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Molecular and Genetic Markers of Follicular-Cell Thyroid Cancer: Etiology and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:309-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ooka H, Kanda S, Okazaki H, Suzuki H, Mishima K, Saito I, Yagi M, Tomoda K, Nishiyama T. Characterization of side population (SP) cells in murine cochlear nucleus. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132:693-701. [PMID: 22667338 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.657358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION We characterized side population (SP) cells in the cochlear nucleus (CN). Some genes of stem/progenitor markers in sorted SP cells were identified by microarray analysis and RT-PCR. Furthermore, some cells in the CN also demonstrated self-renewal and clonal expansion activities. These results suggest that tissue stem/ progenitor like cells would be identified and characterized as a slow cycling and immaturity in SP cells of CN. OBJECTIVES SP cells were sorted and characterized as regards their activity in the CN in order to identify the tissue progenitor/stem cells in the auditory nervous system. METHODS Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-injected mice were prepared and the long-term BrdU-retaining cells were detected by flow cytometry. Gene expression of SP and MP cells was analyzed by microarray analysis and RT-PCR. SP cells were cultured in conditioned medium to expand stem/progenitor cells in vitro and to estimate the spheroid-forming activity of stem cells. RESULTS In all, 1% of cells in the CN were detected as BrdU-positive. SP cells were detected at a frequency of 4.4% and expressed stem/progenitor markers, Abcb1b, Abcg2, Sca1, Notch1, Notch4, Hes1, and Jag1 in microarray analysis. Expression of Abcb1b, Abcg2, Sca1,Oct3/4, and Sox2 as determined by RT-PCR was supported by the microarray data. CN cells also had sphere-forming activity in young mice, but this activity was decreased by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ooka
- Regeneration Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Ozaki T, Matsubara T, Seo D, Okamoto M, Nagashima K, Sasaki Y, Hayase S, Murata T, Liao XH, Hanson J, Rodriguez-Canales J, Thorgeirsson SS, Kakudo K, Refetoff S, Kimura S. Thyroid regeneration: characterization of clear cells after partial thyroidectomy. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2514-25. [PMID: 22454152 PMCID: PMC3339649 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although having the capacity to grow in response to a stimulus that perturbs the pituitary-thyroid axis, the thyroid gland is considered not a regenerative organ. In this study, partial thyroidectomy (PTx) was used to produce a condition for thyroid regeneration. In the intact thyroid gland, the central areas of both lobes served as the proliferative centers where microfollicles, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive and/or C cells, were localized. Two weeks after PTx, the number of BrdU-positive cells and cells with clear or faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm were markedly increased in the central area and continuous to the cut edge. Clear cells were scant in the cytoplasm, as determined by electron microscopy; some retained the characteristics of calcitonin-producing C cells by having neuroendocrine granules, whereas others retained follicular cell-specific features, such as the juxtaposition to a lumen with microvilli. Some cells were BrdU-positive and expressed Foxa2, the definitive endoderm lineage marker. Serum TSH levels drastically changed due to the thyroidectomy-induced acute reduction in T(4)-generating tissue, resulting in a goitrogenesis setting. Microarray followed by pathway analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in embryonic development and cancer was affected by PTx. The results suggest that both C cells and follicular cells may be altered by PTx to become immature cells or immature cells that might be derived from stem/progenitor cells on their way to differentiation into C cells or follicular cells. These immature clear cells may participate in the repair and/or regeneration of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mikhailov V, Sokolova A, Serikov V, Kaminskaya E, Churilov L, Trunin E, Sizova E, Kayukov A, Bud’ko M, Zaichik A. Bone marrow stem cells repopulate thyroid in X-ray regeneration in mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Toni R, Tampieri A, Zini N, Strusi V, Sandri M, Dallatana D, Spaletta G, Bassoli E, Gatto A, Ferrari A, Martin I. Ex situ bioengineering of bioartificial endocrine glands: A new frontier in regenerative medicine of soft tissue organs. Ann Anat 2011; 193:381-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Davies TF, Latif R, Minsky NC, Ma R. Clinical review: The emerging cell biology of thyroid stem cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2692-702. [PMID: 21778219 PMCID: PMC3167664 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the property of self-renewal and give rise to highly specialized cells under appropriate local conditions. The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine holds great promise for the treatment of many diseases, including those of the thyroid gland. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review focuses on the progress that has been made in thyroid stem cell research including an overview of cellular and molecular events (most of which were drawn from the period 1990-2011) and discusses the remaining problems encountered in their differentiation. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Protocols for the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells, based on normal developmental processes, have generated thyroid-like cells but without full thyrocyte function. However, agents have been identified, including activin A, insulin, and IGF-I, which are able to stimulate the generation of thyroid-like cells in vitro. In addition, thyroid stem/progenitor cells have been identified within the normal thyroid gland and within thyroid cancers. CONCLUSIONS Advances in thyroid stem cell biology are providing not only insight into thyroid development but may offer therapeutic potential in thyroid cancer and future thyroid cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and the James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York 10468, USA.
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine cancer and causes more deaths than all other endocrine cancers combined. Research findings support the concept that a subpopulation of thyroid cancer cells displays properties characteristic of stem cells. These putative cancer-forming entities drive tumorigenesis as a result of their dual ability to undergo self-renewal and to differentiate into various types of cancer cells; they also mediate metastasis and are resistant to the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This Review discusses the cellular origin of thyroid cancer and the properties of the thyroid cancer stem cell niche. The article critically evaluates the methods used to identify molecular markers expressed by thyroid-cancer-initiating cells and outlines prospective therapeutic strategies to directly target these cells. Stem-cell technology offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate these crucial cancer stem cell populations and to advance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control disease processes. Such knowledge could potentially lead to the development of more effective and safer treatment regimens for late-stage thyroid cancer than are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Saint Louis University Cancer Center, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Dedifferentiation of human primary thyrocytes into multilineage progenitor cells without gene introduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19354. [PMID: 21556376 PMCID: PMC3083435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While identification and isolation of adult stem cells have potentially important implications, recent reports regarding dedifferentiation/reprogramming from differentiated cells have provided another clue to gain insight into source of tissue stem/progenitor cells. In this study, we developed a novel culture system to obtain dedifferentiated progenitor cells from normal human thyroid tissues. After enzymatic digestion, primary thyrocytes, expressing thyroglobulin, vimentin and cytokeratin-18, were cultured in a serum-free medium called SAGM. Although the vast majority of cells died, a small proportion (∼0.5%) survived and proliferated. During initial cell expansion, thyroglobulin/cytokeratin-18 expression was gradually declined in the proliferating cells. Moreover, sorted cells expressing thyroid peroxidase gave rise to proliferating clones in SAGM. These data suggest that those cells are derived from thyroid follicular cells or at least thyroid-committed cells. The SAGM-grown cells did not express any thyroid-specific genes. However, after four-week incubation with FBS and TSH, cytokeratin-18, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, PAX8 and TTF1 expressions re-emerged. Moreover, surprisingly, the cells were capable of differentiating into neuronal or adipogenic lineage depending on differentiating conditions. In summary, we have developed a novel system to generate multilineage progenitor cells from normal human thyroid tissues. This seems to be achieved by dedifferentiation of thyroid follicular cells. The presently described culture system may be useful for regenerative medicine, but the primary importance will be as a tool to elucidate the mechanisms of thyroid diseases.
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Malaguarnera R, Frasca F, Garozzo A, Gianì F, Pandini G, Vella V, Vigneri R, Belfiore A. Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin-like growth factor receptor in human follicular cell precursors from papillary thyroid cancer and normal thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:766-74. [PMID: 21123448 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Factors involved in the biology of normal and cancer stem/precursor cells from the thyroid are unknown. Thyroid cancer cells are responsive to insulin and IGF-I and IGF-II and often overexpress the insulin receptor (IR) and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of IR isoforms (IR-A and IR-B), IGF-IR, and their ligands in thyroid follicular cell precursors both normal and malignant. DESIGN We established cultures of follicular cell precursors as thyrospheres from three papillary thyroid cancers and the corresponding nonaffected tissues. The expression of IR, IGF-IR, and their ligands was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and, in one case, also by Western blot. The effects of insulin and IGFs on thyrosphere growth and self-renewal were evaluated. RESULTS Thyrospheres were characterized by the expression of stem cell markers and low/absent thyroid specific markers. Thyrospheres from normal tissue, but not from cancer tissue, could be induced to differentiate. Both IR isoforms, IGF-IR, IGF-I and IGF-II, were expressed at high levels in thyrospheres and markedly decreased in differentiating cells. IR-A was the predominant isoform in thyrospheres, especially from cancer, while IR-B was predominant in differentiating cells. Cancer thyrosphere growth was stimulated by insulin and IGFs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IR isoforms and IGF-IR play a role in the biology of follicular thyroid precursors. Cell differentiation is associated with marked changes in the expression of these receptors and cognate ligands. These data may provide insight for future differentiation therapies in thyroid cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Primers
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Gland/cytology
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Chung KF, Sicard F, Vukicevic V, Hermann A, Storch A, Huttner WB, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Isolation of neural crest derived chromaffin progenitors from adult adrenal medulla. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2602-13. [PMID: 19609938 DOI: 10.1002/stem.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are neural crest-derived cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage. Unlike the closely-related sympathetic neurons, a subpopulation of proliferation-competent cells exists even in the adult. Here, we describe the isolation, expansion, and in vitro characterization of proliferation-competent progenitor cells from the bovine adrenal medulla. Similar to neurospheres, these cells, when prevented from adherence to the culture dish, grew in spheres, which we named chromospheres. These chromospheres were devoid of mRNA specific for smooth muscle cells (MYH11) or endothelial cells (PECAM1). During sphere formation, markers for differentiated chromaffin cells, such as phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, were downregulated while neural progenitor markers nestin, vimentin, musashi 1, and nerve growth factor receptor, as well as markers of neural crest progenitor cells such as Sox1 and Sox9, were upregulated. Clonal analysis and bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-incorporation analysis demonstrated the self-renewing capacity of chromosphere cells. Differentiation protocols using NGF and BMP4 or dexamethasone induced neuronal or endocrine differentiation, respectively. Electrophysiological analyses of neural cells derived from chromospheres revealed functional properties of mature nerve cells, such as tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels and action potentials. Our study provides evidence that proliferation and differentiation competent chromaffin progenitor cells can be isolated from adult adrenal medulla and that these cells might harbor the potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Chung
- Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Unrestricted somatic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood grow in serum-free medium as spheres. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:101. [PMID: 20003538 PMCID: PMC2805630 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human umbilical cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), which are capable of multilineage differentiation, are currently under investigation for a number of therapeutic applications. A major obstacle to their clinical use is the fact that in vitro expansion is still dependent upon fetal calf serum, which could be a source of pathogens. In this study, we investigate the capacity of three different stem cell culture media to support USSCs in serum-free conditions; HEScGRO™, PSM and USSC growth mediumACF. Our findings demonstrate that USSCs do not grow in HEScGRO™ or PSM, but we were able to isolate, proliferate and maintain multipotency of three USSC lines in USSC growth mediumACF. Results For the first one to three passages, cells grown in USSC growth mediumACF proliferate and maintain their morphology, but with continued passaging the cells form spherical cell aggregates. Upon dissociation of spheres, cells continue to grow in suspension and form new spheres. Dissociated cells can also revert to monolayer growth when cultured on extracellular matrix support (fibronectin or gelatin), or in medium containing fetal calf serum. Analysis of markers associated with pluripotency (Oct4 and Sox2) and differentiation (FoxA2, Brachyury, Goosecoid, Nestin, Pax6, Gata6 and Cytokeratin 8) confirms that cells in the spheres maintain their gene expression profile. The cells in the spheres also retain the ability to differentiate in vitro to form cells representative of the three germline layers after five passages. Conclusions These data suggest that USSC growth mediumACF maintains USSCs in an undifferentiated state and supports growth in suspension. This is the first demonstration that USSCs can grow in a serum- and animal component-free medium and that USSCs can form spheres.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid gland development and function are essential for life, and recent findings indicate the presence of stem/progenitor cells within the thyroid gland as a potential source of tissue regeneration and cancer formation. SUMMARY This review summarizes the current knowledge on early differentiation of thyroid cells from embryonic stem cells and highlights exciting concepts and recent novel findings on adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in the normal thyroid gland and in thyroid cancer. Other potential sources and markers of stem/progenitor cells in the thyroid include bone marrow, microchimerism, and embryological remnant-derived multifocal solid cell nests. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic strategies that target thyroid cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid stem/progenitor cell populations are present in the normal and diseased thyroid gland. Advances in normal and cancer thyroid stem cell biology will be essential for future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada.
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Dey D, Saxena M, Paranjape AN, Krishnan V, Giraddi R, Kumar MV, Mukherjee G, Rangarajan A. Phenotypic and functional characterization of human mammary stem/progenitor cells in long term culture. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5329. [PMID: 19390630 PMCID: PMC2669709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells exhibit close resemblance to normal stem cells in phenotype as well as function. Hence, studying normal stem cell behavior is important in understanding cancer pathogenesis. It has recently been shown that human breast stem cells can be enriched in suspension cultures as mammospheres. However, little is known about the behavior of these cells in long-term cultures. Since extensive self-renewal potential is the hallmark of stem cells, we undertook a detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of human mammospheres over long-term passages. METHODOLOGY Single cell suspensions derived from human breast 'organoids' were seeded in ultra low attachment plates in serum free media. Resulting primary mammospheres after a week (termed T1 mammospheres) were subjected to passaging every 7th day leading to the generation of T2, T3, and T4 mammospheres. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that primary mammospheres contain a distinct side-population (SP) that displays a CD24(low)/CD44(low) phenotype, but fails to generate mammospheres. Instead, the mammosphere-initiating potential rests within the CD44(high)/CD24(low) cells, in keeping with the phenotype of breast cancer-initiating cells. In serial sphere formation assays we find that even though primary (T1) mammospheres show telomerase activity and fourth passage T4 spheres contain label-retaining cells, they fail to initiate new mammospheres beyond T5. With increasing passages, mammospheres showed an increase in smaller sized spheres, reduction in proliferation potential and sphere forming efficiency, and increased differentiation towards the myoepithelial lineage. Significantly, staining for senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity revealed a dramatic increase in the number of senescent cells with passage, which might in part explain the inability to continuously generate mammospheres in culture. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the self-renewal potential of human breast stem cells is exhausted within five in vitro passages of mammospheres, suggesting the need for further improvisation in culture conditions for their long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaveena Dey
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Saxena
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anurag N. Paranjape
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Visalakshi Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajashekhar Giraddi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - M. Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Geetashree Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Chen CY, Kimura H, Landek-Salgado MA, Hagedorn J, Kimura M, Suzuki K, Westra W, Rose NR, Caturegli P. Regenerative potentials of the murine thyroid in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: role of CD24. Endocrinology 2009; 150:492-9. [PMID: 18801910 PMCID: PMC2630910 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto thyroiditis can be partially reproduced in mice by immunization with thyroglobulin or, more recently, thyroperoxidase. This experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) model has been extensively characterized during early disease phases (up to d 35 after immunization). By extending the analysis of EAT to 100 d after immunization, we noted a remarkable regenerative capacity of the thyroid and the expression of Oct-4, suggesting in vivo the existence of adult thyroid stem cells. After an almost complete destruction of the follicular architecture, occurring between d 21 and 28, the thyroid was capable of restoring its follicles and reducing the mononuclear infiltration, so that by d 100 after immunization, it regained its normal morphology and function. During this regeneration process, thyrocytes expressed high levels of CD24. We therefore assessed the role of CD24 in thyroid regeneration by inducing EAT in mice lacking CD24. Regeneration was faster in the absence of CD24, likely a consequence of the effect of CD24 on the infiltrating lymphocytes. The study suggests that the EAT model can also be used as a tool to investigate adult thyroid stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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García-Jiménez C, Santisteban P. Thyroid-stimulating hormone/cAMP-mediated proliferation in thyrocytes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:473-491. [PMID: 30290436 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current research on thyrotropin-activated proliferation in the thyrocyte needs to be aimed at a better understanding of crosstalk and negative-feedback mechanisms with other proliferative pathways, especially the insulin/IGF-1-induced phosphoinositol-3 kinase pathway and the serum-induced MAPK or Wnt pathways. Convergence of proliferative pathways in mTOR is a hotspot of current research, and combined treatment using double class inhibitors for thyroid cancer may bring some success. New thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)-interacting proteins, a better picture of cAMP targets, a deeper knowledge of the action of the protein kinase A regulatory subunits, especially their interactions with the replication machinery, and a further understanding of mechanisms that lead to cell cycle progression through G1/S and G2/M checkpoints are areas that need further elucidation. Finally, massive information coming from microarray data analysis will prompt our understanding of thyroid-stimulating hormone-promoted thyrocyte proliferation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custodia García-Jiménez
- a Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- b Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC, C/Arturo Duperier, 4, 28932 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Ongoing advances in stem cell research have opened new avenues for therapy for many human disorders. Until recently, however, thyroid stem cells have been relatively understudied. Here, we review what is known about thyroid stem cells and explore their utility as models of normal and malignant biological development. We also discuss the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells and explore the clinical implications of cancer stem cells in the thyroid gland. Since thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine cancer and that thyroid hormone is needed for the growth and metabolism of each cell in the body, understanding the molecular and the cellular aspects of thyroid stem cell biology will ultimately provide insights into mechanisms underlying human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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