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A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based whole-cell screening assay for target identification in distal cholesterol biosynthesis. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2546-2570. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liang W, He X, Reddy NR, Bai Y, An L, Fang J. Morphology Transformation of Supramolecular Structures in Aqueous Mixtures of Two Oppositely Charged Amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9004-9010. [PMID: 31244246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The co-assembly of oppositely charged amphiphiles provides a fascinating approach for forming complex supramolecular structures, which are interesting from both fundamental and technological viewpoints. Here, we report a stepwise morphology transformation of co-assembled supramolecular structures in the aqueous mixture of lithocholic acid (LCA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at mixed molar ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. The co-assembly of LCA and CTAB initially forms multilamellar vesicles followed by the spontaneous growth of membrane tubes from the vesicles. The vesicle-to-tube transition is accompanied by a fluidic-to-crystalline phase transition. After being aged, the membrane tubes twist into left-handed helices, which then intertwine into left-handed double helices and multihelix bundles. The single handedness of these supramolecular structures is a reflection of the amplification of the chirality of LCA. An understanding of the co-assembly mechanism and pathway is a key step toward producing supramolecular structures with distinguished morphologies.
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53
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Influence of polymer networks on the sensor properties of hydrogel dispersed liquid crystal droplets. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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54
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Ge MX, Shao RG, He HW. Advances in understanding the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:152-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dutta M, Cai J, Gui W, Patterson AD. A review of analytical platforms for accurate bile acid measurement. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4541-4549. [PMID: 31127337 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are acidic steroids which help in lipid absorption, act as signaling molecules, and are key intermediate molecules between host and gut microbial metabolism. Perturbations in the circulating bile acid pool can lead to dysregulated metabolic and immunological function which may be associated with liver and intestinal disease. Bile acids have chemically diverse structures and are present in a broad range of concentrations in a wide variety of samples with complex biological matrices. Advanced analytical methods are therefore required to identify and accurately quantify individual bile acids. Though enzymatic determination of total bile acid is most popular in clinical laboratories, these methods provide limited information about individual bile acids. Advanced analytical methods such as gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are highly informative techniques which help in identification and quantification of individual bile acids in complex biological matrices. Here, we review the detection technologies currently used for bile acid identification and quantification. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these analytical techniques with respect to sensitivity, specificity, robustness, and ease of use. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wei Gui
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
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Ulaszewska MM, Mancini A, Garcia-Aloy M, Del Bubba M, Tuohy KM, Vrhovsek U. Isotopic dilution method for bile acid profiling reveals new sulfate glycine-conjugated dihydroxy bile acids and glucuronide bile acids in serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:1-17. [PMID: 31100508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 41 target and 8 additional bile acids isomers (BAs) in biological fluids. BAs were analysed by solid-phase extraction on 50 μL biofluid-aliquots, followed by a properly optimised 27 min-chromatographic run. The method provided high sensitivity (limits of detection 0.0002-0.03 μM, limits of quantitation 0.0007-0.11 μM), linearity (R2>0.99) and precision (relative standard deviations ≤16%). A strategy of scheduled/ unscheduled injections of real samples together with neutral loss (80 Da and 176 Da) scans allowed us to find additional bile acid isomers not a priori included in the method, while high resolution full scan and MS/MS fragmentation analysis confirmed their structural adherence to the bile acid family. Moreover this is the first study quantifying four sulfate glycine conjugated-dihydroxy bile acid isomers, independently of the diet and postprandial time. Application to a dietary intervention kinetic study confirmed the existence of possible metabotypes amongst the study population (n = 20). A trend differentiating males from females was observed suggesting that serum samples from women contained smaller amounts of certain bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Kieran Micheal Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Javitt NB. Fasting and postprandial serum bile acids after RYGB surgery. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 53:1425-1426. [PMID: 30295557 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1518483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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58
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Autilio C, Shankar-Aguilera S, Minucci A, Touqui L, De Luca D. Effect of cooling on lung secretory phospholipase A2 activity in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L498-L505. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00201.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia can modify surfactant composition and function. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) hydrolyses surfactant phospholipids and is important in the pathobiology of several critical respiratory disorders. We hypothesize that sPLA2 activity might be influenced by the temperature partially explaining surfactant changes. This study aims to evaluate comprehensively the effect of hypothermia on sPLA2 activity. We measured sPLA2 activity at different temperatures, alone or combined with bile acids, in vitro (incubating human recombinant sPLA2-IIA and porcine sPLA2-IB), ex vivo (by cooling bronchoalveolar lavage samples from neonates with respiratory distress syndrome or no lung disease), and in vivo (using lavage samples obtained before and after 72 h of whole body cooling in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy). We also measured concentrations of various sPLA2 subtypes and natural sPLA2 inhibitors in in vivo cooled samples. Results were corrected for protein content and dilution. In vitro cooling did not show any effect of hypothermia on sPLA2. Ex vivo cooling did not alter total sPLA2 activity, and the addition of bile acids increased sPLA2 activity irrespective of the temperature and the type of sampled patient. In vivo hypothermia reduced median sPLA2 activity from 16.6 [15.2–106.7] IU/mg to 3.3 [2.7–8.5] IU/mg ( P = 0.026) and mean sPLA2-IIA from 1.1 (0.8) pg/μg to 0.6 (0.4) pg/μg ( P = 0.047), whereas dioleylphosphatidylglycerol increased from 8.3 (3.9)% to 12.8 (5.1)% ( P = 0.02). Whole body hypothermia decreases in vivo global sPLA2 activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids through the reduction of sPLA2-IIA and increment of dioleylphosphatidylglycerol. This effect is absent during in vitro or ex vivo hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Autilio
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “A.Gemelli,” Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shivani Shankar-Aguilera
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center “A.Béclère,” South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Respiratory Physiopathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “A.Gemelli,” Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center “A.Béclère,” South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit, South Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
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Developing an Enzyme-Assisted Derivatization Method for Analysis of C 27 Bile Alcohols and Acids by Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030597. [PMID: 30736477 PMCID: PMC6384595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted derivatization for sterol analysis (EADSA) is a technology designed to enhance sensitivity and specificity for sterol analysis using electrospray ionization⁻mass spectrometry. To date it has only been exploited on sterols with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene or 3β-hydroxy-5α-hydrogen structure, using bacterial cholesterol oxidase enzyme to convert the 3β-hydroxy group to a 3-oxo group for subsequent derivatization with the positively charged Girard hydrazine reagents, or on substrates with a native oxo group. Here we describe an extension of the technology by substituting 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) for cholesterol oxidase, making the method applicable to sterols with a 3α-hydroxy-5β-hydrogen structure. The 3α-HSD enzyme works efficiently on bile alcohols and bile acids with this stereochemistry. However, as found by others, derivatization of the resultant 3-oxo group with a hydrazine reagent does not go to completion in the absence of a conjugating double bond in the sterol structure. Nevertheless, Girard P derivatives of bile alcohols and C27 acids give an intense molecular ion ([M]⁺) upon electrospray ionization and informative fragmentation spectra. The method shows promise for analysis of bile alcohols and 3α-hydroxy-5β-C27-acids, enhancing the range of sterols that can be analyzed at high sensitivity in sterolomic studies.
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Abstract
Over the last decade, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the method of choice for the quantification of bile acids (BA) and their conjugates in different matrices, such as plasma, blood, urine, and cell lysates. Numerous reports have indeed been published describing methods for quantitative determination of bile acids in plasma samples obtained during in vivo studies. However, information on bioanalytical methods suitable for determination of bile acids in in vitro samples remained scarce. Therefore, we presently report a simple and accurate LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of BA in cells (e.g., cultured human hepatocytes) and corresponding cell culture medium, obtained during in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Huang S, Zheng J, Yang Q, Chen G, Xu J, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang G. High-Efficiency, Matrix Interference-Free, General Applicable Probes for Bile Acids Extraction and Detection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800774. [PMID: 30581699 PMCID: PMC6299822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although bile acids (BAs) have been suggested as important biomarkers for endocrine diseases, the identification and quantification of different BAs are still challenges due to their enormous species and wide range concentrations. Herein, a copolymer probe based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is fabricated through a simple in-mold photopolymerization for the selective extraction of BAs. Through the unique stereochemical affinity between BAs and the cavity of β-CD, the custom probe shows superior enriching capacities to series BAs. Moreover, the outstanding extraction ability is proved to be consistent in various interfering conditions, including pH changing and the addition of complex matrix. Further comparison shows that the stereostructure of the nucleus of BAs plays a vital role during the formation of the β-CD/BA complex, indicating the potential for efficient extraction of other BAs, including their structural analogues or some unknown ones. The developed probe is used for solid phase microextraction, and the limits of detection are lower than 0.075 ng mL-1 by coupling to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass analysis. The results in this study highlight the potential for effective improvement of immediate detection and profiling of BAs in real samples, which will make a tremendous impact in the analytical field or clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Jiating Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Yong Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Urology DepartmentSun Yat‐Sen University Sixth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhouGuangdong510000China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
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62
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Sacks CD, Stumpo KA. Gold nanoparticles for enhanced ionization and fragmentation of biomolecules using LDI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1070-1077. [PMID: 30107051 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New applications for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry are presented here. This work expands on previous biomolecule studies and introduces carbohydrates, steroids, bile acids, and other small molecules as a focus. Broad trends in ionization are observed, and specifically of interest are new species that have not previously been reported from AuNPs (e.g., [M + Au]+ ). Interesting fragmentation effects have been observed for diphenhydramine, including similarity to electron impact mass spectra and possible radical driven reactions, providing insight into the mechanism of ionization when using AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Sacks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Katherine A Stumpo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
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63
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Song WS, Park HM, Ha JM, Shin SG, Park HG, Kim J, Zhang T, Ahn DH, Kim SM, Yang YH, Jeong JH, Theberge AB, Kim BG, Lee JK, Kim YG. Discovery of glycocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid as phenotypic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11088. [PMID: 30038332 PMCID: PMC6056462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several biomarkers can be used to distinguish cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) from healthy controls, differentiating the disease from benign biliary disease (BBD) or pancreatic cancer (PC) is a challenge. CCA biomarkers are associated with low specificity or have not been validated in relation to the biological effects of CCA. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed 15 biliary bile acids in CCA (n = 30), BBD (n = 57) and PC (n = 17) patients and discovered glycocholic acid (GCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) as specific CCA biomarkers. Firstly, we showed that the average concentration of total biliary bile acids in CCA patients was quantitatively less than in other patient groups. In addition, the average composition ratio of primary bile acids and conjugated bile acids in CCA patients was the highest in all patient groups. The average composition ratio of GCA (35.6%) in CCA patients was significantly higher than in other patient groups. Conversely, the average composition ratio of TCDCA (13.8%) in CCA patients was significantly lower in all patient groups. To verify the biological effects of GCA and TCDCA, we analyzed the gene expression of bile acid receptors associated with the development of CCA in a CCA cell line. The gene expression of transmembrane G protein coupled receptor (TGR5) and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in CCA cells treated with GCA was 8.6-fold and 3.4-fold higher compared with control (untreated with bile acids), respectively. Gene expression of TGR5 and S1PR2 in TCDCA-treated cells was not significantly different from the control. Taken together, our study identified GCA and TCDCA as phenotype-specific biomarkers for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hae-Min Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, United States
| | - Jung Min Ha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 0635, Korea
| | - Sung Gyu Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Tianzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Da-Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Kyun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 0635, Korea.
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea.
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GLP-2 receptor signaling controls circulating bile acid levels but not glucose homeostasis in Gcgr -/- mice and is dispensable for the metabolic benefits ensuing after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Mol Metab 2018; 16:45-54. [PMID: 29937214 PMCID: PMC6157461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Therapeutic interventions that improve glucose homeostasis such as attenuation of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling and bariatric surgery share common metabolic features conserved in mice and humans. These include increased circulating levels of bile acids (BA) and the proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs), GLP-1 and GLP-2. Whether BA acting through TGR5 (Gpbar1) increases PGDP levels in these scenarios has not been examined. Furthermore, although the importance of GLP-1 action has been interrogated in Gcgr−/− mice and after bariatric surgery, whether GLP-2 contributes to the metabolic benefits of these interventions is not known. Methods To assess whether BA acting through Gpbar1 mediates improved glucose homeostasis in Gcgr−/− mice we generated and characterized Gcgr−/−:Gpbar1−/− mice. The contribution of GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) signaling to intestinal and metabolic adaptation arising following loss of the Gcgr was studied in Gcgr−/−:Glp2r−/− mice. The role of the GLP-2R in the metabolic improvements evident after bariatric surgery was studied in high fat-fed Glp2r−/− mice subjected to vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Results Circulating levels of BA were markedly elevated yet similar in Gcgr−/−:Gpbar1+/+ vs. Gcgr−/−:Gpbar1−/− mice. Loss of GLP-2R lowered levels of BA in Gcgr−/− mice. Gcgr−/−:Glp2r−/− mice also exhibited shifts in the proportion of circulating BA species. Loss of Gpbar1 did not impact body weight, intestinal mass, or glucose homeostasis in Gcgr−/− mice. In contrast, small bowel growth was attenuated in Gcgr−/−:Glp2r−/− mice. The improvement in glucose tolerance, elevated circulating levels of GLP-1, and glucose-stimulated insulin levels were not different in Gcgr−/−:Glp2r+/+ vs. Gcgr−/−:Glp2r−/− mice. Similarly, loss of the GLP-2R did not attenuate the extent of weight loss and improvement in glucose control after VSG. Conclusions These findings reveal that GLP-2R controls BA levels and relative proportions of BA species in Gcgr−/− mice. Nevertheless, the GLP-2R is not essential for i) control of body weight or glucose homeostasis in Gcgr−/− mice or ii) metabolic improvements arising after VSG in high fat-fed mice. Furthermore, despite elevations of circulating levels of BA, Gpbar1 does not mediate elevated levels of PGDPs or major metabolic phenotypes in Gcgr−/− mice. Collectively these findings refine our understanding of the relationship between Gpbar1, elevated levels of BA, PGDPs, and the GLP-2R in amelioration of metabolic derangements arising following loss of Gcgr signaling or after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. GLP-2 receptor controls bile acid levels in Gcgr−/− mice. Gpbar1 is not required for the metabolic benefits or elevated levels of PGDPs in Gcgr−/− mice. GLP-2 regulates gut adaptation in Gcgr−/− mice. Bile acid profiles are altered in Gcgr−/− mice following loss of GLP-2R. GLP-2R is not required for improvements in glucose homeostasis or weight loss after VSG in mice.
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Liu Y, Rong Z, Xiang D, Zhang C, Liu D. Detection technologies and metabolic profiling of bile acids: a comprehensive review. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:121. [PMID: 29792192 PMCID: PMC5966875 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important regulatory factors of life activities, which are involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and energy metabolisms, and closely associated with intestinal hormones, microbiotas and energy balance. BAs abnormalities easily lead to inflammation and metabolic diseases, in turn, the progress of diseases could influence characteristics of BAs. Therefore, accurate detection of BAs contents is of great significance to disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. At present, the most widely used enzymatic method in clinical practice is applicable to the detection of total bile acid (TBA). In laboratory research, different types of BAs can be accurately separated and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The metabolic profiling of BAs based on detection technologies can completely and accurately monitor their types and contents, playing a crucial role in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. We herein reviewed the main detection technologies of BAs and the application of metabolic profiling in related diseases in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihui Rong
- Department of Paediatrics of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Cui X, Vasylieva N, Shen D, Barnych B, Yang J, He Q, Jiang Z, Zhao S, Hammock BD. Biotinylated single-chain variable fragment-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for glycocholic acid. Analyst 2018; 143:2057-2065. [PMID: 29629470 PMCID: PMC6449042 DOI: 10.1039/c7an02024d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycocholic acid (GCA) has been identified as a novel selective and sensitive biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this work, a recombinant antibody, scFv-G11, which was shown previously to have selective reactivity for GCA, was labeled with biotin using a chemical and an enzymatic method, respectively. The enzymatic method proved superior giving sensitive scFv-biotin preparations. Based on biotinylated scFv against GCA and a biotin-streptavidin system for signal amplification, an indirect competitive biotin-streptavidin-amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BA-ELISA) has been established for the sensitive and rapid detection of GCA. Several physiochemical factors that influenced assay performance, such as organic cosolvent, ionic strength, and pH, were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the indirect competitive BA-ELISA based on the obtained biotinylated scFv antibodies indicated that the average concentration required for 50% inhibition of binding (IC50) and the limit of detection (LOD) for GCA were 0.42 μg mL-1 and 0.07 μg mL-1, respectively, and the linear response range extended from 0.14 to 1.24 μg mL-1. Cross-reactivity of biotinylated scFv antibodies with various bile acid analogues was below 1.89%, except for taurocholic acid. The recoveries of GCA from urine samples via this indirect competitive BA-ELISA ranged from 108.3% to 131.5%, and correlated well with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which indicated the accuracy and reliability of biotinylated scFv-based ELISA in the detection of GCA in urine samples. This study also demonstrates the broad utility of scFv for the development of highly sensitive immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Gut metabolome meets microbiome: A methodological perspective to understand the relationship between host and microbe. Methods 2018; 149:3-12. [PMID: 29715508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that gut microbes and their metabolic products regulate host metabolism. The interactions between the host and its gut microbiota are highly dynamic and complex. In this review we present and discuss the metabolomic strategies to study the gut microbial ecosystem. We highlight the metabolic profiling approaches to study faecal samples aimed at deciphering the metabolic product derived from gut microbiota. We also discuss how metabolomics data can be integrated with metagenomics data derived from gut microbiota and how such approaches may lead to better understanding of the microbial functions. Finally, the emerging approaches of genome-scale metabolic modelling to study microbial co-metabolism and host-microbe interactions are highlighted.
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68
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Rzagalinski I, Hainz N, Meier C, Tschernig T, Volmer DA. MALDI Mass Spectral Imaging of Bile Acids Observed as Deprotonated Molecules and Proton-Bound Dimers from Mouse Liver Sections. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:711-722. [PMID: 29417494 PMCID: PMC5889423 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play two vital roles in living organisms, as they are involved in (1) the secretion of cholesterol from liver, and (2) the lipid digestion/absorption in the intestine. Abnormal bile acid synthesis or secretion can lead to severe liver disorders. Even though there is extensive literature on the mass spectrometric determination of BAs in biofluids and tissue homogenates, there are no reports on the spatial distribution in the biliary network of the liver. Here, we demonstrate the application of high mass resolution/mass accuracy matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) to MS imaging (MSI) of BAs at high spatial resolutions (pixel size, 25 μm). The results show chemical heterogeneity of the mouse liver sections with a number of branching biliary and blood ducts. In addition to ion signals from deprotonation of the BA molecules, MALDI-MSI generated several further intense signals at larger m/z for the BAs. These signals were spatially co-localized with the deprotonated molecules and easily misinterpreted as additional products of BA biotransformations. In-depth analysis of accurate mass shifts and additional electrospray ionization and MALDI-FTICR experiments, however, confirmed them as proton-bound dimers. Interestingly, dimers of bile acids, but also unusual mixed dimers of different taurine-conjugated bile acids and free taurine, were identified. Since formation of these complexes will negatively influence signal intensities of the desired [M - H]- ions and significantly complicate mass spectral interpretations, two simple broadband techniques were proposed for non-selective dissociation of dimers that lead to increased signals for the deprotonated BAs. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nadine Hainz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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69
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Deng J, Wang X, Liang W, Richardson D, Lu Q, Fang J. Surface modified liquid crystal droplets as an optical probe for the detection of bile acids in microfluidic channels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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70
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Frisch K, Alstrup AKO. On the Evolution of Bile Salts and the Farnesoid X Receptor in Vertebrates. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:797-813. [DOI: 10.1086/695810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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71
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Sillner N, Walker A, Koch W, Witting M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Metformin impacts cecal bile acid profiles in mice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018. [PMID: 29522956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are major components of bile synthesized from cholesterol and take part in the digestion of dietary lipids, as well as having signaling functions. They undergo extensive microbial metabolism inside the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present a method of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry for quantification of 45 BAs in mouse cecum. The system was validated in regard to sensitivity with limits of detection and quantification (0.6-24.9 nM), interday accuracy (102.4%), interday precision (15.2%), recovery rate (74.7%), matrix effect (98.2%) and carry-over effect (<1.1%). Afterwards, we applied our method to investigate the effect of metformin on BA profiles. Diabetic mice were treated with metformin for 1 day or 14 days. One day of treatment resulted in a significant increase of total BA concentration (2.7-fold increase; db/db metformin 5.32 μmol/g, db/db control mice 1.95 μmol/g), most notable in levels of 7-oxodeoxycholic, 3-dehydrocholic and cholic acid. We observed only minor impact on BA metabolism after 14 days of metformin treatment, compared to the single treatment. Furthermore, healthy wild type mice had elevated concentrations of allocholic and ω-muricholic acid compared to diabetic mice. Our method proved the applicability of profiling BAs in cecum to investigate intestinal BA metabolism in diabetes and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sillner
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Wendelin Koch
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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72
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Matthews ZM, Edwards PJB, Kahnt A, Collett MG, Marshall JC, Partridge AC, Harrison SJ, Fraser K, Cao M, Derrick PJ. Serum metabolomics using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in lactating dairy cows following a single dose of sporidesmin. Metabolomics 2018; 14:61. [PMID: 29706850 PMCID: PMC5904237 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photosensitization is a common clinical sign in cows suffering from liver damage caused by the mycotoxin sporidesmin. This disease, called facial eczema (FE), is of major importance in New Zealand. Current techniques for diagnosing animals with subclinical sporidesmin-induced liver damage (i.e. without photosensitization) are nonspecific. In addition, little is known of the mechanisms involved in sporidesmin resistance, nor the early effects seen following low-dose sporidesmin intoxication. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify individual metabolites or metabolic profiles that could be used as serum markers for early stage FE in lactating cows. METHODS Results are presented from a 59-day sporidesmin challenge in Friesian-cross dairy cows. Serum metabolite profiles were obtained using reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and UPLC tandem MS. Multivariate and time series analyses were used to assess the data. RESULTS Statistical analysis, both with and without the temporal component, could distinguish the profiles of animals with clinical signs from the others, but not those affected subclinically. An increase in the concentrations of a combination of taurine- and glycine-conjugated secondary bile acids (BAs) was the most likely cause of the separation. This is the first time that MS methods have been applied to FE and that bile acids changes have been detected in cattle exposed to sporidesmin. CONCLUSIONS It is well known that BA concentrations increase during cholestasis due to damage to bile ducts and leakage of the bile. This is the first study to investigate metabolomic changes in serum following a sporidesmin challenge. Further work to establish the significance of the elevation of individual BAs concentrations in the serum of early-stage sporidesmin-poisoned cows is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mingshu Cao
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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73
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Klouda J, Barek J, Kočovský P, Herl T, Matysik FM, Nesměrák K, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Bile acids: Electrochemical oxidation on bare electrodes after acid-induced dehydration. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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74
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Rees DO, Crick PJ, Jenkins GJ, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Brown TH, Al-Sarireh B. Comparison of the composition of bile acids in bile of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and benign disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:290-295. [PMID: 29031685 PMCID: PMC5668629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been implicated in the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. Both the specific nature of individual bile acids and their concentration appear key factors in the carcinogenic potency of bile. Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we performed quantitative profiling of bile extracted directly from the common bile duct in 30 patients (15 patients with pancreatic cancer and 15 patients with benign disease). Separation and detection of bile acids was performed using a 1.7μm particle size reversed-phase C18 LC column at a flow rate of 200μL/min with negative electrospray ionization MS. A significant difference (p=0.018) was seen in the concentration of unconjugated cholic acid in the malignant group (0.643mmol/L) compared to the benign group (0.022mmol/L), with an overall significant difference (p=0.04) seen in the level of total unconjugated bile acids in the malignant group (1.816mmol/L) compared to the benign group (0.069mmol/L). This finding may offer the possibility of both understanding the biology of cancer development in the pancreas, as well as offering a potential diagnostic avenue to explore. However, a larger study is necessary to confirm the alterations in bile acid profiles reported here and explore factors such as diet and microbial populations on the bile acid profiles of these patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Rees
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Department of Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Tim H Brown
- Department of Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
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75
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Zhang C, Zheng Y, Ma S, Wu Z. Determination of Bile Acids in Rat Cecal Contents by LC–MS. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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76
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Gouveia MJ, Pakharukova MY, Laha T, Sripa B, Maksimova GA, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Mordvinov VA, Amaro T, Santos LL, Costa JMCD, Vale N. Infection with Opisthorchis felineus induces intraepithelial neoplasia of the biliary tract in a rodent model. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:929-937. [PMID: 28910999 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus is a member of the triad of epidemiologically relevant species of the trematode family Opisthorchiidae, and the causative agent of opisthorchiasis felinea over an extensive range that spans regions of Eurasia. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies the infection with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis as group 1 agents and a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. However, the carcinogenic potential of the infection with O. felineus is less clear. Here, we present findings that support the inclusion of O. felineus in the Group 1 list of biological carcinogens. Two discrete lines of evidence support the notion that infection with this liver fluke is carcinogenic. First, novel oxysterol-like metabolites detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the egg and adult developmental stages of O. felineus, and in bile, sera, and urine of liver fluke-infected hamsters exhibited marked similarity to oxysterol-like molecules known from O. viverrini. Numerous oxysterols and related DNA-adducts detected in the liver fluke eggs and in bile from infected hamsters suggested that infection-associated oxysterols induced chromosomal lesions in host cells. Second, histological analysis of liver sections from hamsters infected with O. felineus confirmed portal area enlargement, inflammation with severe periductal fibrosis and changes in the epithelium of the biliary tract characterized as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, BilIN. The consonance of these biochemical and histopathological changes revealed that O. felineus infection in this rodent model induced precancerous lesions conducive to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study in Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal.,UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Y Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology.,Department of Pathology.,Tropical Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Parasitology.,Department of Pathology.,Tropical Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Galina A Maksimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Viatcheslav A Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 2/12 Tymakov Street, 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Teresina Amaro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Rua Dr. António de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Rua Dr. António de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study in Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Parasite Immunology and Biology, Infectious Diseases Department, INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Cao L, Che Y, Meng T, Deng S, Zhang J, Zhao M, Xu W, Wang D, Pu Z, Wang G, Hao H. Repression of intestinal transporters and FXR-FGF15 signaling explains bile acids dysregulation in experimental colitis-associated colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63665-63679. [PMID: 28969019 PMCID: PMC5609951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important endogenous signaling molecules that play vital roles in the pathological development of various diseases including colitis-associated cancer (CAC). BAs were previously found dysregulated under conditions of CAC; however, the exact patterns and underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Based on the development of a method for comprehensive analysis of BAs, this study aims to elucidate the dysregulation patterns and involved mechanisms in a typical CAC model induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). CAC mice showed decreased BAs transformation in gut and glucuronidation in colon, leading to accumulation of primary BAs but reduction of secondary BAs in colon. CAC mice were characterized by an accumulation of BAs in various compartments except ileum, which is in line with repressed ileal FXR-FGF15 feedback signaling and the increased expression of hepatic CYP7A1. The compromised ileal FXR-FGF15 signaling was caused in part by the reduced absorption of FXR ligands including free and tauro-conjungated BAs due to the downregulation of various transporters of BAs in the ileum of CAC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tuo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhichen Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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78
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Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S. Bile acid analysis in human disorders of bile acid biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:10-24. [PMID: 28322867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids facilitate the absorption of lipids in the gut, but are also needed to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, induce bile flow, excrete toxic substances and regulate energy metabolism by acting as signaling molecules. Bile acid biosynthesis is a complex process distributed across many cellular organelles and requires at least 17 enzymes in addition to different metabolite transport proteins to synthesize the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Disorders of bile acid synthesis can present from the neonatal period to adulthood and have very diverse clinical symptoms ranging from cholestatic liver disease to neuropsychiatric symptoms and spastic paraplegias. This review describes the different bile acid synthesis pathways followed by a summary of the current knowledge on hereditary disorders of human bile acid biosynthesis with a special focus on diagnostic bile acid profiling using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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79
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterolomics: State of the art, developments, limitations and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:771-773. [PMID: 28302589 PMCID: PMC5482426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sterolomics can be thought of as the quantitative determination of the entire complement of molecules based on the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene skeleton in a system. Mass spectrometry is the dominant analytical technology employed. In this article we highlight some pitfalls in analysis, data interpretation and annotation. We give our opinion on how some of these pitfalls can best be avoided. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein. Pitfalls in sterolomic analysis and data interpretation Care needed to avoid ex vivo oxidation Dangers with databases and purity of authentic standards
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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80
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Zhu Q, Li T, Ma Y, Wang Z, Huang J, Liu R, Gu Y. Colorimetric detection of cholic acid based on an aptamer adsorbed gold nanoprobe. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Au NPs modified with aptamers of different densities will grow into varied nanostructures with colours changing from blue to red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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81
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Amplatz B, Zöhrer E, Haas C, Schäffer M, Stojakovic T, Jahnel J, Fauler G. Bile acid preparation and comprehensive analysis by high performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 464:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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82
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Gu L, Chen X. Promotion of classic neutral bile acids synthesis pathway is responsible for cholesterol-lowing effect of Si-miao-yong-an decoction: Application of LC-MS/MS method to determine 6 major bile acids in rat liver and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 135:167-175. [PMID: 28033554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Si-miao-yong-an decoction (SMYAD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, significantly reduced plasma TC, LDL-c levels and increased HDL-c level in hyperlipidemia rats. Liver function test and tissue section examination indicated that SMYAD improved liver function and reduced fat accumulation in hyperlipidemia rat liver. A LC-MS/MS method was established and well validated to evaluate major bile acids derived from cholesterol metabolism through the classic neutral pathway and the alternative acidic pathway (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and their taurine and glycine conjugates) in liver and plasma. Increased total 6 bile acids concentrations in both liver and plasma were observed after oral administration of 12g/kg/d, 24g/kg/d and 36g/kg/d of SMYAD in a dose dependent manner which contributed to eliminate of cholesterol. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid act as the main products of bile acid classic neutral synthesis pathway and show sharp increase (p<0.01) after treatment of SMYAD at dosage of 24-36g/kg/d. For liver samples, taurocholic acid level act as the largest growth section, while in plasma samples, cholic acid act as the largest growth section after SMYAD treatment, compared with Model group. By contrast, the main products of alternative acidic pathway (chenodeoxycholic acid and its glycine and taurine conjugates) show no significant increase after treatment of SMYAD. In conclusion, the cholesterol lowing effect of SMYAD may be related with the accelerated transformation of cholesterol into bile acids through the classic neutral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Liqiang Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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83
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Pham HT, Arnhard K, Asad YJ, Deng L, Felder TK, St. John-Williams L, Kaever V, Leadley M, Mitro N, Muccio S, Prehn C, Rauh M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Thompson JW, Uhl O, Ulaszewska M, Vogeser M, Wishart DS, Koal T. Inter-Laboratory Robustness of Next-Generation Bile Acid Study in Mice and Humans: International Ring Trial Involving 12 Laboratories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:129-142. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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84
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Fang N, Yu S, Adams SH, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Profiling of urinary bile acids in piglets by a combination of enzymatic deconjugation and targeted LC-MRM-MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1917-1933. [PMID: 27538824 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d069831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method using a combination of enzymatic deconjugation and targeted LC-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-MS analysis for analyzing all common bile acids (BAs) in piglet urine, and in particular, for detecting conjugated BAs either in the absence of their standards, or when present in low concentrations. Initially, before enzymatic deconjugation, 19 unconjugated BAs (FBAs) were detected where the total concentration of the detected FBAs was 9.90 μmol/l. Sixty-seven conjugated BAs were identified by LC-MRM-MS analysis before and after enzymatic deconjugation. Four enzymatic assays were used to deconjugate the BA conjugates. FBAs in urine after cholylglycine hydrolase/sulfatase treatment were 33.40 μmol/l, indicating the urinary BAs were comprised of 29.75% FBAs and 70.25% conjugated BAs in single and multiple conjugated forms. For the conjugates in single form, released FBAs from cholylglycine hydrolase deconjugation indicated that the conjugates with amino acids were 14.54% of urinary BAs, 16.27% glycosidic conjugates were found by β-glucuronidase treatment, and sulfatase with glucuronidase inhibitor treatment liberated FBAs that constituted 16.67% of urinary BAs. Notably, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was initially detected only in trace amounts in urine, but was found at significant levels after the enzymatic assays above. These results support that CDCA is a precursor of γ-muricholic acid in BA biosynthesis in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianbai Fang
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
| | - Shanggong Yu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - MartinJ J Ronis
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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85
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Doyle WI, Dinser JA, Cansler HL, Zhang X, Dinh DD, Browder NS, Riddington IM, Meeks JP. Faecal bile acids are natural ligands of the mouse accessory olfactory system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11936. [PMID: 27324439 PMCID: PMC4919516 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessory olfactory system (AOS) guides behaviours that are important for survival and reproduction, but understanding of AOS function is limited by a lack of identified natural ligands. Here we report that mouse faeces are a robust source of AOS chemosignals and identify bile acids as a class of natural AOS ligands. Single-unit electrophysiological recordings from accessory olfactory bulb neurons in ex vivo preparations show that AOS neurons are strongly and selectively activated by peripheral stimulation with mouse faecal extracts. Faecal extracts contain several unconjugated bile acids that cause concentration-dependent neuronal activity in the AOS. Many AOS neurons respond selectively to bile acids that are variably excreted in male and female mouse faeces, and others respond to bile acids absent in mouse faeces. These results identify faeces as a natural source of AOS information, and suggest that bile acids may be mammalian pheromones and kairomones. The accessory olfactory system (AOS) processes social chemosensory information and guides behaviors that are important for survival and reproduction in mammals. Here the authors report that mouse feces are a source of AOS neuronal activity and identify unconjugated bile acids in feces as a class of natural AOS ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne I Doyle
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jordan A Dinser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 120 Inner Campus Drive, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hillary L Cansler
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xingjian Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Daniel D Dinh
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Natasha S Browder
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ian M Riddington
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 120 Inner Campus Drive, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Julian P Meeks
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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86
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Deng J, Lu X, Constant C, Dogariu A, Fang J. Design of β-CD-surfactant complex-coated liquid crystal droplets for the detection of cholic acid via competitive host-guest recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:8912-5. [PMID: 25892566 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01561h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-CD-C14TAB complex-coated 5CB droplets are designed by the adsorption of β-CD-C14TAB complexes at the 5CB/aqueous interface. We show that the 5CB droplets can be used as an optical probe for the selective detection of cholic acid in aqueous solution containing uric acid and urea via competitive host-guest recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.
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87
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Masubuchi N, Sugihara M, Sugita T, Amano K, Nakano M, Matsuura T. Oxidative stress markers, secondary bile acids and sulfated bile acids classify the clinical liver injury type: Promising diagnostic biomarkers for cholestasis. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 255:83-91. [PMID: 26325587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians sometimes encounter difficulty in choosing a therapeutic strategy due to the uncertainty regarding the type of liver injury. In particular, cholestasis is difficult to diagnose by conventional markers at an early stage of disease. The aim of this study was to identify promising biomarkers for distinguishing the symptom-based types of liver injury (e.g. hepatocellular injury, cholestasis), which was derived from a rigorously statistical perspective. The associations between diagnostic biomarkers (e.g. bile acid components, oxidative stress markers and liver fibrosis markers) and the liver injury types were assessed by a multiple logistic regression analysis using 304 blood samples from patients with liver disease. As a result, reductions in the lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) levels, and elevation of the serum sulfated bile acid (SSBA), liver fibrosis marker IV collagen (type IV collagen), hyaluronic acid (HA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were all significantly associated with cholestasis. On the other hand, elevations in the LCA and type IV collagen levels, and a reduction in the ursodeoxy cholic acid (UDCA) level, were significantly associated with hepatocellular injury. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that the largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) was found for ROS, followed by DCA, HA, LCA, SSBA and type IV collagen in the cholestatic-type cases. These results indicated that ROS, the secondary bile acid levels such as DCA and LCA, and SSBA are promising biomarkers for cholestasis and for classifying the type of liver injuries. This comprehensive approach will allow for an accurate diagnosis, which will facilitate the selection of an appropriate therapy at the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Masubuchi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Sugihara
- Clinical Data & Biostatistics Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Sugita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Amano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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88
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Maekawa M, Shimada M, Ohno K, Togawa M, Nittono H, Iida T, Hofmann AF, Goto J, Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Focused metabolomics using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of urinary conjugated cholesterol metabolites from patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 52:576-87. [PMID: 25575700 DOI: 10.1177/0004563214568871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various conjugated cholesterol metabolites are excreted in urine of the patients with metabolic abnormalities and hepatobiliary diseases. We aimed to examine the usefulness of precursor ion scan and neutral loss scan for the characterization of conjugated cholesterol metabolites in urine. METHODS A mixture of authentic standards of conjugated cholesterol metabolites was used for investigating the performance of the present method. The urine of patients with Niemann-Pick diseases type C and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency were analysed by precursor ion scan of m/z 97, 74, and 124. RESULTS A precursor ion scan of m/z 97 was effective for identifying conjugates with ester sulphates on hydroxyl groups whereas ester sulphates on phenolic alcohols were signalled by a neutral loss scan of 80 Da. Monosaccharide-conjugated cholesterol metabolites were signalled by a precursor ion scan of m/z 113. Although precursor ion scan of m/z 74 and 124 was effective for finding glycine- and taurine-conjugated metabolites, high intensity of product ions (m/z 74 and 124) disturbed measurement of other multiply conjugated metabolites. The urine samples contained many conjugated cholesterol metabolites, and there were several disease-specific intense peaks. We found several unknown intense peaks with three known peaks in urine of the Niemann-Pick type C patient. In the patient with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, intense peaks that were tentatively identified as 5-cholenoic acid sulphates and their glycine and taurine conjugates were present. CONCLUSION The method should lead to the discovery of new urinary biomarkers for these disturbances of cholesterol catabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miki Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohno
- Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masami Togawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Iida
- College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Junichi Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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89
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Bera T, Deng J, Fang J. Tailoring the surface of liquid crystal droplets with chitosan/surfactant complexes for the selective detection of bile acids in biological fluids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of 5CB droplets dispersed in aqueous solution is tailored by the adsorption of CHI/SC14S complexes at the 5CB/aqueous interface. The CHI/SC14S complex-coated 5CB droplets can be used as an optical probe to detect CA in biological fluids without dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Jinan Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Jiyu Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
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90
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Jahnel J, Zöhrer E, Scharnagl H, Erwa W, Fauler G, Stojakovic T. Reference ranges of serum bile acids in children and adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 53:1807-13. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids (BA) are found predominantly in bile but also in serum, where they can be used as markers for inborn and acquired hepatobiliary disorders. We measured serum BA levels by mass spectrometry to determine reference ranges for healthy children and adolescents in different age groups.In 194 healthy children and adolescents (0–19 years) concentrations of serum BA and BA composition were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Individuals were classified by ages into five groups: 0–5 months, 6–24 months, 3–5 years, 6–11 years, and >11 years.The 95% confidence interval of serum total BA values in newborns was 3.85–6.32 μmol/L. In the cohort aged 6–24 months total BA values were significantly higher (6.61–9.43 μmol/L; p<0.001). During growth, values decreased (6–11 years; 3.61–5.41 μmol/L), and after 11 years (3.09–4.12 μmol/L) resembled those in adults (0.28–6.50 μmol/L). With respect to conjugation patterns, in neonates BA were primarily conjugated with taurine; however, after 6 months glycine conjugates clearly predominated.: Our data show that serum BA values vary substantially during the first years of life and that reference ranges for BA are age-dependent. The physiologic mechanisms underlying these variations remain to be determined.
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91
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Si GLR, Yao P, Shi L. Rapid Determination of Bile Acids in Bile from Various Mammals by Reversed-Phase Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:1060-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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92
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Dawson PA, Karpen SJ. Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1085-99. [PMID: 25210150 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r054114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their classical roles as detergents to aid in the process of digestion, bile acids have been identified as important signaling molecules that function through various nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors to regulate a myriad of cellular and molecular functions across both metabolic and nonmetabolic pathways. Signaling via these pathways will vary depending on the tissue and the concentration and chemical structure of the bile acid species. Important determinants of the size and composition of the bile acid pool are their efficient enterohepatic recirculation, their host and microbial metabolism, and the homeostatic feedback mechanisms connecting hepatocytes, enterocytes, and the luminal microbiota. This review focuses on the mammalian intestine, discussing the physiology of bile acid transport, the metabolism of bile acids in the gut, and new developments in our understanding of how intestinal metabolism, particularly by the gut microbiota, affects bile acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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93
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Hofmann AF, Hagey LR. Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1553-95. [PMID: 24838141 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r049437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 80 years there have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the chemistry and biology of bile acids. We present here a brief history of the major achievements as we perceive them. Bernal, a physicist, determined the X-ray structure of cholesterol crystals, and his data together with the vast chemical studies of Wieland and Windaus enabled the correct structure of the steroid nucleus to be deduced. Today, C24 and C27 bile acids together with C27 bile alcohols constitute most of the bile acid "family". Patterns of bile acid hydroxylation and conjugation are summarized. Bile acid measurement encompasses the techniques of GC, HPLC, and MS, as well as enzymatic, bioluminescent, and competitive binding methods. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results from vectorial transport of bile acids by the ileal enterocyte and hepatocyte; the key transporters have been cloned. Bile acids are amphipathic, self-associate in solution, and form mixed micelles with polar lipids, phosphatidylcholine in bile, and fatty acids in intestinal content during triglyceride digestion. The rise and decline of dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by the ingestion of 3,7-dihydroxy bile acids is chronicled. Scientists from throughout the world have contributed to these achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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94
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Kakiyama G, Muto A, Takei H, Nittono H, Murai T, Kurosawa T, Hofmann AF, Pandak WM, Bajaj JS. A simple and accurate HPLC method for fecal bile acid profile in healthy and cirrhotic subjects: validation by GC-MS and LC-MS. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:978-90. [PMID: 24627129 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d047506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple and accurate HPLC method for measurement of fecal bile acids using phenacyl derivatives of unconjugated bile acids, and applied it to the measurement of fecal bile acids in cirrhotic patients. The HPLC method has the following steps: 1) lyophilization of the stool sample; 2) reconstitution in buffer and enzymatic deconjugation using cholylglycine hydrolase/sulfatase; 3) incubation with 0.1 N NaOH in 50% isopropanol at 60°C to hydrolyze esterified bile acids; 4) extraction of bile acids from particulate material using 0.1 N NaOH; 5) isolation of deconjugated bile acids by solid phase extraction; 6) formation of phenacyl esters by derivatization using phenacyl bromide; and 7) HPLC separation measuring eluted peaks at 254 nm. The method was validated by showing that results obtained by HPLC agreed with those obtained by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. We then applied the method to measuring total fecal bile acid (concentration) and bile acid profile in samples from 38 patients with cirrhosis (17 early, 21 advanced) and 10 healthy subjects. Bile acid concentrations were significantly lower in patients with advanced cirrhosis, suggesting impaired bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249
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95
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Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Shin A, Saenger A. Methods for diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1232-9. [PMID: 23644387 PMCID: PMC3783593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered concentrations of bile acid (BA) in the colon can cause diarrhea or constipation. More than 25% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea or chronic diarrhea in Western countries have BA malabsorption (BAM). As BAM is increasingly recognized, proper diagnostic methods are needed to help direct the most effective course of treatment for the chronic bowel dysfunction. We review the methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages of tools that directly measure BAM: the (14)C-glycocholate breath and stool test, the (75)selenium homotaurocholic acid test (SeHCAT), and measurements of 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and fecal BAs. The (14)C-glycocholate test is laborious and no longer widely used. The (75)SeHCAT has been validated but is not available in the United States. Measurement of serum C4 is a simple and accurate method that can be used for most patients but requires further clinical validation. Assays to quantify fecal BA (total and individual levels) are technically cumbersome and not widely available. Regrettably, none of these tests are routinely available in the United States; assessment of the therapeutic effects of a BA binder is used as a surrogate for diagnosis of BAM. Recent data indicate the advantages to studying fecal excretion of individual BAs and their role in BAM; these could support the use of the fecal BA assay, compared with other tests. Measurement of fecal BA levels could become a routine addition to the measurement of fecal fat in patients with unexplained diarrhea. Availability ultimately determines whether the C4, SeHCAT, or fecal BA test is used; more widespread availability of such tests would enhance clinical management of these patients.
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96
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Peng C, Tian J, Lv M, Huang Y, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Development and Validation of a Sensitive LC-MS-MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Multicomponent Contents in Artificial Calculus Bovis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:128-36. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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97
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Bera T, Fang J. Optical detection of lithocholic acid with liquid crystal emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:387-392. [PMID: 23252423 DOI: 10.1021/la303771t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentration level of bile acids is a clinical biomarker for the diagnosis of intestinal diseases because individuals suffering from intestinal diseases have a sharply increased concentration of bile acids at micromolar levels. Here, we report the detection of lithocholic acid (LCA) in aqueous solution by using surfactant-stabilized 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) liquid crystal droplets as an optical probe. We find that the surfactant adsorbed at the 5CB/water interface can be replaced by LCA, triggering a radial-to-bipolar configuration transition of the 5CB in the droplets. By simply observing the LCA-triggered transition with a polarizing optical microscope, micromolar levels of LCA in aqueous solution can be detected. The detection limit and selectivity of surfactant-stabilized 5CB droplets for LCA depend on the chain length and headgroup of the surfactants used for stabilizing 5CB droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Castell JV, Lahoz A. Targeted profiling of circulating and hepatic bile acids in human, mouse, and rat using a UPLC-MRM-MS-validated method. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2231-2241. [PMID: 22822028 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of chemically related steroids recognized as regulatory molecules whose profiles can change in different physio-pathological situations. We have developed a sensitive, fast, and reproducible ultraperformance liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry method to determine the tissue and sera BA profiles in different species (human, rat, and mouse) by quantifying 31 major and minor BA species in a single 21-min run. The method has been validated according to FDA guidelines, and it generally provides good results in terms of intra- and interday precision (less than 8.6% and 16.0%, respectively), accuracy (relative error measurement between -11.9% and 8.6%), and linearity (R(2) > 0.996 and dynamic ranges between two and four orders of magnitude), with limits of quantification between 2.5 and 20 nM. The new analytical approach was applied to determine BA concentrations in human, rat, and mouse serum and in liver tissue. Our comparative study confirmed and extended previous reports, showing marked interspecies differences in circulating and hepatic BA composition. The targeted analysis revealed the presence of unexpected minoritary BAs, such as tauro-alpha-Muricholic acid in human serum, thus allowing us to obtain a thorough profiling of human samples. Its great sensitivity, low sample requirements (25 µl of serum, 5 mg of tissue), and comprehensive capacity to profile a considerable number of BAs make the present method a good choice to study BA metabolism in physiological and pathological situations, particularly in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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99
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Lionarons DA, Boyer JL, Cai SY. Evolution of substrate specificity for the bile salt transporter ASBT (SLC10A2). J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1535-42. [PMID: 22669917 PMCID: PMC3540847 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m025726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The apical Na+-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) is essential for maintaining the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. It is not known when Slc10a2 evolved as a bile salt transporter or how it adapted to substantial changes in bile salt structure during evolution. We characterized ASBT orthologs from two primitive vertebrates, the lamprey that utilizes early 5α-bile alcohols and the skate that utilizes structurally different 5β-bile alcohols, and compared substrate specificity with ASBT from humans who utilize modern 5β-bile acids. Everted gut sacs of skate but not the more primitive lamprey transported 3H-taurocholic acid (TCA), a modern 5β-bile acid. However, molecular cloning identified ASBT orthologs from both species. Cell-based assays using recombinant ASBT/Asbt's indicate that lamprey Asbt has high affinity for 5α-bile alcohols, low affinity for 5β-bile alcohols, and lacks affinity for TCA, whereas skate Asbt showed high affinity for 5α- and 5β-bile alcohols but low affinity for TCA. In contrast, human ASBT demonstrated high affinity for all three bile salt types. These findings suggest that ASBT evolved from the earliest vertebrates by gaining affinity for modern bile salts while retaining affinity for older bile salts. Also, our results indicate that the bile salt enterohepatic circulation is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël A Lionarons
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Qiao X, Ye M, Xiang C, Bo T, Yang WZ, Liu CF, Miao WJ, Guo DA. Metabolic regulatory effects of licorice: a bile acid metabonomic study by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2012; 77:745-55. [PMID: 22521565 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice is one of the most popular herbal medicines worldwide, and is mainly used to moderate the characteristics of other herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is hypothesized that licorice exerts this role by regulating systemic metabolism. Bile acids play a critical role in lipid digestion and cholesterol metabolism, and are sensitive biomarkers for hepatic function. In this study, the regulatory effects of licorice on bile acid metabonome in rats were investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. After oral administration of a clinical dosage of licorice water extract, the levels of 21 fully identified and 41 tentatively characterized bile acid analogs in rat plasma were determined by a fully validated method. Following partial least squares discriminant analysis, the results showed that licorice treatment led to dose-dependent up-regulation of free and glycine-conjugated bile acids excretion. Particularly, the plasma levels of cholic acid (1465.33±915.93-7156.46±3490.49 ng/mL, p=0.0027) and β-muricholic acid (228.19±163.95-1284.40±775.62 ng/mL, p=0.0045) increased significantly 48 h after administration. As licorice is widely used as a detoxifying drug, the regulation of plasma bile acids may be an important evidence to interpret its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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