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Yun S, Vincelette ND, Abraham I, Puvvada S, Anwer F. Outcome Comparison of Allogeneic versus Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Transformed Low-Grade Lymphoid Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Comparative Studies. Acta Haematol 2016; 136:244-255. [PMID: 27802434 DOI: 10.1159/000449031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies develop transformed disease, requiring stem cell transplantation (SCT). SCT outcomes in transformed low-grade lymphoid malignancies may differ from those of nontransformed disease or other aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We conducted a pooled analysis of the clinical outcomes of allogeneic versus high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous SCT in adult patients with transformed low-grade lymphoid malignancies. METHODS A PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane search yielded 4 comparative studies reporting allogeneic versus HDT with autologous SCT outcomes in adults (age ≥18) with transformed low-grade lymphoid malignancies, including follicular, chronic/small lymphocytic, and marginal zone lymphoma. Risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS Rates for overall survival (OS) were 51.0 versus 69.5% (RR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.19-2.02, p = 0.001), rates of relapse were 37.3 versus 35.3% (RR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.70-1.55, p = 0.84), and rates of transplant-related mortality (TRM) were 33.3 versus 7.2% (RR = 4.52, 95% CI 2.75-7.43, p < 0.00001) for allogeneic versus autologous SCT. Previous rituximab treatment, reduced intensity conditioning regimen prior to SCT, or original pathology had no prognostic impact. CONCLUSION HDT followed by autologous SCT was associated with lower TRM and a better OS, but there was no difference in relapse versus allogeneic SCT. Autologous SCT may be the better therapeutic option, considering the second chance of allogeneic SCT in the case of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongseok Yun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Fla., USA
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Prica A, Baldassarre F, Hicks LK, Imrie K, Kouroukis T, Cheung M. Rituximab in Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia: A Practice Guideline. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 29:e13-e28. [PMID: 27746042 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration in cancer. Its role in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), has evolved significantly. We aimed to systematically review and update the literature on rituximab in lymphoma and CLL, and provide evidence-based consensus guidelines for its rational use. Validated methodology from the Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-based Care was used. A comprehensive literature search was completed by a methodologist from the Hematology Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario. Data were extracted from randomised controlled trials of rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens for patients with lymphoma or CLL. Fifty-six primary randomised controlled trials were retrievable and met all inclusion criteria. Clinically important benefits in progression-free survival or overall survival were seen in the following settings: (i) addition of rituximab to combination chemotherapy for initial treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and HIV-related lymphoma with CD4 count ≥50/mm3; (ii) addition of rituximab to combination chemotherapy for initial and subsequent treatment of follicular lymphoma and other indolent B-cell lymphomas; (iii) use of rituximab maintenance in patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas who have responded to chemoimmunotherapy; (iv) addition of rituximab to fludarabine-based chemotherapy or chlorambucil for initial treatment of CLL. The consensus opinion of the Hematology Disease Site Group is that rituximab is recommended for these indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prica
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Baldassarre
- Program in Evidence-based Care, Cancer Care Ontario, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - L K Hicks
- St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Imrie
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Kouroukis
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Cheung
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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The Role of Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Follicular Lymphoma in The New Drugs Era. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016; 8:e2016045. [PMID: 27648208 PMCID: PMC5016019 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2016.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common histotype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and it is generally characterized by a heterogeneous clinical course. Despite recent therapeutic and diagnostic improvements, a significant fraction of FL patients still relapsed. In younger and/or fit FL relapsed patients bone marrow transplant (BMT) has represented the main salvage therapy for many years. Thanks to the ability of high-dose chemotherapy to overcome the lymphoma resistance and refractoriness, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) can achieve a high complete remission rate (CR) and favorable outcome regarding progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) combines the high dose chemotherapy effect together with the immune reaction of the donor immune system against lymphoma, the so-called ‘graft versus lymphoma’ (GVL) effect. Considering the generally higher transplant-related mortality (TRM), alloSCT is mostly indicated for FL relapsed after ASCT. During the last years, there have been a great spread of novel effective and feasible drugs Although these and future novel drugs will probably change our current approach to FL, the OS post-BMT (ASCT and alloSCT) has never been reproduced by any novel combination. In this scenario, it is important to correctly evaluate the disease status, the relapse risk and the comorbidity profile of the relapsed FL patients in order to provide the best salvage therapy and eventually transplant consolidation.
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Capria S, Barberi W, Perrone S, Ferretti A, Salaroli A, Annechini G, D'Elia GM, Foà R, Pulsoni A. Reappraising the timing of transplant for indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:951-64. [PMID: 27539362 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1226128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas (iNHL) remain incurable with standard approaches. The timing of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is changing following the introduction of new drugs that can potentially defer the transplant, improved reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) and haploidentical allogeneic SCT (allo-SCT). AREAS COVERED The most relevant aspects concerning the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the management of iNHL are discussed. Literature search methodology included examination of PubMed index and meeting presentations. Expert commentary: ASCT is not currently employed as consolidation in first-line, being reserved to patients with refractory/relapsed disease. The curative potential of graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) after RIC allo-SCT could be particularly beneficial in patients with iNHL relapsing after ASCT. This scenario could be modified in the near future by better definition of high-risk patients at diagnosis, by the improvement of minimal residual disease (MRD) evaluation and by the introduction of new drugs in the therapeutic algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Capria
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Walter Barberi
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Salvatore Perrone
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonietta Ferretti
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Adriano Salaroli
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Giorgia Annechini
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianna Maria D'Elia
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Pulsoni
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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Rituximab maintenance after autologous stem cell transplantation prolongs response duration in non-naive rituximab follicular lymphoma patients: a single institution experience. Ann Hematol 2016; 95:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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56
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The role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the management of indolent B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016; 127:2093-100. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-624320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite improvements over the past decade in the overall survival of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas, these lymphomas remain largely incurable with standard therapies. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab-based regimens has become a well-established standard of care in the primary and relapsed disease settings. The role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in indolent lymphoma has been defined by the adoption of this therapy largely in the relapse setting because randomized trials in the first-line setting have not shown survival advantages. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has the possibility for cure because of the potential for immunologic graft-versus-lymphoma effect, but there are significant concerns regarding nonrelapse mortality. Autologous stem cell transplantation offers a safe treatment platform, but relapse remains a significant issue. The role of transplantation in the current treatment landscape of immunochemotherapy has not been conclusively proven, and randomized trials are lacking. This review summarizes the current relevant data regarding transplantation in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and highlights the issues relevant to clinicians in the field.
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Laport GG, Wu J, Logan B, Bachanova V, Hosing C, Fenske T, Longo W, Devine SM, Nademanee A, Gersten I, Horowitz M, Lazarus HM, Riches ML. Reduced-Intensity Conditioning with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and High-Dose Rituximab for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Follicular Lymphoma: A Phase Two Multicenter Trial from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:1440-1448. [PMID: 27118571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can induce long-term remissions in chemosensitive relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL). The Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network conducted a multicenter phase 2 trial to examine the efficacy of alloHCT using reduced-intensity conditioning with rituximab (RTX) in multiply relapsed, chemosensitive FL. The primary endpoint was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). The conditioning regimen consisted of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and high-dose RTX (FCR), in which 3 of the 4 doses of RTX were administered at a dose of 1 gm/m(2). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was with tacrolimus and methotrexate. Sixty-five patients were enrolled and 62 were evaluable. Median age was 55 years (range, 29 to 74). This group was heavily pretreated: 77% had received ≥ 3 prior regimens, 32% had received ≥ 5 prior regimens, and 11% had received prior autologous HCT. Donors were HLA-matched siblings (n = 33) or HLA-matched unrelated adults (n = 29). No graft failures occurred. The overall response rate after HCT was 94% with 90% in complete remission (CR), including 24 patients not in CR before alloHCT. With a median follow-up of 47 months (range, 30 to 73), 3-year PFS and overall survival rates were 71% (95% confidence interval, 58% to 81%) and 82% (95% confidence interval, 70% to 90%), respectively. Three-year cumulative incidences of relapse/progression and nonrelapse mortality were 13% and 16%, respectively. Two-year cumulative incidences of grades 2 to 4 and grades 3 or 4 acute GVHD were 27% and 10%, respectively, and extensive chronic GVHD incidence was 55%. Serum RTX concentrations peaked at day +28 and remained detectable as late as 1 year in 59% of patients with available data. In conclusion, alloHCT with FCR conditioning confers high CR rates, a low incidence of relapse/progression, and excellent survival probabilities in heavily pretreated FL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginna G Laport
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Juan Wu
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brent Logan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Chitra Hosing
- University of Texas/MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcie L Riches
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Fleury I, Chevret S, Pfreundschuh M, Salles G, Coiffier B, van Oers M, Gisselbrecht C, Zucca E, Herold M, Ghielmini M, Thieblemont C. Rituximab and risk of second primary malignancies in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:390-7. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Taverna JA, Yun S, Jonnadula J, Saleh A, Riaz IB, Abraham I, Yeager AM, Persky DO, McBride A, Haldar S, Anwer F. Role of Maintenance Therapy after High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Aggressive Lymphomas: A Systematic Review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:1182-1196. [PMID: 26899562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant uncertainty exists in regard to the efficacy of maintenance therapy after high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) as well as autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for the treatment of patients with aggressive lymphoma. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of post-ASCT maintenance therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma. A comprehensive literature search yielded 4476 studies and a total of 42 studies (11 randomized controlled trials [RCT], 9 retrospective comparative studies, and 22 single-arm studies) were included in the systematic review. There was significant heterogeneity in study design, chemotherapeutic regimens, post-ASCT maintenance strategies, patient enrollment criteria, and study endpoints. Our findings suggest that post-ASCT maintenance immune-targeting strategies, including PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies, rituximab, and brentuximab, may improve progression-free survival but not overall survival. Collectively, the results indicate a need for testing new strategies with well-designed and adequately powered RCTs to better address the role of post-ASCT maintenance in relapsed/refractory lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Taverna
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Seongseok Yun
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Ahlam Saleh
- Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Irbaz Bin Riaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew M Yeager
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Daniel O Persky
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ali McBride
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Subrata Haldar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Faiz Anwer
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.
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Feugier P. A review of rituximab, the first anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of B non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1327-42. [PMID: 25952779 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, which stabilizes CD20 on lipid rafts, promoting antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activities. It is the first targeted therapy used in B-cell malignancies and has revolutionized their treatment, without excess of toxicity. In combination with chemotherapy, it has significantly improved response rates and progression-free survival and, for some of them, overall survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma. Moreover, it has been shown to improve progression-free survival in maintenance in follicular lymphoma as well as mantle cell lymphoma. Improvement of its efficacy includes exploration of resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics parameters, role of vitamin D and evaluation of subcutaneous route, among others.
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Rummel M, Kaiser U, Balser C, Stauch M, Brugger W, Welslau M, Niederle N, Losem C, Boeck HP, Weidmann E, von Gruenhagen U, Mueller L, Sandherr M, Hahn L, Vereshchagina J, Kauff F, Blau W, Hinke A, Barth J. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus fludarabine plus rituximab for patients with relapsed indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; 17:57-66. [PMID: 26655425 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fludarabine-based chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab is frequently used in patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas who relapse after alkylating chemotherapy. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of rituximab with bendamustine or fludarabine in patients with relapsed, indolent, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle-cell lymphoma. METHODS For this randomised, non-inferiority, open-label, phase 3 trial, we recruited patients from 55 centres in Germany, who were subsequently randomised centrally according to prespecified randomisation lists with permuted blocks of randomly variable block size to rituximab (375 mg/m(2), day 1) plus either bendamustine (90 mg/m(2), days 1 and 2) or fludarabine (25 mg/m(2), days 1-3) every 28 days for a maximum of six 28-day cycles. Patients were aged 18 years or older with a WHO performance status of 0-2 and had relapsed or refractory indolent or mantle-cell lymphoma; patients refractory to regimens that included rituximab, bendamustine, or purine analogue drugs were excluded. Patients were stratified by histological subtypes of lymphoma and by their latest previous therapies. Treatment allocation was not masked. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival and the final analysis was completed per protocol. Non-inferiority of bendamustine plus rituximab versus fludarabine plus rituximab was defined as a difference of less than 15% in 1-year progression-free survival. The protocol was amended in July, 2006, after approval of rituximab maintenance (375 mg/m(2) every 3 months for up to 2 years), which was then given to patients achieving a response to either trial treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01456351 (closed to enrolment, follow-up is ongoing). FINDINGS Between Oct 8, 2003, and Aug 5, 2010, we randomly assigned 230 patients to treatment groups (116 bendamustine plus rituximab, 114 fludarabine plus rituximab). 11 patients were excluded for protocol violations and were not followed up further (two in the bendamustine plus rituximab group and nine in the fludarabine plus rituximab group). Thus, 219 patients were included in the per-protocol analysis (114 bendamustine plus rituximab, 105 fludarabine plus rituximab). 1-year progression-free survival with bendamustine plus rituximab was 0·76 (95% CI 0·68-0·84) and 0·48 (0·39-0·58) with fludarabine plus rituximab (non-inferiority p<0·0001). At a median follow-up of 96 months (IQR 73·2-112·9), median progression-free survival with bendamustine plus rituximab was 34·2 months (95% CI 23·5-52·7) and 11·7 months (8·0-16·1) with fludarabine plus rituximab (hazard ratio [HR] 0·54 [95% CI 0·38-0·72], log-rank test p<0·0001). Safety outcomes were similar in both groups, with 46 serious adverse events recorded (23 in the bendamustine plus rituximab group and 23 in the fludarabine plus rituximab group), most commonly myelosuppression and infections. INTERPRETATION In combination with rituximab, bendamustine was more effective than fludarabine, suggesting that bendamustine plus rituximab may be the preferred treatment option for patients with relapsed indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas. FUNDING Roche Pharma AG, Ribosepharm GmbH, Mundipharma GmbH, Studiengruppe indolente Lymphome (StiL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rummel
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kaiser
- Innere Medizin II, St Bernward Krankenhaus, Hildesheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfram Brugger
- Schwarzwald-Baar Klinikum, Akad, Lehrkrankenhaus der University Freiburg, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Eckhart Weidmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Vereshchagina
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Kauff
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Blau
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Hinke
- Wissenschaftlicher Service Pharma (WISP) Research Institute, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Juergen Barth
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
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Freedman A. Follicular lymphoma: 2015 update on diagnosis and management. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1171-8. [PMID: 26769125 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphoadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly, and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general, cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss are uncommon. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl-2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl-2 genes. RISK STRATIFICATION The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high-risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias, with no survival advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or rituximab alone. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy-rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
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Bhatt VR, Armitage JO. Autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in follicular lymphoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:57-66. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1096341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Epperla N, Fenske TS, Hari PN, Hamadani M. Recent advances in post autologous transplantation maintenance therapies in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. World J Transplant 2015; 5:81-88. [PMID: 26421260 PMCID: PMC4580930 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas constitute the second most common indication for high dose therapy (HDT) followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT). The intent of administering HDT in these heterogeneous disorders varies from cure (e.g., in relapsed aggressive lymphomas) to disease control (e.g., most indolent lymphomas). Regardless of the underlying histology or remission status at transplantation, disease relapse remains the number one cause of post auto-HCT therapy failure and mortality. The last decade has seen a proliferation of clinical studies looking at prevention of post auto-HCT therapy failure with various maintenance strategies. The benefit of such therapies is in turn dependent on disease histology and timing of transplantation. In relapsed, chemosensitive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), although post auto-HCT maintenance rituximab seems to be safe and feasible, it does not provide improved survival outcomes and is not recommended. The preliminary results with anti- programmed death -1 (PD-1) antibody therapy as post auto-HCT maintenance in DLBCL is promising but requires randomized validation. Similarly in follicular lymphoma, maintenance therapies including rituximab following auto-HCT should be considered investigational and offered only on a clinical trial. Rituximab maintenance results in improved progression-free survival but has not yet shown to improve overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), but given the poor prognosis with post auto-HCT failure in MCL, maintenance rituximab can be considered on a case-by-case basis. Ongoing trials evaluating the efficacy of post auto-HCT maintenance with novel compounds (e.g., immunomodulators, PD-1 inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors) will likely change the practice landscape in the near future for B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas patients following HDT and auto-HCT.
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Rituximab for indolent lymphomas before and after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 22:469-75. [PMID: 26390162 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most substantial advancement in the treatment of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), since the advent of combination chemotherapy, has been the introduction of the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. However, the optimal schedule, timing, and duration of rituximab therapy remain controversial. RECENT FINDINGS Since its initially reported single-agent activity in 1997, the role of rituximab has greatly expanded and it is now ubiquitously integrated in all treatment phases of indolent NHL. Yet, several questions remain to be addressed: should asymptomatic patients be treated at diagnosis with single-agent rituximab or still kept in watchful waiting, what are the optimal first-line treatments to combine with rituximab, what is the role of maintenance therapy, and is there a benefit in incorporating rituximab in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation schemes for these diseases? Recent and ongoing clinical trials tackling these relevant issues will be presented and critically discussed in this article. SUMMARY Excellent outcomes are reported with rituximab therapy in indolent NHL, both early and late in the disease course. Continued study of this most valuable therapeutic agent is warranted to set the optimal treatment approach leading to cure the majority of patients.
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Freidlin B, Little RF, Korn EL. Design Issues in Randomized Clinical Trials of Maintenance Therapies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv225. [PMID: 26286730 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential therapeutic strategy for patients who respond (or have stable disease) on a fixed-duration induction therapy is to receive maintenance therapy, typically given for a prolonged period of time. To enable patients and clinicians to make informed treatment decisions, the designs of phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing maintenance strategies need to be such that their results will provide clear assessment of the relevant risks and benefits of these strategies. We review the key aspects of maintenance RCT designs. Important design considerations include choice of first-line and second-line therapies, minimizing between-arm differences in follow-up schedules, and choice of the primary endpoint. In order to change clinical practice, RCTs should be designed to accurately isolate and quantify the clinical benefit of maintenance as compared with the standard approach of fixed-duration induction followed by the second-line treatment at progression. To accomplish this, RCTs need to utilize an overall survival (or quality of life) endpoint or, in settings where this is not feasible, endpoints that incorporate the effects of the subsequent line of therapy (eg, time from randomization to second progression or death). Toxicity and symptom information over both the study treatment (maintenance) and the second-line treatment should also be collected and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Freidlin
- Biometric Research Branch (BF, ELK) and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (RFL), Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Richard F Little
- Biometric Research Branch (BF, ELK) and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (RFL), Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward L Korn
- Biometric Research Branch (BF, ELK) and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (RFL), Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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67
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A review of monoclonal antibody therapies in lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:72-84. [PMID: 26318093 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (moAb) represent a novel way of delivering therapy through specific target antigens expressed on lymphoma cells and minimizes the collateral damage that is common with conventional chemotherapy. The paradigm of this approach is the targeting of CD20 by rituximab. Since its FDA approval in 1997, rituximab has become the standard of care in almost every line of therapy in most B-cell lymphomas. This review will briefly highlight some of the key rituximab trials while looking more closely at the evidence that is bringing other antibodies, including next generation anti-CD20 moAbs, and anti-CD30 moAbs, among others to the forefront of lymphoma therapy.
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Casulo C, Byrtek M, Dawson KL, Zhou X, Farber CM, Flowers CR, Hainsworth JD, Maurer MJ, Cerhan JR, Link BK, Zelenetz AD, Friedberg JW. Early Relapse of Follicular Lymphoma After Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone Defines Patients at High Risk for Death: An Analysis From the National LymphoCare Study. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2516-22. [PMID: 26124482 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Twenty percent of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) experience progression of disease (POD) within 2 years of initial chemoimmunotherapy. We analyzed data from the National LymphoCare Study to identify whether prognostic FL factors are associated with early POD and whether patients with early POD are at high risk for death. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 588 patients with stage 2 to 4 FL received first-line rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Two groups were defined: patients with early POD 2 years or less after diagnosis and those without POD within 2 years, the reference group. An independent validation set, 147 patients with FL who received first-line R-CHOP, was analyzed for reproducibility. RESULTS Of 588 patients, 19% (n = 110) had early POD, 71% (n = 420) were in the reference group, 8% (n = 46) were lost to follow-up, and 2% (n = 12) died without POD less than 2 years after diagnosis. Five-year overall survival was lower in the early-POD group than in the reference group (50% v 90%). This trend was maintained after we adjusted for FL International Prognostic Index (hazard ratio, 6.44; 95% CI, 4.33 to 9.58). Results were similar for the validation set (FL International Prognostic Index-adjusted hazard ratio, 19.8). CONCLUSION In patients with FL who received first-line R-CHOP, POD within 2 years after diagnosis was associated with poor outcomes and should be further validated as a standard end point of chemoimmunotherapy trials of untreated FL. This high-risk FL population warrants further study in directed prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Casulo
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michelle Byrtek
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Keith L Dawson
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Charles M Farber
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John D Hainsworth
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Brian K Link
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Andrew D Zelenetz
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jonathan W Friedberg
- Carla Casulo and Jonathan W. Friedberg, University of Rochester, Rochester; Jonathan W. Friedberg, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Michelle Byrtek and Keith L. Dawson, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Xiaolei Zhou, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC; Charles M. Farber, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ; Christopher R. Flowers, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; John D. Hainsworth, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Matthew J. Maurer and James R. Cerhan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Brian K. Link, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
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Salvage chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for transformed indolent lymphoma: a subset analysis of NCIC CTG LY12. Blood 2015; 126:733-8. [PMID: 26109202 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-622084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of transformed indolent lymphoma (TRIL) often includes salvage chemotherapy (SC) and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). NCIC CTG LY12 is a randomized phase 3 trial comparing gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) with dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) before ASCT. This analysis compares the results of SC and ASCT for TRIL with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Six-hundred nineteen patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma were randomized to GDP or DHAP; 87 patients (14%) had TRIL and 429 (69%) had DLBCL. The response rate to SC was 47% in TRIL and 45% in DL (P = .81). Transplantation rates were similar: TRIL 53% and DL 52% (P = 1.0). With a median follow-up of 53 months, 4 year overall survival was 39% for TRIL and 41% for DL (P = .78); 4 year event-free survival (EFS) was 27% for TRIL and 27% for DL (P = .83). Post-ASCT, 4-year EFS was 45% for TRIL and 46% for DL. Histology (TRIL or DL) was not a predictor of any outcome in multivariate models. Patients with relapsed or refractory TRIL and DLBCL have similar outcomes with SC and ASCT; this therapy should be considered the standard of care for patients with TRIL who have received prior systemic chemotherapy. NCIC CTG LY12 is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT00078949.
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Smolewski P, Robak T. The preclinical discovery of rituximab for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:791-808. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1045295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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71
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Sureda A, Bader P, Cesaro S, Dreger P, Duarte RF, Dufour C, Falkenburg JHF, Farge-Bancel D, Gennery A, Kröger N, Lanza F, Marsh JC, Nagler A, Peters C, Velardi A, Mohty M, Madrigal A. Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:1037-56. [PMID: 25798672 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the sixth special report that the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation regularly publishes on the current practice and indications for haematopoietic SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders in Europe. Major changes have occurred in the field of haematopoietic SCT over the last years. Cord blood units as well as haploidentical donors have been increasingly used as stem cell sources for allo-SCT, thus, augmenting the possibility of finding a suitable donor for a patient. Continuous refinement of conditioning strategies has also expanded not only the number of potential indications but also has permitted consideration of older patients or those with co-morbidity for a transplant. There is accumulating evidence of the role of haematopoietic SCT in non-haematological disorders such as autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, the advent of new drugs and very effective targeted therapy has challenged the role of SCT in some instances or at least, modified its position in the treatment armamentarium of a given patient. An updated report with revised tables and operating definitions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sureda
- Department of Haematology, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran I Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Bader
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Cesaro
- Paediatric Haematology Oncology, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - P Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R F Duarte
- Department of Haematology, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran I Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Dufour
- Clinical And Experimental Hematology Unit. Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - J H F Falkenburg
- Department of Haematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Farge-Bancel
- Department of Haematology-BMT, Hopital St Louis, Paris, France
| | - A Gennery
- Children's BMT Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - N Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Lanza
- Haematology and BMT Unit, Cremona, Italy
| | - J C Marsh
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital/King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Nagler
- Chaim Sheva Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - C Peters
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, St Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Velardi
- Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Mohty
- Department of Haematology, H. Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - A Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free and University College, London, UK
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Arcaini L, Morello L, Tucci A, Rusconi C, Ladetto M, Rattotti S, Bonfichi M, Bottelli C, Gabutti C, Bernasconi P, Varettoni M, Gotti M, Troletti D, Guerrera ML, Fiaccadori V, Sciarra R, Ferretti VV, Alessandrino EP, Rossi G, Morra E. Autologous stem cell transplantation with in vivo purged progenitor cells shows long-term efficacy in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:230-4. [PMID: 25502635 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been shown effective in the control of relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. We evaluate the long-term outcome of patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma treated with ASCT with in vivo purged progenitors cells. We report the long-term results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 trial on 124 relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma patients treated with a program of anthracycline-based debulking chemotherapy, immunochemotherapy, mobilization of in vivo purged PBSC followed by ASCT. Median age was 52 years; 14% of patients had grade 3A histology. Debulking chemotherapy produced CR in 16% and PR in 71%, while 13% of patients progressed. After rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (R-COP), CR was obtained in 60% and PR in 35%; 118 patients successfully mobilized PBSC and 117 proceeded to ASCT. The harvest in all the 32 molecularly informative patients was bcl-2 negative. TRM was 0%. The 5-year PFS was 54% and the 5-year OS was 83%. After a median f-up of 6.7 years (range 1.5-13.6), 54% are still in CR. These data show that prolonged PFS is achievable in relapsed/refractory patients with high dose autologous transplantation of in vivo purged progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Arcaini
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Lucia Morello
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | | | - Chiara Rusconi
- Division of Hematology; Niguarda Ca'granda Hospital; Milano Italy
| | - Marco Ladetto
- Division of Hematology; Azienda Ospedaliera Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo; Alessandria
| | - Sara Rattotti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Bonfichi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | | | - Cristina Gabutti
- Division of Hematology; Niguarda Ca'granda Hospital; Milano Italy
| | - Paolo Bernasconi
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Marzia Varettoni
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Manuel Gotti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Daniela Troletti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Guerrera
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | | | - Roberta Sciarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Virginia Valeria Ferretti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | - Emilio Paolo Alessandrino
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia Italy
| | | | - Enrica Morra
- Division of Hematology; Niguarda Ca'granda Hospital; Milano Italy
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Prolonged clinical remissions in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma treated with autologous stem cell transplantation incorporating rituximab. Ann Hematol 2015; 94:813-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy followed by transplantation of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells has a proven track record of safety and efficacy in hematological malignancies and select solid tumors. The near-universal use of peripheral blood stem cells as source for autografts, routine growth factor support, and antimicrobial prophylaxis post transplantation has improved the safety of this procedure. However, the advent of highly active novel therapies in the last few years warrants reappraisal of the role of autologous transplantation in the therapeutic armamentarium of malignant disorder. This review summarizes the current role of autologous transplantation for hematological malignancies, discusses modern standards for patient selection, and highlights long-term care issues of transplant survivors from an internist's perspective. Role of tumor purging in autologous transplantation, novel transplant conditioning regimens, and post-transplant therapies to prevent disease relapse are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hamadani
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
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Hofmeister CC, Williams N, Geyer S, Hade EM, Bowers MA, Earl CT, Vaughn J, Bingman A, Humphries K, Lozanski G, Baiocchi RA, Jaglowski SM, Blum K, Porcu P, Flynn J, Penza S, Benson DM, Andritsos LA, Devine SM. A phase 1 study of vorinostat maintenance after autologous transplant in high-risk lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1043-9. [PMID: 25213183 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.963073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Only a minority of patients with high risk lymphoma will be cured with autologous transplant, so maintenance with vorinostat, an oral agent with activity in relapsed lymphoma, was studied starting day + 60 for 21 consecutive days followed by a week off for up to 11 cycles. Twenty-three patients with lymphoma were treated. Ten patients completed the full 11-cycle treatment plan per protocol, four patients were removed due to progressive disease and seven withdrew or were removed from the study due to toxicities. Despite Prevnar vaccine administration every 2 months for three injections, the mean antibody concentration never reached protective levels (> 0.35 μg/mL). Fatigue and functional well-being measured by Brief Fatigue Inventory and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General improved significantly from cycle 1 to cycle 7, but depression scores from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale did not change. Given the toxicities observed, this broad-spectrum deacetylase inhibitor at this schedule is not optimal for prolonged maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Hofmeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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Hourigan CS, McCarthy P, de Lima M. Reprint of: Back to the future! The evolving role of maintenance therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 20:S8-S17. [PMID: 24485019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relapse is a devastating event for patients with hematologic cancers treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In most situations, relapse treatment options are limited. Maintenance therapy offers the possibility of delaying or avoiding disease recurrence, but its role remains unclear in most conditions that we treat with transplantation. Here, Dr. Hourigan presents an overview of minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement in hematologic malignancies and the applicability of MRD-based post-transplantation interventions. Dr. McCarthy reviews current knowledge of maintenance therapy in the autologous transplantation context, with emphasis on immunologic interventions and immune modulation strategies designed to prevent relapse. Dr. de Lima discusses current lines of investigation in disease recurrence prevention after allogeneic transplantation, focusing on acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Hourigan
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip McCarthy
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marcos de Lima
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular lymphoma: safety profile and clinical outcome in a single-center experience. Med Oncol 2014; 31:310. [PMID: 25373321 PMCID: PMC4221626 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a treatment option for relapsed and recurrent follicular lymphoma (R/R FL); however, its value in the rituximab era remains to be elucidated. To evaluate the safety and clinical outcome of AHSCT for relapsed FL, we present a retrospective series of AHSCT for 30 FL patients (17 male and 13 female) at median age of 49 years. Patients were transplanted in second or subsequent complete or partial response after at least one therapeutic line including chemotherapy and rituximab. Overall, seven patients achieved second or higher complete response (CR) at AHSCT, whereas 23 were transplanted in partial response. Median overall survival (OS) was not reached, whereas progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.8 years. The estimated 10-year OS and PFS were found to be 60 and 33%, respectively. There was no significant difference in OS and PFS in terms of FLIPI score and disease status at transplant. Median follow-ups from diagnosis and from AHSCT were 4.9 years (range 1.5-18.4 years) and 1.7 years (range 0.03-16.5 years), respectively. Fifteen patients relapsed, and 11 out of them (73%) died of disease recurrence and chemoresistance. At the last contact, 19 patients are alive: 12 are in CR, whereas seven patients receive salvage regimens due to active lymphoma. AHSCT for relapsed FL patients who were pretreated with rituximab remains a safe procedure with low transplant-related mortality and long-term progression-free survival in about one-third of transplanted patients.
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78
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Alcantara M, Dupuis J, Mareschal S, Julian A, Cottereau AS, Becker S, Dubois S, Oberic L, Huynh A, Meignan M, Laurent G, Tilly H, Haioun C, Ysebaert L. PET/CT before autologous stem cell transplantation predicts outcome in refractory/relapsed follicular lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 42:215-21. [PMID: 25239490 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salvage of young patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) after R-CHOP includes salvage immunochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Previous studies dealing with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma have shown the prognostic value of PET/CT prior to ASCT. METHODS We retrospectively analysed 59 patients with refractory/relapsed FL after first-line R-CHOP who were chemosensitive (as evaluated by CT) to the salvage treatment and who proceeded to ASCT. The role of PET/CT in this setting to define chemosensitivity is not definitely established. So we focused on the prognostic value of PET/CT performed after salvage treatment, before ASCT. RESULTS The estimated 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 63.1% (50.9-78.3%) and 90.5% (82.8 - 98.8%), respectively, and did not differ significantly according to their Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index at relapse, conditioning regimen, or type of salvage. PFS was significantly lower in PET/CT-positive patients, according to the International Harmonization Project revised response criteria, with a 3-year PFS of 45.5% (26.6 - 77.8%) versus 72.6% (58.5 - 90.0%; p = 0.039). To better refine prognosis, we applied two types of throsholds: a Deauville five-point scale positive threshold of ≥3 (3-year PFS of 74.9%, range 61.0 - 92.1% %, versus 42.8%, range 24.7 - 74.4%; p = 0.02), and a ≥70% ∆SUVmax threshold between presalvage and pre-ASCT PET/CT (3-year PFS of 72.4%, range 57.5 - 91.3% versus 13.3%, 2.2 - 81.7%; p < 10(-3)). The PET/CT findings before ASCT were independently correlated with PFS in our series. CONCLUSION PET/CT negativity before ASCT is a desirable and achievable goal in the management of chemosensitive FL relapsing after first-line R-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Alcantara
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Université de Rouen, rue d'Amiens, Rouen, Cedex 760381, France
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79
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Dreyling M, Ghielmini M, Marcus R, Salles G, Vitolo U, Ladetto M. Newly diagnosed and relapsed follicular lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2014; 25 Suppl 3:iii76-82. [PMID: 25122695 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Dreyling
- Department of Medicine III, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ghielmini
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Marcus
- Haematology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - G Salles
- Service D'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - U Vitolo
- Haematology II, Centro Universitario Ricerca Oncologica Ospedale Molinette, Turin
| | - M Ladetto
- Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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80
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The EBMT/EMCL consensus project on the role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2014; 29:464-73. [PMID: 25034148 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of both autologous (autoSCT) and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in the management of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains to be clarified. We conducted a consensus project using the RAND-modified Delphi consensus procedure to provide guidance on how SCT should be used in MCL. With regard to autoSCT, there was consensus in support of: autoSCT is the standard first-line consolidation therapy; induction therapy should include high-dose cytarabine and Rituximab; complete or partial remission should be achieved before autoSCT; Rituximab maintenance following autoSCT is not indicated; and omission of autoSCT in 'low-risk' patients is not indicated. No consensus could be reached regarding: autoSCT in the treatment of relapsed disease following non-transplant therapy; the value of positron emission tomography scanning and minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring; in vivo purging with Rituximab; total body irradiation conditioning for autoSCT; and preemptive Rituximab after autoSCT. For alloSCT, consensus was reached in support of: alloSCT should be considered for patients relapsing after autoSCT; reduced intensity conditioning regimens should be used; allogeneic immunotherapy should be used for MRD eradication after alloSCT; and there is a lack of prognostic criteria to guide the use of alloSCT as first-line consolidation. No consensus was reached regarding the role of alloSCT for relapsed disease following non-transplant therapy.
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81
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Phipps C, Gopal AK, Storer BE, Cassaday RD, Press OW, Till BG, Pagel JM, Palanca-Wessels MC, Philip M, Bensinger WI, Holmberg LA, Shustov AR, Green DJ, Chauncey T, Maloney DG, Libby EN. Autologous transplant for relapsed follicular lymphoma: impact of pre-transplant rituximab sensitivity. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:92-6. [PMID: 24707941 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.911866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) have limited options. Before the rituximab era, autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) was shown to improve outcomes in chemotherapy-sensitive, relapsed FL, but the impact of rituximab-sensitivity on these results is unknown. We analyzed 194 consecutive relapsed patients with FL who underwent ASCT at out center and categorized them as rituximab-sensitive (RS, n = 35), rituximab-refractory (RR, n = 65) or no rituximab (NoR, n = 94) if transplanted before rituximab was used. Progression-free survival at 3 years was 85% in RS and 35% in RR patients (p = 0.0004). Only rituximab-sensitivity was significant on multivariate analysis with improved overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.24, p = 0.01) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 0.35, p = 0.006) in RS patients and increased relapse in RR patients (HR 2.11, p = 0.01). Pre-transplant rituximab-sensitivity is a strong independent predictor of post-transplant outcomes in relapsed FL, although one-third of RR patients achieved a PFS of over 3 years with ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Phipps
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA , USA
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82
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Kothari J, Peggs KS, Bird A, Thomson KJ, Morris E, Virchis AE, Lambert J, Goldstone AH, Linch DC, Ardeshna KM. Autologous stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma is of most benefit early in the disease course and can result in durable remissions, irrespective of prior rituximab exposure. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:334-40. [PMID: 24438080 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and the optimal timing of such transplants in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) remains contentious. We present a single-centre experience documenting the outcomes of 70 FL patients who underwent BEAM (carmustine, cytarabine, etopside, melphalan)-conditioned ASCT between 1988 and 2009. With a median follow-up of 6·8 years (0·1-19·2), the 7-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) from the date of ASCT was 76% and 60%, respectively. A significant difference in OS was found when comparing the patients transplanted in first or second remission versus those transplanted in later remissions (P = 0·02) and this significance was maintained when OS was calculated from the date of diagnosis (P = 0·03). There was a plateau on the PFS curves for patients transplanted in either first or second remissions after 9·3 and 6·4 years respectively, suggesting that these groups may never relapse. No differences were seen in OS or PFS in those treated with rituximab prior to transplant versus those who were not. Our data shows that BEAM ASCT can be a highly effective treatment in patients with FL early in the disease course, and that a proportion of patients experience prolonged disease-free survival and may be cured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimal Kothari
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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83
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Freedman A. Follicular lymphoma: 2014 update on diagnosis and management. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:429-36. [PMID: 24687887 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphoadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly, and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, nightsweats, and weight loss are uncommon. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl-2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl-2 genes. RISK STRATIFICATION The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high-risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy-rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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84
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Noriega V, Kaur H, Devereux S, Byrne J, Marcus R, Haynes A, Yallop D, McMillan A, Ingram W, Khan A, Kenyon M, Potter V, Russell N, Mufti GJ, Pagliuca A. Long term follow-up of BEAM-autologous and BEAM-alemtuzumab allogeneic stem cell transplantation in relapsed advanced stage follicular lymphoma. Leuk Res 2014; 38:737-43. [PMID: 24787231 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This is an analysis in 171 patients comparing BEAM-Auto and BEAM-Allo (alemtuzumab)-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed follicular lymphoma. BEAM-Allo group had a lower 10 years cumulative incidence of relapse(31.4% vs 55.1%, p=0.042), a trend to a plateau in survival but no statistical differences in OS or DFS, and a TRM of 24%. When transplanted in CR BEAM-Allo patients had better OS and DFS. Incidence of acute and chronic GVHD was 16.6% and 22%. 29% of BEAM-Allo patients received DLI (all but two remain in CR and alive). Our data supports Allo-HSCT as a potential curative treatment for selected patients with FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Noriega
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Byrne
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert Marcus
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Haynes
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Deborah Yallop
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew McMillan
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anjum Khan
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michelle Kenyon
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Victoria Potter
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nigel Russell
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ghulam J Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Antonio Pagliuca
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London and Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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85
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Hourigan CS, McCarthy P, de Lima M. Back to the future! The evolving role of maintenance therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 20:154-63. [PMID: 24291784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Relapse is a devastating event for patients with hematologic cancers treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In most situations, relapse treatment options are limited. Maintenance therapy offers the possibility of delaying or avoiding disease recurrence, but its role remains unclear in most conditions that we treat with transplantation. Here, Dr. Hourigan presents an overview of minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement in hematologic malignancies and the applicability of MRD-based post-transplantation interventions. Dr. McCarthy reviews current knowledge of maintenance therapy in the autologous transplantation context, with emphasis on immunologic interventions and immune modulation strategies designed to prevent relapse. Dr. de Lima discusses current lines of investigation in disease recurrence prevention after allogeneic transplantation, focusing on acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Hourigan
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip McCarthy
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marcos de Lima
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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86
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Rituximab maintenance therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation prolongs progression-free survival in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2013; 28:708-9. [PMID: 24217198 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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87
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Pettengell R, Schmitz N, Dreger P, Goldstone A. Reply to C. Fozza. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3847-8. [PMID: 24062407 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.51.8951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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88
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Fozza C. Rituximab maintenance or retreatment after autologous transplantation for relapsed follicular lymphoma? J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3846-7. [PMID: 24062390 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.51.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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89
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Cheah CY, Lingaratnam S, Seymour JF. Rituximab for the treatment of follicular lymphoma. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1283-98. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is the first and most widely adopted anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, and has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with B-cell malignancies. Rituximab is active as a single agent and when combined with chemotherapy improves both response rates and survival compared with chemotherapy alone. This approach has become standard of care in this setting. A number of Phase III studies using extended applications of rituximab have demonstrated that patients achieve a significantly longer progression-free survival, at the cost of an increase in infective complications. This has resulted in the widespread adoption of maintenance rituximab following the completion of primary therapy. Rituximab is useful in both previously untreated patients and at relapse, although a subset of patients develop disease that is rituximab resistant, which along with histologic transformation remains a significant management problem for patients with follicular lymphoma. The toxicities are modest and manageable, including infusion reactions, late-onset neutropenia, impaired humoral immunity, reactivation of hepatitis and possibly pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Y Cheah
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Senthil Lingaratnam
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Seymour
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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90
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Schouten HC. What is the role of stem-cell transplantation for follicular non-hodgkin lymphoma in the rituximab era? J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:1617-8. [PMID: 23547074 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.48.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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