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Accuracy of Predefined Hypotheses in Colon Cancer Adjuvant Phase III Trials: Observations and Recommendations. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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Miyoshi N, Yamamoto H, Mimori K, Yamashita S, Miyazaki S, Nakagawa S, Ishii H, Noura S, Ohue M, Yano M, Doki Y, Mori M. ANXA9 gene expression in colorectal cancer: A novel marker for prognosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2313-2317. [PMID: 25289111 PMCID: PMC4186559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A9 (ANXA9) is involved with the interaction with membrane phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. A previous study has shown that ANXA9 expression is associated with bone metastasis in breast cancer, whereas its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. The present study was comprised of 100 patients who underwent surgery for CRC. The correlation between gene expression and the clinical parameters of the patients was assessed. Patients with high ANXA9 expression were statistically susceptible to a relatively worse prognosis, and those with low ANXA9 expression showed improved overall survival compared with those with high expression. In conclusion, the present data suggests that ANXA9 expression is a prognostic factor in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Õhita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Osaka 558-8558, Japan
| | - Sumiko Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shingo Noura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yano
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
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Taieb J, Tabernero J, Mini E, Subtil F, Folprecht G, Van Laethem JL, Thaler J, Bridgewater J, Petersen LN, Blons H, Collette L, Van Cutsem E, Rougier P, Salazar R, Bedenne L, Emile JF, Laurent-Puig P, Lepage C. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab in patients with resected stage III colon cancer (PETACC-8): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:862-73. [PMID: 24928083 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the 1990s, fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy has significantly reduced the risk of tumour recurrence in patients with stage III colon cancer. We aimed to assess whether the addition of cetuximab to standard adjuvant oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin chemotherapy (FOLFOX4) in patients with stage III colon cancer improved disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS For this open-label, randomised phase 3 study done in nine European countries, we enrolled patients through an interactive voice response system to the central randomisation centre, with a central stratified permuted block randomisation procedure. We randomly assigned patients with resected (R0) stage III disease (1:1) to receive 12 cycles of FOLFOX4 twice a week with or without cetuximab. Patients were stratified by N-status (N1 vs N2), T-status (T1-3 vs T4), and obstruction or perforation status (no obstruction and no perforation vs obstruction or perforation or both). A protocol amendment (applied in June, 2008, after 2096 patients had been randomly assigned to treatment-restricted enrolment to patients with tumours wild-type at codons 12 and 13 in exon 2 of the KRAS gene (KRAS exon 2 wild-type). The primary endpoint was DFS. Analysis was intention to treat in all patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumours. The study is registered at EudraCT, number 2005-003463-23. FINDINGS Between Dec 22, 2005, and Nov 5, 2009, 2559 patients from 340 sites in Europe were randomly assigned. Of these patients, 1602 had KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumours (intention-to-treat population), 791 in the FOLFOX4 plus cetuximab group and 811 in the FOLFOX4 group. Median follow-up was 3·3 years (IQR 3·2-3·4). In the experimental and control groups, DFS was similar in the intention-to-treat population (hazard ratio [HR] 1·05; 95% CI 0·85-1·29; p=0·66), and in patients with KRAS exon 2/BRAF wild-type (n=984, HR 0·99; 95% CI 0·76-1·28) or KRAS exon 2-mutated tumours (n=742, HR 1·06; 95% CI 0·82-1·37). We noted heterogeneous responses to the addition of cetuximab in preplanned subgroup analyses. Grade 3 or 4 acne-like rash (in 209 of 785 patients [27%] vs four of 805 [<1%]), diarrhoea (113 [14%] vs 70 [9%]), mucositis (63 [8%] vs 10 [1%]), and infusion-related reactions (55 [7%] vs 30 [4%]) were more frequent in patients treated with FOLFOX4 plus cetuximab than in those patients who received FOLFOX4 alone. INTERPRETATION The addition of cetuximab to FOLFOX4 did not improve DFS compared with FOLFOX4 alone in patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type resected stage III colon cancer. This trial cannot conclude on the benefit of cetuximab in the studied population, but the heterogeneity of response suggests that further investigation of the role of FOLFOX4 plus cetuximab in specific patient subgroups is warranted. FUNDING Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD), Merck KGaA, and Sanofi-Aventis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Taieb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabien Subtil
- Francophone Federation of Digestive Oncology, Cedex Dijon, France; University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, France
| | - Gunnar Folprecht
- 1st Medical Department, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Josef Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum Kreuzschwestern Wels, Austria
| | | | | | - Hélène Blons
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; UMR-S775, INSERM, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Collette
- Statistics Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rougier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Bedenne
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department Dijon University Hospital and INSERM U 866, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340 and Pathology Department, Versailles University and Ambroise Paré Hospital APHP, Boulogne, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité France; UMR-S775, INSERM, Bases Moléculaires de la Réponse aux Xénobiotiques, Paris France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Come Lepage
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department Dijon University Hospital and INSERM U 866, France
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Shikina A, Shinto E, Hashiguchi Y, Ueno H, Naito Y, Okamoto K, Kubo T, Fukazawa S, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Differential Clinical Benefits of 5-Fluorouracil-based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients with Stage III Colorectal Cancer According to CD133 Expression Status. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 44:42-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Giampieri R, Scartozzi M, Loretelli C, Piva F, Mandolesi A, Lezoche G, Prete MD, Bittoni A, Faloppi L, Bianconi M, Cecchini L, Guerrieri M, Bearzi I, Cascinu S. Cancer stem cell gene profile as predictor of relapse in high risk stage II and stage III, radically resected colon cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72843. [PMID: 24023782 PMCID: PMC3762853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data indicate that prognostic stratification of radically resected colorectal cancer based on disease stage only may not be always be adequate. Preclinical findings suggest that cancer stem cells may influence the biological behaviour of colorectal cancer independently from stage: objective of the study was to assess whether a panel of stemness markers were correlated with clinical outcome in resected stage II and III colon cancer patients. A panel of 66 markers of stemness were analysed and thus patients were divided into two groups (A and B) with most patients clustering in a manner consistent with different time to relapse by using a statistical algorithm. A total of 62 patients were analysed. Thirty-six (58%) relapsed during the follow-up period (range 1.63–86.5 months). Twelve (19%) and 50 (81%) patients were allocated into group A and B, respectively. A significantly different median relapse-free survival was observed between the 2 groups (22.18 vs 42.85 months, p = 0.0296). Among of all genes tested, those with the higher “weight” in determining different prognosis were CD44, ALCAM, DTX2, HSPA9, CCNA2, PDX1, MYST1, COL1A1 and ABCG2. This analysis supports the idea that, other than stage, biological variables, such as expression levels of colon cancer stem cell genes, may be relevant in determining an increased risk of relapse in resected colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giampieri
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristian Loretelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michela Del Prete
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bittoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Faloppi
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Cecchini
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mario Guerrieri
- Institute of Surgery, AO ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Italo Bearzi
- Institute of Pathology, AO ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, AO Ospedali Riuniti-UNIVPM, Ancona, Italy
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Shi Q, Andre T, Grothey A, Yothers G, Hamilton SR, Bot BM, Haller DG, Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Benedetti JK, O'Connell MJ, Sargent DJ. Comparison of outcomes after fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stages II and III colon cancer between 1978 to 1995 and 1996 to 2007: evidence of stage migration from the ACCENT database. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3656-63. [PMID: 23980089 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.49.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With improved patient care, better diagnosis, and more treatment options after tumor recurrence, outcomes after fluorouracil (FU) -based treatment are expected to have improved over time in early-stage colon cancer. Data from 18,449 patients enrolled onto 21 phase III trials conducted from 1978 to 2002 were evaluated for potential differences in time to recurrence (TTR), time from recurrence to death (TRD), and overall survival (OS) with regard to FU-based adjuvant regimens. METHODS Trials were predefined as old versus newer era using initial accrual before or after 1995. Outcomes were compared between patients enrolled onto old- or newer-era trials, stratified by stage. RESULTS Within the first 3 years, recurrence rates were lower in newer- versus old-era trials for patients with stage II disease, with no differences among those with stage III disease. Both TRD and OS were significantly longer in newer-era trials overall and within each stage. The lymph node (LN) ratio (ie, number of positive nodes divided by total nodes harvested) in those with stage III disease declined over time. TTR improved slightly, with larger number of LNs examined in both stages. CONCLUSION Improved TRD in newer trials supports the premise that more aggressive intervention (oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy and/or surgery for recurrent disease) improves OS for patients previously treated in the adjuvant setting. Lower recurrence rates with identical treatments in those with stage II disease enrolled onto newer-era trials reflect stage migration over time, calling into question historical data related to the benefit of FU-based adjuvant therapy in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shi
- Qian Shi, Axel Grothey, Brian M. Bot, and Daniel J. Sargent, North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Thierry Andre, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Greg Yothers and Michael J. O'Connell, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh; Daniel G. Haller, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Stanley R. Hamilton, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Brian M. Bot, Sage Bionetworks; Jacqueline K. Benedetti, Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center, Seattle, WA; Eric Van Cutsem, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Gasthuisberg, Belgium; and Chris Twelves, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Yoshida T, Hojo S, Sekine S, Sawada S, Okumura T, Nagata T, Shimada Y, Tsukada K. Expression of aquaporin-1 is a poor prognostic factor for stage II and III colon cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:953-958. [PMID: 24649276 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a high incidence of recurrence following curative resection, particularly among patients with stage II and III disease. There is therefore a need for novel prognostic biomarkers for advanced colon cancer and it was recently reported that aquaporin-1 (AQP1) may be associated with aggressive characteristics of colon cancer cells in experimental data. The association of clinicopathological findings with AQP1 expression was evaluated by tissue microarray (TMA) analysis, to determine whether AQP1 is a prognostic biomarker for colon cancer. A total of 120 consecutive stage II and III colon cancer patients (51 with stage II and 69 with stage III) who underwent curative resection between 1997 and 2008 were analyzed. The TMA was prepared from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Immunostaining was graded semi-quantitatively by considering the staining intensity and the percentage of positive tumor cells. Results showed the AQP1-positive rate to be 35.8%. The expression of AQP1 was associated with lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular and vascular invasion. The 5-year survival rate of the AQP1-positive and -negative groups was 73.7 and 87.9%, respectively. The survival rate of the positive group was significantly lower compared to that of the negative group (P=0.030). Furthermore, the expression of AQP1 was an independent poor prognostic factor according to the multivariate analysis. Therefore, AQP1 may be a promising candidate as a prognostic biomarker for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shozo Hojo
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Sawada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Association of common gene variants in the WNT/β-catenin pathway with colon cancer recurrence. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 14:142-50. [PMID: 23817222 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling has a central role in the development and progression of most colon cancers (CCs). Germline variants in Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes may result in altered gene function and/or activity, thereby causing inter-individual differences in relation to tumor recurrence capacity and chemoresistance. We investigated germline polymorphisms in a comprehensive panel of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes to predict time to tumor recurrence (TTR) in patients with stage III and high-risk stage II CC. A total of 234 patients treated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy were included in this study. Whole-blood samples were analyzed for putative functional germline polymorphisms in SFRP3, SFRP4, DKK2, DKK3, Axin2, APC, TCF7L2, WNT5B, CXXC4, NOTCH2 and GLI1 genes by PCR-based restriction fragment-length polymorphism or direct DNA sequencing. Polymorphisms with statistical significance were validated in an independent study cohort. The minor allele of WNT5B rs2010851 T>G was significantly associated with a shorter TTR (10.7 vs 4.9 years; hazard ratio: 2.48; 95% CI, 0.96-6.38; P=0.04) in high-risk stage II CC patients. This result remained significant in multivariate Cox's regression analysis. This study shows that the WNT5B germline variant rs2010851 was significantly identified as a stage-dependent prognostic marker for CC patients after 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy.
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Dumont SN, Chibaudel B, Bengrine-Lefèvre L, André T, de Gramont A. Adjuvant therapy in patients with stage II and III colon cancer under 70 years of age. COLORECTAL CANCER 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.13.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy and its prognosis has improved over recent decades due to sustained efforts of the scientific community. This review focuses on adjuvant therapy across the lifespan of patients under 70 years of age. Here, we discuss the standard management of patients with stage III colon cancer, consisting of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin combination for 6 months. The specific issues faced by patients with stage II colon cancer, including adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk patients, are discussed. Finally, we describe the distinctive characteristics of patients with colon cancer under 40 years of age and the prospects of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Dumont
- Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
- GERCOR (Multidisciplinary Oncology Research Group), Paris, France
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
- GERCOR (Multidisciplinary Oncology Research Group), Paris, France
| | - Leïla Bengrine-Lefèvre
- Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
- GERCOR (Multidisciplinary Oncology Research Group), Paris, France
| | - Thierry André
- Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
- GERCOR (Multidisciplinary Oncology Research Group), Paris, France
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
- GERCOR (Multidisciplinary Oncology Research Group), Paris, France
- Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
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Köhne CH, Bedenne L, Carrato A, Bouché O, Popov I, Gaspà L, Valladares M, Rougier P, Gog C, Reichardt P, Wils J, Pignatti F, Biertz F. A randomised phase III intergroup trial comparing high-dose infusional 5-fluorouracil with or without folinic acid with standard bolus 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: the Pan-European Trial in Adjuvant Colon Cancer 2 study. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1868-75. [PMID: 23571150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether infusional high-dose 5-flurouracil (HD-FU) provides a significant improvement in recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with a standard bolus 5-FU regimen (Mayo Clinic) in patients with curatively resectable stage III colon cancer. METHODS Patients (n=1601) were randomised to receive either the Mayo Clinic regimen or one of the three HD-FU regimens; LV5FU2, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO) or the Grupo Espaňol para el Tratamiento Digestivos (TTD), the data from which were combined to provide the HD-FU arm for final analysis. RESULTS Patients were evenly balanced for age, TMN, tumor grade and vascular and lymphatic invasion. Median follow-up was approximately 42months, RFS (hazard ratio [HR]=0.997) and OS (HR=0.96) (primary end-point) were not statistically different between the two treatment arms. Infusional HD-FU was generally better tolerated than bolus 5-FU regimen. CONCLUSIONS Infusional HD-FU does not improve RFS and OS in curatively resected stage III colon cancer patients compared to the Mayo Clinic regimen, but is less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Henning Köhne
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg/Groningen, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Colorectal Cancer in the Elderly: How Do We Tailor Treatment with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Most Appropriately? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Uehara K, Maeda A, Sakamoto E, Hiramatsu K, Takeuchi E, Sakaguchi K, Tojima Y, Takahashi Y, Ebata T, Nagino M. Phase II Trial of Adjuvant Chemotherapy with S-1 for Colorectal Liver Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:475-481. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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63
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André T, Iveson T, Labianca R, Meyerhardt JA, Souglakos I, Yoshino T, Paul J, Sobrero A, Taieb J, Shields AF, Ohtsu A, Grothey A, Sargent DJ. The IDEA (International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy) Collaboration: Prospective Combined Analysis of Phase III Trials Investigating Duration of Adjuvant Therapy with the FOLFOX (FOLFOX4 or Modified FOLFOX6) or XELOX (3 versus 6 months) Regimen for Patients with Stage III Colon Cancer: Trial Design and Current Status. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013; 9:261-269. [PMID: 24032000 PMCID: PMC3766516 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA) collaboration was established to prospectively combine and analyze data from several randomized trials conducted around the world to answer whether a three-month course of oxaliplatin-based adjuvant therapy (FOLFOX4/modified FOLFOX6 or XELOX) is non-inferior to the current standard six-month treatment for patients with stage III colon cancer, with a primary endpoint of three years disease-free survival. The IDEA steering committee comprises two members from each group coordinating an individual trial and two members from a secretariat who coordinate combining of the data and management of the joint analysis. Members of the IDEA agreed to combine the data from their individual trials to enable definitive analysis consisting of at least 10,500 patients. With accrual of 8,797 patients at the end of February 2013, the IDEA is on track to achieve its accrual objective of at least 10,500 patients by the end of 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Timothy Iveson
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Ioannis Souglakos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - James Paul
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Julien Taieb
- Digestive oncology department, European hospital Georges-Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anthony F. Shields
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - for the IDEA Steering Committee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Oncology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Digestive oncology department, European hospital Georges-Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Mori T, Ohue M, Takii Y, Hashizume T, Kato T, Kotake K, Sato T, Tango T. Factors predicting the response to oral fluoropyrimidine drugs: a phase II trial on the individualization of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluorinated pyrimidines in stage III colorectal cancer treated by curative resection (ACT-01 Study). Oncol Rep 2012; 29:437-44. [PMID: 23232805 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the predictive relevance of several biomarkers on the survival of patients with stage III colorectal cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy of oral fluoropyrimidines. This was a multicenter phase II trial on adult patients with histologically confirmed resected stage III (Dukes' C) colorectal cancer. Patients received oral doxifluridine (800 mg/m2/day) in 3 divided doses, or oral uracil/tegafur (UFT) (400 mg/m2/day) in 2 divided doses for 5 days, every 7 days for 12 months with a 5-year follow-up. Outcome measures were disease-free survival and tissue markers [thymidine phosphorylase (TP), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) protein levels and TP, DPD, thymidylate synthase (TS) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) mRNA levels in tumor samples and TS tandem-repeat type in blood samples]. There was a significant association between the intratumoral TP/DPD enzyme ratio and disease-free survival when the model included the drug, the parameter and the interactions between them [hazard ratio (HR)=2.76; P=0.00469]. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was statistically significantly higher in patients with high TP/DPD ratios [median ≥2.63: 71.9%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 61.4-80.0] compared to patients with low TP/DPD ratios (<2.63: 57.0%; 95% CI 46.3-66.3) (log-rank P=0.0277) following adjuvant therapy with oral fluoropyrimidines. No significant association was observed between the intratumoral TP/DPD enzyme ratio (cut-off value 2.0) and the disease-free survival rate in the doxifluridine group; primary endpoint (log-rank P=0.6850). The magnitude of the intratumoral TP/DPD enzyme ratio may be a potential indicator for the individualization of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines for stage III colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Mori
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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65
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) largely affects older individuals; almost half of cases occur in patients >75 years old. The incidence increases with advancing age, doubling every 7 years in patients aged ≥50 years. The medical and societal burdens of CRC will probably worsen over the coming decades as the number of older individuals (>70) continues to grow. No evidence-based guidelines are available for this age group, as older patients with CRC are generally excluded from randomized clinical trials and the fit ones who are recruited are not representative of the general elderly population. When feasible, surgery is the most successful treatment option for eradicating the primary lesion, as well as any metastases. The operative risk under elective conditions is not markedly different in older than in younger patients; however, the acute setting is to be avoided as it is associated with high operative death rates. Well-selected older patients can tolerate chemotherapy, but benefits need to be balanced against potentially limited life expectancy and reduced quality of life. The use of combination chemotherapy is an area of much controversy, but this treatment should not necessarily be withheld because of the age of the patient. Careful monitoring of toxicities and early intervention is essential in older patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A Audisio
- University of Liverpool, St Helens Teaching Hospital, Department of Surgery, Marshalls Cross Road, St Helens, Liverpool WA9 3DA, UK.
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66
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de Gramont A, Van Cutsem E, Schmoll HJ, Tabernero J, Clarke S, Moore MJ, Cunningham D, Cartwright TH, Hecht JR, Rivera F, Im SA, Bodoky G, Salazar R, Maindrault-Goebel F, Shacham-Shmueli E, Bajetta E, Makrutzki M, Shang A, André T, Hoff PM. Bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (AVANT): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:1225-33. [PMID: 23168362 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bevacizumab improves the efficacy of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Our aim was to assess the use of bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of patients with resected stage III or high-risk stage II colon carcinoma. METHODS Patients from 330 centres in 34 countries were enrolled into this phase 3, open-label randomised trial. Patients with curatively resected stage III or high-risk stage II colon carcinoma were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive FOLFOX4 (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2), leucovorin 200 mg/m(2), and fluorouracil 400 mg/m(2) bolus plus 600 mg/m(2) 22-h continuous infusion on day 1; leucovorin 200 mg/m(2) plus fluorouracil 400 mg/m(2) bolus plus 600 mg/m(2) 22-h continuous infusion on day 2) every 2 weeks for 12 cycles; bevacizumab 5 mg/kg plus FOLFOX4 (every 2 weeks for 12 cycles) followed by bevacizumab monotherapy 7·5 mg/kg every 3 weeks (eight cycles over 24 weeks); or bevacizumab 7·5 mg/kg plus XELOX (oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 2 weeks plus oral capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-15) every 3 weeks for eight cycles followed by bevacizumab monotherapy 7·5 mg/kg every 3 weeks (eight cycles over 24 weeks). Block randomisation was done with a central interactive computerised system, stratified by geographic region and disease stage. Surgery with curative intent occurred 4-8 weeks before randomisation. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival, analysed for all randomised patients with stage III disease. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00112918. FINDINGS Of the total intention-to-treat population (n=3451), 2867 patients had stage III disease, of whom 955 were randomly assigned to receive FOLFOX4, 960 to receive bevacizumab-FOLFOX4, and 952 to receive bevacizumab-XELOX. After a median follow-up of 48 months (range 0-66 months), 237 patients (25%) in the FOLFOX4 group, 280 (29%) in the bevacizumab-FOLFOX4 group, and 253 (27%) in the bevacizumab-XELOX group had relapsed, developed a new colon cancer, or died. The disease-free survival hazard ratio for bevacizumab-FOLFOX4 versus FOLFOX4 was 1·17 (95% CI 0·98-1·39; p=0·07), and for bevacizumab-XELOX versus FOLFOX4 was 1·07 (0·90-1·28; p=0·44). After a minimum follow-up of 60 months, the overall survival hazard ratio for bevacizumab-FOLFOX4 versus FOLFOX4 was 1·27 (1·03-1·57; p=0·02), and for bevacizumab-XELOX versus FOLFOX4 was 1·15 (0·93-1·42; p=0·21). The 573 patients with high-risk stage II cancer were included in the safety analysis. The most common grade 3-5 adverse events were neutropenia (FOLFOX4: 477 [42%] of 1126 patients, bevacizumab-FOLFOX4: 416 [36%] of 1145 patients, and bevacizumab-XELOX: 74 [7%] of 1135 patients), diarrhoea (110 [10%], 135 [12%], and 181 [16%], respectively), and hypertension (12 [1%], 122 [11%], and 116 [10%], respectively). Serious adverse events were more common in the bevacizumab groups (bevacizumab-FOLFOX4: 297 [26%]; bevacizumab-XELOX: 284 [25%]) than in the FOLFOX4 group (226 [20%]). Treatment-related deaths were reported in one patient receiving FOLFOX4, two receiving bevacizumab-FOLFOX4, and five receiving bevacizumab-XELOX. INTERPRETATION Bevacizumab does not prolong disease-free survival when added to adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage III colon cancer. Overall survival data suggest a potential detrimental effect with bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based adjuvant therapy in these patients. On the basis of these and other data, we do not recommend the use of bevacizumab in the adjuvant treatment of patients with curatively resected stage III colon cancer. FUNDING Genentech, Roche, and Chugai.
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Hsu C, Shen YC, Cheng CC, Cheng AL, Hu FC, Yeh KH. Geographic difference in safety and efficacy of systemicchemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastroesophagealcarcinoma: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15:265-80. [PMID: 22576708 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard of chemotherapy regimens for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer and the clinical outcome were heterogeneous in Asian versus non-Asian countries. This study aimed to explore predictors of safety and efficacy of chemotherapy for patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. METHODS Treatment group-based meta-analysis and met a regression were performed to analyze results of randomized trials published since 2005 for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer patients who received systemic chemotherapy as first-line treatment. Data were extracted and synthesized according to the Cochrane guidelines. RESULTS Twenty-five trials (8 Asian, 17 Western or international) with 56 treatment groups were analyzed. Asian trials reported a lower percentage of gastroesophageal junctional carcinoma, higher percentage of diffuse type histology, and more frequent use of second-line chemotherapy. Meta-analysis revealed significant heterogeneity both in treatment safety (grade 3–4 neutropenia and diarrhea) and efficacy [6-month progression-free survival(PFS) and 1-year overall survival (OS)]. Meta-regression analyses indicate that Asian trials are associated with an 8.2% lower incidence of grade 3–4 neutropenia and 2.1%lower incidence of grade 3–4 diarrhea. A lower percentage of patients with gastroesophageal junction carcinoma and the use of combination regimens predicted better PFS. The use of second-line chemotherapy predicts better 1-year OS,which will increase by 10% for every 10% increase inpatients who received second-line chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Geographic region (Asian vs. non-Asian) is an independent predictor of safety in systemic therapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiun Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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68
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Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Watanabe M, Ohishi T, Hisa A, Kitagawa Y. Usefulness of the preoperative administration of tegafur suppositories as alternative adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resectable stage II or III colorectal cancer: a KODK4 multicenter randomized control trial. Oncology 2012; 83:16-23. [PMID: 22722481 DOI: 10.1159/000337574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and conferred protection against recurrence of preoperatively administered tegafur suppositories following the intravenous and oral administration of fluoropyrimidine in a multicenter randomized control trial. METHODS Patients with clinical T3/4 colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to receive the preoperative administration of tegafur suppositories (group A) or no preoperative treatment (group B). The primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The mean follow-up periods were 80.9 ± 31.0 months in group A and 64.5 ± 28.8 months in group B. The 5-year DFS rates were 89.3% in group A and 70.3% in group B (p = 0.045), whereas the 5-year OS rates were 91.4% in group A and 73.2% in group B (p = 0.051). Furthermore, a significant difference in the cumulative distant metastatic rate was observed (group A, 7.4% vs. group B, 23.4%; p = 0.03). However, no significant difference in the cumulative local recurrence rate was seen (group A, 4.6% vs. group B, 8.2%; p = 0.68). CONCLUSION Despite a relatively small sample size, preoperative tegafur suppositories might protect recurrences and improve survival rates, mainly by preventing distant metastasis. These findings suggest the utility of tegafur suppositories as an alternative neoadjuvant treatment in modern chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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69
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Cen P, Liu C, Du X. Comparison of toxicity profiles of fluorouracil versus oxaliplatin regimens in a large population-based cohort of elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1503-11. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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70
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Twelves C, Scheithauer W, McKendrick J, Seitz JF, Van Hazel G, Wong A, Díaz-Rubio E, Gilberg F, Cassidy J. Capecitabine versus 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: final results from the X-ACT trial with analysis by age and preliminary evidence of a pharmacodynamic marker of efficacy. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1190-1197. [PMID: 21896539 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This multicenter randomized trial compared oral capecitabine with bolus i.v. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid (FA) as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were assigned to 24 weeks of capecitabine 1250 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-14 every 3 weeks or 5-FU/FA (Mayo Clinic regimen). The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The intent-to-treat population received capecitabine (n = 1004) or 5-FU/FA (n = 983). With a median follow-up of 6.9 years, capecitabine was at least equivalent to 5-FU/FA in terms of DFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-1.01] and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.74-1.01); the 95% CI upper limits were significantly less than the predefined noninferiority margins of 1.20 (P < 0.0001) and 1.14 (P < 0.001), respectively. This pattern was maintained in all subgroups, including patients aged ≥ 70 years. Preplanned multivariate analyses showed that capecitabine had statistically significant beneficial effects on DFS (P = 0.021) and OS (P = 0.020) versus 5-FU/FA. A post hoc analysis suggested that the occurrence of hand-foot syndrome may be associated with better outcomes in capecitabine recipients. CONCLUSION Oral capecitabine is an effective alternative to bolus 5-FU/FA as adjuvant treatment of patients with stage III colon cancer with efficacy benefits maintained at 5 years and in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Twelves
- University of Leeds and St James's Institute of Oncology Hospital, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds, UK.
| | - W Scheithauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J McKendrick
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J-F Seitz
- Digestive Oncology Unit, Hôpital La Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - G Van Hazel
- Perth Oncology, Mount Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - A Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
| | - E Díaz-Rubio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Gilberg
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Cassidy
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Marin JJG, Sanchez de Medina F, Castaño B, Bujanda L, Romero MR, Martinez-Augustin O, Moral-Avila RD, Briz O. Chemoprevention, chemotherapy, and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:148-72. [PMID: 22497631 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.638303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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de Gramont A, de Gramont A, Chibaudel B, Larsen AK, Tournigand C, André T. The evolution of adjuvant therapy in the treatment of early-stage colon cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2012; 10:218-26. [PMID: 22122893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant treatment of colon cancer, one of the most common malignancies, is an important issue in oncology. This article describes the development of adjuvant therapy and how the 2 major evolution steps, the successes of fluoropyrimidines, and then of oxaliplatin, have been achieved, Problems and failures, such as those of targeted therapies, also are addressed to help us to overcome their limitations. Special situations, such as stage II disease and an elderly population in which adjuvant chemotherapy is still controversial, are reviewed from the clinician perspective. The synthesis of these data allows us to conceive a future development focused on translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimery de Gramont
- Service d'Oncologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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Geographic difference in safety and efficacy of systemic chemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Gastric Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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75
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de Gramont A, de Gramont A, Chibaudel B, Bachet JB, Larsen AK, Tournigand C, Louvet C, André T. From chemotherapy to targeted therapy in adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. Semin Oncol 2011; 38:521-32. [PMID: 21810511 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents a major public health problem due to its frequency and mortality rate. Adjuvant chemotherapy has improved the prognosis of colon cancer. Six months of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine in combination is the standard adjuvant treatment in stage III patients. Ongoing trials are evaluating the optimal duration of chemotherapy. A critical issue, which needs to be specifically addressed, is the role of adjuvant therapy in elderly patients. Preliminary results of trials evaluating targeted therapies in combination with chemotherapy have shown disappointing results. The monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cetuximab, targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/HER1, which improved survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, could even induce chemotherapy resistance in a significant number of patients in the adjuvant setting. A major challenge is emerging to understand the mechanism leading to this effect and to multi-target the tumor cell proliferation and survival network. Clarity regarding the clinical signal needed before launching a phase III study and optimized designs adapted to multiple agents are urgently needed for new trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimery de Gramont
- Service d'Oncologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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76
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Aldoss I, Iqbal S. Adjuvant Treatment and Predictors of Response in Colon Cancer. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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77
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Prognostic value of colorectal cancer biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2080-105. [PMID: 24212797 PMCID: PMC3757405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the large amount of data in cancer biology and many studies into the likely survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, knowledge regarding the issue of CRC prognostic biomarkers remains poor. The Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system continues to be the most powerful and reliable predictor of the clinical outcome of CRC patients. The exponential increase of knowledge in the field of molecular genetics has lead to the identification of specific alterations involved in the malignant progression. Many of these genetic alterations were proposed as biomarkers which could be used in clinical practice to estimate CRC prognosis. Recently there has been an explosive increase in the number of putative biomarkers able to predict the response to specific adjuvant treatment. In this review we explore and summarize data concerning prognostic and predictive biomarkers and we attempt to shed light on recent research that could lead to the emergence of new biomarkers in CRC.
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Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J, de Braud F, Price T, Van Cutsem E, Hill M, Gilberg F, Rittweger K, Schmoll HJ. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:1465-71. [PMID: 21383294 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This multicenter, randomized trial compared capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) with bolus fluorouracil (FU) and folinic acid (FA) as adjuvant therapy for patients with stage III colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who had undergone curative resection were randomly assigned to XELOX (oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1 to 14 every 3 weeks for 24 weeks) or a standard bolus FU/FA adjuvant regimen (Mayo Clinic for 24 weeks or Roswell Park for 32 weeks). The primary study end point was disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The intention-to-treat population comprised 1,886 patients; 944 patients were randomly assigned to XELOX and 942 to FU/FA (Mayo Clinic, n = 664; Roswell Park, n = 278). After 57 months of follow-up for the primary analysis, 295 patients (31.3%) in the XELOX group had relapsed, developed a new primary colon cancer, or died compared with 353 patients (37.5%) in the FU/FA group (hazard ratio [HR] for DFS, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93; P = .0045). The 3-year DFS rate was 70.9% with XELOX and 66.5% with FU/FA. The HR for overall survival (OS) for XELOX compared to FU/FA was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.05; P = .1486). The 5-year OS for XELOX and FU/FA were 77.6% and 74.2%, respectively. Follow-up is ongoing. Preplanned multivariate and subgroup analyses supported the robustness of these findings. CONCLUSION The addition of oxaliplatin to capecitabine improves DFS in patients with stage III colon cancer. XELOX is an additional adjuvant treatment option for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haller
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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79
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Abstract
Because of its frequency and mortality rate, colorectal cancer represents a major public health problem. Adjuvant chemotherapy has improved the prognosis. Six months of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine in combination is the standard adjuvant treatment in stage III patients. Two monoclonal antibodies, bevacizumab targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and cetuximab targeting epidermal growth factor receptor 1, are being assessed in addition to chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Preliminary results of 2 trials have shown disappointing results. Duration of therapy is another other critical issue for the future. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer is still a subject of controversy. The potential biomarkers that can accurately select patients with stage II or III cancer who are at risk for recurrence to individualize therapy from microsatellite instability to gene signature are reviewed. Adjuvant therapy in elderly patients is another matter of debate due to the lack of survival advantage in the recent trials.
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80
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Baumgaertner I, Quinaux E, Khalil A, Louvet C, Buyse M, de Gramont A, André T. Comparison of the levogyre and dextro-levogyre forms of leucovorin in a phase III trial of bimonthly LV5FU2 versus monthly 5-fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin for patients with stage II and III colon cancer (GERCOR C96.1). Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9:E5-10. [PMID: 20378497 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND These analyses compare the safety and efficacy of 2 forms (levogyre [L] and dextro-levogyre [DL]) of leucovorin (LV) when used with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage II and III colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis used primary efficacy and safety data of a phase III trial comparing monthly 5-FU/LV or bimonthly LV5FU2 (LV 200 mg/m2 intravenously over 2 hours followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m2 bolus and then 600 mg/m2 continuous intravenous infusion over 22 hours, days 1 and 2, every 2 weeks). In both regimens, depending on the choice made by each center, patients received either DL-LV (200 mg/m2) or L-LV (100 mg/m2). RESULTS L-LV and DL-LV were administered respectively to 60% (n = 519) and 40% (n = 357) of the patients. Important prognostic characteristics were well balanced between the 2 groups. The proportion of any grade 3/4 toxicity was 20% in the L-LV group and 17% in the DL-LV group. There was no statistical difference in terms of toxicity between the 2 groups. The median follow-up time was 6.1 years. There were no statistically significant differences between L-LV and DL-LV in terms of either disease-free survival (66.7% vs. 67.2%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.31; P = .78) or overall survival (78.2% vs. 74.5%; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.97-1.69; P = .078). CONCLUSION This study supports the use of either DL (200 mg/m2) or L (100 mg/m2) LV in association with 5-FU as adjuvant treatment of patients with colon cancer.
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Bayraktar S, Bayraktar UD, Rocha-Lima CM. Timing of Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy in Colorectal Cancers. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9:144-9. [DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, Nishida N, Tokuoka M, Akita H, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M. Abnormal expression of PFDN4 in colorectal cancer: a novel marker for prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:3030-6. [PMID: 20552408 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prefoldin 4 (PFDN4) is a transcriptional factor that regulates the cell cycle. PFDN4 is upregulated in breast tumor and breast cancer cell lines, but its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully understood. METHODS The present study assessed 129 patients who underwent surgery for CRC and assessed three cell lines derived from human CRC. The correlation of gene expression with clinical parameters in patients was assessed by knockdown experiments with these cell lines. RESULTS Patients with high PFDN4 expression had a statistically relatively better prognosis, and those with low PFDN4 expression showed poorer overall survival than those with high expression. The assessment of PFDN4 knockdown in the three cell lines demonstrated that the siRNA inhibition resulted in a statistically significant increase in cell growth and invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly suggest that PFDN4 expression is a prognostic factor in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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83
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Des Guetz G, Nicolas P, Perret GY, Morere JF, Uzzan B. Does delaying adjuvant chemotherapy after curative surgery for colorectal cancer impair survival? A meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1049-55. [PMID: 20138505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In stage III colorectal cancer (CRC), adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) is usually prescribed within two months after curative surgery. Whether or not delaying initiation of CT affects survival is still debated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a meta-analysis (MA) of all published studies (full papers or abstracts) comparing delayed CT with standard care. Studies were obtained from a PubMed query (keywords: CRC, adjuvant treatment, delay of CT), a review (Chau et al., 2006), cross-checking references and abstracts from the proceedings of ASCO, ASCO GI and WCGI annual meetings. We chose a cutoff delay of 8 weeks. Risk Ratios (RRs) were calculated from the recorded events (deaths, relapses). We used EasyMA software (fixed-effect model). RESULTS Fourteen studies (including four abstracts) were identified (17,645 patients; 5,952 males, 5,151 females, mean age 70 years). Of these, three could not be statistically analysed and three used another cutoff (4, 5 or 6 weeks), leaving 8 studies for main MA (13,158 patients; 3,932 males, 3,644 females, 5,942 missing data; 5,576 colon cancers, 6,677 rectal, 1,265 missing data). Delaying CT more than 8 weeks was associated to worse Overall Survival (OS) (RR: 1.20; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.15-1.26). In the MA including all studies whatever their cutoff, longer delay was similarly associated to a worse OS but not a worse Relapse-Free Survival (RFS) (five studies). CONCLUSION Adjuvant chemotherapy should be started within 8 weeks after surgery. Delaying the initiation of adjuvant CT for more than 8 weeks after surgery significantly decreased OS but not RFS. This discrepancy might be due to factors not directly related to cancer (post-operative complications, social status) or to a more accurate appraisal of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Des Guetz
- AP-HP, Department of Oncology, Avicenne Hospital, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France.
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Tejpar S, Bertagnolli M, Bosman F, Lenz HJ, Garraway L, Waldman F, Warren R, Bild A, Collins-Brennan D, Hahn H, Harkin DP, Kennedy R, Ilyas M, Morreau H, Proutski V, Swanton C, Tomlinson I, Delorenzi M, Fiocca R, Van Cutsem E, Roth A. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in resected colon cancer: current status and future perspectives for integrating genomics into biomarker discovery. Oncologist 2010; 15:390-404. [PMID: 20350999 PMCID: PMC3227961 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of agents that are potentially effective in the adjuvant treatment of locally advanced resectable colon cancer is increasing. Consequently, it is important to ascertain which subgroups of patients will benefit from a specific treatment. Despite more than two decades of research into the molecular genetics of colon cancer, there is a lack of prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers with proven utility in this setting. A secondary objective of the Pan European Trials in Adjuvant Colon Cancer-3 trial, which compared irinotecan in combination with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in the postoperative treatment of stage III and stage II colon cancer patients, was to undertake a translational research study to assess a panel of putative prognostic and predictive markers in a large colon cancer patient cohort. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803 trial, in a similar design, also investigated the use of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in this setting. In this article, the authors, who are coinvestigators from these trials and performed similar investigations of biomarker discovery in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer, review the current status of biomarker research in this field, drawing on their experiences and considering future strategies for biomarker discovery in the postgenomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M. SCRN1 is a novel marker for prognosis in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010; 101:156-9. [PMID: 20039278 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Secernin 1 (SCRN1) is a member of the secernin family and is reported to be a tumor-associated antigen. Previous reports show that SCRN1 is upregulated in gastric cancer cell lines and may be a novel immunotherapy target, whereas its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study comprised 54 patients who underwent surgery for CRC, as well as two cell lines derived from human CRC. We assessed the correlation of gene expression with clinical parameters in the CRC patients, and knockdown was evaluated in the cell lines. RESULTS Thirty of the 54 (55.5%) cases exhibited a higher expression of the SCRN1 gene in cancerous regions than marginal non-cancerous regions. Patients with high SCRN1 expression were statistically susceptible to a poor prognosis and showed poorer disease-free survival than those with low expression. SCRN1 knockdown in the two cell lines demonstrated that the siRNA inhibition resulted in a statistically significant reduction in cell growth. CONCLUSION The present data strongly suggest that SCRN1 expression is a prognostic factor in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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87
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Des Guetz G, Uzzan B, Morere J, Perret G, Nicolas P. Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010:CD007046. [PMID: 20091614 PMCID: PMC10632948 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007046.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery of primary tumour is the backbone of colorectal cancer treatment (CRC). But in stage III cancer, metastatic or local relapse is often observed (50%). So, adjuvant treatment is always considered in this setting. The best treatment duration of hypothetic disease is not easy to define. Adjuvant chemotherapy for CRC actually lasts 6 months. The choice of optimal duration is based upon old studies using 5-fluorouracil (5FU). During the last ten years, results of major randomized controlled studies (RCTs) comparing different durations of treatments and different schedules in adjuvant setting were published. Several studies compared a 6-month chemotherapy with a longer treatment. Conversely, a single study by Chau et al compared a 6 month chemotherapy with continuous treatment lasting 3 months. But the optimal duration of these chemotherapies could be challenged. Even though the optimal duration of chemotherapy in CRC is a major issue, it has never been answered adequately. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the optimal duration of adjuvant treatment, we performed a meta-analysis of all RCTs comparing two durations of adjuvant treatment, 6 months versus 9 to 12 months. SEARCH STRATEGY Publications were identified from PubMed (February 28th, 2009), Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Clinical Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library 2009 issue 1. Reviews and books were also scrutinized. Abstracts were reviewed from ASCO annual meetings proceedings from 1998 to 2009. SELECTION CRITERIA Patients with surgically resected colorectal cancer with high risk of recurrence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Several RCTs compared shorter versus longer durations of chemotherapy, 6 studies for overall survival (OS) and 7 studies for relapse free survival (RFS), for a total of 10326 patients, mean age 63.1 years, including 9826 colon and 500 rectum cancers. MAIN RESULTS Treatments were always based on 5-FU. Two studies were excluded, an epidemiological study and a study comparing continuous treatment during 3 months with conventional chemotherapy during 6 months. The later because it compared 2 durations less than or equal to 6 months. Shorter duration of chemotherapy (3-6 months) compared with longer duration (9-12 months) was not associated to poorer RFS (RR =0.96, 95% CI : 0.90-1.02) and OS (RR = 0.96 ; 95% CI : 0.91-1.02). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis confirmed that adjuvant chemotherapy of CRC should not last for more than 6 months. Prolonged duration would result in lower benefit to risk ratio. However, the results do not make it possible to favour either 3 or 6 month durations. They should help design a future RCT comparing different durations of continuous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Des Guetz
- Hospital AvicenneOncology125 Rue de StalingradBobignyFrance93009
| | - Bernard Uzzan
- Hospital AvicennePharmacology125 Rue de StalingradBobignyFrance93009
| | | | - Gerard Perret
- Hospital AvicennePharmacology125 Rue de StalingradBobignyFrance93009
| | - Patrick Nicolas
- Hospital AvicennePharmacology125 Rue de StalingradBobignyFrance93009
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent malignant neoplasm in Western countries. After complete resection, 5-year overall survival varies according to the initial stage. Adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) is indicated in patients with colon cancer at high-risk stage II, stage III and after complete resection of metastases. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), alone or modulated with levamisol or leucovorin (LV), oral fluoropyrimidines, raltitrexed, irinotecan and oxaliplatin have been studied as adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. Nowadays, oxaliplatin-based regimens, FOLFOX or FLOX, are considered as the standard adjuvant CT. If there are contraindications for oxaliplatin, the best alternatives are capecitabine or continuous infusion of 5FU/LV. The role of monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab and bevacizumab, combined with oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine-based CT is under investigation in clinical trials. This article reviews the state of the art and the future perspectives of adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. Prognostic and predictive factors are also commented on.
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Zhao Z, Liu W, Su Y, Zhu J, Zheng G, Luo Q, Jin X. Evaluation of biodistribution and safety of adenovirus vector containing MDR1 in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010; 29:1. [PMID: 20044941 PMCID: PMC2819043 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to examine the safety and distribution of Ad-EGFP-MDR1, an adenovirus encoding human multidurg resistance gene (human MDR1), in the mice colon carcinoma model. Methods After bone marrow cells (BMCs) were infected with Ad-EGFP-MDR1, they were administered by intra bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation (IBM-BMT). Total adenovirus antibody and serum adenovirus neutralizing factor (SNF) were determined. Biodistribution of Ad-EGFP-MDR1 was detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The peripheral hematocyte white blood cell (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (Plt) counts were analyzed. Results Neither total adenovirus antibody nor SNF increased weeks after BMT. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated concordant expression of human MDR1 and P-gp which were found in lung, intestine, kidney and BMCs after BMT, but not detected in liver, spleen, brain and tumor. No significant abnormality of the recovery hematocyte was observed on Day 30 after treatment. Conclusion The results indicate that IBM-BMT administration of a replication defective adenovirus is a feasible mode of delivery, allowing exogenous transference. The findings in this study are conducted for the future long-term studies of safety assessment of Ad-EGFP-MDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenZhen Zhao
- Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Pediatric Research Institution, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, Takatsuno Y, Kim H, Hirose H, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M. Abnormal expression of TRIB3 in colorectal cancer: a novel marker for prognosis. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1664-70. [PMID: 19904274 PMCID: PMC2778541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRIB3 is a human homologue of Drosophila tribbles. Previous studies have shown that TRIB3 controls the cell growth through ubiquitination-dependent degradation of other proteins, whereas its significance in the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is not yet fully understood. MATERIALS This study comprised 202 patients who underwent surgery for CRC, as well as 22 cell lines derived from human gastrointestinal cancer. The correlation of gene expression with clinical parameters in patients was assessed. The biological significance was evaluated by knockdown experiments in seven colorectal cancer cell lines. RESULTS A total of 20 cancer cell lines (90.9%) expressed the TRIB3 gene. The assessment in surgical specimens indicated that the gene expression was significantly higher in the cancerous region than in the marginal non-cancerous region. Patients with high TRIB3 expression were statistically susceptible to a recurrence of the disease, and showed poorer overall survival than those with low expression. The assessment of TRIB3 knockdown in five cell lines showed that small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition resulted in a statistically significant reduction in cell growth. CONCLUSION These data strongly suggest the usefulness of TRIB3 as a marker for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients, showing a basis for the development of effective treatments for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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91
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Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, Tanaka F, Hitora T, Tei M, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M. TGM2 is a novel marker for prognosis and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 17:967-72. [PMID: 20033322 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) plays a role in cell growth and survival through the antiapoptosis signaling pathway. METHODS We analyzed TGM2 gene expression in 91 paired cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) and noncancerous regions and seven CRC cell lines to demonstrate the importance of TGM2 expression for the prediction of prognosis of CRC. TGM2 expression was higher in CRC tissue than in corresponding normal tissue by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (P = .015). RESULTS Patients in the high TGM2 expression group showed a poorer overall survival rate than those in the low expression group (P = .001), indicating that the increase in TGM2 expression was an independent prognostic factor. TGM2 was also expressed in the seven CRC cell lines. The in vitro proliferation assay showed that TGM2 expression is involved with tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that TGM2 is useful as a predictive marker for patient prognosis and may be a novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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92
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de Gramont A, Hubbard J, Shi Q, O'Connell MJ, Buyse M, Benedetti J, Bot B, O'Callaghan C, Yothers G, Goldberg RM, Blanke CD, Benson A, Deng Q, Alberts SR, Andre T, Wolmark N, Grothey A, Sargent D. Association between disease-free survival and overall survival when survival is prolonged after recurrence in patients receiving cytotoxic adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: simulations based on the 20,800 patient ACCENT data set. J Clin Oncol 2009; 28:460-5. [PMID: 20008641 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously validated disease-free survival (DFS) as a surrogate for overall survival (OS) in fluorouracil-based adjuvant colon cancer clinical trials. New therapies have extended survival after recurrence from 1 to approximately 2 years. We examined the possible impact of this improvement on the DFS/OS association. METHODS The Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints (ACCENT) data set of 20,898 patients was analyzed. In an exploratory fashion, time from recurrence to death in patients experiencing recurrence was extended using several algorithms, and the association of DFS after 3 years of median follow-up and OS after varying lengths of follow-up (median of 5, 6, and 7 years) was assessed. RESULTS Seven thousand four hundred two patients (35%) experienced recurrence. Median time from recurrence to death was 24 months in the hypothetical data sets. When times from recurrence to death were doubled, the association between treatment effects on DFS and 5-year OS was modest (R(2) = 0.51 for both 2- and 3-year DFS) but remained strong for DFS and 6-year OS (R(2) = 0.67 for both 2- and 3-year DFS) and 7-year OS (R(2) = 0.70 for both 2- and 3-year DFS). The reduced DFS/OS association with extended survival after recurrence was greater in stage II than stage III patients. Multiple simulations provided consistent findings. CONCLUSION Extended survival after recurrence reduces the association between treatment effects on 3-year DFS and 5-year OS, particularly in stage II patients; longer follow-up strengthens the association. In modern adjuvant trials, 6 or 7 years may be required to demonstrate OS improvements, further supporting DFS as the preferred primary end point for future adjuvant colon cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimery de Gramont
- Hopital Saint Antoine, Group Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
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Hoshino H, Miyoshi N, Nagai KI, Tomimaru Y, Nagano H, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition with expression of SNAI1-induced chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1061-5. [PMID: 19861116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have demonstrated that SNAI1 plays a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the suppression of CDH1. Its role in the pathology and regulation of EMT expression to chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of Snai1 protein in 30 primary CRC samples. The biological significance of Snai1 expression was studied by induction of the wild-type (WT) and mutant SNAI1 gene in CRC SW480 cells. RESULTS Examination of 20 surgical specimens of CRC indicated that Snai1 protein expression was localized outer regions of invasive tumors. Introduction of phosphorylation-defective active EMT forms, SNAI1-6SA and SNAI1-8SA, caused downregulation of CDH1 and upregulation of VIM compared with SNAI1-WT and the negative control (NC). Chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (IC50) was higher in SNAI1-6SA and SNAI1-8SA transfectants compared with SNAI1-WT and NC. All the above results were significantly different. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that Snai1 plays a role in CRC invasion through phosphorylation, suggesting a plausible mechanism for overcoming chemoresistance that will lead to the development of effective treatments for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M. RGS16 is a marker for prognosis in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:3507-14. [PMID: 19760045 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The RGS family, comprising 22 homologues of proteins, plays a role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, membrane trafficking, and embryonic development through the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. METHODS In order to demonstrate the importance of RGS16 expression for the prediction of prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), we analyzed RGS16 gene expression in 22 human gastrointestinal cell lines and 124 paired cases of CRC and noncancerous regions. RESULTS RGS16 was expressed in 17 human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines examined in this study. RGS16 expression was higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in corresponding normal tissue (P < 0.001) in messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Patients in the RGS16 high-expression group showed a poorer overall survival rate than those in the low-expression group (P < 0.001), indicating that high RGS16 expression was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that RGS16 is useful as a predictive marker for patient prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Cancers colorectaux avant et après les biothérapies : une révolution dans la prise en charge des patients ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:672-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dahl O, Fluge Ø, Carlsen E, Wiig JN, Myrvold HE, Vonen B, Podhorny N, Bjerkeset O, Eide TJ, Halvorsen TB, Tveit KM. Final results of a randomised phase III study on adjuvant chemotherapy with 5 FU and levamisol in colon and rectum cancer stage II and III by the Norwegian Gastrointestinal Cancer Group. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:368-76. [PMID: 19242829 DOI: 10.1080/02841860902755244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer with lymph node metastases, based on two studies from USA, was reluctantly accepted by Norwegian medical doctors. It was therefore decided to assess the role of adjuvant therapy with 5fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with levamisole (Lev) in a confirmatory randomised study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four hundred and twenty five patients with operable colon and rectum cancer, Stage II and III (Dukes' stage B and C), were from January 1993 to October 1996, included in a randomised multicentre trial in Norway. The age limits were 18-75 years. Therapy started with a loading course of bolus i.v. 5-FU (450 mg/m(2)) daily for 5 days and p.o. doses of Lev (50 mg x 3) for 3 days. From day 28 a weekly i.v. 5-FU dose (450 mg/m(2)) were administered for 48 weeks. From day 28 also p.o. doses of Lev (50 mg x 3) for 3 days were given every 14 days. In total 214 patients were randomised to 5FU/Lev and 211 were included in the control group with surgery alone. Some did not comply with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thus leaving 206 evaluable patients in each group. RESULTS There was no significant survival difference between the two groups at 5 years: Disease-free survival (DFS) was 73% after chemotherapy, 68% (p=0.24) in the control group, and corresponding cancer specific survival (CSS) 75% and 71%, respectively (p=0.69). There was no difference between the two groups when analysed for colon and rectum separately. However, the subgroup of colon cancer with stage III exhibited a statistically significant difference both for DFS, 58% vs. 37% (p=0.012) and CSS, 65% vs. 47% (p=0.032) in favour of adjuvant chemotherapy. The benefit was further statistically significant for women but not for men. Toxicity was generally mild and acceptable with no drug related fatalities. CONCLUSIONS Colon cancer patients with lymph node metastases benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU/Lev with acceptable toxicity. In a subgroup analysis females did better than males. Rectal cancer does not benefit from this regimen.
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Boni C, André T, Banzi MC, Hickish T, Tabernero J, Clingan P, Chibaudel B, de Gramont A. Similarities and differences between the adjuvant oxaliplatin-based trials MOSAIC and NSABP C-07. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-009-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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98
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Ychou M, Hohenberger W, Thezenas S, Navarro M, Maurel J, Bokemeyer C, Shacham-Shmueli E, Rivera F, Kwok-Keung Choi C, Santoro A. A randomized phase III study comparing adjuvant 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with FOLFIRI in patients following complete resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1964-70. [PMID: 19567451 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with folinic acid (FA) in colorectal cancer patients with completely resectable liver-limited metastases (LMCRC) offers clinical benefit over surgery alone. This phase III trial compared FOLFIRI with simplified 5-FU/FA in this setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS LMCRC patients were randomized to receive every 14 days, FA, 400 mg/m2 infused over 2 h, followed by 5-FU as a 400 mg/m2 i.v. bolus, followed by continuous 5-FU infusion, 2400 mg/m2 over 46 h (LV5FUs) with or without irinotecan: 180 mg/m2 infusion (FOLFIRI). The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS); secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and safety. RESULTS Treated patients (n = 306) were balanced for critical prognostic factors in each arm. Median DFS in patients receiving LV5FUs was 21.6 versus 24.7 months for FOLFIRI [hazard ratio (HR) 0.89, log-rank P = 0.44]. No significant differences were found in OS. A trend was observed for improved DFS in patients receiving FOLFIRI within 42 days of surgery (HR 0.75, P = 0.17). Grade 3/4 toxic effects were more common in patients treated with FOLFIRI versus LV5FUs (47% versus 30%) with neutropenia being most common (23% versus 7%). CONCLUSION FOLFIRI in the adjuvant treatment of LMCRC showed no significant improvement in DFS compared with LV5FUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ychou
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France.
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Van Cutsem E, Labianca R, Bodoky G, Barone C, Aranda E, Nordlinger B, Topham C, Tabernero J, André T, Sobrero AF, Mini E, Greil R, Di Costanzo F, Collette L, Cisar L, Zhang X, Khayat D, Bokemeyer C, Roth AD, Cunningham D. Randomized phase III trial comparing biweekly infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin alone or with irinotecan in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: PETACC-3. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3117-25. [PMID: 19451425 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.21.6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this randomized, multicenter, phase III trial was to investigate whether the addition of irinotecan to the de Gramont infusional fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) adjuvant regimen (LV5FU2) would improve disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with stage III colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS After curatively intentioned surgery, patients with stage II and III colon cancer were randomly allocated surgery to receive LV5FU2 (LV 200 mg/m(2) as a 2-hour infusion, followed by FU; as a 400 mg/m(2) bolus and then a 600 mg/m(2) continuous infusion over 22 hours, days 1 and 2, every 2 weeks for 12 cycles: de Gramont regimen) with or without irinotecan (180 mg/m(2) as a 30- to 90-minute infusion, day 1, every 2 weeks). In total, 260 (7.9%) of 3,278 patients received an alternative high-dose infusional FU/LV regimen (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internische Onkologie regimen) with or without irinotecan. Results The principal efficacy analysis was based on 2,094 treated patients with stage III disease, randomly allocated in the LV5FU2 strata. After a median follow-up of 66.3 months, the 5-year DFS rate was 56.7% with irinotecan/LV5FU2 and 54.3% with LV5FU2 alone (primary end point: log-rank P = .106). Combining irinotecan with LV5FU2 did not significantly improve overall survival in this patient group compared with LV5FU2 alone (5-year rate 73.6% v 71.3%, respectively; log-rank P = .094). The addition of irinotecan to LV5FU2 was associated with an increased incidence of grade 3 to 4 GI events and neutropenia. CONCLUSION Irinotecan added to LV5FU2 as adjuvant therapy did not confer a statistically significant improvement in DFS or overall survival in patients with stage III colon cancer compared with LV5FU2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Van Cutsem
- Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg/Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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André T, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J, Hickish T, Topham C, Bonetti A, Clingan P, Bridgewater J, Rivera F, de Gramont A. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3109-16. [PMID: 19451431 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.20.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1585] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Three-year disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly improved in patients who had undergone resection with curative intent for stage II or III colon cancer who received bolus plus continuous-infusion fluorouracil plus leucovorin (LV5FU2) with the addition of oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4). Final results of the study, including 6-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year updated DFS, are reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 2,246 patients were randomly assigned to receive LV5FU2 or FOLFOX4 for 6 months. The primary end point was DFS. Secondary end points were OS and safety. Results Five-year DFS rates were 73.3% and 67.4% in the FOLFOX4 and LV5FU2 groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.93; P = .003). Six-year OS rates were 78.5% and 76.0% in the FOLFOX4 and LV5FU2 groups, respectively (HR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.00; P = .046); corresponding 6-year OS rates for patients with stage III disease were 72.9% and 68.7%, respectively (HR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97; P = .023). No difference in OS was seen in the stage II population. The incidence of second noncolorectal cancers was 5.5% and 6.1% in the FOLFOX4 and LV5FU2 groups, respectively. Among patients receiving oxaliplatin, the frequency of grade 3 peripheral sensory neuropathy was 1.3% 12 months after treatment and 0.7% at 48 months. CONCLUSION Adding oxaliplatin to LV5FU2 significantly improved 5-year DFS and 6-year OS in the adjuvant treatment of stage II or III colon cancer and should be considered after surgery for patients with stage III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry André
- Hôpital Saint Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, Paris 75012, France
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