51
|
Both ubiquitin ligases FBXW8 and PARK2 are sequestrated into insolubility by ATXN2 PolyQ expansions, but only FBXW8 expression is dysregulated. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121089. [PMID: 25790475 PMCID: PMC4366354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the course of various age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is well established. The single RING finger type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PARK2 is mutated in a Parkinson’s disease (PD) variant and was found to interact with ATXN2, a protein where polyglutamine expansions cause Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) or increase the risk for Levodopa-responsive PD and for the motor neuron disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We previously reported evidence for a transcriptional induction of the multi-subunit RING finger Skp1/Cul/F-box (SCF) type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex component FBXW8 in global microarray profiling of ATXN2-expansion mouse cerebellum and demonstrated its role for ATXN2 degradation in vitro. Now, we documented co-localization in vitro and co-immunoprecipitations both in vitro and in vivo, which indicate associations of FBXW8 with ATXN2 and PARK2. Both FBXW8 and PARK2 proteins are driven into insolubility by expanded ATXN2. Whereas the FBXW8 transcript upregulation by ATXN2- expansion was confirmed also in qPCR of skin fibroblasts and blood samples of SCA2 patients, a FBXW8 expression dysregulation was not observed in ATXN2-deficient mice, nor was a PARK2 transcript dysregulation observed in any samples. Jointly, all available data suggest that the degradation of wildtype and mutant ATXN2 is dependent on FBXW8, and that ATXN2 accumulation selectively modulates FBXW8 levels, while PARK2 might act indirectly through FBXW8. The effects of ATXN2-expansions on FBXW8 expression in peripheral tissues like blood may become useful for clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
|
52
|
Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends Genet 2015; 31:140-9. [PMID: 25703649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and Parkinson-plus syndromes are genetically heterogeneous neurological diseases. Initial studies into the genetic causes of PD relied on classical molecular genetic approaches in well-documented case families. More recently, these approaches have been combined with exome sequencing and together have identified 15 causal genes. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered over 25 genetic risk factors. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of sporadic and familial parkinsonism, however, has lagged behind that of simple Mendelian conditions, suggesting the existence of features confounding genetic data interpretation. Here we discuss the successes and potential pitfalls of gene discovery in PD and related disorders in the post-genomic era. With an estimated 30% of trait variance currently unexplained, tackling current limitations will further expedite gene discovery and lead to increased application of these genetic insights in molecular diagnostics using gene panel and exome sequencing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Verstraeten
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Schneider SA. Clinical Phenomenology and Genetics of Other Parkinsonian Syndromes Associated with Either Dystonia or Spasticity. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
54
|
Interaction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobar degeneration-associated fused-in-sarcoma with proteins involved in metabolic and protein degradation pathways. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:527-35. [PMID: 25192599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fused-in-sarcoma (FUS) is a nuclear protein linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Under pathologic conditions, FUS frequently is accumulated in cytosoplasm, but how this altered distribution affects the protein interaction pattern of FUS is unclear. Using dual-tag affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we compared the interactome of the wild-type FUS and the P525 L mutant, which causes juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with the most severe phenotypes. The mutant FUS retained the ability to bind proteins involved in RNA metabolism. We found significant increased binding of P525 L to many metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, we identified and confirmed some novel interactions between FUS and proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases and/or ubiquitin proteasome pathway, such as VCP/p97, PSF, UBA 1, and 26S proteosome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 (PSMD12/Rpn5). Accordingly, we have observed significantly reduced ATP levels and increased accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins in cells with FUS accumulation. Therefore, our study suggested new mechanisms whereby FUS accumulation leads to defective energy metabolism and protein degradation by directly interacting with key regulators in these pathways.
Collapse
|
55
|
Rossi M, Perez-Lloret S, Cerquetti D, Merello M. Movement Disorders in Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:154-160. [PMID: 30363920 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are clinically heterogeneous disorders classified according to genetic subtype and collectively known as SCAs. In a few SCAs, movement disorders can be the most frequent extracerebellar sign. The aim of this article is to perform a systematic review of movement disorders frequency and characteristics in ADCAs. This work consisted of a structured search of electronic databases up to January 2013. Publications containing descriptions of ADCA clinical features written in several languages were selected initially based on title and abstract screening, followed by full-text reading of potentially relevant publications. Clinical findings and demographic data on genetically confirmed patients were extracted. Analysis of individual patient data from subjects with movement disorders was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. One thousand and sixty-six publications reviewing 12,151 patients from 30 different SCAs were analyzed. Individual data were available from 755 patients with at least one type of movement disorder during overall disease course. Of 422 patients in whom onset symptom data were available, one third referred a movement disorder as the initial symptom. During overall disease course, parkinsonism was common in many SCA subtypes, frequently described in the absence of ataxia and characterized as responding to dopaminergic medications. Motor complications developed occasionally in some patients as did nigrostriatal imaging alterations. Other frequent features were dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus. Rare conditions, such as akathisia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, or stiff person-like syndrome, were also reported. ADCA descriptions included a full range of movement disorders. Aside from postural or intention tremor, dopamine-responsive parkinsonism and dystonia were the most common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology Laboratory Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina.,Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Cerquetti
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI) Buenos Aires Argentina.,Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Yamashita C, Tomiyama H, Funayama M, Inamizu S, Ando M, Li Y, Yoshino H, Araki T, Ichikawa T, Ehara Y, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Hattori N. Evaluation of polyglutamine repeats in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1779.e17-21. [PMID: 24534762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the contributions of various polyglutamine (polyQ) disease genes to Parkinson's disease (PD). We compared the distributions of polyQ repeat lengths in 8 common genes (ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, TBP, ATN1, and HTT) in 299 unrelated patients with autosomal dominant PD (ADPD) and 329 normal controls. We also analyzed the possibility of genetic interactions between ATXN1 and ATXN2, ATXN2 and ATXN3, and ATXN2 and CACNA1A. Intermediate-length polyQ expansions (>24 Qs) of ATXN2 were found in 7 ADPD patients and no controls (7/299 = 2.34% and 0/329 = 0%, respectively; p = 0.0053 < 0.05/8 after Bonferroni correction). These patients showed typical L-DOPA-responsive PD phenotypes. Conversely, no significant differences in polyQ repeat lengths were found between the ADPD patients and the controls for the other 7 genes. Our results may support the hypothesis that ATXN2 polyQ expansion is a specific predisposing factor for multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Inamizu
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maya Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Araki
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Prefectural Rehablitation Center, Ageo-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ehara
- Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nakayama T, Nakamura H, Oya Y, Kimura T, Imahuku I, Ohno K, Nishino I, Abe K, Matsuura T. Clinical and genetic analysis of the first known Asian family with myotonic dystrophy type 2. J Hum Genet 2014; 59:129-33. [PMID: 24430576 PMCID: PMC3973124 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is more common than DM1 in Europe and is considered a rare cause of myotonic dystrophies in Asia. Its clinical course is also milder with more phenotypic variability than DM1. We herein describe the first known Asian family (three affected siblings) with DM2 based on clinical and genetic analyses. Notably, two of the affected siblings were previously diagnosed with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Myotonia (the inability of the muscle to relax) was absent or only faintly present in these individuals. The third sibling had grip myotonia and is the first known Asian DM2 patient. The three DM2 siblings share several systemic characteristics, including late-onset, proximal-dominant muscle weakness, diabetes, cataracts and asthma. Repeat-primed PCR across the DM2 repeat revealed a characteristic ladder pattern of a CCTG expansion in all siblings. Southern blotting analysis identified the presence of 3400 repeats. Further DM2 studies in Asian populations are needed to define the clinical presentation of Asian DM2 and as yet unidentified phenotypic differences from Caucasian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harumasa Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oya
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imahuku
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- 1] Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan [2] Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Evolutionary conservation and expression of human RNA-binding proteins and their role in human genetic disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 825:1-55. [PMID: 25201102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1221-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are effectors and regulators of posttranscriptional gene regulation (PTGR). RBPs regulate stability, maturation, and turnover of all RNAs, often binding thousands of targets at many sites. The importance of RBPs is underscored by their dysregulation or mutations causing a variety of developmental and neurological diseases. This chapter globally discusses human RBPs and provides a brief introduction to their identification and RNA targets. We review RBPs based on common structural RNA-binding domains, study their evolutionary conservation and expression, and summarize disease associations of different RBP classes.
Collapse
|
59
|
Cheon SM, Chan L, Chan DKY, Kim JW. Genetics of Parkinson's disease - a clinical perspective. J Mov Disord 2012; 5:33-41. [PMID: 24868412 PMCID: PMC4027661 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering genes following Medelian inheritance, such as autosomal dominant-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, or autosomal recessive Parkin, P-TEN-induced putative kinase 1 gene and Daisuke-Junko 1 gene, has provided great insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genes found to be associated with PD through investigating genetic polymorphisms or via the whole genome association studies suggest that such genes could also contribute to an increased risk of PD in the general population. Some environmental factors have been found to be associated with genetic factors in at-risk patients, further implicating the role of gene-environment interactions in sporadic PD. There may be confusion for clinicians facing rapid progresses of genetic understanding in PD. After a brief review of PD genetics, we will discuss the insight of new genetic discoveries to clinicians, the implications of ethnic differences in PD genetics and the role of genetic testing for general clinicians managing PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Myung Cheon
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Lilian Chan
- Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, University of New South Wales, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Kam Yin Chan
- Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, University of New South Wales, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wu T, Wang C, Wang J, Hallett M, Zang Y, Chan P. Preclinical and clinical neural network changes in SCA2 parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 19:158-64. [PMID: 23000299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiological changes before the presentation of clinical symptoms in parkinsonism are unclear. In this study, we investigated neural network modulations in persons in the preclinical stage of familial parkinsonism, and how the network interactions change at the clinical stage. METHODS We performed functional MRI in a family with SCA2 mutation, including 9 asymptomatic carriers and 10 mutation carriers with parkinsonian symptoms. Functional connectivity from the posterior putamen bilaterally and rostral supplementary motor area was used to explore network interactions in the subjects. RESULTS Both the asymptomatic carriers and patients had decreased connectivity within the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical motor loop compared to controls. The asymptomatic carriers showed extensively increased connectivity compared to controls, including the cortico-cortical motor, cortico-cerebellar, cortico-brainstem, and part of the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical motor circuits. In contrast, the connectivity of most of these networks was decreased in the patients. These abnormalities were relatively normalized after levodopa administration. CONCLUSIONS In the preclinical stage of SCA2 parkinsonism, the connectivity of a part of the basal ganglia motor loop is weakened as a consequence of dopaminergic deficits; meanwhile, the connectivity of other large-scale brain networks is strengthened presumably to compensate for the dysfunction of the basal ganglia to maintain brain function in the early stage of dopaminergic deficits. The simultaneous effects of progressive disruption of basal ganglia motor circuits and failure of compensatory mechanisms as dopaminergic dysfunction progresses may contribute to the onset of clinical symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Houlden H, Singleton AB. The genetics and neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:325-38. [PMID: 22806825 PMCID: PMC3589971 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been tremendous progress toward understanding the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease and related movement disorders. We summarize the genetic, clinical and pathological findings of autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, ATXN2, ATXN3, MAPT, GCH1, DCTN1 and VPS35. We then discuss the identification of mutations in PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, ATP13A2, FBXO7, PANK2 and PLA2G6 genes. In particular we discuss the clinical and pathological characterization of these forms of disease, where neuropathology has been important in the likely coalescence of pathways highly relevant to typical PD. In addition to the identification of the causes of monogenic forms of PD, significant progress has been made in defining genetic risk loci for PD; we discuss these here, including both risk variants at LRRK2 and GBA, in addition to discussing the results of recent genome-wide association studies and their implications for PD. Finally, we discuss the likely path of genetic discovery in PD over the coming period and the implications of these findings from a clinical and etiological perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Houlden
- Molecular Neuroscience Department, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Damrath E, Heck MV, Gispert S, Azizov M, Nowock J, Seifried C, Rüb U, Walter M, Auburger G. ATXN2-CAG42 sequesters PABPC1 into insolubility and induces FBXW8 in cerebellum of old ataxic knock-in mice. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002920. [PMID: 22956915 PMCID: PMC3431311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine encoding triplet repeat in the human ATXN2 gene beyond (CAG)31. This is thought to mediate toxic gain-of-function by protein aggregation and to affect RNA processing, resulting in degenerative processes affecting preferentially cerebellar neurons. As a faithful animal model, we generated a knock-in mouse replacing the single CAG of murine Atxn2 with CAG42, a frequent patient genotype. This expansion size was inherited stably. The mice showed phenotypes with reduced weight and later motor incoordination. Although brain Atxn2 mRNA became elevated, soluble ATXN2 protein levels diminished over time, which might explain partial loss-of-function effects. Deficits in soluble ATXN2 protein correlated with the appearance of insoluble ATXN2, a progressive feature in cerebellum possibly reflecting toxic gains-of-function. Since in vitro ATXN2 overexpression was known to reduce levels of its protein interactor PABPC1, we studied expansion effects on PABPC1. In cortex, PABPC1 transcript and soluble and insoluble protein levels were increased. In the more vulnerable cerebellum, the progressive insolubility of PABPC1 was accompanied by decreased soluble protein levels, with PABPC1 mRNA showing no compensatory increase. The sequestration of PABPC1 into insolubility by ATXN2 function gains was validated in human cell culture. To understand consequences on mRNA processing, transcriptome profiles at medium and old age in three different tissues were studied and demonstrated a selective induction of Fbxw8 in the old cerebellum. Fbxw8 is encoded next to the Atxn2 locus and was shown in vitro to decrease the level of expanded insoluble ATXN2 protein. In conclusion, our data support the concept that expanded ATXN2 undergoes progressive insolubility and affects PABPC1 by a toxic gain-of-function mechanism with tissue-specific effects, which may be partially alleviated by the induction of FBXW8. Frequent age-associated neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Lou Gehrig's disease are being elucidated molecularly by studying rare heritable variants. Various hereditary neurodegenerative disorders are caused by polyglutamine expansions in different proteins. In spite of this common pathogenesis and the pathological aggregation of most affected proteins, investigators were puzzled that the pattern of affected neuron population varies and that molecular mechanisms seem different between such disorders. The polyglutamine expansions in the Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) protein are exceptional in view of the lack of aggregate clumps in nuclei of affected Purkinje neurons and well documented alterations of RNA processing in the resulting disorders SCA2 and ALS. Here, as a faithful disease model and to overcome the unavailability of autopsied patient brain tissues, we generated and characterized an ATXN2-CAG42-knock-in mouse mutant. Our data show that the unspecific, chronically present mutation leads to progressive insolubility and to reduced soluble levels of the disease protein and of an interactor protein, which modulates RNA processing. Compensatory efforts are particularly weak in vulnerable tissue. They appear to include the increased degradation of the toxic disease protein by FBXW8. Thus the link between protein and RNA pathology becomes clear, and crucial molecular targets for preventive therapy are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Damrath
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Melanie V. Heck
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mekhman Azizov
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Nowock
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carola Seifried
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of control of body movements. Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), previously known as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, is a biologically robust group of close to 30 progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Six SCAs, including the more prevalent SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6 along with SCA7 and SCA17 are caused by expansion of a CAG repeat that encodes a polyglutamine tract in the affected protein. How the mutated proteins in these polyglutamine SCAs cause disease is highly debated. Recent work suggests that the mutated protein contributes to pathogenesis within the context of its “normal” cellular function. Thus, understanding the cellular function of these proteins could aid in the development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Van Langenhove T, van der Zee J, Engelborghs S, Vandenberghe R, Santens P, Van den Broeck M, Mattheijssens M, Peeters K, Nuytten D, Cras P, De Deyn PP, De Jonghe P, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions in FTLD-ALS spectrum disorders in Flanders-Belgian cohorts. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1004.e17-20. [PMID: 22035589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Langenhove
- Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
|
66
|
Chen KH, Lin CH, Wu RM. Psychotic-affective symptoms and multiple system atrophy expand phenotypes of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr.10.2011.5061. [PMID: 22605703 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.10.2011.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by ataxic gait, slow saccades and peripheral neuropathy. Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism could be a clinical phenotype of SCA2, especially those of Chinese origin. In addition to these motor symptoms, SCA2 has been associated with depression and cognitive dysfunction, with only rare reports of psychosis. The authors report the presence of severe psychosis, major depression and multiple system atrophy in affected subjects of a Taiwanese family with intermediate CAG repeats within the ATXN2 gene. The identification of this rare and distinctive SCA2 phenotype expands the current knowledge of the phenotypic variability of SCA2 and suggests that modifier genes could influence the clinical phenotype of SCA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Chen
- Neurology Department, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Affiliation(s)
- Georg W J Auburger
- Section Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goeche University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Gispert S, Kurz A, Waibel S, Bauer P, Liepelt I, Geisen C, Gitler AD, Becker T, Weber M, Berg D, Andersen PM, Krüger R, Riess O, Ludolph AC, Auburger G. The modulation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis risk by ataxin-2 intermediate polyglutamine expansions is a specific effect. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:356-61. [PMID: 21889984 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Full expansions of the polyglutamine domain (polyQ≥34) within the polysome-associated protein ataxin-2 (ATXN2) are the cause of a multi-system neurodegenerative disorder, which usually presents as a Spino-Cerebellar Ataxia and is therefore known as SCA2, but may rarely manifest as Levodopa-responsive Parkinson syndrome or as motor neuron disease. Intermediate expansions (27≤polyQ≤33) were reported to modify the risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We have now tested the reproducibility and the specificity of this observation. In 559 independent ALS patients from Central Europe, the association of ATXN2 expansions (30≤polyQ≤35) with ALS was highly significant. The study of 1490 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) showed an enrichment of ATXN2 alleles 27/28 in a subgroup with familial cases, but the overall risk of sporadic PD was unchanged. No association was found between polyQ expansions in Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) and ALS risk. These data indicate a specific interaction between ATXN2 expansions and the causes of ALS, possibly through altered RNA-processing as a common pathogenic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Puschmann A, Pfeiffer RF, Stoessl AJ, Kuriakose R, Lash JL, Searcy JA, Strongosky AJ, Vilariño-Güell C, Farrer MJ, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK. A family with Parkinsonism, essential tremor, restless legs syndrome, and depression. Neurology 2011; 76:1623-30. [PMID: 21555728 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318219fb42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic and genetic studies have suggested a link between Parkinson disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS We describe the clinical, PET, and pathologic characteristics of an extensive kindred from Arkansas with hereditary PD, ET, and RLS. The pedigree contains 138 individuals. Sixty-five family members were examined neurologically up to 3 times from 2004 to 2010. Clinical data were collected from medical records and questionnaires. Genetic studies were performed. Five family members underwent multitracer PET. Two individuals with PD were examined postmortem. RESULTS Eleven family members had PD with generally mild and slowly progressive symptoms. Age at onset was between 39 and 74 years (mean 59.1, SD 13.4). All individuals treated with l-dopa responded positively. Postural or action tremor was present in 6 individuals with PD, and in 19 additional family members. Fifteen persons reported symptoms of RLS. PET showed reduced presynaptic dopamine function typical of sporadic PD in a patient with PD and ET, but not in persons with ET or RLS. The inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant for PD and RLS. No known pathogenic mutation in PD-related genes was found. Fourteen of the family members with PD, ET, or RLS had depression. Neuropathologic examination revealed pallidonigral pigment spheroid degeneration with ubiquitin-positive axonal spheroids, TDP43-positive pathology in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and brainstem, and only sparse Lewy bodies. CONCLUSION Familial forms of PD, ET, RLS, and depression occur in this family. The genetic cause remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Puschmann
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Model organisms reveal insight into human neurodegenerative disease: ataxin-2 intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions are a risk factor for ALS. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:676-83. [PMID: 21660502 PMCID: PMC3207127 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Model organisms include yeast Saccromyces cerevisae and fly Drosophila melanogaster. These systems have powerful genetic approaches, as well as highly conserved pathways, both for normal function and disease. Here, we review and highlight how we applied these systems to provide mechanistic insight into the toxicity of TDP-43. TDP-43 accumulates in pathological aggregates in ALS and about half of FTD. Yeast and fly studies revealed an interaction with the counterparts of human Ataxin-2, a gene whose polyglutamine repeat expansion is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. This finding raised the hypothesis that repeat expansions in ataxin-2 may associate with diseases characterized by TDP-43 pathology such as ALS. DNA analysis of patients revealed that intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions in ataxin-2 are a risk factor for ALS, such that repeat lengths are greater than normal, but lower than that associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), and are more frequent in ALS patients than in matched controls. Moreover, repeat expansions associated with ALS are interrupted CAA-CAG sequences as opposed to the pure CAG repeat expansions typically associated with SCA2. These studies provide an example of how model systems, when extended to human cells and human patient tissue, can reveal new mechanistic insight into disease.
Collapse
|
72
|
ATXN-2 CAG repeat expansions are interrupted in ALS patients. Hum Genet 2011; 130:575-80. [PMID: 21537950 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that short expansions of CAG repeat in the gene ATXN-2 causing SCA2 (spinocerebellar ataxia type 2) are associated with an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the populations of the USA and northern Europe. In this study, we investigated the role of ATXN-2 in Italian patients clinically diagnosed with ALS and characterized the molecular structure of ATXN-2 expansions. We assessed the size of the CAG repeat in ATXN-2 exon 1 in 232 Italian ALS patients and 395 matched controls. ATXN-2 expanded alleles containing > 30 repeats have been observed in seven sporadic ALS patients (3.0%), while being absent in the controls (p = 0.00089). Four out of the seven patients had an ATXN-2 allele in the intermediate-fully pathological range: one with 32 repeats, 2 with 33 repeats and 1 with 37 repeats, accounting for 1.7% of the ALS cohort. Sequencing of expanded (> 32) alleles showed that they were all interrupted with at least one CAA triplet. ATXN-2 alleles with the same length and structure have been reported in SCA2 patients with parkinsonism or in familial and sporadic Parkinson. Conversely, the phenotype of the present patients was typically ALS with no signs or symptoms of ataxia or parkinsonism. In conclusion, the findings of ATXN-2 expansions in pure ALS cases suggest that ALS may be a third phenotype (alongside ataxia/parkinsonism and pure Parkinson) associated with ATXN-2 interrupted alleles.
Collapse
|
73
|
Takao M, Aoyama M, Ishikawa K, Sakiyama Y, Yomono H, Saito Y, Kurisaki H, Mihara B, Murayama S. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 is associated with Parkinsonism and Lewy body pathology. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:2011/mar31_1/bcr0120113685. [PMID: 22700602 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.01.2011.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical phenotype of individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is characterised by cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment. Although L-dopa-responsive Parkinsonism is considered as a rare clinical presentation in SCA2, it has been brought to the attention of many neurologists in several studies. The authors report an autopsy case of SCA2 with Parkinsonism from a Japanese family using archival materials of our Brain Bank to describe unique neuropathologic findings. The individual clinically showed Parkinsonism as a predominant phenotype instead of cerebellar ataxia. Besides the classic SCA2 neuropathologic alterations, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites were present in the brainstem nuclei. Genetic analysis revealed shorter abnormal expansion of CAG repeats (less than 39). In contrast, the authors could not find α-synuclein pathology in two SCA2 cases without Parkinsonism. The present case will provide a neuropathologic evidence of correlation between α-synucleinopathy and Parkinsonism of SCA2 as well as shed light on understanding the pathomechanism of Parkinsonism in SCA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takao
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, The Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yu Z, Zhu Y, Chen-Plotkin AS, Clay-Falcone D, McCluskey L, Elman L, Kalb RG, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Van Deerlin VM, Gitler AD, Bonini NM. PolyQ repeat expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS are CAA interrupted repeats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17951. [PMID: 21479228 PMCID: PMC3066214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, rapidly progressive disease leading to paralysis and death. Recently, intermediate length polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats of 27-33 in ATAXIN-2 (ATXN2), encoding the ATXN2 protein, were found to increase risk for ALS. In ATXN2, polyQ expansions of ≥ 34, which are pure CAG repeat expansions, cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. However, similar length expansions that are interrupted with other codons, can present atypically with parkinsonism, suggesting that configuration of the repeat sequence plays an important role in disease manifestation in ATXN2 polyQ expansion diseases. Here we determined whether the expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS were pure or interrupted CAG repeats, and defined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs695871 and rs695872 in exon 1 of the gene, to assess haplotype association. We found that the expanded repeat alleles of 40 ALS patients and 9 long-repeat length controls were all interrupted, bearing 1-3 CAA codons within the CAG repeat. 21/21 expanded ALS chromosomes with 3CAA interruptions arose from one haplotype (GT), while 18/19 expanded ALS chromosomes with <3CAA interruptions arose from a different haplotype (CC). Moreover, age of disease onset was significantly earlier in patients bearing 3 interruptions vs fewer, and was distinct between haplotypes. These results indicate that CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS are uniformly interrupted repeats and that the nature of the repeat sequence and haplotype, as well as length of polyQ repeat, may play a role in the neurological effect conferred by expansions in ATXN2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alice S. Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dana Clay-Falcone
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leo McCluskey
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Elman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Kalb
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vivianna M. Van Deerlin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
van Gaalen J, Giunti P, van de Warrenburg BP. Movement disorders in spinocerebellar ataxias. Mov Disord 2011; 26:792-800. [PMID: 21370272 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) can present with a large variety of noncerebellar symptoms, including movement disorders. In fact, movement disorders are frequent in many of the various SCA subtypes, and they can be the presenting, dominant, or even isolated disease feature. When combined with cerebellar ataxia, the occurrence of a specific movement disorder can provide a clue toward the underlying genotype. There are reasons to believe that for some coexisting movement disorders, the cerebellar pathology itself is the culprit, for example, in the case of cortical myoclonus and perhaps dystonia. However, movement disorders in SCAs are more likely related to extracerebellar pathology, and imaging and neuropathological data indeed show involvement of other parts of the motor system (substantia nigra, striatum, pallidum, motor cortex) in some SCA subtypes. When confronted with a patient with an isolated movement disorder, that is, without ataxia, there is currently no reason to routinely screen for SCA gene mutations, the only exceptions being SCA2 in autosomal dominant parkinsonism (particularly in Asian patients) and SCA17 in the case of a Huntington's disease-like presentation without an HTT mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith van Gaalen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Genetic and clinical analysis in a Chinese parkinsonism-predominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 family. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:330-4. [PMID: 21307863 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a degenerative central nervous system disorder that often impairs motor skills, speech and other functions. We discovered a large Chinese family showing primarily parkinsonism symptoms with autosomal dominant inheritance. Six affected individuals in the family showed typical parkinsonism symptoms, including pill-rolling tremor. Two other affected individuals showed cerebellar ataxia symptoms. A whole-genome scan using the 50K single nucleotide polymorphism array with three different linkage methods detected two positive regions on chromosome 12q24.1 and 5q13.3. The ATXN2 gene, responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) was located precisely in the center of the positive region on chromosome 12. Further analysis of SCA2 revealed heterozygous pathological CAG expansions in the family. The affected individuals' symptoms were typical of parkinsonism, but complex. Inverse correlation between CAG repeat size and age of onset is not obvious in this pedigree. This parkinsonism-predominant SCA2 family shared the same disease gene locus with other 'standard' SCA2 families, but it is possible that variations in one or more modifier genes might account for the parkinsonism-predominant SCA2 predisposition observed in this pedigree.
Collapse
|
77
|
Ishida C, Komai K, Yonezawa K, Sakajiri KI, Nitta E, Kawashima A, Yamada M. An autopsy case of an aged patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Neuropathology 2010; 31:510-8. [PMID: 21134000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a woman who developed limb clumsiness in her fifties and gait disturbance in her sixties. She was bedridden after bone fractures at age 75 and showed disorientation, slow eye movement, gaze palsy, ataxic speech, muscle atrophy and weakness, and areflexia with pathological reflex. She died of respiratory failure at age 85. This patient was diagnosed genetically as having spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), and the number of expanded CAG repeats was 41. At autopsy, the brain weighed 965 g, and the brainstem, cerebellum, frontal convexity and spinal cord were atrophic. Neuronal loss and gliosis were severe in the pontine nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, cerebellar cortex, gracile and cuneate nuclei and moderate in the substantia nigra, cerebellar dentate nucleus, anterior horns of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Axonal loss was observed in the middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles, pyramidal tract and posterior column of the spinal cord. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were diffusely found in the cerebrum (plaque stage C; NFT stage IV). Expanded polyglutamine-immunoreactive inclusions in the neuronal cytoplasm were widely distributed in the CNS, and neuronal intranuclear inclusions were observed in the pontine nucleus and cerebral cortex. This patient in this autopsy case is a late-onset and aged patient with SCA2, and this is the first report of SCA2 combined with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuropathological findings in this patient, except for AD pathology, were consistent with those of reported SCA2 cases. However, the olivo-ponto-cerebellar system of this patient was relatively preserved and the cerebellar dentate nucleus was more involved as compared with previously reported cases. These results suggest that age at onset or the number of CAG repeat expansions could correlate with the distribution pattern of SCA2 neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Ishida
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Iou Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Li L, Funayama M, Tomiyama H, Li Y, Yoshino H, Sasaki R, Kokubo Y, Kuzuhara S, Mizuno Y, Hattori N. No evidence for pathogenic role of GIGYF2 mutation in Parkinson disease in Japanese patients. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:245-8. [PMID: 20641165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grb10-Interacting GYF Protein-2 (GIGYF2) is a candidate gene for PARK11 locus. To date, seven different GIGYF2 missense mutations have been identified in patients with familial Parkinson disease (PD) of European descent. To clarify the pathogenic role of GIGYF2 in PD, we analyzed the frequency of GIGYF2 mutations in 389 Japanese patients with PD (including 93 patients with late-onset familial PD, 276 with sporadic PD, and 20 with a single heterozygous mutation in the PD-associated genes), and 336 Japanese normal controls, by direct sequencing and/or high-resolution melting analysis. None of the reported GIGYF2 mutations or digenic mutations were detected. Two novel non-synonymous variants were identified (p.Q1211delQ and p.H1023Q), however, we could not determine their roles in PD. In summary, we found no evidence for PD-associated roles of GIGYF2 mutations. Our data suggest that GIGYF2 is unlikely to play a major role in PD in Japanese patients, similar to other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Miyaji Y, Doi H, Koyano S, Baba Y, Suzuki Y, Kuroiwa Y. [A case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 presenting with a clinical course similar to spastic paraparesis]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:641-644. [PMID: 20960929 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a 50-year-old woman with an unremarkable birth and developmental history, and with no family history of neurological disorders. The patient had a 6-year history of progressive cervical dystonia, oral dyskinesia, and hyperreflexia. She was initially considered to have spastic paraparesis of unknown cause. Because brain MRI showed mild atrophy of the cerebellar vermis, genetic analysis for spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 17, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy was performed. The results revealed an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats (38 repeats) in one allele of ATXN2, and the patient was diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). She had no major clinical features of SCA2 such as cerebellar ataxia, slow saccade, or hyporeflexia. Recent reports have shown the CAG repeat expansion in ATXN2 to be detected in patients with familial L-dopa-responsive parkinsonism. The present case suggests that CAG repeat expansion in ATXN2 may be detected in some patients with spastic paraparesis, and that wide variations of clinical manifestations exist in SCA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Miyaji
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ramos EM, Martins S, Alonso I, Emmel VE, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Silveira I. Common origin of pure and interrupted repeat expansions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:524-531. [PMID: 19676102 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by gait and limb ataxia. This disease is caused by the expansion of a (CAG)(n) located in the ATXN2, that encodes a polyglutamine tract of more than 34 repeats. Lately, alleles with 32-33 CAGs have been associated to late-onset disease cases. Repeat interruptions by CAA triplets are common in normal alleles, while expanded alleles usually contain a pure repeat tract. To investigate the mutational origin and the instability associated to the ATXN2 repeat, we performed an extensive haplotype study and sequencing of the CAG/CAA repeat, in a cohort of families of different geographic origins and phenotypes. Our results showed (1) CAA interruptions also in expanded ATXN2 alleles; (2) that pathological CAA interrupted alleles shared an ancestral haplotype with pure expanded alleles; and (3) higher genetic diversity in European SCA2 families, suggesting an older European ancestry of SCA2. In conclusion, we found instability towards expansion in interrupted ATXN2 alleles and a shared ancestral ATXN2 haplotype for pure and interrupted expanded alleles; this finding has strong implications in mutation diagnosis and counseling. Our results indicate that interrupted alleles, below the pathological threshold, may be a reservoir of mutable alleles, prone to expansion in subsequent generations, leading to full disease mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paula Coutinho
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Hospital São Sebastião, Feira, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silveira
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Yomono HS, Kurisaki H, Hebisawa A, Sakiyama Y, Saito Y, Murayama S. [Autopsy case of SCA2 with Parkinsonian phenotype]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:156-162. [PMID: 20235484 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This is the first autopsy case of SCA2 with parkinsonian phenotype. At the age of 46, the patient got symptoms of parkinsonism to which anti-parkinsonian drugs were effective. He had mosaic 38, 40 CAG repeat expansions on chromosome 12q23-24, being diagnosed as SCA2, and his mother and his son also had CAG expansions on the same locus. In addition to parkinsonism, he also exhibited autonomic disturbance, dementia, and mild cerebellar ataxia Brain images revealed severe atrophy of pons and medulla oblongata, resembling MSA-C. HVA and 5-HIAA were reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid, and the heart-mediastinum (H/M) ratio in myocardial 123I-MIBG cintigram was decreased, which suggested Lewy body pathology. He died at the age of 75 and the autopsy revealed atrophy of the olivo-ponto-cerebellar (OPC) system and substantia nigra which was compatible to SCA2, although the OPC system atrophy was less severe than formerly reported SCA2 cases. The degrees of atrophy of the OPC system and substantia nigra might explain the predominancy of clinical symptoms. Anti-1C2 positive inclusions in the pontine nuclei, inferior olive nuclei, cerebellum and substantia nigra confirmed a polyglutamine disease. In addition, there were the anti-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein positive, Lewy body related pathological changes in the substantia nigra, the locus ceruleus, the dorsal motor nuclei of vagus, and the sympathetic nerve in the myocardium. Major genetic abnormalities related to Parkinson disease were not detected. As another case of SCA2 with Lewy body pathology was reported in Japan, the coexistence of SCA2 and Lewy body pathology may not be accidental. Since myocardial MIBG scincigram can predict Lewy body pathology, we should seek more clinical cases of SCA2 with Lewy body pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harumi S Yomono
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Chen CM, Lee LC, Soong BW, Fung HC, Hsu WC, Lin PY, Huang HJ, Chen FL, Lin CY, Lee-Chen GJ, Wu YR. SCA17 repeat expansion: Mildly expanded CAG/CAA repeat alleles in neurological disorders and the functional implications. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
83
|
Kitahara M, Shimohata T, Tokunaga J, Nishizawa M. Cervical dystonia associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 successfully treated with levodopa: a case report. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2163-4. [PMID: 19735070 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
84
|
Klein C, Schneider SA, Lang AE. Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look-alikes-An algorithm for clinicians to “PARK
” genes and beyond. Mov Disord 2009; 24:2042-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
85
|
Socal M, Emmel V, Rieder C, Hilbig A, Saraiva-Pereira M, Jardim L. Intrafamilial variability of Parkinson phenotype in SCAs: Novel cases due to SCA2 and SCA3 expansions. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
86
|
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominantly inherited, neurodegenerative disease. It can manifest either with a cerebellar syndrome or as Parkinson's syndrome, while later stages involve mainly brainstem, spinal cord and thalamus. This particular atrophy pattern resembles sporadic multi-system-atrophy (MSA) and results in some clinical features indicative of SCA2, such as early saccade slowing, early hyporeflexia, severe tremor of postural or action type, and early myoclonus. For treatment, levodopa is temporarily useful for rigidity/bradykinesia and for tremor, magnesium for muscle cramps, but neuroprotective therapy will depend on the elucidation of pathogenesis. The disease cause lies in the polyglutamine domain of the protein ataxin-2, which can expand in families over successive generations resulting in earlier onset age and faster progression. Genetic testing in SCA2 and other polyglutamine disorders like the well-studied Huntington's disease is now readily available for family planning. Although these disorders differ clinically and in the affected neuron populations, it is not understood how the different polyglutamine proteins mediate such tissue specificity. The neuronal intranuclear inclusion bodies described in other polyglutamine disorders are not frequent in SCA2. For the quite ubiquitously expressed ataxin-2, a subcellular localization at the Golgi, the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, in interaction with proteins of mRNA translation and of endocytosis have been observed. As a first victim of SCA2 degeneration, cerebellar Purkinje neurons may be preferentially susceptible to alterations of these subcellular pathways, and therefore our review aims to portray the particular profile of the SCA2 disease process and correlate it to the specific features of ataxin-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Klinikum, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wickremaratchi MM, Majounie E, Morris HR, Williams NM, Lewis H, Gill SS, Khan S, Heywood P, Hardy J, Wiles CM, Singleton AB, Quinn NP. Parkin-related disease clinically diagnosed as a pallido-pyramidal syndrome. Mov Disord 2009; 24:138-40. [PMID: 18942080 PMCID: PMC6322409 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Majounie
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Williams
- Psychological Medicine Genetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lewis
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven S. Gill
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sadaquate Khan
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Heywood
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles M. Wiles
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Niall P. Quinn
- Sobell Department of Motor, Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Muthipeedika J, Furtado S, Suchowersky O. A cerebellar syndrome without cerebellar signs. Mov Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9780203008454-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
89
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinsonism (PD) is occasionally seen in several types of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Mutations in SCA gene have been reported in the patients of parkinsonism without ataxia. METHODS We examined spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 mutation in 877 PD and 199 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No patients showed abnormal SCA12 expansion. It suggests that PD and MSA are not associated with SCA12 and it is not necessary to screen SCA12 in PD and MSA patients.
Collapse
|
90
|
Analysis of Nigerians with apparently sporadic Parkinson disease for mutations in LRRK2, PRKN and ATXN3. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3421. [PMID: 18927607 PMCID: PMC2559870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variations have been associated with Parkinson disease in different populations over the past few years. Although a considerable number of worldwide populations have been screened for these variants, results from Sub-Saharan populations are very scarce in the literature. In the present report we have screened a cohort of Parkinson disease patients (n = 57) and healthy controls (n = 51) from Nigeria for mutations in the genes PRKN, LRRK2 and ATXN3. No pathogenic mutations were found in any of the genes. Hence, common pathogenic mutations in these genes, observed in several different populations, are not a frequent cause of Parkinson disease in Nigeria.
Collapse
|
91
|
Mijajlović M, Dragašević N, Stefanova E, Petrović I, Svetel M, Kostić VS. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. J Neurol 2008; 255:1164-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
92
|
Hardy J, Gwinn-Hardy K. The relationship between nosology, etiology and pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 89:189-92. [PMID: 18631743 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)01217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Charles P, Camuzat A, Benammar N, Sellal F, Destée A, Bonnet AM, Lesage S, Le Ber I, Stevanin G, Dürr A, Brice A. Are interrupted SCA2 CAG repeat expansions responsible for parkinsonism? Neurology 2007; 69:1970-5. [PMID: 17568014 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000269323.21969.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant parkinsonism (ADP) is caused in a large percentage of familial and sporadic cases by mutations in the LRRK2 gene, particularly G2019S. It is also caused by mutations in genes associated with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA), notably CAG/CAA repeat expansions in SCA2. METHODS We screened 164 families with ADP for expansions in the SCA2, 3, and 17 genes and for the G2019S mutation in LRRK2. The SCA2 CAG/CAA repeat expansion was sequenced to determine its structure. The phenotypes of patients with ADP caused by the SCA2, LRRK2, and unknown mutations were compared, as well as those of SCA2 patients with interrupted or uninterrupted expansions of the same size. RESULTS Three French ADP families had SCA2 mutations. The expansions ranged from 37 to 39 repeats and were interrupted and stable upon transmission. All patients (n = 9) had levodopa-responsive parkinsonism without cerebellar signs. They had significantly more symmetric signs and less rigidity than ADP caused by the G2019S mutation in LRRK2 or by unknown mutations. Interestingly, two sisters carrying both the SCA2 and the G2019S LRRK2 mutations had markedly earlier onset than their mother with only SCA2. In contrast, similar-sized but uninterrupted repeats were associated with ADCA in which cerebellar ataxia was constant and associated only rarely with one or more mild parkinsonian signs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the configuration of the SCA2 CAG/CAA repeat expansions plays an important role in phenotype variability. Uninterrupted SCA2 repeat expansions found in families with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia result in somatic mosaicism and produce large hairpin RNAs, which may interact with double-stranded RNA-binding proteins. These characteristics are modified by interruption of the SCA2 repeat expansion as found in families with autosomal dominant parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Charles
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Lin CH, Hwu WL, Chiang SC, Tai CH, Wu RM. Lack of mutations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and 3 genes in a Taiwanese (ethnic Chinese) cohort of familial and early-onset parkinsonism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:434-8. [PMID: 17440947 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that CAG triplet expansions of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and 3 (SCA2 and SCA3) genes are the cause of typical levodopa-responsive Parkinson's disease (PD) in familial cases, several of which were ethnic Chinese. To investigate the role of SCA2 and SCA3 mutations in Chinese familial and early-onset PD patients, we analyzed CAG triplet repeat expansions of SCA2 and SCA3 genes in a cohort of 73 Taiwanese/Ethnic Chinese familial and early-onset PD patients [mean age at onset 42.70 +/- 7.17 years (mean +/- SD)]. Thirteen of them (17.8%) had positive family history. All patients received comprehensive clinical evaluation including a thorough neurological examination, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging studies to exclude secondary causes and atypical parkinsonism. The CAG repeat length in these genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. SCA2 gene CAG repeats ranged from 15 to 26 repeats with a median of 20, and SCA3 gene CAG repeats ranged from 15 to 40 with a median of 15. No long pathogenic repeats were found in either SCA2 or SCA3, although borderline CAG repeat number was detected in the SCA3 gene of four patients. Thus, mutations of SCA2 or SCA3 did not play a major role in familial or early-onset PD in our study cohort. PD patients without autosomal dominant family history or obvious cerebellar ataxia should not be candidates for routine screening of SCA2 or SCA3 mutations for cost-effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Boesch SM, Müller J, Wenning GK, Poewe W. Cervical dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: clinical and polymyographic findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:520-2. [PMID: 17220291 PMCID: PMC2117831 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.098376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen patients from three large multigenerational families with genetically established spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) were examined, with special attention to the presence of dystonic features. Cervical dystonia (CD) was diagnosed according to standardised clinical criteria. CD was scored using the Tsui score. Polymyography was performed in six cases using bilateral surface electrode recordings of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles together with needle electrode recordings of the splenius capitis muscles bilaterally. CD was found in 11 of 18 patients (61%), and was the presenting symptom in one case. Severity of CD was mild to moderate, with Tsui scores ranging from 5 to 12 points. Polymyography in 6 of 11 SCA2 patients with CD showed the typical pattern of dystonia with spontaneous, involuntary muscle activation at rest in at least one neck muscle with disturbed reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic neck muscles. CD appears to be a common clinical feature in SCA2 and may precede ataxia and gait disturbance. By contrast, none of the 18 patients had dystonic features in other body regions. CD has probably been underreported in patients with the ataxic SCA2 phenotype and should be considered as an additional clinical manifestation in patients with hereditary ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Boesch
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Low NCP, Hardy J. Psychiatric disorder criteria and their application to research in different racial groups. BMC Psychiatry 2007; 7:1. [PMID: 17214899 PMCID: PMC1784090 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of standardized classification and assessment of psychiatric disorders, and considerable joint efforts among many countries has led to the reporting of international rates of psychiatric disorders, and inevitably, their comparison between different racial groups. RESULTS In neurologic diseases with defined genetic etiologies, the same genetic cause has different phenotypes in different racial groups. CONCLUSION We suggest that genetic differences between races mean that diagnostic criteria refined in one racial group, may not be directly and simply applicable to other racial groups and thus more effort needs to be expended on defining diseases in other groups. Cross-racial confounds (in addition to cultural confounds) make the interpretation of rates in different groups even more hazardous than seems to have been appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy CP Low
- Section on Developmental Genetic Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3720, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3720, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA Intramural Research Program, Porter Neuroscience Building, NIH Main Campus, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Huynh DP, Nguyen DT, Pulst-Korenberg JB, Brice A, Pulst SM. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for normal and mutant ataxin-2 and prevents ataxin-2-induced cell death. Exp Neurol 2006; 203:531-41. [PMID: 17097639 PMCID: PMC2788988 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the polyQ repeat in ataxin-2 results in degeneration of Purkinje neurons and other neuronal groups including the substantia nigra in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). In animal and cell models, overexpression of mutant ataxin-2 induces cell dysfunction and death, but little is known about steady-state levels of normal and mutant ataxin-2 and cellular mechanisms regulating their abundance. Based on preliminary findings that ataxin-2 interacted with parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase mutated in an autosomal recessive form of Parkinsonism, we sought to determine whether parkin played a role in regulating the steady-state levels of ataxin-2. Parkin interacted with the N-terminal half of normal and mutant ataxin-2, and ubiquitinated the full-length form of both wild-type and mutant ataxin-2. Parkin also regulated the steady-state levels of endogenous ataxin-2 in PC12 cells with regulatable parkin expression. Parkin reduced abnormalities in Golgi morphology induced by mutant ataxin-2 and decreased ataxin-2 induced cytotoxicity. In brains of SCA2 patients, parkin labeled cytoplasmic ataxin-2 aggregates in Purkinje neurons. These studies suggest a role for parkin in regulating the intracellular levels of both wild-type and mutant ataxin-2, and in rescuing cells from ataxin-2-induced cytotoxicity. The role of parkin variants in modifying the SCA2 phenotype and its use as a therapeutic target should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duong P. Huynh
- Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, and Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Dung T. Nguyen
- Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, and Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Johannes B. Pulst-Korenberg
- Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, and Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U289 and Département de Génétique, Cytogénétique et Embryologie, Goupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Stefan-M. Pulst
- Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, and Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- Corresponding Author: Stefan-M Pulst, MD, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Research Blvd, Room 2091, Phone: 310-423-5166 Fax: 310-423-0148,
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ozawa T. Pathology and genetics of multiple system atrophy: an approach to determining genetic susceptibility spectrum. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:531-8. [PMID: 16855831 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the molecular pathology and genetics of multiple system atrophy (MSA) indicate that the disease involves plural pathogenic mechanisms. The determination of the morphological spectrum of MSA using quantitative pathological analysis points to the need for further investigation to determine the population-bound phenotype distribution of MSA. These notions support the hypothesis that a spectrum of genetic susceptibility factors underlies MSA pathogenesis. A possibly effective strategy for determining this genetic susceptibility spectrum is to perform an association study of important genes for neurodegenerative diseases, which are prevalent in a population, using linkage disequilibrium mapping in MSA patients with well-characterized morphological phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Ozawa
- Department of Neurology, Niigata University Brain Research Institute, 1 Asahimachi, Niigata, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Satterfield TF, Pallanck LJ. Ataxin-2 and its Drosophila homolog, ATX2, physically assemble with polyribosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2523-32. [PMID: 16835262 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations resulting in the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the protein ataxin-2 give rise to the neurodegenerative disorders spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and Parkinson's disease. The normal cellular function of ataxin-2 and the mechanism by which polyglutamine expansion of ataxin-2 causes neurodegeneration are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ataxin-2 and its Drosophila homolog, ATX2, assemble with polyribosomes and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), a key regulator of mRNA translation. The assembly of ATX2 with polyribosomes is mediated independently by two distinct evolutionarily conserved regions of ATX2: an N-terminal Lsm/Lsm-associated domain (LsmAD), found in proteins that function in nuclear RNA processing and mRNA decay, and a PAM2 motif, found in proteins that interact physically with PABP. We further show that the PAM2 motif mediates a physical interaction of ATX2 with PABP in addition to promoting ATX2 assembly with polyribosomes. Our results suggest a model in which ATX2 binds mRNA directly through its Lsm/LsmAD domain and indirectly via binding PABP that is itself directly bound to mRNA. These findings, coupled with work on other ataxin-2 family members, suggest that ATX2 plays a direct role in translational regulation. Our results raise the possibility that polyglutamine expansions within ataxin-2 cause neurodegeneration by interfering with the translational regulation of particular mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence F Satterfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7730, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Rosa AL, Molina I, Kowaljow V, Conde CB. Brisk deep-tendon reflexes as a distinctive phenotype in an Argentinean spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 pedigree. Mov Disord 2006; 21:66-8. [PMID: 16108012 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow saccades, postural/intention tremor, peripheral neuropathy, and decreased deep-tendon reflexes are valuable neurological signs for clinical suspicion of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). We report the presence of abnormally brisk deep-tendon reflexes in nonsymptomatic carriers and mildly and severely affected subjects of a large Argentinean SCA2 pedigree. The identification of this distinctive SCA2 phenotype in an entire pedigree reinforces the current concept that clinical algorithms are of limited value as indicators for genetic testing in SCA. Combined with published pedigrees of SCA2 manifesting as levodopa-responsive parkinsonism, this finding suggests that modifier genes could influence the clinical phenotype of SCA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Rosa
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|