasing worldwide. Clinical trials involving hepatocyte transplantation have provided encouraging results. However, transplanted cell function appears to often decline after several months, necessitating liver transplantation. The precise aetiology of the loss of cell function is not clear, but poor engraftment and immune-mediated loss appear to be important factors. Also, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are not readily available, de-differentiate, and die rapidly in culture. Hepatocytes are available from other sources, such as tumour-derived human hepatocyte cell lines and immortalised human hepatocyte cell lines or porcine hepatocytes. However, all these cells suffer from various limitations such as reduced or differences in functions or risk of zoonotic infections. Due to their significant potential, one possible inexhaustible source of hepatocytes is through the directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This review will discuss the potential applications and existing limitations of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in regenerative medicine, drug screening, in vitro disease modelling and bioartificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France.
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60
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Abstract
The availability of cells, tissues and organs from a non-human species such as the pig could, at least in theory, meet the demand of organs necessary for clinical transplantation. At this stage, the important goal of getting over the first year of survival has been reported for both cellular and solid organ xenotransplantation in relevant preclinical primate models. In addition, xenotransplantation is already in the clinic as shown by the broad use of animal-derived medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves and biological materials used for surgical tissue repair. At this stage, however, prior to starting a wide-scale clinical application of xenotransplantation of viable cells and organs, the important obstacle represented by the humoral immune response will need to be overcome. Likewise, the barriers posed by the activation of the innate immune system and coagulative pathway will have to be controlled. As far as xenogeneic nonviable xenografts, increasing evidence suggests that considerable immune reactions, mediated by both innate and adaptive immunity, take place and influence the long-term outcome of xenogeneic materials in patients, possibly precluding the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in young individuals. In this context, the present article provides an overview of current knowledge on the immune processes following xenotransplantation and on the possible therapeutic interventions to overcome the immunological drawbacks involved in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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