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Defendi F, Decleva E, Martel C, Dri P, Stasia MJ. A novel point mutation in the CYBB gene promoter leading to a rare X minus chronic granulomatous disease variant--impact on the microbicidal activity of neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:201-10. [PMID: 19708127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article reports an atypical and extremely rare case of X-linked CGD in an Italian family characterized by a low expression of gp91phox (X91- CGD). A novel point mutation in the CYBB gene's promoter (insertion of a T at position -54T to -56T) appeared to prevent the full expression of this gene in the patient's neutrophils and correlated with a residual oxidase activity in the whole cells population. The expression and functional activity of the oxidase in eosinophils appeared to be almost normal. Gel shift assays indicated that the mutation led to decreased interactions with DNA-binding proteins. The total O2- production in the patient's granulocytes (5-7% of normal) supported no microbicidal power after 45 min and 60 min of contact with S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Despite this residual oxidase activity, the patients suffered from severe and life-threatening infections. It was concluded that in these X91- CGD neutrophils, the O2- production per se was not sufficient to protect the patient against severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Defendi
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la Granulomatose Septique CGD, Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, CHU Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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52
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Hv1 proton channels are required for high-level NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production during the phagocyte respiratory burst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:7642-7. [PMID: 19372380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902761106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes generate a "respiratory burst" of NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide anion (O(2)(-*)) production that is required for efficient clearance of bacterial pathogens. Hv1 mediates a voltage-gated H(+) channel activity that is proposed to serve a charge-balancing role in granulocytic phagocytes such as neutrophils and eosinophils. Using mice in which the gene encoding Hv1 is replaced by beta-Geo reporter protein sequence, we show that Hv1 expression is required for measurable voltage-gated H(+) current in unstimulated phagocytes. O(2)(-*) production is substantially reduced in the absence of Hv1, suggesting that Hv1 contributes a majority of the charge compensation required for optimal NADPH oxidase activity. Despite significant reduction in superoxide production, Hv1(-/-) mice are able to clear several types of bacterial infections.
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53
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) proliferate infinitely and are pluripotent. Only a few reports, however, describe specific and efficient methods to induce hESCs to differentiate into mature blood cells. It is important to determine whether and how these cells, once generated, behave similarly with their in vivo-produced counterparts. We developed a method to induce hESCs to differentiate into mature neutrophils. Embryoid bodies were formed with bone morphogenic protein-4, stem cell factor (SCF), Flt-3 ligand (FL), interleukin-6 (IL-6)/IL-6 receptor fusion protein (FP6), and thrombopoietin (TPO). Cells derived from the embryoid bodies were cultured on a layer of irradiated OP9 cells with a combination of SCF, FL, FP6, IL-3, and TPO, which was later changed to granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. Morphologically mature neutrophils were obtained in approximately 2 weeks with a purity and efficiency sufficient for functional analyses. The population of predominantly mature neutrophils (hESC-Neu's) showed superoxide production, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and chemotaxis similar to peripheral blood neutrophils from healthy subjects, although there were differences in the surface antigen expression patterns, such as decreased CD16 expression and aberrant CD64 and CD14 expression in hESC-Neu's. Thus, this is the first description of a detailed functional analysis of mature hESC-derived neutrophils.
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54
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Kuda T, Yano T, Kuda MT. Resistances to benzalkonium chloride of bacteria dried with food elements on stainless steel surface. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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55
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Painter RG, Bonvillain RW, Valentine VG, Lombard GA, LaPlace SG, Nauseef WM, Wang G. The role of chloride anion and CFTR in killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by normal and CF neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:1345-53. [PMID: 18353929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride anion is essential for myeloperoxidase (MPO) to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). To define whether chloride availability to PMNs affects their HOCl production and microbicidal capacity, we examined how extracellular chloride concentration affects killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) by normal neutrophils. PMN-mediated bacterial killing was strongly dependent on extracellular chloride concentration. Neutrophils in a chloride-deficient medium killed PsA poorly. However, as the chloride level was raised, the killing efficiency increased in a dose-dependent manner. By using specific inhibitors to selectively block NADPH oxidase, MPO, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions, neutrophil-mediated killing of PsA could be attributed to three distinct mechanisms: CFTR-dependent and oxidant-dependent; chloride-dependent but not CFTR- and oxidant-dependent; and independent of any of the tested factors. Therefore, chloride anion is involved in oxidant- and nonoxidant-mediated bacterial killing. We previously reported that neutrophils from CF patients are defective in chlorination of ingested bacteria, suggesting that the chloride channel defect might impair the MPO-hydrogen peroxide-chloride microbicidal function. Here, we compared the competence of killing PsA by neutrophils from normal donors and CF patients. The data demonstrate that the killing rate by CF neutrophils was significantly lower than that by normal neutrophils. CF neutrophils in a chloride-deficient environment had only one-third of the bactericidal capacity of normal neutrophils in a physiological chloride environment. These results suggest that CFTR-dependent chloride anion transport contributes significantly to killing PsA by normal neutrophils and when defective as in CF, may compromise the ability to clear PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Painter
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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56
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Kuhns DB. Assessment of neutrophil function. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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57
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Haas-Stapleton EJ, Lu Y, Hong S, Arita M, Favoreto S, Nigam S, Serhan CN, Agabian N. Candida albicans modulates host defense by biosynthesizing the pro-resolving mediator resolvin E1. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1316. [PMID: 18091990 PMCID: PMC2134765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans that resides commensally on epithelial surfaces, but can cause inflammation when pathogenic. Resolvins are a class of anti-inflammatory lipids derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that attenuate neutrophil migration during the resolution phase of inflammation. In this report we demonstrate that C. albicans biosynthesizes resolvins that are chemically identical to those produced by human cells. In contrast to the trans-cellular biosynthesis of human Resolvin E1 (RvE1), RvE1 biosynthesis in C. albicans occurs in the absence of other cellular partners. C. albicans biosynthesis of RvE1 is sensitive to lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 monoxygenase inhibitors. We show that 10nM RvE1 reduces neutrophil chemotaxis in response to IL-8; 1nM RvE1 enhanced phagocytosis of Candida by human neutrophils, as well as intracellular ROS generation and killing, while having no direct affect on neutrophil motility. In a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, RvE1 stimulated clearance of the fungus from circulating blood. These results reveal an inter-species chemical signaling system that modulates host immune functions and may play a role in balancing host carriage of commensal and pathogenic C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Haas-Stapleton
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Lu
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Song Hong
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Makoto Arita
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Silvio Favoreto
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Santosh Nigam
- Eicosanoid and Lipid Research Division, Centre for Experimental Gynecology and Breast Research, Charité-University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nina Agabian
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Donini M, Fontana S, Savoldi G, Vermi W, Tassone L, Gentili F, Zenaro E, Ferrari D, Notarangelo LD, Porta F, Facchetti F, Notarangelo LD, Dusi S, Badolato R. G-CSF treatment of severe congenital neutropenia reverses neutropenia but does not correct the underlying functional deficiency of the neutrophil in defending against microorganisms. Blood 2007; 109:4716-23. [PMID: 17311988 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-045427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe treatment of children affected by severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) with G-CSF strongly reduces the risk of sepsis by reversing neutropenia. However, SCN patients who respond to the treatment with the growth factor still have an elevated risk of succumbing to sepsis. Because the disease is usually caused by heterozygous mutations of ELA2, a gene encoding for neutrophil elastase (NE), we have investigated in G-CSF–responder and nonresponder patients affected by SCN the expression of polypeptides that constitute the antimicrobial machinery of these cells. In peripheral blood–derived neutrophils of patients with heterozygous mutations of ELA2 who were treated with G-CSF, NE was nearly absent as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, suggesting that production of the mutant protein interferes with normal gene expression. This defect was associated with abnormal expression of other granule-associated proteins such as myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, cathepsin G, and human-neutrophil-peptide. Moreover, in one patient with partial response to G-CSF, we observed an impairment of neutrophil antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, and, to a lower extent against Escherichia coli. Thereby, we propose that the treatment with G-CSF is not sufficient to correct all of the functional deficiency of neutrophils, and this might account for the consistent risk of infections observed in SCN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Donini
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Italy
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59
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Essin K, Salanova B, Kettritz R, Sausbier M, Luft FC, Kraus D, Bohn E, Autenrieth IB, Peschel A, Ruth P, Gollasch M. Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity is absent in human and mouse neutrophils and is not required for innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C45-54. [PMID: 17329399 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00450.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels are reported to be essential for NADPH oxidase-dependent microbial killing and innate immunity in leukocytes. Using human peripheral blood and mouse bone marrow neutrophils, pharmacological targeting, and BK channel gene-deficient (BK(-/-)) mice, we stimulated NADPH oxidase activity with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (PMA) and performed patch-clamp recordings on isolated neutrophils. Although PMA stimulated NADPH oxidase activity as assessed by O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) production, our patch-clamp experiments failed to show PMA-activated BK channel currents in neutrophils. In our studies, PMA induced slowly activating currents, which were insensitive to the BK channel inhibitor iberiotoxin. Instead, the currents were blocked by Zn(2+), which indicates activation of proton channel currents. BK channels are gated by elevated intracellular Ca(2+) and membrane depolarization. We did not observe BK channel currents, even during extreme depolarization to +140 mV and after elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) by N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine. As a control, we examined BK channel currents in cerebral and tibial artery smooth muscle cells, which showed characteristic BK channel current pharmacology. Iberiotoxin did not block killing of Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. Moreover, we addressed the role of BK channels in a systemic S. aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica mouse infection model. After 3 and 5 days of infection, we found no differences in the number of bacteria in spleen and kidney between BK(-/-) and BK(+/+) mice. In conclusion, our experiments failed to identify functional BK channels in neutrophils. We therefore conclude that BK channels are not essential for innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Essin
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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60
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Abstract
The primary function of neutrophils is to engulf and destroy invading pathogens. If the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils is defective, an individual may suffer from enhanced susceptibility to potentially fatal microbial infection. To identify such defects, and to investigate the mechanisms used to kill bacteria, the bactericidal activity of neutrophils must be accurately quantified. This chapter provides details of a comprehensive microbiological technique that quantifies neutrophil bactericidal activity by measuring the loss of viability of ingested bacteria over time. Two variations of this technique are presented: a simple "one-step" protocol providing a composite measure of phagocytosis and killing, and a more advanced "two-step" protocol that allows calculation of separate rate constants for both of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie N Green
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
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61
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Taylor PR, Tsoni SV, Willment JA, Dennehy KM, Rosas M, Findon H, Haynes K, Steele C, Botto M, Gordon S, Brown GD. Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat Immunol 2006; 8:31-8. [PMID: 17159984 PMCID: PMC1888731 DOI: 10.1038/ni1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 877] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucan is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in fungal pathogens, yet its importance in antifungal immunity is unclear. Here we show that deficiency of dectin-1, the myeloid receptor for beta-glucan, rendered mice susceptible to infection with Candida albicans. Dectin-1-deficient leukocytes demonstrated significantly impaired responses to fungi even in the presence of opsonins. Impaired leukocyte responses were manifested in vivo by reduced inflammatory cell recruitment after fungal infection, resulting in substantially increased fungal burdens and enhanced fungal dissemination. Our results establish a fundamental function for beta-glucan recognition by dectin-1 in antifungal immunity and demonstrate a signaling non-Toll-like pattern-recognition receptor required for the induction of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Taylor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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