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Myles IA, Anderson ED, Earland NJ, Zarember KA, Sastalla I, Williams KW, Gough P, Moore IN, Ganesan S, Fowler CJ, Laurence A, Garofalo M, Kuhns DB, Kieh MD, Saleem A, Welch PA, Darnell DA, Gallin JI, Freeman AF, Holland SM, Datta SK. TNF overproduction impairs epithelial staphylococcal response in hyper IgE syndrome. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3595-3604. [PMID: 30035749 PMCID: PMC6063472 DOI: 10.1172/jci121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome (AD-HIES), or Job's syndrome, is a primary immune deficiency caused by dominant-negative mutations in STAT3. Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus skin abscesses are a defining feature of this syndrome. A widely held hypothesis that defects in peripheral Th17 differentiation confer this susceptibility has never been directly evaluated. To assess the cutaneous immune response in AD-HIES, we induced suction blisters in healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with AD-HIES and then challenged the wound with lethally irradiated bacteria. We show that cutaneous production of IL-17A and IL-17F was normal in patients with AD-HIES. Overproduction of TNF-α differentiated the responses in AD-HIES from HVs. This was associated with reduced IL-10 family signaling in blister-infiltrating cells and defective epithelial cell function. Mouse models of AD-HIES recapitulated these aberrant epithelial responses to S. aureus and involved defective epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) rather than a failure of bacterial killing. Defective responses in mouse models of AD-HIES and primary keratinocyte cultures from patients with AD-HIES could be reversed by TNF-α blockade and by drugs with reported modulatory effects on EMT. Our results identify these as potential therapeutic approaches in patients with AD-HIES suffering S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Myles
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | | | | | - Kol A. Zarember
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inka Sastalla
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | | | - Portia Gough
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease and Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Arian Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Garofalo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- Applied Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark D. Kieh
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Arhum Saleem
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | | | | | - John I. Gallin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mondal AM, Zhou H, Horikawa I, Suprynowicz FA, Li G, Dakic A, Rosenthal B, Ye L, Harris CC, Schlegel R, Liu X. Δ133p53α, a natural p53 isoform, contributes to conditional reprogramming and long-term proliferation of primary epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:750. [PMID: 29970881 PMCID: PMC6030220 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed the technique of conditional reprogramming (CR), which allows primary epithelial cells from fresh or cryopreserved specimens to be propagated long-term in vitro, while maintaining their genetic stability and differentiation potential. This method requires a combination of irradiated fibroblast feeder cells and a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. In the present study, we demonstrate increased levels of full-length p53 and its natural isoform, Δ133p53α, in conditionally reprogrammed epithelial cells from primary prostate, foreskin, ectocervical, and mammary tissues. Increased Δ133p53α expression is critical for CR since cell proliferation is rapidly inhibited following siRNA knockdown of endogenous Δ133p53α. Importantly, overexpression of Δ133p53α consistently delays the onset of cellular senescence of primary cells when cultured under non-CR conditions in normal keratinocyte growth medium (KGM). More significantly, the combination of Δ133p53α overexpression and ROCK inhibitor, without feeder cells, enables primary epithelial cells to be propagated long-term in vitro. We also show that Δ133p53α overexpression induces hTERT expression and telomerase activity and that siRNA knockdown of hTERT causes rapid inhibition of cell proliferation, indicating a critical role of hTERT for mediating the effects of Δ133p53α. Altogether, these data demonstrate a functional and regulatory link between p53 pathways and hTERT expression during the conditional reprogramming of primary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M Mondal
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA.,Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Izumi Horikawa
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Frank A Suprynowicz
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA
| | - Guangzhao Li
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA
| | - Aleksandra Dakic
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA
| | - Bernard Rosenthal
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA
| | - Lin Ye
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA.,Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA.
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Center for Cell Reprograming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgrtown, WA, 20057, USA. .,Second Xianya Hospital (Adjunct Position), Zhongnan University, Changsha, Huna, China. .,Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute (Adjunct Position), Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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53
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Hynds RE, Gowers KHC, Nigro E, Butler CR, Bonfanti P, Giangreco A, Prêle CM, Janes SM. Cross-talk between human airway epithelial cells and 3T3-J2 feeder cells involves partial activation of human MET by murine HGF. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197129. [PMID: 29771943 PMCID: PMC5957441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the ex vivo propagation of primary human basal epithelial stem/progenitor cells with a view to their use in drug development, toxicity testing and regenerative medicine. These cells can be expanded in co-culture with mitotically inactivated 3T3-J2 murine embryonic feeder cells but, similar to other epithelial cell culture systems employing 3T3-J2 cells, the aspects of cross-talk between 3T3-J2 cells and human airway basal cells that are critical for their expansion remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated secreted growth factors that are produced by 3T3-J2 cells and act upon primary human airway basal cells. We found robust production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from fibroblast feeder cells following mitotic inactivation. Consistent with the limited cross-species reactivity of murine HGF on the human HGF receptor (MET; HGFR), MET inhibition did not affect proliferative responses in human airway basal cells and HGF could not replace feeder cells in this culture system. However, we found that murine HGF is not completely inactive on human airway epithelial cells or cancer cell lines but stimulates the phosphorylation of GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 (GAB2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Although HGF induces phosphorylation of STAT6 tyrosine 641 (Y641), there is no subsequent STAT6 nuclear translocation or STAT6-driven transcriptional response. Overall, these findings highlight the relevance of cross-species protein interactions between murine feeder cells and human epithelial cells in 3T3-J2 co-culture and demonstrate that STAT6 phosphorylation occurs in response to MET activation in epithelial cells. However, STAT6 nuclear translocation does not occur in response to HGF, precluding the transcriptional activity of STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate H. C. Gowers
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Universita’ degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Colin R. Butler
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Giangreco
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Prêle
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam M. Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bienkowska-Haba M, Luszczek W, Myers JE, Keiffer TR, DiGiuseppe S, Polk P, Bodily JM, Scott RS, Sapp M. A new cell culture model to genetically dissect the complete human papillomavirus life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006846. [PMID: 29494681 PMCID: PMC5833277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel infection model that achieves highly efficient infection of primary keratinocytes with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16). This cell culture model does not depend on immortalization and is amenable to extensive genetic analyses. In monolayer cell culture, the early but not late promoter was active and yielded a spliced viral transcript pattern similar to HPV16-immortalized keratinocytes. However, relative levels of the E8^E2 transcript increased over time post infection suggesting the expression of this viral repressor is regulated independently of other early proteins and that it may be important for the shift from the establishment to the maintenance phase of the viral life cycle. Both the early and the late promoter were strongly activated when infected cells were subjected to differentiation by growth in methylcellulose. When grown as organotypic raft cultures, HPV16-infected cells expressed late E1^E4 and L1 proteins and replication foci were detected, suggesting that they supported the completion of the viral life cycle. As a proof of principle that the infection system may be used for genetic dissection of viral factors, we analyzed E1, E6 and E7 translation termination linker mutant virus for establishment of infection and genome maintenance. E1 but not E6 and E7 was essential to establish infection. Furthermore, E6 but not E7 was required for episomal genome maintenance. Primary keratinocytes infected with wild type HPV16 immortalized, whereas keratinocytes infected with E6 and E7 knockout virus began to senesce 25 to 35 days post infection. The novel infection model provides a powerful genetic tool to study the role of viral proteins throughout the viral life cycle but especially for immediate early events and enables us to compare low- and high-risk HPV types in the context of infection. Current cell culture models for the study of the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle depend on immortalized keratinocytes harboring episomal HPV genomes. However, the requirement for immortalization restricts the study to only a few HPV types and does not allow investigating immediate early events of the viral life cycle. Despite many efforts, efficient infection of primary keratinocytes has not been achieved until now. Using pre-binding of virus to extracellular matrix deposited by keratinocytes, we now achieve very efficient infection of primary keratinocytes. The infection model allows studying the complete viral lifecycle. It could be extended to HPV types that do not immortalize keratinocytes and allows an extensive genetic screen of the contributions of viral factors throughout the viral lifecycle. It should aid the investigations of processes leading to HPV-induced immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bienkowska-Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wioleta Luszczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Keiffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Paula Polk
- Research Core Facility, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Bodily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rona S. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Martin Sapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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García-Mariscal A, Li H, Pedersen E, Peyrollier K, Ryan KM, Stanley A, Quondamatteo F, Brakebusch C. Loss of RhoA promotes skin tumor formation and invasion by upregulation of RhoB. Oncogene 2018; 37:847-860. [PMID: 29059167 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular movement is controlled by small GTPases, such as RhoA. Although migration is crucial for cancer cell invasion, the specific role of RhoA in tumor formation is unclear. Inducing skin tumors in mice with a keratinocyte-restricted loss of RhoA, we observed increased tumor frequency, growth and invasion. In vitro invasion assays revealed that in the absence of RhoA cell invasiveness is increased in a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activation and cell contraction-dependent manner. Surprisingly, loss of RhoA causes increased Rho signaling via overcompensation by RhoB because of reduced lysosomal degradation of RhoB in Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP)+ autophagosomes and endosomes. In the absence of RhoA, RhoB relocalized to the plasma membrane and functionally replaced RhoA with respect to invasion, clonogenic growth and survival. Our data demonstrate for the first time that RhoA is a tumor suppressor in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate skin carcinogenesis and identify Rho signaling dependent on RhoA and RhoB as a potent driver of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Mariscal
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Li
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Peyrollier
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - A Stanley
- Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group, Anatomy, NUI, Galway, Ireland
| | - F Quondamatteo
- Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group, Anatomy, NUI, Galway, Ireland
| | - C Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vieira GM, Roberto GM, Lira RC, Engel EE, Tone LG, Brassesco MS. Prognostic value and functional role of ROCK2 in pediatric Ewing sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:2296-2304. [PMID: 29434937 PMCID: PMC5777092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) is a highly aggressive bone cancer that affects children and adolescents. Despite advances in multimodal management, 5-year event-free survival rates for patients presenting with metastases at diagnosis remain at 25%. As key regulators of actin organization, the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, have been associated with cancer dissemination and poorer prognosis. Recently, in vitro data indicating ROCK2 as a molecular target for the treatment of EWS has been presented. Nonetheless, a deeper exploration of the contribution of this kinase dysregulation in EWS is still necessary. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in 23 pediatric tumor samples and to verify the prospect of using their pharmacological inhibition through functional assays. Our results showed positive immunostaining for ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the majority samples (75 and 65%, respectively). A significantly increased risk of incomplete remission in patients with positive immunostaining for ROCK2 was found (P=0.026), though no correlations with other prognostic features (huvos classification, FLI1/EWS status, relapse, metastasis or death) were observed. Associations with survival were merely suggestive. Apparent protein expression of both kinases was also found in EWS cell lines (SK-ES-1 and RD-ES). Treatments with selective ROCK inhibitors did not alter cell viability or migration in vitro. However, a significant increase in invasion was observed after treatment with SR3677 (ROCK2 inhibitor) and hydroxyfasudil (pan-inhibitor). Consequently, even though the majority of EWS samples included in our study showed positivity for ROCK1 and ROCK2, the lack of significant associations with prognosis and absence of appropriate responses to their inhibition in vitro does not support their prospective use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of this metastatic tumor. Larger cohort studies might provide more evidence on whether there is a specific role of ROCK kinases in EWS physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maciel Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Molinari Roberto
- Regional Blood Center, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Régia Caroline Lira
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of The Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Edgard Eduard Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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Mencía Á, Chamorro C, Bonafont J, Duarte B, Holguin A, Illera N, Llames SG, Escámez MJ, Hausser I, Del Río M, Larcher F, Murillas R. Deletion of a Pathogenic Mutation-Containing Exon of COL7A1 Allows Clonal Gene Editing Correction of RDEB Patient Epidermal Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:68-78. [PMID: 29858091 PMCID: PMC5852297 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a severe skin fragility disease caused by loss of functional type VII collagen at the dermal-epidermal junction. A frameshift mutation in exon 80 of COL7A1 gene, c.6527insC, is highly prevalent in the Spanish patient population. We have implemented gene-editing strategies for COL7A1 frame restoration by NHEJ-induced indels in epidermal stem cells from patients carrying this mutation. TALEN nucleases designed to cut within the COL7A1 exon 80 sequence were delivered to primary patient keratinocyte cultures by non-integrating viral vectors. After genotyping a large collection of vector-transduced patient keratinocyte clones with high proliferative potential, we identified a significant percentage of clones with COL7A1 reading frame recovery and Collagen VII protein expression. Skin equivalents generated with cells from a clone lacking exon 80 entirely were able to regenerate phenotypically normal human skin upon their grafting onto immunodeficient mice. These patient-derived human skin grafts showed Collagen VII deposition at the basement membrane zone, formation of anchoring fibrils, and structural integrity when analyzed 12 weeks after grafting. Our data provide a proof-of-principle for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa treatment through ex vivo gene editing based on removal of pathogenic mutation-containing, functionally expendable COL7A1 exons in patient epidermal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Mencía
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Chamorro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Bonafont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Duarte
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Holguin
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Illera
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara G Llames
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Escámez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Murillas
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain.
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58
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Alamri AM, Liu X, Blancato JK, Haddad BR, Wang W, Zhong X, Choudhary S, Krawczyk E, Kallakury BV, Davidson BJ, Furth PA. Expanding primary cells from mucoepidermoid and other salivary gland neoplasms for genetic and chemosensitivity testing. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031716. [PMID: 29419396 PMCID: PMC5818080 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted availability of cell and animal models is a rate-limiting step for investigation of salivary gland neoplasm pathophysiology and therapeutic response. Conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) technology enables establishment of primary epithelial cell cultures from patient material. This study tested a translational workflow for acquisition, expansion and testing of CRC-derived primary cultures of salivary gland neoplasms from patients presenting to an academic surgical practice. Results showed that cultured cells were sufficient for epithelial cell-specific transcriptome characterization to detect candidate therapeutic pathways and fusion genes, and for screening for cancer risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and driver gene mutations through exome sequencing. Focused study of primary cultures of a low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma demonstrated amphiregulin-mechanistic target of rapamycin-protein kinase B (AKT; AKT1) pathway activation, identified through bioinformatics and subsequently confirmed as present in primary tissue and preserved through different secondary 2D and 3D culture media and xenografts. Candidate therapeutic testing showed that the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK2206 reproducibly inhibited cell survival across different culture formats. By contrast, the cells appeared resistant to the adenosine triphosphate competitive AKT inhibitor GSK690693. Procedures employed here illustrate an approach for reproducibly obtaining material for pathophysiological studies of salivary gland neoplasms, and other less common epithelial cancer types, that can be executed without compromising pathological examination of patient specimens. The approach permits combined genetic and cell-based physiological and therapeutic investigations in addition to more traditional pathologic studies, and can be used to build sustainable bio-banks for future inquiries.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Alamri
- Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jan K Blancato
- Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bassem R Haddad
- Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Ewa Krawczyk
- Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bhaskar V Kallakury
- Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bruce J Davidson
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Oncology and Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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The Epstein-Barr Virus Episome Maneuvers between Nuclear Chromatin Compartments during Reactivation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01413-17. [PMID: 29142137 PMCID: PMC5774889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01413-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome is structurally organized in three-dimensional space to facilitate functional partitioning of transcription. We learned that the latent episome of the human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) preferentially associates with gene-poor chromosomes and avoids gene-rich chromosomes. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus behaves similarly, but human papillomavirus does not. Contacts on the EBV side localize to OriP, the latent origin of replication. This genetic element and the EBNA1 protein that binds there are sufficient to reconstitute chromosome association preferences of the entire episome. Contacts on the human side localize to gene-poor and AT-rich regions of chromatin distant from transcription start sites. Upon reactivation from latency, however, the episome moves away from repressive heterochromatin and toward active euchromatin. Our work adds three-dimensional relocalization to the molecular events that occur during reactivation. Involvement of myriad interchromosomal associations also suggests a role for this type of long-range association in gene regulation. IMPORTANCE The human genome is structurally organized in three-dimensional space, and this structure functionally affects transcriptional activity. We set out to investigate whether a double-stranded DNA virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), uses mechanisms similar to those of the human genome to regulate transcription. We found that the EBV genome associates with repressive compartments of the nucleus during latency and with active compartments during reactivation. This study advances our knowledge of the EBV life cycle, adding three-dimensional relocalization as a novel component to the molecular events that occur during reactivation. Furthermore, the data add to our understanding of nuclear compartments, showing that disperse interchromosomal interactions may be important for regulating transcription.
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Martinovich KM, Iosifidis T, Buckley AG, Looi K, Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Kicic-Starcevich E, Garratt LW, Shaw NC, Montgomery S, Lannigan FJ, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17971. [PMID: 29269735 PMCID: PMC5740081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current limitations to primary cell expansion led us to test whether airway epithelial cells derived from healthy children and those with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF), co-cultured with an irradiated fibroblast feeder cell in F-medium containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor could maintain their lineage during expansion and whether this is influenced by underlying disease status. Here, we show that conditionally reprogrammed airway epithelial cells (CRAECs) can be established from both healthy and diseased phenotypes. CRAECs can be expanded, cryopreserved and maintain phenotypes over at least 5 passages. Population doublings of CRAEC cultures were significantly greater than standard cultures, but maintained their lineage characteristics. CRAECs from all phenotypes were also capable of fully differentiating at air-liquid interface (ALI) and maintained disease specific characteristics including; defective CFTR channel function cultures and the inability to repair wounds. Our findings indicate that CRAECs derived from children maintain lineage, phenotypic and importantly disease-specific functional characteristics over a specified passage range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alysia G Buckley
- Centre of Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole C Shaw
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Montgomery
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francis J Lannigan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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61
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Grayson AK, Hearnden V, Bolt R, Jebreel A, Colley HE, Murdoch C. Use of a Rho kinase inhibitor to increase human tonsil keratinocyte longevity for three-dimensional, tissue engineered tonsil epithelium equivalents. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1636-e1646. [PMID: 29048773 DOI: 10.1002/term.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue-engineered epithelial models is often hampered by the limited proliferative capacity of primary epithelial cells. This study aimed to isolate normal tonsillar keratinocytes (NTK) from human tonsils, increase the lifespan of these cells using the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and to develop tissue-engineered equivalents of healthy and infected tonsil epithelium. The proliferation rate of isolated NTK and expression of c-MYC and p16INK4A were measured in the absence or presence of the inhibitor. Y-27632-treated NTK were used to generate tissue-engineered tonsil epithelium equivalents using de-epidermised dermis that were then incubated with Streptococcus pyogenes to model bacterial tonsillitis, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured by cytokine array and ELISA. NTK cultured in the absence of Y-27632 rapidly senesced whereas cells cultured in the presence of this inhibitor proliferated for over 30 population doublings without changing their phenotype. Y-27632-treated NTK produced a multi-layered differentiated epithelium that histologically resembled normal tonsillar surface epithelium and responded to S. pyogenes infection by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including CXCL5 and IL-6. NTK can be isolated and successfully cultured in vitro with Y-27632 leading to a markedly prolonged lifespan without any deleterious consequences to cell morphology. This functional tissue-engineered equivalent of tonsil epithelium will provide a valuable tool for studying tonsil biology and host-pathogen interactions in a more physiologically relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Grayson
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert Bolt
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Ala Jebreel
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, UK
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Xue XY, Majerciak V, Uberoi A, Kim BH, Gotte D, Chen X, Cam M, Lambert PF, Zheng ZM. The full transcription map of mouse papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1) in mouse wart tissues. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006715. [PMID: 29176795 PMCID: PMC5720830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1) provides, for the first time, the opportunity to study infection and pathogenesis of papillomaviruses in the context of laboratory mice. In this report, we define the transcriptome of MmuPV1 genome present in papillomas arising in experimentally infected mice using a combination of RNA-seq, PacBio Iso-seq, 5’ RACE, 3’ RACE, primer-walking RT-PCR, RNase protection, Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses. We demonstrate that the MmuPV1 genome is transcribed unidirectionally from five major promoters (P) or transcription start sites (TSS) and polyadenylates its transcripts at two major polyadenylation (pA) sites. We designate the P7503, P360 and P859 as “early” promoters because they give rise to transcripts mostly utilizing the polyadenylation signal at nt 3844 and therefore can only encode early genes, and P7107 and P533 as “late” promoters because they give rise to transcripts utilizing polyadenylation signals at either nt 3844 or nt 7047, the latter being able to encode late, capsid proteins. MmuPV1 genome contains five splice donor sites and three acceptor sites that produce thirty-six RNA isoforms deduced to express seven predicted early gene products (E6, E7, E1, E1^M1, E1^M2, E2 and E8^E2) and three predicted late gene products (E1^E4, L2 and L1). The majority of the viral early transcripts are spliced once from nt 757 to 3139, while viral late transcripts, which are predicted to encode L1, are spliced twice, first from nt 7243 to either nt 3139 (P7107) or nt 757 to 3139 (P533) and second from nt 3431 to nt 5372. Thirteen of these viral transcripts were detectable by Northern blot analysis, with the P533-derived late E1^E4 transcripts being the most abundant. The late transcripts could be detected in highly differentiated keratinocytes of MmuPV1-infected tissues as early as ten days after MmuPV1 inoculation and correlated with detection of L1 protein and viral DNA amplification. In mature warts, detection of L1 was also found in more poorly differentiated cells, as previously reported. Subclinical infections were also observed. The comprehensive transcription map of MmuPV1 generated in this study provides further evidence that MmuPV1 is similar to high-risk cutaneous beta human papillomaviruses. The knowledge revealed will facilitate the use of MmuPV1 as an animal virus model for understanding of human papillomavirus gene expression, pathogenesis and immunology. Papillomavirus (PV) infections lead to development of both benign warts and cancers. Because PVs are epitheliotropic and species specific, it has been extremely challenging to study PV infection in the context of a naturally occurring infection in a tractable laboratory animal. The recent discovery of the papillomavirus, MmuPV1, that infects laboratory mice, provides an important new animal model system for understanding the pathogenesis of papillomavirus-associated diseases. By using state of the art RNA-seq to provide deep sequencing analysis of what regions of the viral genome are transcribed and PacBio Iso-seq that produces longer reads to define the complete sequences of individual transcripts in combination with several conventional technologies to confirm transcription starts sites, splice sites, and polyadenylation sites, we provide the first detailed description of the MmuPV1 transcript map using RNA from MmuPV1-induced mouse warts. This study reveals the presence of mRNA transcripts capable of coding for ten protein products in the MmuPV1 genome and leads to correctly re-assigning the E1^E4, L2 and L1 coding regions. We were able to detect individual transcripts from the infected wart tissues by RT-PCR, Northern blot and RNA ISH, to define the temporal onset of productive viral infection and to ectopically express a predicted viral protein for functional studies. The constructed MmuPV1 transcript map provides a foundation to advance our understanding of papillomavirus biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Xue
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aayushi Uberoi
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bong-Hyun Kim
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deanna Gotte
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiongfong Chen
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maggie Cam
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Wang T, Kang W, Du L, Ge S. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 facilitates the proliferation, migration and pluripotency of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3100-3112. [PMID: 28661039 PMCID: PMC5661246 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective in vitro expansion and differentiation of multipotent stem cells are critical steps in cell-based regenerative therapies, while technical challenges have limited cell yield and thus affected the success of these potential treatments. The Rho GTPases and downstream Rho kinases are central regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell cycle and determine the balance between stem cells self-renewal, lineage commitment and apoptosis. Trans-4-[(1R)-aminoethyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)cylohexanecarboxamidedihydrochloride (Y-27632), Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, involves various cellular functions that include actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, cell motility and anti-apoptosis. Here, human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated by limiting dilution method. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling assay, cell apoptosis assay, cell migration assay, wound-healing assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin Red S staining, Oil Red O staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the effects of Y-27632 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, stemness, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Afterwards, Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism of cell proliferation. The results indicated that Y-27632 significantly promoted cell proliferation, chemotaxis, wound healing, fat droplets formation and pluripotency, while inhibited ALP activity and mineral deposition. Furthermore, Y-27632 induced PDLSCs proliferation through extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade. Therefore, control of Rho-kinase activity may enhance the efficiency of stem cell-based treatments for periodontal diseases and the strategy may have the potential to promote periodontal tissue regeneration by facilitating the chemotaxis of PDLSCs to the injured site, and then enhancing the proliferation of these cells and maintaining their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lingqian Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
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64
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Human Papillomavirus and the Stroma: Bidirectional Crosstalk during the Virus Life Cycle and Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080219. [PMID: 28792475 PMCID: PMC5580476 DOI: 10.3390/v9080219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses that are causally associated with human cancers of the anogenital tract, skin, and oral cavity. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs remain a major global health issue due to inadequate vaccine availability and vaccination coverage. The HPV life cycle is established and completed in the terminally differentiating stratified epithelia, and decades of research using in vitro organotypic raft cultures and in vivo genetically engineered mouse models have contributed to our understanding of the interactions between HPVs and the epithelium. More recently, important and emerging roles for the underlying stroma, or microenvironment, during the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced disease have become clear. This review discusses the current understanding of the bidirectional communication and relationship between HPV-infected epithelia and the surrounding microenvironment. As is the case with other human cancers, evidence suggests that the stroma functions as a significant partner in tumorigenesis and helps facilitate the oncogenic potential of HPVs in the stratified epithelium.
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65
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Inhibition of TGF-β signaling supports high proliferative potential of diverse p63 + mouse epithelial progenitor cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6089. [PMID: 28729719 PMCID: PMC5519764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been used to provide primary cells to study physiology and pathogenesis of epithelia. However, highly efficient simple approaches to propagate mouse primary epithelial cells remain challenging. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β signaling enables long-term expansion of p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in low Ca2+ media without the need of progenitor cell-purification steps or support by a feeder cell layer. We find that TGF-β signaling is operative in mouse primary keratinocytes in conventional cultures as determined by the nuclear Smad2/3 localization. Accordingly, TGF-β signaling inhibition in crude preparations of mouse epidermis robustly increases proliferative capacity of p63+ epidermal progenitor cells, while preserving their ability of differentiation in response to Ca2+ stimulation. Notably, inhibition of TGF-β signaling also enriches and expands other p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in primary crude cultures of multiple epithelia, including the cornea, oral and lingual epithelia, salivary gland, esophagus, thymus, and bladder. We anticipate that this simple and efficient approach will facilitate the use of mouse models for studying a wide range of epithelia by providing highly enriched populations of diverse p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in quantity.
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66
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Kang HT, Park JT, Choi K, Choi HJC, Jung CW, Kim GR, Lee YS, Park SC. Chemical screening identifies ROCK as a target for recovering mitochondrial function in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Aging Cell 2017; 16:541-550. [PMID: 28317242 PMCID: PMC5418208 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) constitutes a genetic disease wherein an aging phenotype manifests in childhood. Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in HGPS phenotype progression. Thus, pharmacological reduction in ROS levels has been proposed as a potentially effective treatment for patient with this disorder. In this study, we performed high-throughput screening to find compounds that could reduce ROS levels in HGPS fibroblasts and identified rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632) as an effective agent. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of ROCK in regulating ROS levels, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and discovered that ROCK1 interacts with Rac1b. ROCK activation phosphorylated Rac1b at Ser71 and increased ROS levels by facilitating the interaction between Rac1b and cytochrome c. Conversely, ROCK inactivation with Y-27632 abolished their interaction, concomitant with ROS reduction. Additionally, ROCK activation resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas ROCK inactivation with Y-27632 induced the recovery of mitochondrial function. Furthermore, a reduction in the frequency of abnormal nuclear morphology and DNA double-strand breaks was observed along with decreased ROS levels. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism through which alleviation of the HGPS phenotype is mediated by the recovery of mitochondrial function upon ROCK inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kang
- Well Aging Research Center; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Samsung Electronics; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Well Aging Research Center; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Samsung Electronics; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Kobong Choi
- Well Aging Research Center; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Samsung Electronics; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Hyo Jei Claudia Choi
- Well Aging Research Center; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Samsung Electronics; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Chul Won Jung
- Well Aging Research Center; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Samsung Electronics; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Gyu Ree Kim
- Well Aging Research Center; DGIST; Daegu Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Well Aging Research Center; DGIST; Daegu Korea
- Department of New Biology; DGIST; Daegu Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Well Aging Research Center; DGIST; Daegu Korea
- Department of New Biology; DGIST; Daegu Korea
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67
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Zanin-Zhorov A, Weiss JM, Trzeciak A, Chen W, Zhang J, Nyuydzefe MS, Arencibia C, Polimera S, Schueller O, Fuentes-Duculan J, Bonifacio KM, Kunjravia N, Cueto I, Soung J, Fleischmann RM, Kivitz A, Lebwohl M, Nunez M, Woodson J, Smith SL, West RF, Berger M, Krueger JG, Ryan JL, Waksal SD. Cutting Edge: Selective Oral ROCK2 Inhibitor Reduces Clinical Scores in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris and Normalizes Skin Pathology via Concurrent Regulation of IL-17 and IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3809-3814. [PMID: 28389592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)2 downregulates the proinflammatory T cell response while increasing the regulatory arm of the immune response in animals models of autoimmunity and Th17-skewing human cell culture in vitro. In this study, we report that oral administration of a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, KD025, reduces psoriasis area and severity index scores by 50% from baseline in 46% of patients with psoriasis vulgaris, and it decreases epidermal thickness as well as T cell infiltration in the skin. We observed significant reductions of IL-17 and IL-23, but not IL-6 and TNF-α, whereas IL-10 levels were increased in peripheral blood of clinical responders after 12 wk of treatment with KD025. Collectively, these data demonstrate that an orally available selective ROCK2 inhibitor downregulates the Th17-driven autoimmune response and improved clinical symptoms in psoriatic patients via a defined molecular mechanism that involves concurrent modulation of cytokines without deleterious impact on the rest of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Chen
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, NY 10016
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen M Bonifacio
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Norma Kunjravia
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Inna Cueto
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer Soung
- Southern California Dermatology, Inc., Santa Ana, CA 92701
| | | | - Alan Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical Research, Duncanville, PA 16635
| | - Mark Lebwohl
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | | | - Shondra L Smith
- Dermatology & Advanced Aesthetics, Lake Charles, LA 70605; and
| | | | | | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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A genome-wide screen identifies YAP/WBP2 interplay conferring growth advantage on human epidermal stem cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14744. [PMID: 28332498 PMCID: PMC5376649 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual human epidermal cells differ in their self-renewal ability. To uncover the molecular basis for this heterogeneity, we performed genome-wide pooled RNA interference screens and identified genes conferring a clonal growth advantage on normal and neoplastic (cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, cSCC) human epidermal cells. The Hippo effector YAP was amongst the top positive growth regulators in both screens. By integrating the Hippo network interactome with our data sets, we identify WW-binding protein 2 (WBP2) as an important co-factor of YAP that enhances YAP/TEAD-mediated gene transcription. YAP and WPB2 are upregulated in actively proliferating cells of mouse and human epidermis and cSCC, and downregulated during terminal differentiation. WBP2 deletion in mouse skin results in reduced proliferation in neonatal and wounded adult epidermis. In reconstituted epidermis YAP/WBP2 activity is controlled by intercellular adhesion rather than canonical Hippo signalling. We propose that defective intercellular adhesion contributes to uncontrolled cSCC growth by preventing inhibition of YAP/WBP2.
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69
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of Rho/Rho-kinase pathway in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients with cholesteatoma, who had gone mastoidectomies were enrolled in this prospective study. Cholesteatomas matrix (CM) and a piece of the external ear canal skin (EECS as control) were taken and transferred to the liquid nitrogen and kept at -86 °C for Rho A and Rho-kinase (ROCK) analysis with Western blotting and commercial ELISA kits (Cell Biolabs Inc., San Diego, CA). The tissues were homogenized by an appropriate ice-cold lysis buffer. Following centrifugation, the supernatant was taken and total protein amount was detected by the Bradford method. Thereafter, tissue homogenates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis electrophoresis then transferred to nitrocellulose membrane where it was treated with specific monoclonal primary antibody against to ROCK-2 and HRP-conjugated seconder antibody, respectively. The protein blots were visualized with commercial x-ray film and dansitometrically analyzed by the Scion Image Program (Cell Biolabs Inc., San Diego, CA). In another series of experiments, Rho-kinase activities were assessed by ROCK-2 ELISA kits. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in Rho A translocation between CM and EECS. However, ROCK activity was found to be lower in CM than EECS as detected by ELISA kits. Furthermore, ROCK protein expression was also significantly lower in CM than EECS as demonstrated by Western blotting. CONCLUSION Given Rho-kinase could take essential roles in cell differentiation, the results of this study implicate that down-regulated Rho-kinase could be responsible for the keratinocyte undifferentiation seen in cholesteatoma pathogenesis.
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70
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García-Mariscal A, Peyrollier K, Basse A, Pedersen E, Rühl R, van Hengel J, Brakebusch C. RhoA controls retinoid signaling by ROCK dependent regulation of retinol metabolism. Small GTPases 2016; 9:433-444. [PMID: 27754752 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1248272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed small GTPase RhoA is essential for embryonic development and mutated in different cancers. Functionally, it is well described as a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, but its role in gene regulation is less understood. Using primary mouse keratinocytes with a deletion of the RhoA gene, we have now been exploring how the loss of RhoA affects gene expression. Performing transcription factor reporter assays, we found a significantly decreased activity of a RAR luciferase reporter in RhoA-null keratinocytes. Inhibition of the RhoA effector ROCK in control cells reproduced this phenotype. ATRA and retinal, but not retinol increased RAR reporter activity of keratinocytes with impaired RhoA/ROCK signaling, suggesting that retinol metabolism is regulated by RhoA/ROCK signaling. Furthermore a significant percentage of known ATRA target genes displayed altered expression in RhoA-null keratinocytes. These data reveal an unexpected link between the cytoskeletal regulator RhoA and retinoid signaling and uncover a novel pathway by which RhoA regulates gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Peyrollier
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , BRIC, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Astrid Basse
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , BRIC, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Esben Pedersen
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , BRIC, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ralph Rühl
- b Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- c Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , BRIC, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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71
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Tandemly Integrated HPV16 Can Form a Brd4-Dependent Super-Enhancer-Like Element That Drives Transcription of Viral Oncogenes. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01446-16. [PMID: 27624132 PMCID: PMC5021809 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01446-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the viral genome is very often found integrated into the cellular genome. The viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are transcribed from the viral promoter, and integration events that alter transcriptional regulation of this promoter contribute to carcinogenic progression. In this study, we detected highly enriched binding of the super-enhancer markers Brd4, MED1, and H3K27ac, visible as a prominent nuclear focus by immunofluorescence, at the tandemly integrated copies of HPV16 in cells of the cervical neoplasia cell line W12 subclone 20861. Tumor cells are often addicted to super-enhancer-driven oncogenes and are particularly sensitive to disruption of transcription factor binding to the enhancers. Treatment of 20861 cells with bromodomain inhibitors displaced Brd4 from the HPV integration site, greatly decreased E6/E7 transcription, and inhibited cellular proliferation. Thus, Brd4 activates viral transcription at this integration site, and strong selection for E6/E7 expression can drive the formation of a super-enhancer-like element to promote oncogenesis. Oncogenic human papillomaviruses play an essential role in the development of cervical cancer, and growth of these cancer cells requires continued expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. Integration of the virus into the host genome often results in deregulation of E6 and E7 expression, which provides a selective growth advantage and increases genetic instability of infected cells. We show here that tandemly integrated copies of the viral genome can form a super-enhancer-like element that drives E6/E7 transcription. Targeted disruption of factors binding to this element decreases viral transcription and causes cell death. Thus, cancer cells that harbor integrated HPV could be targeted by therapeutics that disrupt super-enhancer function.
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72
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Leclerc-Mercier S, Lemoine R, Bigorgne AE, Sepulveda F, Leveau C, Fischer A, Mahlaoui N, Hadj-Rabia S, de Saint Basile G. Ichthyosis as the dermatological phenotype associated with TTC7A mutations. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1061-1064. [PMID: 27059536 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Leclerc-Mercier
- Département de Dermatologie, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Département de Pathologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - R Lemoine
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A E Bigorgne
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F Sepulveda
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Leveau
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Fischer
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,College de France, Paris, France
| | - N Mahlaoui
- Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires (CEREDIH), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Département de Dermatologie, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Génétiques à Expression Cutanée (MAGEC), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| | - G de Saint Basile
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France. .,INSERM, Unité U1163, Laboratoire Homéostasie Normale et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. .,Centre d'Etudes des Déficits Immunitaires, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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73
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Optimization of Corneal Epithelial Progenitor Cell Growth on Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Membranes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8310127. [PMID: 27648078 PMCID: PMC5018328 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8310127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds prepared from silk fibroin derived from cocoons of the domesticated silkworm moth Bombyx mori have demonstrated potential to support the attachment and growth of human limbal epithelial (HLE) cells in vitro. In this study, we attempted to further optimize protocols to promote the expansion of HLE cells on B. mori silk fibroin- (BMSF-) based scaffolds. BMSF films were initially coated with different extracellular matrix proteins and then analysed for their impact on corneal epithelial cell adhesion, cell morphology, and culture confluency. Results showed that collagen I, collagen III, and collagen IV consistently improved HCE-T cell adherence, promoted an elongated cell morphology, and increased culture confluency. By contrast, ECM coating had no significant effect on the performance of primary HLE cells cultured on BMSF films. In the second part of this study, primary HLE cells were grown on BMSF films in the presence of medium (SHEM) supplemented with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. The results demonstrated that SHEM medium supplemented with KGF and Y-27632 dramatically increased expression of corneal differentiation markers, keratin 3 and keratin 12, whereas expression of the progenitor marker, p63, did not appear to be significantly influenced by the choice of culture medium.
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74
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Alamri AM, Kang K, Groeneveld S, Wang W, Zhong X, Kallakury B, Hennighausen L, Liu X, Furth PA. Primary cancer cell culture: mammary-optimized vs conditional reprogramming. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:535-54. [PMID: 27267121 PMCID: PMC4962879 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of different culture conditions on biology of primary cancer cells is not always addressed. Here, conditional reprogramming (CRC) was compared with mammary-optimized EpiCult-B (EpiC) for primary mammary epithelial cell isolation and propagation, allograft generation, and genome-wide transcriptional consequences using cancer and non-cancer mammary tissue from mice with different dosages of Brca1 and p53 Selective comparison to DMEM was included. Primary cultures were established with all three media, but CRC was most efficient for initial isolation (P<0.05). Allograft development was faster using cells grown in EpiC compared with CRC (P<0.05). Transcriptome comparison of paired CRC and EpiC cultures revealed 1700 differentially expressed genes by passage 20. CRC promoted Trp53 gene family upregulation and increased expression of epithelial differentiation genes, whereas EpiC elevated expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes. Differences did not persist in allografts where both methods yielded allografts with relatively similar transcriptomes. Restricting passage (<7) reduced numbers of differentially expressed genes below 50. In conclusion, CRC was most efficient for initial cell isolation but EpiC was quicker for allograft generation. The extensive culture-specific gene expression patterns that emerged with longer passage could be limited by reducing passage number when both culture transcriptomes were equally similar to that of the primary tissue. Defining impact of culture condition and passage on the transcriptome of primary cells could assist experimental design and interpretation. For example, differences that appear with passage and culture condition are potentially exploitable for comparative studies targeting specific biological networks in different transcriptional environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Alamri
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Laboratory of Genetics and PhysiologyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Department of MicrobiologyDankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Svenja Groeneveld
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of BiostatisticsBioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of PathologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and PhysiologyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of PathologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of MedicineLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Selective Rho Kinase Inhibitor Allows for Expansion of Human Primary Sebocytes In Vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1278-1280. [PMID: 26934599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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76
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Roshan A, Murai K, Fowler J, Simons BD, Nikolaidou-Neokosmidou V, Jones PH. Human keratinocytes have two interconvertible modes of proliferation. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:145-56. [PMID: 26641719 PMCID: PMC4872834 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single stem cells, including those in human epidermis, have a remarkable ability to reconstitute tissues in vitro, but the cellular mechanisms that enable this are ill-defined. Here we used live imaging to track the outcome of thousands of divisions in clonal cultures of primary human epidermal keratinocytes. Two modes of proliferation were seen. In 'balanced' mode, similar proportions of proliferating and differentiating cells were generated, achieving the 'population asymmetry' that sustains epidermal homeostasis in vivo. In 'expanding' mode, an excess of cycling cells was produced, generating large expanding colonies. Cells in expanding mode switched their behaviour to balanced mode once local confluence was attained. However, when a confluent area was wounded in a scratch assay, cells near the scratch switched back to expanding mode until the defect was closed. We conclude that the ability of a single epidermal stem cell to reconstitute an epithelium is explained by two interconvertible modes of proliferation regulated by confluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roshan
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 0XZ
- Present address: Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UY
| | - Kasumi Murai
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Joanna Fowler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, TCM, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB3 0HE
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QN
| | - Varvara Nikolaidou-Neokosmidou
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 0XZ
| | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 0XZ
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
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77
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A chemically defined culture medium containing Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 for the fabrication of stratified squamous epithelial cell grafts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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78
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Strudwick XL, Lang DL, Smith LE, Cowin AJ. Combination of low calcium with Y-27632 rock inhibitor increases the proliferative capacity, expansion potential and lifespan of primary human keratinocytes while retaining their capacity to differentiate into stratified epidermis in a 3D skin model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123651. [PMID: 25874771 PMCID: PMC4395222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human keratinocytes are difficult to isolate and have a limited lifespan. Traditionally, immortalised keratinocyte cell lines are used in vitro due to their ability to bypass senescence and survive indefinitely. However these cells do not fully retain their ability to differentiate in vitro and they are unable to form a normal stratum corneum in organotypic culture. Here we aimed to generate a pool of phenotypically similar keratinocytes from human donors that could be used in monolayer culture, without a fibroblast feeder layer, and in 3D human skin equivalent models. Primary human neonatal epidermal keratinocytes (HEKn) were cultured in low calcium, (0.07mM) media, +/-10μM Y-27632 ROCK inhibitor (HEKn-CaY). mRNA and protein was extracted and expression of differentiation markers Keratin 14 (K14), Keratin 10 (K10) and Involucrin (Inv) assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The differentiation potential of the HEKn-CaY cultures was assessed by increasing calcium levels and removing the Y-27632 for 72hrs prior to assessment of K14, K10 and Inv. The ability of the HEKn-CaY, to form a stratified epithelium was assessed using a human skin equivalent (HSE) model in the absence of Y-27632. Increased proliferative capacity, expansion potential and lifespan of HEKn was observed with the combination of low calcium and 10μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. The removal of Y-27632 and the addition of high calcium to induce differentiation allowed the cells to behave as primary keratinocytes even after extended serial passaging. Prolonged lifespan HEK-CaYs were capable of forming an organised stratified epidermis in 3D HSE cultures, demonstrating their ability to fully stratify and retain their original, primary characteristics. In conclusion, the use of 0.07mM Calcium and 10μM Y-27632 in HEKn monocultures provides the opportunity to culture primary human keratinocytes without a cell feeder layer for extended periods of culture whilst retaining their ability to differentiate and form a stratified epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthe L. Strudwick
- Regenerative Medicine, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Debbie L. Lang
- Regenerative Medicine, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Louise E. Smith
- Regenerative Medicine, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Allison J. Cowin
- Regenerative Medicine, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
- * E-mail:
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79
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Li Z, Han S, Wang X, Han F, Zhu X, Zheng Z, Wang H, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Su L, Shi J, Tang C, Hu D. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 promotes the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into keratinocyte-like cells in xeno-free conditioned medium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25889377 PMCID: PMC4393638 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell types, have recently become a novel strategy for cell-based therapies. The differentiation of BMSCs into keratinocytes may be beneficial for patients with burns, disease, or trauma. However, the currently available cells are exposed to animal materials during their cultivation and induction. These xeno-contaminations severely limit their clinical outcomes. Previous studies have shown that the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 can promote induction efficiency and regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. In the present study, we attempted to establish a xeno-free system for the differentiation of BMSCs into keratinocytes and to investigate whether Y-27632 can facilitate this differentiation. METHODS BMSCs isolated from patients were cultured by using a xeno-free system and characterised by using flow cytometric analysis and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays. Human primary keratinocytes were also isolated from patients. Then, the morphology, population doubling time, and β-galactosidase staining level of these cells were evaluated in the presence or absence of Y-27632 to determine the effects of Y-27632 on the state of the keratinocytes. Keratinocyte-like cells (KLCs) were detected at different time points by immunocytofluorescence analysis. Moreover, the efficiency of BMSC differentiation under different conditions was measured by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. RESULTS The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 promoted the proliferation and lifespan of human primary keratinocytes. In addition, we showed that keratinocyte-specific markers could be detected in BMSCs cultured in a xeno-free system using keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM) independent of the presence of Y-27632. However, the efficiency of the differentiation of BMSCs into KLCs was significantly higher in the presence of Y-27632 using immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Y-27632 could promote the proliferation and survival of human primary keratinocytes in a xeno-free culture system. In addition, we found that BMSCs have the ability to differentiate into KLCs in KCM and that Y-27632 can facilitate this differentiation. Our results suggest that BMSCs are capable of differentiating into KLCs in vitro and that the ROCK pathway may play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiongxiang Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chaowu Tang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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80
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Lamas NJ, Serra SC, Salgado AJ, Sousa N. Failure of Y-27632 to improve the culture of adult human adipose-derived stem cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:15-26. [PMID: 25609984 PMCID: PMC4293935 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s66597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Y-27632 is a well-known inhibitor of the Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK) and has been shown to significantly improve the culture of a variety of multipotent stem cell types. However, the effects of Y-27632 on the expansion of adult human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) cultures remain to be established. Here, we aimed to characterize the effects of Y-27632 on the culture of hADSCs. Adult hADSCs were isolated from subjects submitted to elective plastic surgery procedures and cultivated in vitro under optimized conditions. Our results show that the continuous supplementation of hADSC cultures with Y-27632 led to decreased numbers of cells and decreased global metabolic viability of hADSC cultures when compared with control conditions. This effect appeared to be dependent on the continuous presence of the drug and was shown to be concentration-dependent and significant for 10 μM and 20 μM of Y-27632. Moreover, the Y-27632-induced decrease in hADSC numbers was not linked to a block in global cell proliferation, as cell numbers consistently increased from the moment of plating until passaging. In addition, Y-27632 was not able to increase the number of hADSCs present in culture 24 hours after passaging. Taken together, our results suggest that, in contrast to other stem cell types, Y-27632 supplementation is not a suitable strategy to enhance hADSC culture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Jorge Lamas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave (CHAA), EPE, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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