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Chin V, Nagrial A, Sjoquist K, O'Connor CA, Chantrill L, Biankin AV, Scholten RJPM, Yip D. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD011044. [PMID: 29557103 PMCID: PMC6494171 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011044.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal disease with few effective treatment options. Over the past few decades, many anti-cancer therapies have been tested in the locally advanced and metastatic setting, with mixed results. This review attempts to synthesise all the randomised data available to help better inform patient and clinician decision-making when dealing with this difficult disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both for first-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Our primary outcome was overall survival, while secondary outcomes include progression-free survival, grade 3/4 adverse events, therapy response and quality of life. SEARCH METHODS We searched for published and unpublished studies in CENTRAL (searched 14 June 2017), Embase (1980 to 14 June 2017), MEDLINE (1946 to 14 June 2017) and CANCERLIT (1999 to 2002) databases. We also handsearched all relevant conference abstracts published up until 14 June 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised studies assessing overall survival outcomes in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, alone or in combination, were the eligible treatments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently analysed studies, and a third settled any disputes. We extracted data on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), response rates, adverse events (AEs) and quality of life (QoL), and we assessed risk of bias for each study. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 studies addressing chemotherapy in 9463 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. We did not identify any eligible studies on radiotherapy.We did not find any benefit for chemotherapy over best supportive care. However, two identified studies did not have sufficient data to be included in the analysis, and many of the chemotherapy regimens studied were outdated.Compared to gemcitabine alone, participants receiving 5FU had worse OS (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.27, moderate-quality evidence), PFS (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.92) and QoL. On the other hand, two studies showed FOLFIRINOX was better than gemcitabine for OS (HR 0.51 95% CI 0.43 to 0.60, moderate-quality evidence), PFS (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.57) and response rates (RR 3.38, 95% CI 2.01 to 5.65), but it increased the rate of side effects. The studies evaluating CO-101, ZD9331 and exatecan did not show benefit or harm when compared with gemcitabine alone.Giving gemcitabine at a fixed dose rate improved OS (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.94, high-quality evidence) but increased the rate of side effects when compared with bolus dosing.When comparing gemcitabine combinations to gemcitabine alone, gemcitabine plus platinum improved PFS (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95) and response rates (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.98) but not OS (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.08, low-quality evidence). The rate of side effects increased. Gemcitabine plus fluoropyrimidine improved OS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.95), PFS (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.87) and response rates (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.47, high-quality evidence), but it also increased side effects. Gemcitabine plus topoisomerase inhibitor did not improve survival outcomes but did increase toxicity. One study demonstrated that gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel improved OS (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.84, high-quality evidence), PFS (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.82) and response rates (RR 3.29, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.84) but increased side effects. Gemcitabine-containing multi-drug combinations (GEMOXEL or cisplatin/epirubicin/5FU/gemcitabine) improved OS (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.79, low-quality evidence), PFS (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.62) and QOL.We did not find any survival advantages when comparing 5FU combinations to 5FU alone. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Combination chemotherapy has recently overtaken the long-standing gemcitabine as the standard of care. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel are highly efficacious, but our analysis shows that other combination regimens also offer a benefit. Selection of the most appropriate chemotherapy for individual patients still remains difficult, with clinicopathological stratification remaining elusive. Biomarker development is essential to help rationalise treatment selection for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venessa Chin
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchThe Kinghorn Cancer Centre384 Victoria Street DarlinghurstSydneyNSWAustralia2010
- St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Adnan Nagrial
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchThe Kinghorn Cancer Centre384 Victoria Street DarlinghurstSydneyNSWAustralia2010
- The Crown Princess Mary Cancer CentreDarcy RoadWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Katrin Sjoquist
- University of SydneyNHMRC Clinical Trials CentreK25 ‐ Medical Foundation BuildingSydneyNSWAustralia2006
- Cancer Care Centre, St George HospitalMedical OncologySt George Hospital, Gray StKogarahAustraliaNSW 2217
| | - Chelsie A O'Connor
- St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Genesis Cancer CareSydneyNSWAustralia
- Macquarie University HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Lorraine Chantrill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchDepartment of Pancreatic Cancer382 Victoria Street DarlinghurstSydneyNSWAustralia2010
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- University of GlasgowInstitute of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreGarscube Estate, Switchback RoadGlasgowUKG61 1QH
- University of New South WalesSouth Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineLiverpoolNSWAustralia2170
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit and Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Rob JPM Scholten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care / University Medical Center UtrechtCochrane NetherlandsRoom Str. 6.126P.O. Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 GA
| | - Desmond Yip
- The Canberra HospitalDepartment of Medical OncologyYamba DriveGarranACTAustralia2605
- Australian National UniversityANU Medical SchoolActonACTAustralia0200
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Ozaki T, Yu M, Yin D, Sun D, Zhu Y, Bu Y, Sang M. Impact of RUNX2 on drug-resistant human pancreatic cancer cells with p53 mutations. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:309. [PMID: 29558908 PMCID: PMC5861661 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the remarkable advances in the early diagnosis and treatment, overall 5-year survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer is less than 10%. Gemcitabine (GEM), a cytidine nucleoside analogue and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, is a primary option for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer; however, its clinical efficacy is extremely limited. This unfavorable clinical outcome of pancreatic cancer patients is at least in part attributable to their poor response to anti-cancer drugs such as GEM. Thus, it is urgent to understand the precise molecular basis behind the drug-resistant property of pancreatic cancer and also to develop a novel strategy to overcome this deadly disease. Review Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that p53 mutations contribute to the acquisition and/or maintenance of drug-resistant property of pancreatic cancer. Indeed, certain p53 mutants render pancreatic cancer cells much more resistant to GEM, implying that p53 mutation is one of the critical determinants of GEM sensitivity. Intriguingly, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is expressed at higher level in numerous human cancers such as pancreatic cancer and osteosarcoma, indicating that, in addition to its pro-osteogenic role, RUNX2 has a pro-oncogenic potential. Moreover, a growing body of evidence implies that a variety of miRNAs suppress malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells including drug resistance through the down-regulation of RUNX2. Recently, we have found for the first time that forced depletion of RUNX2 significantly increases GEM sensitivity of p53-null as well as p53-mutated pancreatic cancer cells through the stimulation of p53 family TAp63/TAp73-dependent cell death pathway. Conclusions Together, it is likely that RUNX2 is one of the promising molecular targets for the treatment of the patients with pancreatic cancer regardless of their p53 status. In this review article, we will discuss how to overcome the serious drug-resistant phenotype of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Ozaki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Laboratory Animal of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Danjing Yin
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixiang Sang
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
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Zhang XW, Ma YX, Sun Y, Cao YB, Li Q, Xu CA. Gemcitabine in Combination with a Second Cytotoxic Agent in the First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Target Oncol 2018; 12:309-321. [PMID: 28353074 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains controversial whether the addition of a second cytotoxic agent can further improve the therapeutic effect of gemcitabine monotherapy in advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer (LA/MPC). OBJECTIVE The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-based doublet chemotherapy regimens compared to single-agent gemcitabine in the first-line treatment of unresectable LA/MPC. METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of gemcitabine monotherapy versus gemcitabine in combination with a second cytotoxic agent in patients with LA/MPC. The last search date was December 31, 2016. RESULTS Twenty-seven RCTs were identified and included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis, involving a total of 7343 patients. The meta-analysis showed that gemcitabine-based combination therapy significantly improved overall survival (OS) (HR: 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-0.94; P < 0.0001), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.88; P < 0.0001), and overall response rate (ORR) (RR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.62-2.07; P < 0.0001) in comparison to single-agent gemcitabine. Subgroup analysis suggested that the antitumor activity differed between gemcitabine-based combination regimens: doublet regimens of gemcitabine plus a taxoid, and gemcitabine plus a fluoropyrimidine, in particular an oral fluoropyrimidine, resulted in a significant OS benefit for the patients. However, the combination of gemcitabine with other cytotoxic agents, such as platinum compounds or topoisomerase inhibitors failed to reduce the mortality risk. Combination therapy caused more grade 3/4 toxicities, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine-based doublet regimens demonstrated superiority over gemcitabine monotherapy in overall efficacy, but were associated with increased toxicity. Different gemcitabine-based combinations showed different antitumor activity, and doublet regimens of gemcitabine in combination with a taxoid or a fluoropyrimidine, in particular an oral fluoropyrimidine provided significant survival benefits in the first-line treatment of unresectable LA/MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Ma
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yu-Bo Cao
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qin Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong-An Xu
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Zhang H, Kellett C, Lambert P, Kim CA. Efficacy and Tolerability of Second-line Nab-paclitaxel and Gemcitabine After Failure of First-line FOLFIRINOX for Advanced Pancreas Cancer: A Single-institution Experience. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e451-e456. [PMID: 29631907 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) has a poor prognosis. Current first-line chemotherapy options include FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin), NG (nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine), and GEM (gemcitabine) alone. The optimal second-line regimen is unclear. For patients with disease progression with FOLFIRINOX who have a good performance status, NG might be a reasonable second-line option. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients in whom APC was diagnosed from 2012 to 2016 who underwent chemotherapy at CancerCare Manitoba were identified from the Manitoba Cancer Registry. Pharmacy records were used to identified those patients who had received first-line FOLFIRINOX, followed by second-line NG, GEM alone, or best supportive care. A retrospective analysis was performed to identify the patient and treatment characteristics, toxicity, radiologic response, and survival. Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, revised, scores were analyzed to assess symptom control. RESULTS A total of 146 patients had received first-line FOLFIRINOX. Of those with disease progression who were offered second-line therapy, 30 received NG, 8 GEM alone, and 22 best supportive care. NG was more toxic than GEM alone; however, the dose intensity was similar between the 2 groups. The median progression-free survival was 3.61 months in the NG group and 2.51 months in the GEM-alone group. The median overall survival was 5.69 months in the NG group and 3.82 months in the GEM-alone group. No significant differences were found in the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, revised, scores when stratified by the treatment received. CONCLUSION For select patients with APC in whom first-line FOLFIRINOX fails, a role might exist for second-line NG. In our institution, second-line NG was associated with improvement in survival compared with second-line GEM alone, with a manageable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | | | | | - Christina A Kim
- Section of Haematology/Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Jin J, Teng C, Li T. Combination therapy versus gemcitabine monotherapy in the treatment of elderly pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:475-480. [PMID: 29563772 PMCID: PMC5846317 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s156766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to compare the efficacy of combination therapy versus gemcitabine monotherapy in the treatment of elderly pancreatic cancer (PC) by using a meta-analysis. Materials and methods Databases were searched to identify relevant clinical trials. Hazard ratios (HRs) were used to estimate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Statistical analyses were conducted by using Comprehensive Meta Analysis software (version 2.0). Results =0.009) in comparison with gemcitabine alone. No publication bias was detected by Begg's and Egger's tests for OS. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that combined chemotherapy, but not for gemcitabine plus targeted agents, could be recommended for elderly PC patients due to its survival benefits. Further studies are still needed to assess the treatment tolerance of combination chemotherapy in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Jin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunbo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Cohen SJ, Zalupski MM, Conkling P, Nugent F, Ma WW, Modiano M, Pascual R, Lee FC, Wong L, Hersh E. A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial of Imexon Plus Gemcitabine Versus Gemcitabine Plus Placebo in Patients With Metastatic Chemotherapy-naïve Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2018; 41:230-235. [PMID: 26709865 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imexon is a cyanoaziridine-derived iminopyrrolidone which has synergistic cytotoxicity with gemcitabine. A phase 1 study of the combination demonstrated good tolerance with encouraging clinical activity and thus we conducted this randomized phase II study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with measurable, metastatic, treatment-naive pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomized 1:1 to receive gemcitabine at 1000 mg/m days 1, 8, and 15 with either imexon, 875 mg/m or placebo days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival and response rate. RESULTS A total of 142 patients were randomized, 72 to the imexon containing arm and 70 to the placebo arm. Patients in the imexon arm received an average of 3.6 cycles (range, 1 to 23) compared with 4.4 (range, 1 to 21) in the placebo arm. There was no increased rate of ≥grade 3 toxicity in the imexon arm. Seven patients had objective responses in the imexon arm (13.7%), whereas 9 did in the placebo arm (17%). In the imexon arm, 23 patients had ≥50% reduction in CA 19-9 from baseline (33%), whereas 22 did in the placebo arm (31.4%). The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months in the imexon arm (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-4.1 m) and 3.8 months in the placebo arm (95% CI, 2.2-4.7 m), P=0.504. The median overall survival time in the imexon arm was 5.2 months (95% CI, 4.2-6.7 m) as compared with 6.8 m (95% CI, 4.9-8.5 m) in the placebo arm, P=0.6822. CONCLUSIONS The combination of imexon and gemcitabine does not result in improved outcome as initial therapy of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cohen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark M Zalupski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul Conkling
- US Oncology (Virginia Oncology Associates), Norfolk, VA
| | | | - Wen Wee Ma
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Rolan Pascual
- Northern Indiana Cancer Research Consortium, South Bend, IN
| | | | - Lucas Wong
- Scott and White Hospital and Clinics, Temple, TX
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Uccello M, Moschetta M, Mak G, Alam T, Henriquez CM, Arkenau HT. Towards an optimal treatment algorithm for metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:e90-e94. [PMID: 29507500 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pda). Two randomized trials have demonstrated superiority of the combination regimens folfirinox (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel over gemcitabine monotherapy as a first-line treatment in adequately fit subjects. Selected pda patients progressing to first-line therapy can receive secondline treatment with moderate clinical benefit. Nevertheless, the optimal algorithm and the role of combination therapy in second-line are still unclear. Published second-line pda clinical trials enrolled patients progressing to gemcitabine-based therapies in use before the approval of nab-paclitaxel and folfirinox. The evolving scenario in second-line may affect the choice of the first-line treatment. For example, nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluouracil and leucovorin is a novel second-line option which will be suitable only for patients progressing to gemcitabine-based therapy. Therefore, clinical judgement and appropriate patient selection remain key elements in treatment decision. In this review, we aim to illustrate currently available options and define a possible algorithm to guide treatment choice. Future clinical trials taking into account sequential treatment as a new paradigm in pda will help define a standard algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uccello
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - M Moschetta
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - G Mak
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - T Alam
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Murias Henriquez
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - H-T Arkenau
- Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; and.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Hernando-Cubero J, Matos-García I, Alonso-Orduña V, Capdevila J. The Role of Fluoropirimidines in Gastrointestinal Tumours: from the Bench to the Bed. J Gastrointest Cancer 2018; 48:135-147. [PMID: 28397102 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-017-9946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal tumours are one of the most common types of cancer. Therapeutic options include surgery, radiotherapy, local ablation techniques, targeted agents, and chemotherapy. Fluoroprimidines are one of the most active drug families in digestive tumours and remains the cornerstone of the most commonly used chemotherapy schemes. METHODS We review the molecular basis of thymidylate synthase inhibition and the mechanisms of action of 5-fluorouracil, next generation oral fluoropyrimidines (capecitabine, tegafur and the latest S-1 and TAS-102) and antifolates. RESULTS In addition, mechanisms and biomarkers of resistance and toxicity are explored. Finally, new fluoropyrimidines development and clinical trials ongoing in digestive tumours are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Further research is necessary to avoid resistance mechanisms, improve clinical outcomes and continue reducing toxicities. Until new drugs become available, the optimization of current therapies should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernando-Cubero
- Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Matos-García
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Alonso-Orduña
- Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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Manji GA, Olive KP, Saenger YM, Oberstein P. Current and Emerging Therapies in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:1670-1678. [PMID: 28373365 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have changed the face of multiple solid malignancies, including metastatic melanoma and lung cancer, but no such therapies exist for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) despite the knowledge of key mutations and an increasing understanding of the tumor microenvironment. Until now, most clinical studies have not been biomarker driven in this highly immunosuppressive and heterogeneous cancer. Ongoing basic and translational studies are better classifying the disease in hopes of identifying critical pathways that distinguish the unique PDAC subtypes, which will lead to personalized therapies. In this review, we discuss the current treatment options for metastatic pancreatic cancer and highlight current ongoing clinical trials, which aim to target the stroma and the immune microenvironment either alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy. Identifying biomarkers and key resistance pathways and targeting these pathways in a personalized manner in combination with chemotherapy are likely to yield a more immediate and durable clinical benefit. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1670-8. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Pancreatic Cancer: Challenge and Inspiration."
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Abbas Manji
- Division of Medical Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Herbert Irving Pavilion, New York, New York.
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yvonne M Saenger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Herbert Irving Pavilion, New York, New York
| | - Paul Oberstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Herbert Irving Pavilion, New York, New York
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Corrigan LR, Bracken-Clarke DM, Horgan AM. The challenge of treating older patients with pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Curr Probl Cancer 2018; 42:59-72. [PMID: 29459178 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic and biliary tract cancers are aggressive malignancies. They commonly present with metastatic or unresectable disease. Those that do present with resectable cancer have high rates of recurrence. Despite recent advances in surgical technique, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy regimens, they are associated with poor survival outcomes. These cancers represent an exception to the trend of improved overall survival evident in most malignancies in recent decades. Depending on the goal of treatment, active management of pancreatic and biliary cancers involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, either alone or in combination. Both pancreatic and biliary tract cancers have a preponderance in the older population. Older patients are a heterogeneous group; although tolerability of multimodality treatment may be a challenge for some, many fit older patients may be undertreated based on their age alone. The growing field of geriatric oncology has highlighted the importance of a comprehensive assessment of these patients, and not relying on age alone as a discriminating factor for treatment. Management of older patients with pancreaticobiliary cancers is particularly challenging owing to limited prospective data in this population. As such, there is uncertainty with regard to optimal treatment approaches for these patients. In this article, we outline the therapeutic options available to patients with localized or advanced pancreatic and biliary tract cancers, and the evidence for specified treatment options in the elderly. We examine the inclusion and outcomes of elderly patients in relevant clinical trials; the morbidity that may be encountered by elderly patients receiving specified treatments and the tools that may assist the physician in selecting elderly patients for particular treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda R Corrigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Ardkeen, Co Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Dara M Bracken-Clarke
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Ardkeen, Co Waterford, Ireland
| | - Anne M Horgan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Ardkeen, Co Waterford, Ireland
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Mohammad J, Dhillon H, Chikara S, Mamidi S, Sreedasyam A, Chittem K, Orr M, Wilkinson JC, Reindl KM. Piperlongumine potentiates the effects of gemcitabine in in vitro and in vivo human pancreatic cancer models. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29535819 PMCID: PMC5828188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers due to a late diagnosis and poor response to available treatments. There is a need to identify complementary treatment strategies that will enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of currently used therapeutic approaches. We investigated the ability of a known ROS inducer, piperlongumine (PL), to complement the modest anti-cancer effects of the approved chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (GEM) in PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. PDAC cells treated with PL + GEM showed reduced cell viability, clonogenic survival, and growth on Matrigel compared to control and individually-treated cells. Nude mice bearing orthotopically implanted MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with both PL (5 mg/kg) and GEM (25 mg/kg) had significantly lower tumor weight and volume compared to control and single agent-treated mice. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed that PL + GEM resulted in significant changes in p53-responsive genes that play a role in cell death, cell cycle, oxidative stress, and DNA repair pathways. Cell culture assays confirmed PL + GEM results in elevated ROS levels, arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and induces PDAC cell death. We propose a mechanism for the complementary anti-tumor effects of PL and GEM in PDAC cells through elevation of ROS and transcription of cell cycle arrest and cell death-associated genes. Collectively, our results suggest that PL has potential to be combined with GEM to more effectively treat PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Harsharan Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Shireen Chikara
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Kishore Chittem
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Megan Orr
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - John C Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Katie M Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
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Defining Eligibility of FOLFIRINOX for First-Line Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (MPC) in the Province of British Columbia: A Population-based Retrospective Study. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 40:552-554. [PMID: 26165420 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOLFIRINOX is a first-line treatment option for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) and is associated with improved survival yet significantly more toxicities than standard gemcitabine. Our aim was to determine the proportion of patients with MPC who would be eligible for FOLFIRINOX based upon the pivotal ACCORD study criteria. METHODS Patients with confirmed MPC at the time of referral to the BC Cancer Agency between 2004 and 2007 were identified from the Gastrointestinal Cancers Outcomes Unit Database (GICOU). Proportion of patients that met the ACCORD study eligibility criteria was determined by chart review. Criteria for FOLFIRINOX exclusion were assessed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 100 consecutive patients with complete chart records and MPC were identified. Fifty-two (52%) were male and the median age was 68 years (range, 42 to 98 y). The most common sites of metastases were liver (63%) and peritoneum (22%). Only 26 patients fulfilled the ACCORD study eligibility criteria. The most common reasons for FOLIFIRINOX exclusion per ACCORD were poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score of ≥2 (64%), age of 76 years or greater (22%), elevated bilirubin (22%), and inadequate renal function (6%). CONCLUSIONS Despite the proven survival benefit of FOLFIRINOX, only approximately one quarter of patients in the real-world setting with MPC would have been considered eligible for such therapy based upon the ACCORD eligibility criteria. Careful patient selection and more tolerable therapies are required.
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Implication of 4E-BP1 protein dephosphorylation and accumulation in pancreatic cancer cell death induced by combined gemcitabine and TRAIL. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3204. [PMID: 29233971 PMCID: PMC5870593 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells show varying sensitivity to the anticancer effects of gemcitabine. However, as a chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine can cause intolerably high levels of toxicity and patients often develop resistance to the beneficial effects of this drug. Combination studies show that use of gemcitabine with the pro-apoptotic cytokine TRAIL can enhance the inhibition of survival and induction of apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, following combination treatment there is a dramatic increase in the level of the hypophosphorylated form of the tumour suppressor protein 4E-BP1. This is associated with inhibition of mTOR activity, resulting from caspase-mediated cleavage of the Raptor and Rictor components of mTOR. Use of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK indicates that the increase in level of 4E-BP1 is also caspase-mediated. ShRNA-silencing of 4E-BP1 expression renders cells more resistant to cell death induced by the combination treatment. Since the levels of 4E-BP1 are relatively low in untreated pancreatic cancer cells these results suggest that combined therapy with gemcitabine and TRAIL could improve the responsiveness of tumours to treatment by elevating the expression of 4E-BP1.
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Wei Y, Yang P, Cao S, Zhao L. The combination of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil in cancer therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 41:1-13. [PMID: 29230689 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in combination with other therapeutic drugs has been widely used for clinical treatment of various cancers. However, 5-FU-based chemotherapy has limited anticancer efficacy in clinic due to multidrug resistance and dose-limiting cytotoxicity. Some molecules and genes in cancer cells, such as nuclear factor kappa B, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclooxygenase-2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten and Bcl-2 etc. are related to the chemoresistance and sensitivity of cancer cells to 5-FU. The activation of these molecules and genes expressions in cancer cells will be increased or decreased with long-term exposure of 5-FU. Curcumin has been found to be able to negatively regulate these processes. In order to overcome the problems of 5-FU, curcumin has been used to combine with 5-FU in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No.3-5, Zhongshan Road, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Panjing Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No.3-5, Zhongshan Road, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Furuse J, Gemma A, Ichikawa W, Okusaka T, Seki A, Ishii T. Postmarketing surveillance study of erlotinib plus gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer in Japan: POLARIS final analysis. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2017; 47:832-839. [PMID: 28541474 PMCID: PMC5896695 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Erlotinib plus gemcitabine is approved in Japan for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. The POLARIS surveillance study investigated safety (focusing on interstitial lung disease [ILD]) and efficacy of erlotinib plus gemcitabine in Japanese pancreatic cancer patients. Methods Patients receiving erlotinib plus gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer in Japan between July 2011 and August 2012 were enrolled. ILD-like events were independently confirmed by a review committee. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed, and risk factors for ILD occurrence were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results Safety data were available for 843 patients and efficacy data for 841. Adverse drug reactions were reported in 83.5% of patients, no new safety signals were identified. ILD events were confirmed by the review committee in 52 patients (6.2%), with two fatal cases (0.2%). Median time from initial erlotinib treatment to ILD events was 70.5 days. Of the 52 patients with ILD events, 86.5% improved or fully recovered from ILD (median time 24 days). Multivariate analysis identified previous or concurrent lung disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.5; P = 0.0365) and ≥3 organs with metastases (HR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.2-8.2; P < 0.0001) as potential ILD risk factors. Accumulated OS rate at 28 weeks was 68.2%, and median PFS was 92 days (95% CI, 86-101). Conclusions Erlotinib plus gemcitabine has an acceptable safety and efficacy profile in pancreatic cancer; however, patients should be assessed for previous/concurrent lung disease and metastatic burden, before and during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo.,Independent Advisory Board for Erlotinib, Tokyo
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Independent Advisory Board for Erlotinib, Tokyo.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Wataru Ichikawa
- Independent Advisory Board for Erlotinib, Tokyo.,Department of Medical Oncology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Independent Advisory Board for Erlotinib, Tokyo.,Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
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Chiaravalli M, Reni M, O'Reilly EM. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: State-of-the-art 2017 and new therapeutic strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 60:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kim M, Chin YW, Lee EJ. α, γ-Mangostins Induce Autophagy and Show Synergistic Effect with Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:609-617. [PMID: 28822990 PMCID: PMC5685430 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers in the world. However, no effective treatment is currently available for pancreatic cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-pancreatic cancer effect of α-mangostin (αM) and γ-mangostin (γM) extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.. Both αM and γM reduced the viability of pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds induced apoptosis by increasing c-PARP and c-Caspase 3 levels. They also induced autophagy by increasing levels of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II) in both cell lines while decreasing sequestosome 1 (p62) in MIA PaCa-2. Both αM and γM induced autophagy through increasing phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and p38-mitogen activated protein kinase (p-p38) while decreasing phosphorylation level of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (p-mTOR). Of various microRNAs (miRNA), miR-18a was found to be a putative regulatory miRNA for autophagy induced by αM or γM. In combination with gemcitabine, a compound frequently used in pancreatic cancer treatment, αM and γM showed synergistic anti-cancer effects in MIA PaCa-2. Collectively, these results suggest that αM and γM can induce apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells and that their anti-cancer effect is likely to be associated with miR-18a. In conclusion, αM and γM might be used as a potential new therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Eligibility of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients for First-Line Palliative Intent nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine Versus FOLFIRINOX. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 40:507-511. [PMID: 25844823 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The PRODIGE and MPACT trials showed superiority of FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (NG) over gemcitabine alone, respectively. However, both had strict inclusion criteria. We sought to determine the characteristics of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) which inform the appropriateness of first-line chemotherapy FOLFIRINOX and NG in routine practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with MPC who initiated palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine from 2000 to 2011 at the British Columbia Cancer Agency were identified. Clinicopathologic variables and outcomes were retrospectively collected and compared among groups. Eligibility criteria for each regimen were in accordance with the respective pivotal phase III trials. RESULTS A total of 473 patients were included: 25% of the patients were eligible for FOLFIRINOX versus 45% for NG. Main reasons for FOLFIRINOX ineligibility were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS)≥2 (56.5%), age older than 75 years (19.0%), and bilirubin>1.5× upper limit of normal (18.6%), whereas those for NG ineligibility were bilirubin > upper limit of normal (24.5%), ECOG PS≥3 (14.6%), and cardiac dysfunction (13.8%). Univariate analyses revealed that FOLFIRINOX and NG-eligible patients had longer median overall survival than their respective ineligible group (8.6 vs. 4.7 mo, P<0.001; 6.7 vs. 4.9 mo, P=0.008, respectively). After accounting for ECOG PS in the multivariate model, however, eligibility for either FOLFIRINOX or NG no longer predicted for better overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with MPC are not candidates to either NG or FOLFIRINOX due to restrictive eligibility requirements. Specific trials addressing the unmet needs of protocol ineligible patients are warranted.
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Abstract
Background Despite the acceptance of gemcitabine as the standard first-line agent for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer as well as the improved response rates seen with gemcitabine combinations, novel therapies are needed for this disease, which has one of the lowest survival rates. The growing understanding of the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer and the recent introduction of targeted therapeutic agents have initiated novel studies that have the potential to improve on existing treatments. Methods We review the rationale and the clinical studies of therapeutic agents that target some of the molecular abnormalities commonly found in pancreatic cancer. Results Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs), farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies against growth factors or their receptors are novel agents that have undergone phase II or III trials. Phase III studies of MMPIs, alone or in combination with gemcitabine, and phase III studies of FTIs have produced disappointing results. Other agents in earlier phases of clinical development remain promising. Conclusions Despite the negative studies of MMPIs and FTIs, the results of phase II trials of other drugs are encouraging. Targeted agents may improve the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everardo D Saad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Phase I study of veliparib in combination with gemcitabine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:631-643. [PMID: 28770300 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veliparib (ABT-888) is an oral PARP inhibitor expected to increase gemcitabine activity. This phase I determined the maximal tolerable dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of veliparib combined with gemcitabine. METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors received veliparib (10-40-mg PO BID) on chemotherapy weeks with gemcitabine 500-750-mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, and 15 (28-day cycle), or on days 1 and 8 (21-day cycle). The MTD, DLT, adverse events, PK, and PD were evaluated. RESULTS Eleven patients were enrolled on the 28-day schedule. The 28-day schedule was considered intolerable and amended to a 21-day schedule, with 20 patients enrolled. Grade ≥ 3 adverse events were myelosuppression-related. The MTD was determined to be 750-mg/m2 gemcitabine IV on days 1 and 8- and 20-mg PO veliparib BID days 1-14 on a 21-day schedule. Of 27 patients evaluable for response, 3 had PR and 15 had SD. There was no evidence of any major drug-drug interaction, and PK parameter values for veliparib, gemcitabine, and dFdU were as expected. Analysis of PBMCs showed evidence of PARP inhibition and DNA damage associated with therapy. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine at 750-mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 8 combined with veliparib at a dose of 20-mg PO BID days 1-14 on a 21-day schedule is relatively well-tolerated, with manageable, expected toxicities. Clinical responses were observed in a pretreated population of patients, suggesting that this combination should be further evaluated in the phase II setting.
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Randomized Phase II Trial of Irinotecan/Docetaxel or Irinotecan/Docetaxel Plus Cetuximab for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 39:340-5. [PMID: 24685886 PMCID: PMC4177955 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the response rate in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated in first line with irinotecan/docetaxel combination (Arm A) or with irinotecan/docetaxel/cetuximab combination (Arm B). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and the rate of thromboembolic events with prophylactic enoxaparin sodium. Patients and Methods: Patients were eligible who had measurable, metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, and normal bilirubin. All patients received anticoagulation. Docetaxel (35 mg/m2) and irinotecan (50 mg/m2) were administered once a week for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks rest (Arm A) alone or with the addition of cetuximab (Arm B). The primary endpoint was response rate. Results: A total of 87 eligible patients were enrolled and treated. Grade 3/4 toxicity was observed in 74% of patients in Arm A and 76% in Arm B. The principal grade 3/4 toxicity was diarrhea. Response rates were 4.5% in Arm A and 7% in Arm B. Median PFS and OS were 3.9 and 6.5 months in Arm A and 4.5 and 5.4 months in Arm B. Conclusions: Docetaxel/irinotecan combination is associated with considerable toxicity. Objective responses were infrequent and addition of cetuximab in an unselected population was not beneficial, but PFS and OS were comparable with those achieved with other regimens. Docetaxel/irinotecan therapy is active in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
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Lau SC, Cheung WY. Evolving treatment landscape for early and advanced pancreatic cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:281-292. [PMID: 28808501 PMCID: PMC5534396 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i7.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an infrequent cancer with a high disease related mortality rate, even in the context of early stage disease. Until recently, the rate of death from pancreatic cancer has remained largely similar whereby gemcitabine monotherapy was the mainstay of systemic treatment for most stages of disease. With the discovery of active multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, namely FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, the treatment landscape of pancreatic cancer is slowly evolving. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel are now considered standard first line treatment options in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Studies are ongoing to investigate the utility of these same regimens in the adjuvant setting. The potential of these treatments to downstage disease is also being actively examined in the locally advanced context since neoadjuvant approaches may improve resection rates and surgical outcomes. As more emerging data become available, the management of pancreatic cancer is anticipated to change significantly in the coming years.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers. These patients often have multiple symptoms, and integrated supportive care is critical in helping them remain well for as long as possible. Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy is known to improve overall survival (OS) by approximately 3 months, compared to the best supportive care alone. A 1997 study comparing gemcitabine and fluorouracil treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer patients showed an improvement in OS of 1 month in patients receiving gemcitabine. Over the next 10 years, multiple randomized studies compared single-agent gemcitabine with combination chemotherapy and showed no effective survival improvement. However, the addition of erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, was associated with a significant improvement in OS of approximately 2 weeks. However, adoption of this regimen has not been widespread because of its limited effect and added toxicity. Two clinical trials have recently prolonged OS in advanced pancreatic cancer patients by almost 1 year. The first compared FOLFIRINOX with gemcitabine alone, and was associated with a significant improvement in median survival. The second compared gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine alone, and was associated with improvements in OS. At present, these regimens are considered standard treatment for patients with good performance statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Adamska A, Domenichini A, Falasca M. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Evolving Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1338. [PMID: 28640192 PMCID: PMC5535831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which constitutes 90% of pancreatic cancers, is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Due to the broad heterogeneity of genetic mutations and dense stromal environment, PDAC belongs to one of the most chemoresistant cancers. Most of the available treatments are palliative, with the objective of relieving disease-related symptoms and prolonging survival. Currently, available therapeutic options are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and use of targeted drugs. However, thus far, therapies targeting cancer-associated molecular pathways have not given satisfactory results; this is due in part to the rapid upregulation of compensatory alternative pathways as well as dense desmoplastic reaction. In this review, we summarize currently available therapies and clinical trials, directed towards a plethora of pathways and components dysregulated during PDAC carcinogenesis. Emerging trends towards targeted therapies as the most promising approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Adamska
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alice Domenichini
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Hamada C, Okusaka T, Ikari T, Isayama H, Furuse J, Ishii H, Nakai Y, Imai S, Okamura S. Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus S-1 in pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1544-1550. [PMID: 28472821 PMCID: PMC5518857 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three randomised trials (GEST, JACCRO PC-01, and GEMSAP) were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine plus S-1 (GS) vs gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). In this pooled analysis, the efficacy and safety of GS vs gemcitabine were evaluated. METHODS Additional follow-up was conducted and survival data were updated in each study. A total of 770 patients (gemcitabine 389; GS 381) were included in the pooled analysis. The efficacy and safety data were analysed according to disease extent: locally advanced PC (LAPC) or metastatic PC (MPC). RESULTS There were 738 (95.8%) overall survival events. In patients with LAPC (n=193), the median survival was 11.83 months for gemcitabine and 16.41 months for GS (hazard ratio (HR)=0.708; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.527-0.951; P=0.0220). In patients with MPC (n=577), the median survival was 8.02 months for gemcitabine and 9.43 months for GS (HR=0.872; 95% CI, 0.738-1.032; P=0.1102). The rate of grade 3/4 toxicity (rash and thrombocytopenia in LAPC; rash, diarrhoea, vomiting, and neutropaenia in MPC) was significantly higher for GS than for gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine plus S-1 is a viable treatment alternative to gemcitabine, which is one of the standard treatments in patients with LAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikuma Hamada
- Department of Management Science, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ikari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tobu Chiiki Hospital, 5-14-1 Kameari, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shikoku Cancer Center, 160 Kou, Minami Umemoto, Matsuyama 791-0280, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shogo Imai
- Department of Management Science, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Shota Okamura
- Department of Management Science, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Zhang D, Wu J, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhang B. Network meta-analysis of Chinese herbal injections combined with the chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7005. [PMID: 28538415 PMCID: PMC5457895 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to use a network meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) combined with the chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding CHIs to treat pancreatic cancer were searched in PubMed, the Cochrane library, Embase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), the Wan-Fang Database, the Chinese Scientific Journals Full-text Database (VIP), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed) up to November 2016. The quality assessment was conducted by the Cochrane risk of bias tool and network meta-analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness and safety of different CHIs combined with the chemotherapy. Data were analyzed using STATA 12.0 and Win-BUGS 1.4 software. RESULTS A total of 278 records were searched, and 22 eligible RCTs involving 1329 patients and 9 CHIs were included. The results of the network meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with the chemotherapy alone, Compound Kushen, Kangai or Kanglaite injection combined with chemotherapy yielded significantly higher probability of improving performance status. Aidi injection combined with chemotherapy was more effective in relieving leucopenia than using chemotherapy single. And these between-group differences were statistically significant. However, CHIs combined with chemotherapy could not achieve a better effect in the total clinical effect, nausea and vomiting. As for the cluster analysis for the adverse reactions (ADRs), the chemotherapy alone and Huachansu injection combined with the chemotherapy were inferior to relieve ADRs than the other CHIs plus chemotherapy for patients with pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence showed that using CHIs on the basis of the chemotherapy could be beneficial for patients with pancreatic cancer in improving performance status and reducing the ADRs.
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Chiramel J, Backen AC, Pihlak R, Lamarca A, Frizziero M, Tariq NUA, Hubner RA, Valle JW, Amir E, McNamara MG. Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Addition to Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E909. [PMID: 28445400 PMCID: PMC5454822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) occurs in >90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and is associated with a poorer prognosis. A systematic review of electronic databases identified studies exploring the addition of EGFR-targeted treatment to chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced (LA)/metastatic PDAC. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of EGFR-targeted therapy were explored using meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Meta-regression was utilised to explore factors associated with improved prognosis (all studies) and benefit from EGFR-targeted therapy (RCTs). Twenty-eight studies (7 RCTs and 21 cohort studies) comprising 3718 patients were included. The addition of EGFR-targeted treatment to chemotherapy did not improve progression-free (pooled hazard ratio (HR): 0.90, p = 0.15) or overall survival (HR: 0.94, p = 0.18). EGFR-targeted therapy was associated with increased treatment-related deaths (pooled odds ratio (OR): 5.18, p = 0.007), and grade (G)3/4 rash (OR: 4.82, p = 0.03). There was a borderline significant increase in G3/4 diarrhoea (OR: 1.75, p = 0.06), but no effect on treatment discontinuation without progression (OR: 0.87, p = 0.25). Neither G3/4 rash nor diarrhoea were associated with increased survival benefit from EGFR-targeted therapy. The effect of EGFR-targeted therapy on overall survival (OS) appeared greater in studies with a greater proportion of LA rather than metastatic patients (R = -0.69, p < 0.001). Further studies in unselected patients with advanced PDAC are not warranted. The benefit from EGFR inhibitors may be limited to patient subgroups not yet clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaseela Chiramel
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Alison C Backen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Rille Pihlak
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Melissa Frizziero
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Noor-Ul-Ain Tariq
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Richard A Hubner
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Juan W Valle
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Eitan Amir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Makris EA, MacBarb R, Harvey DJ, Poultsides GA. Surrogate End Points for Overall Survival in Metastatic, Locally Advanced, or Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 24 Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:2371-2378. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-5826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kato A, Kataoka H, Yano S, Hayashi K, Hayashi N, Tanaka M, Naitoh I, Ban T, Miyabe K, Kondo H, Yoshida M, Fujita Y, Hori Y, Natsume M, Murakami T, Narumi A, Nomoto A, Naiki-Ito A, Takahashi S, Joh T. Maltotriose Conjugation to a Chlorin Derivative Enhances the Antitumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Peritoneal Dissemination of Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1124-1132. [PMID: 28292934 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a major clinical issue associated with dismal prognosis and poor quality of life for patients with pancreatic cancer; however, no effective treatment strategies have been established. Herein, we evaluated the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with maltotriose-conjugated chlorin (Mal3-chlorin) in culture and in a peritoneal disseminated mice model of pancreatic cancer. The Mal3-chlorin was prepared as a water-soluble chlorin derivative conjugated with four Mal3 molecules to improve cancer selectivity. In vitro, Mal3-chlorin showed superior uptake into pancreatic cancer cells compared with talaporfin, which is clinically used. Moreover, the strong cytotoxic effects of PDT with Mal3-chlorin occurred via apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation, whereas Mal3-chlorin alone did not cause any cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells. Notably, using a peritoneal disseminated mice model, we demonstrated that Mal3-chlorin accumulated in xenograft tumors and suppressed both tumor growth and ascites formation with PDT. Furthermore, PDT with Mal3-chlorin induced robust apoptosis in peritoneal disseminated tumors, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these findings implicate Mal3-chlorin as a potential next-generation photosensitizer for PDT and the basis of a new strategy for managing peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1124-32. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itaru Naitoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tesshin Ban
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miyabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michihiro Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuki Hori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Natsume
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Narumi
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Ellenrieder V, König A, Seufferlein T. Current Standard and Future Perspectives in First- and Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Digestion 2017; 94:44-9. [PMID: 27438590 DOI: 10.1159/000447739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a median 5-year survival of <8%. At the time of diagnosis, a vast majority of pancreatic cancer patients were found to be with either metastatic spread of the disease or locally advanced tumors. Despite relatively low efficacy, gemcitabine administration was the first choice chemotherapeutic strategy in advanced PDAC for many years. In the last 5 years, however, our understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis has improved dramatically and with this our therapeutic options have expanded significantly. SUMMARY With the FOLFIRINOX protocol or the combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, 2 novel and more effective chemotherapeutic regimens have been introduced in clinical routine, which increased the overall survival by 4-5 months in the palliative situation. Most recently, we learned that both regimens can be modified and dosages can be adapted in older patients without significant loss of efficacy. Additionally, novel application strategies such as nanoparticle fused liposomal irinotecan along with 5-FU/LV provided convincing results in patients previously treated with gemcitabine. Current preclinical and clinical trials investigate efficacy and tolerability of novel drugs aiming at the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, for example, JAK-STAT signaling, or the tumor surrounding desmoplasia. Prospectively, immunovaccination approaches or immune checkpoint inhibition appears as promising strategies in the near future, particularly when combined with epigenetic drugs in advanced PDAC patients. In this 'to-the-point' article, we review the current standard and summarize the most recent and encouraging advances in cytostatic PDAC treatment. KEY POINTS (1) FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine as first-line treatment regime significantly increase survival in patients with advanced PDAC; (2) Selection of appropriate treatment regime depends on patient performance, comorbidity, and toxicity; (3) PDAC patients will benefit from second-line chemotherapy and selection of appropriate regimes depends on first line therapy and patient criteria; (4) Future therapeutic strategies in advanced PDAC will respect molecular tumor profiling and other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Ellenrieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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82
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Preclinical Rationale for the Phase III Trials in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Is Wishful Thinking Clouding Successful Drug Development for Pancreatic Cancer? Pancreas 2017; 46:143-150. [PMID: 28085753 PMCID: PMC5242389 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior phase III trials in advanced pancreatic cancer have been predominantly unsuccessful. In this review, we attempt to understand how past preclinical data were translated into phase III clinical trials in metastatic pancreatic cancer as described in the article. A systematic literature review conducted through the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, from January 1997 to June 2015 using key words-phase III clinical trials, metastatic/advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatic cancer identified 30 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met criteria. The trials were limited to RCTs in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. The success rate of first-line phase III studies in advanced pancreatic cancer was only 13%. In 60% of the RCTs, no preclinical experiments were referenced in biologically cognate pancreatic models. Nine (30%) of the RCTs were designed based on preclinical evidence from in vitro cell lines alone without additional in vivo validation in xenograft models. It remains uncertain how strongly the preclinical data influence the development of clinical regimens but so far the studies developed based on more solid preclinical evidence have been successful.
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83
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Hronek JW, Reed M. Nursing Implications of Chemotherapy Agents and Their Associated Side Effects in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2017; 19:751-7. [PMID: 26583639 DOI: 10.1188/15.cjon.751-757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival for patients with advanced (locally advanced unresectable and metastatic disease) pancreatic cancer is very poor; however, several advances in treatment have been made during the past several years. Gemcitabine (Gemzar®)-based regimens, FOLFIRINOX, and nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane®)-based regimens have demonstrated efficacy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Understanding the unique safety profile of each of these regimens is crucial in helping nurses identify symptoms, develop patient education strategies, and ultimately improve outcomes. OBJECTIVES This article aims to provide background information on and nursing implications of the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer by exploring the mechanism of action and efficacy and safety profiles of standard treatment regimens. METHODS Key trials of standard treatment regimens used in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer were examined with respect to efficacy outcomes and the most commonly observed adverse events. Symptom identification and management strategies are discussed from the nursing perspective. FINDINGS The current standard treatment options for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have differences in efficacy and safety profiles. Nurses should educate themselves on these differences, particularly on associated adverse events and their management.
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84
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Zhang B, Dong Y, Liu J, Lian Z, Liang L, Chen W, Luo X, Pei S, Mo X, Zhang L, Huang W, Ouyang F, Guo B, Liang C, Zhang S. Immunotherapy for patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a promising treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:5703-5716. [PMID: 27992378 PMCID: PMC5351583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC). A meta-analysis of single-arm trials is proposed to assess the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy for APC. Eighteen relevant studies involving 527 patients were identified. The pooled disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), and 1-year survival rate were estimated as 59.32%, 7.90 months, 4.25 months, and 30.12%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the pooled OS, PFS, and 1-year survival rate were significantly higher for autologous activated lymphocyte therapy compared with peptide-based vaccine therapy (OS: 8.28 months vs. 7.40 months; PFS: 6.04 months vs. 3.86 months; 1-year survival rate: 37.17% vs. 19.74%). Another subgroup analysis demonstrated that the pooled endpoints were estimated as obviously higher for immunotherapy plus chemotherapy compared with immunotherapy alone (DCR: 62.51% vs. 47.63%; OS: 8.67 months vs. 4.91 months; PFS: 4.91 months vs. 3.34 months; 1-year survival rate: 32.32% vs. 21.43%). Of the included trials, seven trials reported no treatment related adverse events , five trials reported (16.6 ± 3.9) % grade 3 adverse events and no grade 4 adverse events. In conclusion, immunotherapy is safe and effective in the treatment of APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhouyang Lian
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Long Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Luo
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shufang Pei
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokai Mo
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- School of medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fusheng Ouyang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Baoliang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Changhong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shuixing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Formica V, Morelli C, Ferroni P, Nardecchia A, Tesauro M, Pellicori S, Cereda V, Russo A, Riondino S, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio helps select metastatic pancreatic cancer patients benefitting from oxaliplatin. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:335-345. [PMID: 27434293 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as a measure of enhanced inflammatory response, has been negatively associated with prognosis in patients with localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed at investigating the prognostic value of NLR in two homogeneous groups of chemotherapy-naïve metastatic PDA patients. Patients were treated with either gemcitabine (GEM) or gemcitabine/oxaliplatin (GEMOXA). We also assessed whether NLR could identify patients benefiting from the use of oxaliplatin. METHODS Consecutive PDA patients treated at the Medical Oncology Unit of Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome with either GEM or GEMOXA were included (n= 103). NLR was assessed before and during chemotherapy and correlated with outcome together with common clinical and biochemical variables. RESULTS Among 17 analyzed variables NLR, Karhofsky Perfomance Status (KPS), d-dimer and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were found to be significantly associated with median Overall Survival (mOS) at the univariate analysis. Only NLR and KPS were independent prognosticator at multivariate analysis, with NLR displaying the highest statistical significance. NLR was also predictive of oxaliplatin activity, as only patients with NLR > 2.5 (cutoff determined upon ROC analysis) derived benefit from GEMOXA over GEM. CONCLUSIONS NLR is both an independent prognostic and predictive factor in metastatic PDA, since only patients with high NLR seem to benefit from the addition of oxaliplatin. NLR may help select patients for whom a particularly poor prognosis might justify more intensive, yet less tolerable, combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Formica
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Morelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferroni
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.,Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Nardecchia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Pellicori
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical and Oncology Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Riondino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.,Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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86
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Dosimetric parameters correlate with duodenal histopathologic damage after stereotactic body radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Secondary analysis of a prospective clinical trial. Radiother Oncol 2017; 122:464-469. [PMID: 28089484 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prospectively assess relationships between dosimetric parameters and histopathologic/clinical duodenal toxicities in patients on a phase I trial for pancreatic cancer. METHODS Forty-six borderline resectable/unresectable patients were enrolled on a prospective trial testing neoadjuvant gemcitabine/5-fluorouracil followed by SBRT (5 daily fractions of 5-8Gy) and concurrent nelfinavir. Post-SBRT surgery was performed in 13 resectable patients, which constituted the patient population herein. Pathologic duodenal damage was assessed using predetermined criteria: 1, no/minimal; 2, moderate; and 3, marked damage. Clinical toxicities were assessed per the Clinical Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Duodenal dosimetric parameters included V5-V40 and mean/maximum doses. Spearman correlation and linear regression evaluated associations between dosimetric parameters and clinical/pathologic duodenal toxicity. RESULTS The median duodenal mean and maximum doses were 20 and 37Gy. Median duodenal V5-V40 were 64, 62, 52, 39, 27, 14, 5 and 0cc, respectively. The median duodenal damage score was 2 (four 1, eight 2, and one 3). Higher duodenal damage scores correlated with higher duodenal mean doses (r=0.75, p=0.003), V35 (r=0.61, p=0.03), V30 (r=0.67, p=0.01), V25 (r=0.68, p=0.01), V20 (r=0.56, p=0.05), and the planning target volume (PTV) mean (r=0.59, p=0.03) and maximum (r=0.61, p=0.03) doses. Clinical toxicities did not correlate with dosimetric parameters or duodenal pathologic damage. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal histologic damage correlates with mean duodenal dose, V20-V35, and PTV mean/maximum doses.
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87
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Suzuki N, Hazama S, Iguchi H, Uesugi K, Tanaka H, Hirakawa K, Aruga A, Hatori T, Ishizaki H, Umeda Y, Fujiwara T, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Yoshimatsu K, Shimizu R, Hayashi H, Sakata K, Takenouchi H, Matsui H, Shindo Y, Iida M, Koki Y, Arima H, Furukawa H, Ueno T, Yoshino S, Nakamura Y, Oka M, Nagano H. Phase II clinical trial of peptide cocktail therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: VENUS-PC study. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:73-80. [PMID: 27783849 PMCID: PMC5276830 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously conducted a phase I clinical trial combining the HLA-A*2402-restricted KIF20A-derived peptide vaccine with gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) and confirmed its safety and immunogenicity in cancer patients. In this study, we conducted a multicenter, single-armed, phase II trial using two antiangiogenic cancer vaccines targeting VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in addition to the KIF20A peptide. We attempted to evaluate the clinical benefit of the cancer vaccination in combination with gemcitabine. Chemotherapy naïve PC patients were enrolled to evaluate primarily the 1-year survival rate, and secondarily overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), response rate (RR), disease control rate (DCR) and the peptide-specific immune responses. All enrolled patients received therapy without the HLA-A information, and the HLA genotypes were used for classification of the patients. Between June 2012 and May 2013, a total of 68 patients were enrolled. No severe systemic adverse effects of Grade 3 or higher related to these three peptides were observed. The 1-year survival rates between the HLA-A*2402-matched and -unmatched groups were not significantly different. In the HLA-A*2402 matched group, patients showing peptide-specific CTL induction for KIF20A or VEGFR1 showed a better prognosis compared to those without such induction (P = 0.023, P = 0.009, respectively). In the HLA-A*2402-matched group, the patients who showed a strong injection site reaction had a better survival rate (P = 0.017) compared to those with a weak or no injection site reaction. This phase II study demonstrated that this therapeutic peptide cocktail might be effective in patients who demonstrate peptide-specific immune reactions although predictive biomarkers are needed for patient selection in its further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Haruo Iguchi
- Clinical Research CenterShikoku Cancer Center, NHOMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Uesugi
- Clinical Research CenterShikoku Cancer Center, NHOMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical OncologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical OncologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Atsushi Aruga
- Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Hatori
- Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidenobu Ishizaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ FunctionMiyazaki University School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineOkayamaJapan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineOkayamaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant SurgeryTokushima University Graduate School of MedicineTokushimaJapan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant SurgeryTokushima University Graduate School of MedicineTokushimaJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of SurgeryTokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center EastTokyoJapan
| | - Ryoichi Shimizu
- Department of SurgeryOgori Dai‐ichi General HospitalYamaguchiJapan
| | - Hiroto Hayashi
- Department of SurgeryKanmon Medical Center, NHOShimonosekiJapan
| | - Koichiro Sakata
- Department of SurgeryShimonoseki Medical Center, JCHOShimonosekiJapan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Yasunobu Koki
- Department of PharmacyYamaguchi University HospitalUbeJapan
| | - Hideki Arima
- Department of PharmacyYamaguchi University HospitalUbeJapan
| | | | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
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Varghese AM, Lowery MA, Yu KH, O'Reilly EM. Current management and future directions in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2016; 122:3765-3775. [PMID: 27649047 PMCID: PMC5565512 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Of the anticipated 50,000 individuals expected to be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2016, the majority will have metastatic disease. Given the noncurative nature of advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma, treatment is aimed at inducing disease regression, controlling symptom, and extending life. The last 5 years have been marked by advances in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer, specifically the approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of 2 combination chemotherapy regimens and the widespread use of a third, which have reproducibly been shown to improve survival. Ongoing studies are building on these regimens along with targeted and immunotherapeutic agents. This article will review the current treatment standards and emerging targets for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2016;122:3765-3775. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Varghese
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maeve A Lowery
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth H Yu
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease representing the seventh most frequent cause of death from cancer worldwide. Resistance of pancreatic tumors to current treatments leads to disappointing survival rates, and more specific and effective therapies are urgently needed. In recent years, immunotherapy has been proposed as a promising approach to the treatment of PC, and encouraging results have been published by various preclinical and clinical studies. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in the immunotherapeutic treatment of PC and summarizes the most recent and important clinical trials.
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91
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Vijayvergia N, Cohen SJ. Personalized medicine in sporadic pancreatic cancer without homologous recombination-deficiency: are we any closer? J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:727-737. [PMID: 27747087 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. Most patients are diagnosed at a late stage and despite recent advances in chemotherapeutic approaches, outcomes are poor. With the introduction of combination chemotherapy, novel biomarkers are clearly needed to identify subsets of patients likely to benefit from these therapies. Advances in our understanding of the molecular drivers of pancreatic cancer offer the hope of personalized therapy that may benefit our patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biology of pancreatic cancer and its implication for treatment. We discuss recent advances in targeted therapies and the role of potential biomarkers in predicting response to established therapies. We also review novel therapeutic approaches that may be able to fulfill the promise of personalized therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Vijayvergia
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Steven J Cohen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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De Vita F, Ventriglia J, Febbraro A, Laterza MM, Fabozzi A, Savastano B, Petrillo A, Diana A, Giordano G, Troiani T, Conzo G, Galizia G, Ciardiello F, Orditura M. NAB-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): from clinical trials to clinical practice. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:709. [PMID: 27590845 PMCID: PMC5010686 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. In a randomized phase III trial, combination of Nab-paclitaxel (Nab-P) plus gemcitabine showed superior activity and efficacy in first-line treatment compared with gemcitabine alone. METHODS Nab-P is not dispensed in Italy; however, we obtained this drug from our Ethics Committee for compassionate use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of this Nab-P and gemcitabine combination in a cohort of patients treated outside clinical trials. From January 2012 to May 2014, we included 41 patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma receiving combination of 125 mg/m(2) Nab-P and 1 g/m(2) gemcitabine on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle, as first-line treatment. Median age of patients was 67 (range 41-77) years, and 11 patients were aged ≥70 years. RESULTS Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group performance status was 0 or 1 in 32 patients (78 %) and 2 in nine patients (22 %). Primary tumor was located in the pancreatic head or body/tail in 24 (58.5 %) and 17 (41.5 %) patients, respectively, and nine patients had received biliary stent implantation before starting chemotherapy. Median carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level was 469 U/l (range 17.4-61546 U/l) and 29 patients (70.7 %) had referred pain at the time of diagnosis. Patients received a median six cycles (range 1-14) of treatment. Overall response rate was 36.6 %; median progression-free survival was 6.7 months [(95 % confidence interval (CI) 5.966-8.034), and median overall survival was 10 months (95 % CI 7.864-12.136). Treatment was well tolerated. No grade 4 toxicity was reported. Grade 3 toxicity included neutropenia in 10 patients (24.3 %), thrombocytopenia in five (12 %), anemia in three (7.3 %), diarrhea in four (9.7 %), nausea and vomiting in two (4.9 %), and fatigue in six (14.6 %). Finally, pain control was achieved in 24 of 29 patients (82.3 %) with a performance status improvement of 10 % according to the Karnofsky scale. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that combination of gemcitabine plus Nab-P is effective both in terms of overall response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival, with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando De Vita
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Jole Ventriglia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Febbraro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Viale Principe di Napoli 14/a, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Laterza
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Fabozzi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Savastano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Petrillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Diana
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Viale Principe di Napoli 14/a, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conzo
- Divisions of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Galizia
- Divisions of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Orditura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine “F. Magrassi”, Second University of Naples - School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Hamada T, Nakai Y, Isayama H, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Takahara N, Mizuno S, Kogure H, Matsubara S, Yamamoto N, Tada M, Koike K. Progression-free survival as a surrogate for overall survival in first-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 2016; 65:11-20. [PMID: 27451020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Au M, Emeto TI, Power J, Vangaveti VN, Lai HC. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E20. [PMID: 28536387 PMCID: PMC5344258 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with a five year survival rate of less than 5%, which is associated with late presentation. In recent years, research into nanomedicine and the use of nanoparticles as therapeutic agents for cancers has increased. This article describes the latest developments in the use of nanoparticles, and evaluates the risks and benefits of nanoparticles as an emerging therapy for pancreatic cancer. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist was used. Studies were extracted by searching the Embase, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to 18 March 2016 with no language restrictions. Clinical trials involving the use of nanoparticles as a therapeutic or prognostic option in patients with pancreatic cancer were considered. Selected studies were evaluated using the Jadad score for randomised control trials and the Therapy CA Worksheet for intervention studies. Of the 210 articles found, 10 clinical trials including one randomised control trial and nine phase I/II clinical trials met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. These studies demonstrated that nanoparticles can be used in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents increasing their efficacy whilst reducing their toxicity. Increased efficacy of treatment with nanoparticles may improve the clinical outcomes and quality of life in patients with pancreatic cancer, although the long-term side effects are yet to be defined. The study registration number is CRD42015020009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Au
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
- Townsville Cancer Centre, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville QLD 4814, Australia.
| | - Theophilus I Emeto
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Jacinta Power
- Townsville Cancer Centre, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville QLD 4814, Australia.
| | - Venkat N Vangaveti
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Douglas, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Hock C Lai
- Townsville Cancer Centre, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville QLD 4814, Australia.
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Curcumin AntiCancer Studies in Pancreatic Cancer. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070433. [PMID: 27438851 PMCID: PMC4963909 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic treatment for this disease, although only the minority of patients can be resected due to late diagnosis. Systemic gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus nab-paclitaxel are used as the gold-standard therapy for patients with advanced PC; although this treatment is associated with a better overall survival compared to the old treatment, many side effects and poor results are still present. Therefore, new alternative therapies have been considered for treatment of advanced PC. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has anticancer effects against different types of cancer, including PC, by modulating many molecular targets. Regarding PC, in vitro studies have shown potent cytotoxic effects of curcumin on different PC cell lines including MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1, AsPC-1, and BxPC-3. In addition, in vivo studies on PC models have shown that the anti-proliferative effects of curcumin are caused by the inhibition of oxidative stress and angiogenesis and are due to the induction of apoptosis. On the basis of these results, several researchers tested the anticancer effects of curcumin in clinical trials, trying to overcome the poor bioavailability of this agent by developing new bioavailable forms of curcumin. In this article, we review the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the effects of curcumin in the treatment of PC.
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96
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Chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients: is it still an open question? Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2016; 20:102-8. [PMID: 27358587 PMCID: PMC4925731 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2016.60066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Operable pancreatic cancer is characterized by a high risk of recurrence. Efforts are made to incorporate new therapies. Throughout the world there is a lack of uniform recommendations concerning the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer patients, due to confusing evidence-based data. The patients recruited to clinical trials differ from the population of patients treated in everyday practice. These differences have an influence on tolerance of treatment, toxicity and results of therapy. The decision on administration of adjuvant treatment is made individually and differs from center to center. A review of the literature concerning both results and tolerance of postoperative chemoradiotherapy of pancreatic cancer patients is presented.
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97
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Wang Y, Hu GF, Zhang QQ, Tang N, Guo J, Liu LY, Han X, Wang X, Wang ZH. Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus erlotinib for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:1961-72. [PMID: 27358556 PMCID: PMC4912328 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is considered as a chemoresistant neoplasm with extremely dismal prognosis. Gemcitabine is recommended as the standard agent for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. A series of trials have been conducted to improve the outcome of advanced pancreatic cancer with other anticancer drugs in combination with gemcitabine. Unfortunately, the designers of the clinical trials failed to improve the poor prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Erlotinib was the first additional drug that improved the overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of gemcitabine with erlotinib (GemErlo) for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer using the currently available evidence. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and relevant abstracts of major conferences were comprehensively searched. Data results on objective response rate, disease control rate, and 1-year survival were pooled by using MetaAnalyst with a random-effects model. Results on progression-free survival and overall survival were only summarized descriptively. RESULTS A total of 24 studies with 1,742 patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with GemErlo were included. Combined objective response rate was 14.4% (95% CI: 11.6%-17.7%), disease control rate was 55.0% (95% CI: 51.5%-58.5%), and 1-year survival rate was 28.5% (95% CI: 24.0%-33.4%). Progression-free survival ranged from 2.63 to 9.6 months, and overall survival varied from 6 to 10 months. As for the toxicity profile, the most common adverse events (AEs) were hematologic reactions, skin rash, and gastrointestinal reactions. Other severe AEs, which had low incidence, included treatment-induced death and interstitial lung disease. CONCLUSION Our study showed that GemErlo is associated with reasonable activity in treating patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. Most of the AEs were tolerable, while some severe AEs needed careful detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-fang Hu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-qian Zhang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-yan Liu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-hai Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Scheithauer W, Ramanathan RK, Moore M, Macarulla T, Goldstein D, Hammel P, Kunzmann V, Liu H, McGovern D, Romano A, Von Hoff DD. Dose modification and efficacy of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: phase III MPACT trial. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:469-78. [PMID: 27284481 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dose modifications following adverse events (AEs) are an important part of the management of patients with pancreatic cancer treated with chemotherapy. While dose modifications are utilized to ensure patient safety, the subsequent influence of dose adjustments on treatment exposure and efficacy have not been reported in detail. This exploratory analysis examined the influence of dose modifications on treatment exposure and efficacy in the phase III MPACT trial, which demonstrated superior efficacy of nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) plus gemcitabine (Gem) to Gem alone for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS Patients received either nab-P 125 mg/m(2) + Gem 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks or Gem 1,000 mg/m(2) weekly for the first 7 of 8 weeks (cycle 1) and then days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks (cycle ≥2). The protocol allowed up to 2 dose reductions per agent. Dose delays were also used to manage toxicities. RESULTS Toxicities that most commonly led to dose modifications were neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, and fatigue for nab-P and neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fatigue for Gem alone. Baseline characteristics were similar in patients with dose modifications and the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Among the 421 treated patients in the nab-P + Gem arm, all patients initiated treatment at the per-protocol nab-P starting dose of 125 mg/m(2); 172 (41%) had a nab-P dose reduction, and 300 (71%) had a nab-P dose delay during the study. Most dose modifications occurred after the first 3 months (2 cycles) of treatment. The majority of patients (104/172, 60%) required only 1 nab-P dose reduction, and over half of patients (163/300) had either 1 or 2 dose delays. Patients who underwent dose modifications of nab-P had greater treatment exposure than those who did not in terms of treatment duration, number of cycles administered, and cumulative dose of nab-P delivered. Overall survival (OS) was shorter in the nab-P + Gem arm for patients who did not vs. did undergo dose reduction [median, 6.9 vs. 11.4 months; hazard ratio (HR), 1.93; 95% CI, 1.53-2.44; P<0.0001] and for those who did not vs. did undergo a dose delay (median, 6.2 vs. 10.1, HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.60-2.63; P<0.0001). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR) were also improved in patients with dose modifications. Similar trends were observed in the Gem-alone arm. Multivariate analyses confirmed that both dose delay and dose reduction were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that although most doses of nab-P were given at the starting dose of 125 mg/m(2) the first 3 of 4 weeks, dose reductions and delays were effective when necessary to ameliorate toxicity allowing greater treatment exposure without compromising efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Scheithauer
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ramesh K Ramanathan
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Malcolm Moore
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - David Goldstein
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Pascal Hammel
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Volker Kunzmann
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Helen Liu
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Desmond McGovern
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Alfredo Romano
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- 1 Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria ; 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA ; 3 BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; 4 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; 6 Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France ; 7 Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ; 8 Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey, USA ; 9 Celgene Corporation, Boudry, Switzerland ; 10 Translational Genomics Research Institute and Honor Health, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Balaban EP, Mangu PB, Khorana AA, Shah MA, Mukherjee S, Crane CH, Javle MM, Eads JR, Allen P, Ko AH, Engebretson A, Herman JM, Strickler JH, Benson AB, Urba S, Yee NS. Locally Advanced, Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2654-68. [PMID: 27247216 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.67.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide evidence-based recommendations to oncologists and others for treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology, gastroenterology, palliative care, and advocacy experts and conducted a systematic review of the literature from January 2002 to June 2015. Outcomes included overall survival, disease-free survival, progression-free survival, and adverse events. RESULTS Twenty-six randomized controlled trials met the systematic review criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS A multiphase computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be performed. Baseline performance status and comorbidity profile should be evaluated. The goals of care, patient preferences, psychological status, support systems, and symptoms should guide decisions for treatments. A palliative care referral should occur at first visit. Initial systemic chemotherapy (6 months) with a combination regimen is recommended for most patients (for some patients radiation therapy may be offered up front) with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1 and a favorable comorbidity profile. There is no clear evidence to support one regimen over another. The gemcitabine-based combinations and treatments recommended in the metastatic setting (eg, fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin and gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel) have not been evaluated in randomized controlled trials involving locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer. If there is local disease progression after induction chemotherapy, without metastasis, then radiation therapy or stereotactic body radiotherapy may be offered also with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 2 and an adequate comorbidity profile. If there is stable disease after 6 months of induction chemotherapy but unacceptable toxicities, radiation therapy may be offered as an alternative. Patients with disease progression should be offered treatment per the ASCO Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Guideline. Follow-up visits every 3 to 4 months are recommended. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/guidelines/LAPC and www.asco.org/guidelines/MetPC and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Balaban
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pamela B Mangu
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alok A Khorana
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Manish A Shah
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christopher H Crane
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Milind M Javle
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jennifer R Eads
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peter Allen
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew H Ko
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anitra Engebretson
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John H Strickler
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Al B Benson
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Susan Urba
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nelson S Yee
- Edward P. Balaban, Cancer Care Partnership, State College; Edward P. Balaban and Nelson S. Yee, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic; Jennifer R. Eads, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Peter Allen, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Somnath Mukherjee, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Christopher H. Crane and Milind M. Javle, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Andrew H. Ko, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Joseph M. Herman, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; John H. Strickler, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Al B. Benson III, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern, Chicago, IL; and Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Sohal DPS, Mangu PB, Khorana AA, Shah MA, Philip PA, O'Reilly EM, Uronis HE, Ramanathan RK, Crane CH, Engebretson A, Ruggiero JT, Copur MS, Lau M, Urba S, Laheru D. Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2784-96. [PMID: 27247222 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.67.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide evidence-based recommendations to oncologists and others for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology, gastroenterology, palliative care, and advocacy experts to conduct a systematic review of the literature from April 2004 to June 2015. Outcomes were overall survival, disease-free survival, progression-free survival, and adverse events. RESULTS Twenty-four randomized controlled trials met the systematic review criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS A multiphase computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be performed. Baseline performance status and comorbidity profile should be evaluated. Goals of care, patient preferences, treatment response, psychological status, support systems, and symptom burden should guide decisions for treatments. A palliative care referral should occur at first visit. FOLFIRINOX (leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin; favorable comorbidity profile) or gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound (NAB) -paclitaxel (adequate comorbidity profile) should be offered to patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0 to 1 based on patient preference and support system available. Gemcitabine alone is recommended for patients with ECOG PS 2 or with a comorbidity profile that precludes other regimens; the addition of capecitabine or erlotinib may be offered. Patients with an ECOG PS ≥ 3 and poorly controlled comorbid conditions should be offered cancer-directed therapy only on a case-by-case basis; supportive care should be emphasized. For second-line therapy, gemcitabine plus NAB-paclitaxel should be offered to patients with first-line treatment with FOLFIRINOX, an ECOG PS 0 to 1, and a favorable comorbidity profile; fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin, irinotecan, or nanoliposomal irinotecan should be offered to patients with first-line treatment with gemcitabine plus NAB-paclitaxel, ECOG PS 0 to 1, and favorable comorbidity profile, and gemcitabine or fluorouracil should be offered to patients with either an ECOG PS 2 or a comorbidity profile that precludes other regimens. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/guidelines/MetPC and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davendra P S Sohal
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pamela B Mangu
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alok A Khorana
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Manish A Shah
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Philip A Philip
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hope E Uronis
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ramesh K Ramanathan
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher H Crane
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anitra Engebretson
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph T Ruggiero
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mehmet S Copur
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle Lau
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan Urba
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Laheru
- Davendra P.S. Sohal and Alok A. Khorana, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Pamela B. Mangu, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Manish A. Shah, The Weill Cornell Medical Center; Philip A. Philip, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit; Susan Urba, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Eileen M. O'Reilly, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Joseph T. Ruggiero, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Hope E. Uronis, Duke University, Durham, NC; Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; Michelle Lau, Community Hospital Based Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ; Christopher H. Crane, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Anitra Engebretson, Patient Representative, Portland, OR; Mehmet S. Copur, St Francis Medical Center, Grand Island, NE; and Daniel Laheru, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
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