51
|
Parker TM, Henriques V, Beltran A, Nakshatri H, Gogna R. Cell competition and tumor heterogeneity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 63:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
52
|
Picking Winners and Losers: Cell Competition in Tissue Development and Homeostasis. Trends Genet 2020; 36:490-498. [PMID: 32418713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viable cells with reduced fitness are often eliminated by neighboring cells with greater fitness. This phenomenon, called cell competition, is an important mechanism for maintaining a high-quality population of cells in tissues. Foundational studies characterizing cellular competition and its molecular underpinnings were first carried out utilizing Drosophila as a model system. More recently, competitive behavior studies have extended into mammalian cell types. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field, focusing on new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating competitive behavior in various cellular contexts and in cancer. Throughout the review, we highlight new avenues to expand our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cell competition and its role in tissue development and homeostasis.
Collapse
|
53
|
Kuzmicz-Kowalska K, Kicheva A. Regulation of size and scale in vertebrate spinal cord development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e383. [PMID: 32391980 PMCID: PMC8244110 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates have a spinal cord with dimensions and shape specific to their species. Yet how species‐specific organ size and shape are achieved is a fundamental unresolved question in biology. The formation and sculpting of organs begins during embryonic development. As it develops, the spinal cord extends in anterior–posterior direction in synchrony with the overall growth of the body. The dorsoventral (DV) and apicobasal lengths of the spinal cord neuroepithelium also change, while at the same time a characteristic pattern of neural progenitor subtypes along the DV axis is established and elaborated. At the basis of these changes in tissue size and shape are biophysical determinants, such as the change in cell number, cell size and shape, and anisotropic tissue growth. These processes are controlled by global tissue‐scale regulators, such as morphogen signaling gradients as well as mechanical forces. Current challenges in the field are to uncover how these tissue‐scale regulatory mechanisms are translated to the cellular and molecular level, and how regulation of distinct cellular processes gives rise to an overall defined size. Addressing these questions will help not only to achieve a better understanding of how size is controlled, but also of how tissue size is coordinated with the specification of pattern. This article is categorized under:Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Collapse
|
54
|
McKinley KL, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Klein OD. Tools and Concepts for Interrogating and Defining Cellular Identity. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:632-656. [PMID: 32386555 PMCID: PMC7250495 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms that generate specialized cell types and coordinate their functions is critical for understanding organ development and renewal. New tools and discoveries are challenging and refining our definitions of a cell type. A rapidly growing toolkit for single-cell analyses has expanded the number of markers that can be assigned to a cell simultaneously, revealing heterogeneity within cell types that were previously regarded as homogeneous populations. Additionally, cell types defined by specific molecular markers can exhibit distinct, context-dependent functions; for example, between tissues in homeostasis and those responding to damage. Here we review the current technologies used to identify and characterize cells, and we discuss how experimental and pathological perturbations are adding increasing complexity to our definitions of cell identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara L McKinley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in determining tumour fate. Within that environment, and indeed throughout epithelial tissues, cells experience competition with their neighbours, with those less fit being eliminated by fitter adjacent cells. Herein we discuss evidence suggesting that mutations in cancer cells may be selected for their ability to exploit cell competition to kill neighbouring host cells, thereby facilitating tumour expansion. In some instances, cell competition may help host tissues to defend against cancer, by removing neoplastic and aneuploid cells. Cancer risk factors, such as high-sugar or high-fat diet and inflammation, impact cell competition-based host defences, suggesting that their effect on tumour risk may in part be accounted for by their influence on cell competition. We propose that interventions aimed at modifying the strength and direction of cell competition could induce cancer cell killing and form the basis for novel anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eugenia Piddini
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ishihara E, Nagaoka Y, Okuno T, Kofuji S, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kagechika H, Kamimura K, Terai S, Yokomizo T, Sugimoto Y, Fujita Y, Suzuki A, Nishina H. Prostaglandin E 2 and its receptor EP2 trigger signaling that contributes to YAP-mediated cell competition. Genes Cells 2020; 25:197-214. [PMID: 31989743 PMCID: PMC7078805 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a biological process by which unfit cells are eliminated from “cell society.” We previously showed that cultured mammalian epithelial Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active YAP were eliminated by apical extrusion when surrounded by “normal” MDCK cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the elimination of active YAP‐expressing cells was unknown. Here, we used high‐throughput chemical compound screening to identify cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) as a key molecule triggering cell competition. Our work shows that COX‐2‐mediated PGE2 secretion engages its receptor EP2 on abnormal and nearby normal cells. This engagement of EP2 triggers downstream signaling via an adenylyl cyclase‐cyclic AMP‐PKA pathway that, in the presence of active YAP, induces E‐cadherin internalization leading to apical extrusion. Thus, COX‐2‐induced PGE2 appears a warning signal to both abnormal and surrounding normal cells to drive cell competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ishihara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagaoka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chua BA, Van Der Werf I, Jamieson C, Signer RAJ. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Homeostatic, Stressed, and Malignant Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:138-159. [PMID: 32032524 PMCID: PMC7158223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular identity is not driven by differences in genomic content but rather by epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic heterogeneity. Although regulation of the epigenome plays a key role in shaping stem cell hierarchies, differential expression of transcripts only partially explains protein abundance. The epitranscriptome, translational control, and protein degradation have emerged as fundamental regulators of proteome complexity that regulate stem cell identity and function. Here, we discuss how post-transcriptional mechanisms enable stem cell homeostasis and responsiveness to developmental cues and environmental stressors by rapidly shaping the content of their proteome and how these processes are disrupted in pre-malignant and malignant states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
| | - Inge Van Der Werf
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Hidalgo San Jose L, Sunshine MJ, Dillingham CH, Chua BA, Kruta M, Hong Y, Hatters DM, Signer RAJ. Modest Declines in Proteome Quality Impair Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Cell Rep 2020; 30:69-80.e6. [PMID: 31914399 PMCID: PMC7004491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low protein synthesis is a feature of somatic stem cells that promotes regeneration in multiple tissues. Modest increases in protein synthesis impair stem cell function, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. We determine that low protein synthesis within hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is associated with elevated proteome quality in vivo. HSCs contain less misfolded and unfolded proteins than myeloid progenitors. Increases in protein synthesis cause HSCs to accumulate misfolded and unfolded proteins. To test how proteome quality affects HSCs, we examine Aarssti/sti mice that harbor a tRNA editing defect that increases amino acid misincorporation. Aarssti/sti mice exhibit reduced HSC numbers, increased proliferation, and diminished serial reconstituting activity. Misfolded proteins overwhelm the proteasome within Aarssti/sti HSCs, which is associated with increased c-Myc abundance. Deletion of one Myc allele partially rescues serial reconstitution defects in Aarssti/sti HSCs. Thus, HSCs are dependent on low protein synthesis to maintain proteostasis, which promotes their self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Hidalgo San Jose
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mary Jean Sunshine
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher H Dillingham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miriama Kruta
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Blanco J, Cooper JC, Baker NE. Roles of C/EBP class bZip proteins in the growth and cell competition of Rp ('Minute') mutants in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:50535. [PMID: 31909714 PMCID: PMC6946401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced copy number of ribosomal protein (Rp) genes adversely affects both flies and mammals. Xrp1 encodes a reportedly Drosophila-specific AT-hook, bZIP protein responsible for many of the effects including the elimination of Rp mutant cells by competition with wild type cells. Irbp18, an evolutionarily conserved bZIP gene, heterodimerizes with Xrp1 and with another bZip protein, dATF4. We show that Irbp18 is required for the effects of Xrp1, whereas dATF4 does not share the same phenotype, indicating that Xrp1/Irbp18 is the complex active in Rp mutant cells, independently of other complexes that share Irbp18. Xrp1 and Irbp18 transcripts and proteins are upregulated in Rp mutant cells by auto-regulatory expression that depends on the Xrp1 DNA binding domains and is necessary for cell competition. We show that Xrp1 is conserved beyond Drosophila, although under positive selection for rapid evolution, and that at least one human bZip protein can similarly affect Drosophila development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blanco
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jacob C Cooper
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Obesity Suppresses Cell-Competition-Mediated Apical Elimination of RasV12-Transformed Cells from Epithelial Tissues. Cell Rep 2019; 23:974-982. [PMID: 29694905 PMCID: PMC6314181 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that newly emerging transformed cells are often eliminated from epithelial tissues via cell competition with the surrounding normal epithelial cells. This cancer preventive phenomenon is termed epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). However, it remains largely unknown whether and how EDAC is diminished during carcinogenesis. In this study, using a cell competition mouse model, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding substantially attenuates the frequency of apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells from intestinal and pancreatic epithelia. This process involves both lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation. Furthermore, aspirin treatment significantly facilitates eradication of transformed cells from the epithelial tissues in HFD-fed mice. Thus, our work demonstrates that obesity can profoundly influence competitive interaction between normal and transformed cells, providing insights into cell competition and cancer preventive medicine. Sasaki et al. demonstrate using a cell competition mouse model that high-fat diet feeding substantially attenuates the frequency of apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells from intestinal and pancreatic epithelia. These results indicate that obesity can profoundly influence competitive interaction between normal and transformed cells at the initial stage of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
61
|
Sitaram P, Lu S, Harsh S, Herrera SC, Bach EA. Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Increased Anti-oxidant Response and Ecdysone Signaling in STAT Supercompetitors in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2609-2622. [PMID: 31227525 PMCID: PMC6686945 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition is the elimination of one viable population of cells (the losers) by a neighboring fitter population (the winners) and was discovered by studies in the Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. Supercompetition is a process in which cells with elevated JAK/STAT signaling or increased Myc become winners and outcompete wild-type neighbors. To identify the genes that are differentially regulated in STAT supercompetitors, we purified these cells from Drosophila wing imaginal discs and performed next-generation sequencing. Their transcriptome was compared to those of control wing disc cells and Myc supercompetitors. Bioinformatics revealed that STAT and Myc supercompetitors have distinct transcriptomes with only 41 common differentially regulated genes. Furthermore, STAT supercompetitors have elevated reactive oxygen species, an anti-oxidant response and increased ecdysone signaling. Using a combination of methods, we validated 13 differentially expressed genes. These data sets will be useful resources to the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poojitha Sitaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Sean Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Sneh Harsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Genuth NR, Barna M. Heterogeneity and specialized functions of translation machinery: from genes to organisms. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 19:431-452. [PMID: 29725087 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-018-0008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of mRNA translation offers the opportunity to diversify the expression and abundance of proteins made from individual gene products in cells, tissues and organisms. Emerging evidence has highlighted variation in the composition and activity of several large, highly conserved translation complexes as a means to differentially control gene expression. Heterogeneity and specialized functions of individual components of the ribosome and of the translation initiation factor complexes eIF3 and eIF4F, which are required for recruitment of the ribosome to the mRNA 5' untranslated region, have been identified. In this Review, we summarize the evidence for selective mRNA translation by components of these macromolecular complexes as a means to dynamically control the translation of the proteome in time and space. We further discuss the implications of this form of gene expression regulation for a growing number of human genetic disorders associated with mutations in the translation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Genuth
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Pelham CJ, Nagane M, Madan E. Cell competition in tumor evolution and heterogeneity: Merging past and present. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:11-18. [PMID: 31323289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, cancers are difficult to eliminate because they develop resistance to a primary chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Tumors grow into diverse cell subpopulations, increasing the ability to resist elimination. The phenomenon of 'cell competition' describes our body's natural surveillance system to optimize tissue fitness by forcing viable but aberrant cells to undergo cell death. Cell competition is not simply comparison of cell division potential. Competition factors signal for 'loser' cell elimination and 'winner' cell dominance. New evidence demonstrates it is possible to restrict cancer growth by strengthening the cell fitness of surrounding healthy tissue via anti-apoptotic pathways. Hence, cell competition provides strong conceptual explanation for oncogenesis, tumor growth and suppression. Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of many cancers and establishes gradients in which competitive interactions are able to occur among tumor cell subpopulations as well as neighboring stromal tissue. Here we review cellular/molecular competition pathways in the context of tumor evolution, heterogeneity and response to interventions. We propose strategies to exploit these mediators and design novel broad-spectrum therapeutic approaches that eliminate cancer and enhance fitness of neighboring tissue to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pelham
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Tanimura N, Fujita Y. Epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:44-48. [PMID: 31302236 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that cell competition can occur in mammals. In particular, at the initial stage of carcinogenesis, normal epithelial cells are able to recognize the neighboring transformed cells and actively eliminate them from epithelial tissues. This implies that normal epithelia have anti-tumor activity that does not involve immune cells, which is termed epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). In this review article, we summarize recent advances on the underlying molecular machinery of EDAC. In addition, we also describe the molecular mechanisms by which transformed cells escape from EDAC to promote carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bowling S, Lawlor K, Rodríguez TA. Cell competition: the winners and losers of fitness selection. Development 2019; 146:146/13/dev167486. [PMID: 31278123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of cell competition results in the 'elimination of cells that are viable but less fit than surrounding cells'. Given the highly heterogeneous nature of our tissues, it seems increasingly likely that cells are engaged in a 'survival of the fittest' battle throughout life. The process has a myriad of positive roles in the organism: it selects against mutant cells in developing tissues, prevents the propagation of oncogenic cells and eliminates damaged cells during ageing. However, 'super-fit' cancer cells can exploit cell competition mechanisms to expand and spread. Here, we review the regulation, roles and risks of cell competition in organism development, ageing and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bowling
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katerina Lawlor
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Coelho DS, Moreno E. Emerging links between cell competition and Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/13/jcs231258. [PMID: 31263078 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions, which inexorably debilitates patients. There is still no cure for AD and effective treatments to delay or revert AD are urgently needed. On a molecular level, the excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides triggers a complex cascade of pathological events underlying neuronal death, whose details are not yet completely understood. Our laboratory recently discovered that cell competition may play a protective role against AD by eliminating less fit neurons from the brain of Aβ-transgenic flies. Loss of Aβ-damaged neurons through fitness comparison with healthy counterparts is beneficial for the organism, delaying cognitive decline and motor disability. In this Review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms of cell competition, including seminal works on the field and latest advances regarding genetic triggers and effectors of cell elimination. We then describe the biological relevance of competition in the nervous system and discuss how competitive interactions between neurons may arise and be exacerbated in the context of AD. Selection of neurons through fitness comparison is a promising, but still emerging, research field that may open new avenues for the treatment of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Coelho
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília., 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília., 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Cancer treatments have, in general, targeted the cancer cell itself. This approach has often been unsuccessful in the long term, especially for solid tumors. Even targeted therapies based on sequencing cancer genomes can be thwarted by genetic heterogeneity within tumors. Furthermore, genomic instability in cancer cells accelerates the generation of variants that are resistant to the treatment. Immunotherapies and anti-angiogenic treatments, which target the tumor-interacting and tumor-adjacent cells, have overcome some of these challenges, suggesting that other methods that target wild-type cells could be valuable in arresting tumor progression. Studies in Drosophila have uncovered mechanisms by which cells within an epithelium can react to neighboring cells that have genetic differences, resulting in the elimination of one population at the expense of another. Some of these mechanisms are now known to be conserved in mammals. The possibility of harnessing such mechanisms to empower normal epithelial cells to eliminate their precancerous neighbors before they develop into fully fledged cancers is an area of research that merits more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Lahvic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Morata G, Calleja M. Cell competition and tumorigenesis in the imaginal discs of Drosophila. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:19-26. [PMID: 31255773 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue and the object of investigations in thousands of laboratories all over the world. Most of cancer research is being carried out in in vitro systems or in animal models, generally mice or rats. However, the discovery of the high degree of genetic identity among metazoans has prompted investigation in organisms like Drosophila, on the idea that the genetic basis of cancer in flies and humans may have many aspects in common. Moreover, the sophisticated genetic methodology of Drosophila offers operational advantages and allows experimental approaches inaccessible in other species. Cell competition is a cell-quality control process that aims to identifying and subsequently removing cells within animal tissues that are unfit, abnormal or aberrant, and that may compromise the fitness or the viability of the organism. It was originally described in Drosophila imaginal discs but later work has shown it occurs in mammalian tissues where it fulfils similar roles. One aspect of the surveillance role of cell competition is to eliminate oncogenic cells that may appear during development or the life of an organism. In this review we have focussed on the work on Drosophila imaginal discs relating cell competition and tumorigenic processes. We briefly discuss related work in mammalian tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Morata
- Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Manuel Calleja
- Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Transcriptional versus metabolic control of cell fitness during cell competition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:36-43. [PMID: 31102668 PMCID: PMC7221347 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis and health relies on the efficient removal of damaged or otherwise suboptimal cells. One way this is achieved is through cell competition, a fitness quality control mechanism that eliminates cells that are less fit than their neighbours. Through this process, cell competition has been shown to play diverse roles in development and in the adult, including in homeostasis and tumour suppression. However, over the last few years it has also become apparent that certain oncogenic mutations can provide cells with a competitive advantage that promotes their expansion via the elimination of surrounding wild-type cells. Thus, understanding how this process is initiated and regulated will provide important insights with relevance to a number of different research areas. A key question in cell competition is what determines the competitive fitness of a cell. Here, we will review what is known about this question by focussing on two non-mutually exclusive possibilities; first, that the activity of a subset of transcription factors determines competitive fitness, and second, that the outcome of cell competition is determined by the relative cellular metabolic status.
Collapse
|
70
|
Paglia S, Sollazzo M, Di Giacomo S, Strocchi S, Grifoni D. Exploring MYC relevance to cancer biology from the perspective of cell competition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:49-59. [PMID: 31102666 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has long been regarded and treated as a foreign body appearing by mistake inside a living organism. However, now we know that cancer cells communicate with neighbours, thereby creating modified environments able to support their unusual need for nutrients and space. Understanding the molecular basis of these bi-directional interactions is thus mandatory to approach the complex nature of cancer. Since their discovery, MYC proteins have been showing to regulate a steadily increasing number of processes impacting cell fitness, and are consistently found upregulated in almost all human tumours. Of interest, MYC takes part in cell competition, an evolutionarily conserved fitness comparison strategy aimed at detecting weakened cells, which are then committed to death, removed from the tissue and replaced by fitter neighbours. During physiological development, MYC-mediated cell competition is engaged to eliminate cells with suboptimal MYC levels, so as to guarantee selective growth of the fittest and proper homeostasis, while transformed cells expressing high levels of MYC coopt cell competition to subvert tissue constraints, ultimately disrupting homeostasis. Therefore, the interplay between cells with different MYC levels may result in opposite functional outcomes, depending on the nature of the players. In the present review, we describe the most recent findings on the role of MYC-mediated cell competition in different contexts, with a special emphasis on its impact on cancer initiation and progression. We also discuss the relevance of competition-associated cell death to cancer disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Paglia
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuela Sollazzo
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Di Giacomo
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Baker NE, Kiparaki M, Khan C. A potential link between p53, cell competition and ribosomopathy in mammals and in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 446:17-19. [PMID: 30513308 PMCID: PMC6642609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The term cell competition has been used to describe the phenomenon whereby particular cells can be eliminated during tissue growth only when more competitive cells are available to replace them. Multiple examples implicate differential activity of p53 in cell competition in mammals, but p53 has not been found to have the same role in Drosophila, where the phenomenon of cell competition was first recognized. Recent studies now show that Drosophila cells harboring mutations in Ribosomal protein (Rp) genes, which are eliminated by cell competition with wild type cells, activate a p53 target gene, Xrp1. In Diamond Blackfan Anemia, human Rp mutants activate p53 itself, through a nucleolar stress pathway. These results suggest a link between mammalian and Drosophila Rp mutants, translation, and cell competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Marianthi Kiparaki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chaitali Khan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Fahey-Lozano N, La Marca JE, Portela M, Richardson HE. Drosophila Models of Cell Polarity and Cell Competition in Tumourigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:37-64. [PMID: 31520348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is an important surveillance mechanism that measures relative fitness between cells in a tissue during development, homeostasis, and disease. Specifically, cells that are "less fit" (losers) are actively eliminated by relatively "more fit" (winners) neighbours, despite the less fit cells otherwise being able to survive in a genetically uniform tissue. Originally described in the epithelial tissues of Drosophila larval imaginal discs, cell competition has since been shown to occur in other epithelial and non-epithelial Drosophila tissues, as well as in mammalian model systems. Many genes and signalling pathways have been identified as playing conserved roles in the mechanisms of cell competition. Among them are genes required for the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal cell polarity: the Crumbs/Stardust/Patj (Crb/Sdt/Patj), Bazooka/Par-6/atypical Protein Kinase C (Baz/Par-6/aPKC), and Scribbled/Discs large 1/Lethal (2) giant larvae (Scrib/Dlg1/L(2)gl) modules. In this chapter, we describe the concepts and mechanisms of cell competition, with emphasis on the relationship between cell polarity proteins and cell competition, particularly the Scrib/Dlg1/L(2)gl module, since this is the best described module in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Fahey-Lozano
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John E La Marca
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Madan E, Gogna R, Moreno E. Cell competition in development: information from flies and vertebrates. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
74
|
Nagata R, Igaki T. Cell competition: Emerging mechanisms to eliminate neighbors. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:522-530. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nagata
- Laboratory of GeneticsGraduate School of BiostudiesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of GeneticsGraduate School of BiostudiesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lee CH, Kiparaki M, Blanco J, Folgado V, Ji Z, Kumar A, Rimesso G, Baker NE. A Regulatory Response to Ribosomal Protein Mutations Controls Translation, Growth, and Cell Competition. Dev Cell 2018; 46:456-469.e4. [PMID: 30078730 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes perform protein synthesis but are also involved in signaling processes, the full extent of which are still being uncovered. We report that phenotypes of mutating ribosomal proteins (Rps) are largely due to signaling. Using Drosophila, we discovered that a bZip-domain protein, Xrp1, becomes elevated in Rp mutant cells. Xrp1 reduces translation and growth, delays development, is responsible for gene expression changes, and causes the cell competition of Rp heterozygous cells from genetic mosaics. Without Xrp1, even cells homozygously deleted for Rp genes persist and grow. Xrp1 induction in Rp mutant cells depends on a particular Rp with regulatory effects, RpS12, and precedes overall changes in translation. Thus, effects of Rp mutations, even the reductions in translation and growth, depend on signaling through the Xrp1 pathway and are not simply consequences of reduced ribosome production limiting protein synthesis. One benefit of this system may be to eliminate Rp-mutant cells by cell competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marianthi Kiparaki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Virginia Folgado
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhejun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gerard Rimesso
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
Ribosomopathies are a group of human disorders most commonly caused by ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency or defects in ribosome biogenesis. These conditions manifest themselves as physiological defects in specific cell and tissue types. We review current molecular models to explain ribosomopathies and attempt to reconcile the tissue specificity of these disorders with the ubiquitous requirement for ribosomes in all cells. Ribosomopathies as a group are diverse in their origins and clinical manifestations; we use the well-described Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) as a specific example to highlight some common features. We discuss ribosome homeostasis as an overarching principle that governs the sensitivity of specific cells and tissue types to ribosomal protein mutations. Mathematical models and experimental insights rationalize how even subtle shifts in the availability of ribosomes, such as those created by ribosome haploinsufficiency, can drive messenger RNA-specific effects on protein expression. We discuss recently identified roles played by ribosome rescue and recycling factors in regulating ribosome homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Mills
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachel Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kale A, Ji Z, Kiparaki M, Blanco J, Rimesso G, Flibotte S, Baker NE. Ribosomal Protein S12e Has a Distinct Function in Cell Competition. Dev Cell 2018; 44:42-55.e4. [PMID: 29316439 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type Drosophila cells can remove cells heterozygous for ribosomal protein mutations (known as "Minute" mutant cells) from genetic mosaics, a process termed cell competition. The ribosomal protein S12 was unusual because cells heterozygous for rpS12 mutations were not competed by wild-type, and a viable missense mutation in rpS12 protected Minute cells from cell competition with wild-type cells. Furthermore, cells with Minute mutations were induced to compete with one another by altering the gene dose of rpS12, eliminating cells with more rpS12 than their neighbors. Thus RpS12 has a special function in cell competition that defines the competitiveness of cells. We propose that cell competition between wild-type and Minute cells is initiated by a signal of ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency mediated by RpS12. Since competition between cells expressing different levels of Myc did not require RpS12, other kinds of cell competition may be initiated differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Kale
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhejun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marianthi Kiparaki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gerard Rimesso
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Warren AJ. Molecular basis of the human ribosomopathy Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67:109-127. [PMID: 28942353 PMCID: PMC6710477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that target the ubiquitous process of ribosome assembly paradoxically cause diverse tissue-specific disorders (ribosomopathies) that are often associated with an increased risk of cancer. Ribosomes are the essential macromolecular machines that read the genetic code in all cells in all kingdoms of life. Following pre-assembly in the nucleus, precursors of the large 60S and small 40S ribosomal subunits are exported to the cytoplasm where the final steps in maturation are completed. Here, I review the recent insights into the conserved mechanisms of ribosome assembly that have come from functional characterisation of the genes mutated in human ribosomopathies. In particular, recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, coupled with genetic, biochemical and prior structural data, have revealed that the SBDS protein that is deficient in the inherited leukaemia predisposition disorder Shwachman-Diamond syndrome couples the final step in cytoplasmic 60S ribosomal subunit maturation to a quality control assessment of the structural and functional integrity of the nascent particle. Thus, study of this fascinating disorder is providing remarkable insights into how the large ribosomal subunit is functionally activated in the cytoplasm to enter the actively translating pool of ribosomes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow Diseases/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Diseases/pathology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/metabolism
- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/pathology
- Humans
- Lipomatosis/metabolism
- Lipomatosis/pathology
- Mutation
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic/genetics
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic/ultrastructure
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/genetics
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/ultrastructure
- Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Warren
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK; The Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Kon S. Physiological and pathological relevance of cell competition in fly to mammals. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 60:14-20. [PMID: 29250773 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, incidentally emerging suboptimal cells are removed to maintain homeostasis of tissues. The unfavorable cells are excluded by a process termed cell competition whereby the resident normal cells actively eliminate the unfit cells of the identical lineage. Although the phenomenon of cell competition was originally discovered in Drosophila, a number of recent studies have provided implications of cell competition in tissue regeneration, development and oncogenesis in mammals. Here the roles of cell competition in fly to mammals are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Bove A, Gradeci D, Fujita Y, Banerjee S, Charras G, Lowe AR. Local cellular neighborhood controls proliferation in cell competition. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3215-3228. [PMID: 28931601 PMCID: PMC5687024 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a quality-control mechanism through which tissues eliminate unfit cells. Cell competition can result from short-range biochemical inductions or long-range mechanical cues. However, little is known about how cell-scale interactions give rise to population shifts in tissues, due to the lack of experimental and computational tools to efficiently characterize interactions at the single-cell level. Here, we address these challenges by combining long-term automated microscopy with deep-learning image analysis to decipher how single-cell behavior determines tissue makeup during competition. Using our high-throughput analysis pipeline, we show that competitive interactions between MDCK wild-type cells and cells depleted of the polarity protein scribble are governed by differential sensitivity to local density and the cell type of each cell's neighbors. We find that local density has a dramatic effect on the rate of division and apoptosis under competitive conditions. Strikingly, our analysis reveals that proliferation of the winner cells is up-regulated in neighborhoods mostly populated by loser cells. These data suggest that tissue-scale population shifts are strongly affected by cellular-scale tissue organization. We present a quantitative mathematical model that demonstrates the effect of neighbor cell-type dependence of apoptosis and division in determining the fitness of competing cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bove
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Gradeci
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Lowe
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kucinski I, Dinan M, Kolahgar G, Piddini E. Chronic activation of JNK JAK/STAT and oxidative stress signalling causes the loser cell status. Nat Commun 2017; 8:136. [PMID: 28743877 PMCID: PMC5526992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a form of cell interaction that causes the elimination of less fit cells, or losers, by wild-type (WT) cells, influencing overall tissue health. Several mutations can cause cells to become losers; however, it is not known how. Here we show that Drosophila wing disc cells carrying functionally unrelated loser mutations (Minute and mahjong) display the common activation of multiple stress signalling pathways before cell competition and find that these pathways collectively account for the loser status. We find that JNK signalling inhibits the growth of losers, while JAK/STAT signalling promotes competition-induced winner cell proliferation. Furthermore, we show that losers display oxidative stress response activation and, strikingly, that activation of this pathway alone, by Nrf2 overexpression, is sufficient to prime cells for their elimination by WT neighbours. Since oxidative stress and Nrf2 are linked to several diseases, cell competition may occur in a number of pathological conditions.Cell competition causes the removal of less fit cells ('losers') but why some gene mutations turn cells into losers is unclear. Here, the authors show that Drosophila wing disc cells carrying some loser mutations activate Nrf2 and JNK signalling, which contribute to the loser status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwo Kucinski
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology and Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael Dinan
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Golnar Kolahgar
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Eugenia Piddini
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Maruyama T, Fujita Y. Cell competition in mammals - novel homeostatic machinery for embryonic development and cancer prevention. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:106-112. [PMID: 28719866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the multi-cellular community, cells with different properties often compete with each other for survival and space. This process is named cell competition and was originally discovered in Drosophila. Recent studies have revealed that comparable phenomena also occur in mammals under various physiological and pathological conditions. Within the epithelium, normal cells often recognize the presence of the neighboring transformed cells and actively eliminate them from the epithelium; a process termed EDAC (Epithelial Defense Against Cancer). Furthermore, physical force can play a crucial role in the intercellular recognition and elimination of loser cells during cell competition. Further studies are expected to reveal a variety of roles of cell competition in embryonic development and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Shakiba N, Zandstra PW. Engineering cell fitness: lessons for regenerative medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 47:7-15. [PMID: 28551499 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition results in the loss of weaker cells and the dominance of stronger cells. So-called 'loser' cells are either removed by active elimination or by limiting their access to survival factors. Recently, competition has been shown to serve as a surveillance mechanism against emerging aberrant cells in both the developing and adult organism, contributing to overall organism fitness and survival. Here, we explore the origins and implications of cell competition in development, tissue homeostasis, and in vitro culture. We also provide a forward look on the use of cell competition to interpret multicellular dynamics while offering a perspective on harnessing competition to engineer cells with optimized and controllable fitness characteristics for regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research (CCBR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Medicine by Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Di Giacomo S, Sollazzo M, Paglia S, Grifoni D. MYC, Cell Competition, and Cell Death in Cancer: The Inseparable Triad. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040120. [PMID: 28420161 PMCID: PMC5406867 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of MYC family proteins in cancer is associated with a global reprogramming of gene expression, ultimately promoting glycolytic pathways, cell growth, and proliferation. It is well known that MYC upregulation triggers cell-autonomous apoptosis in normal tissues, while frankly malignant cells develop resistance to apoptotic stimuli, partly resulting from MYC addiction. As well as inducing cell-autonomous apoptosis, MYC upregulation is able to trigger non cell-autonomous apoptotic death through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism known as “cell competition”. With regard to this intimate and dual relationship between MYC and cell death, recent evidence obtained in Drosophila models of cancer has revealed that, in early tumourigenesis, MYC upregulation guides the clonal expansion of mutant cells, while the surrounding tissue undergoes non-cell autonomous death. Apoptosis inhibition in this context was shown to restrain tumour growth and to restore a wild-type phenotype. This suggests that cell-autonomous and non cell-autonomous apoptosis dependent on MYC upregulation may shape tumour growth in different ways, soliciting the need to reconsider the role of cell death in cancer in the light of this new level of complexity. Here we review recent literature about MYC and cell competition obtained in Drosophila, with a particular emphasis on the relevance of cell death to cell competition and, more generally, to cancer. Possible implications of these findings for the understanding of mammalian cancers are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuela Sollazzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simona Paglia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sivakamasundari V, Kraus P, Sun W, Hu X, Lim SL, Prabhakar S, Lufkin T. A developmental transcriptomic analysis of Pax1 and Pax9 in embryonic intervertebral disc development. Biol Open 2017; 6:187-199. [PMID: 28011632 PMCID: PMC5312110 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax1 and Pax9 play redundant, synergistic functions in the patterning and differentiation of the sclerotomal cells that give rise to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs (IVD) of the axial skeleton. They are conserved in mice and humans, whereby mutation/deficiency of human PAX1/PAX9 has been associated with kyphoscoliosis. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we identified the roles of Pax1/Pax9 in cell proliferation, cartilage development and collagen fibrillogenesis, which are vital in early IVD morphogenesis. Pax1 is up-regulated in the absence of Pax9, while Pax9 is unaffected by the loss of Pax1/Pax9 We identified the targets compensated by a single- or double-copy of Pax9 They positively regulate many of the cartilage genes known to be regulated by Sox5/Sox6/Sox9 and are connected to Sox5/Sox6 by a negative feedback loop. Pax1/Pax9 are intertwined with BMP and TGF-B pathways and we propose they initiate expression of chondrogenic genes during early IVD differentiation and subsequently become restricted to the outer annulus by the negative feedback mechanism. Our findings highlight how early IVD development is regulated spatio-temporally and have implications for understanding kyphoscoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakamasundari
- The Single Cell Biology Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Petra Kraus
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Lan Lim
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
STV1, a ribosomal protein, binds primary microRNA transcripts to promote their interaction with the processing complex in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1424-1429. [PMID: 28115696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613069114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. They are processed from primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs), most of which are transcribed by DNA-dependent polymerase II (Pol II). miRNA levels are precisely controlled to maintain various biological processes. Here, we report that SHORT VALVE 1 (STV1), a conserved ribosomal protein, acts in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis A portion of STV1 localizes in the nucleus and binds pri-miRNAs. Using pri-miR172b as a reporter, we show that STV1 binds the stem-loop flanked by a short 5' arm within pri-miRNAs. Lack of STV1 reduces the association of pri-miRNAs with their processing complex. These data suggest that STV1 promotes miRNA biogenesis through facilitating the recruitment of pri-miRNAs to their processing complex. Furthermore, we show that STV1 indirectly involves in the occupancy of Pol II at the promoters of miRNA coding genes (MIR) and influences MIR promoter activities. Based on these results, we propose that STV1 refines the accumulation of miRNAs through its combined effects on pri-miRNA processing and transcription. This study uncovers an extraribosomal function of STV1.
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
The function of tumor suppressor p53 has been under intense investigation. Acute stresses such as DNA damage are able to trigger a high level of p53 activity, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. In contrast, the cellular response of mild p53 activity induced by low-level stress in vivo remains largely unexplored. Murine double minute (MDM)2 and MDM4 are two major negative regulators of p53. Here, we used the strategy of haploinsufficiency of Mdm2 and Mdm4 to induce mild p53 activation in vivo and found that Mdm2+/-Mdm4+/- double-heterozygous mice exhibited normal embryogenesis. However, closer examination demonstrated that the Mdm2+/-Mdm4+/- cells exhibited a growth disadvantage and were outcompeted during development in genetic mosaic embryos that contained wild-type cells. Further study indicated the out-competition phenotype was dependent on the levels of p53. These observations revealed that cells with mild p53 activation were less fit and exhibited altered fates in a heterotypic environment, resembling the cell competition phenomenon first uncovered in Drosophila By marking unfit cells for elimination, p53 may exert its physiological role to ensure organ and animal fitness.
Collapse
|
88
|
Percharde M, Bulut-Karslioglu A, Ramalho-Santos M. Hypertranscription in Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration. Dev Cell 2016; 40:9-21. [PMID: 27989554 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells can globally upregulate their transcriptome during specific transitions, a phenomenon called hypertranscription. Evidence for hypertranscription dates back over 70 years but has gone largely ignored in the genomics era until recently. We discuss data supporting the notion that hypertranscription is a unifying theme in embryonic development, stem cell biology, regeneration, and cell competition. We review the history, methods for analysis, underlying mechanisms, and biological significance of hypertranscription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Percharde
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Miguel Ramalho-Santos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Deisenroth C, Franklin DA, Zhang Y. The Evolution of the Ribosomal Protein-MDM2-p53 Pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026138. [PMID: 27908926 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The progression of our understanding of ribosomal proteins as static building blocks of the ribosome to highly integrated sensors of p53 surveillance and function has achieved a tremendous rate of growth over the past several decades. As the workhorse of the cell, ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic code into the functional units that drive cell growth and proliferation. The seminal identification of ribosomal protein binding to MDM2, the negative regulator of p53, has evolved into a paradigm for ribosomal protein-MDM2-p53 signaling that extends into processes as diverse as energy metabolism to proliferation. The central core of signaling occurs when perturbations to rRNA synthesis, processing, and assembly modulate the rate of ribosome biogenesis, signaling a nucleolar stress response to p53. This has led to identification of a number of disease pathologies related to ribosomal protein dysfunction that are manifested as developmental disorders or cancer. Advancing research into the basic mechanics of ribosomal protein-MDM2-p53 signaling is paving the way for novel translational research into biomarker identification and therapeutic strategies for ribosome-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Derek A Franklin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Guimaraes JC, Zavolan M. Patterns of ribosomal protein expression specify normal and malignant human cells. Genome Biol 2016; 17:236. [PMID: 27884178 PMCID: PMC5123215 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosomes are highly conserved molecular machines whose core composition has traditionally been regarded as invariant. However, recent studies have reported intriguing differences in the expression of some ribosomal proteins (RPs) across tissues and highly specific effects on the translation of individual mRNAs. Results To determine whether RPs are more generally linked to cell identity, we analyze the heterogeneity of RP expression in a large set of human tissues, primary cells, and tumors. We find that about a quarter of human RPs exhibit tissue-specific expression and that primary hematopoietic cells display the most complex patterns of RP expression, likely shaped by context-restricted transcriptional regulators. Strikingly, we uncover patterns of dysregulated expression of individual RPs across cancer types that arise through copy number variations and are predictive for disease progression. Conclusions Our study reveals an unanticipated plasticity of RP expression across normal and malignant human cell types and provides a foundation for future characterization of cellular behaviors that are orchestrated by specific RPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1104-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao C Guimaraes
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Clavería
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain;
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Tissue growth and regeneration are autonomous, stem-cell-mediated processes in which stem cells within the organ self-renew and differentiate to create new cells, leading to new tissue. The processes of growth and regeneration require communication and interplay between neighboring cells. In particular, cell competition, which is a process in which viable cells are actively eliminated by more competitive cells, has been increasingly implicated to play an important role. Here, we discuss the existing literature regarding the current landscape of cell competition, including classical pathways and models, fitness fingerprint mechanisms, and immune system mechanisms of cell competition. We further discuss the clinical relevance of cell competition in the physiological processes of tissue growth and regeneration, highlighting studies in clinically important disease models, including oncological, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Gogna
- Institut für Zellbiologie, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; .,Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Kevin Shee
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Institut für Zellbiologie, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Cell Competition and Its Role in the Regulation of Cell Fitness from Development to Cancer. Dev Cell 2016; 38:621-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
94
|
Nishikawa S, Takamatsu A, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. Mathematical model for cell competition: Predator–prey interactions at the interface between two groups of cells in monolayer tissue. J Theor Biol 2016; 404:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
95
|
Danilova N, Gazda HT. Ribosomopathies: how a common root can cause a tree of pathologies. Dis Model Mech 2016; 8:1013-26. [PMID: 26398160 PMCID: PMC4582105 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in ribosome biogenesis are associated with a group of diseases called the ribosomopathies, of which Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is the most studied. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RPs and multiple other factors are necessary for the processing of pre-rRNA, the assembly of ribosomal subunits, their export to the cytoplasm and for the final assembly of subunits into a ribosome. Haploinsufficiency of certain RPs causes DBA, whereas mutations in other factors cause various other ribosomopathies. Despite the general nature of their underlying defects, the clinical manifestations of ribosomopathies differ. In DBA, for example, red blood cell pathology is especially evident. In addition, individuals with DBA often have malformations of limbs, the face and various organs, and also have an increased risk of cancer. Common features shared among human DBA and animal models have emerged, such as small body size, eye defects, duplication or overgrowth of ectoderm-derived structures, and hematopoietic defects. Phenotypes of ribosomopathies are mediated both by p53-dependent and -independent pathways. The current challenge is to identify differences in response to ribosomal stress that lead to specific tissue defects in various ribosomopathies. Here, we review recent findings in this field, with a particular focus on animal models, and discuss how, in some cases, the different phenotypes of ribosomopathies might arise from differences in the spatiotemporal expression of the affected genes. Summary: This paper reviews recent data on Diamond Blackfan anemia and discusses them in connection with other ribosomopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hanna T Gazda
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Essers P, Tain LS, Nespital T, Goncalves J, Froehlich J, Partridge L. Reduced insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling decreases translation in Drosophila and mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30290. [PMID: 27452396 PMCID: PMC4959029 DOI: 10.1038/srep30290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) can increase lifespan in C. elegans, Drosophila and mice. In C. elegans, reduced IIS results in down-regulation of translation, which itself can extend lifespan. However, the effect of reduced IIS on translation has yet to be determined in other multicellular organisms. Using two long-lived IIS models, namely Drosophila lacking three insulin-like peptides (dilp2-3,5−/−) and mice lacking insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1−/−), and two independent translation assays, polysome profiling and radiolabeled amino acid incorporation, we show that reduced IIS lowers translation in these organisms. In Drosophila, reduced IIS decreased polysome levels in fat body and gut, but reduced the rate of protein synthesis only in the fat body. Reduced IIS in mice decreased protein synthesis rate only in skeletal muscle, without reducing polysomes in any tissue. This lowered translation in muscle was independent of Irs1 loss in the muscle itself, but a secondary effect of Irs1 loss in the liver. In conclusion, down-regulation of translation is an evolutionarily conserved response to reduced IIS, but the tissues in which it occurs can vary between organisms. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying lowered translation may differ in mice, possibly associated with the complexity of the regulatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Essers
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Luke S Tain
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Joana Goncalves
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Jenny Froehlich
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Chen J, Wei Y, Feng Q, Ren L, He G, Chang W, Zhu D, Yi T, Lin Q, Tang W, Xu J, Qin X. Ribosomal protein S15A promotes malignant transformation and predicts poor outcome in colorectal cancer through misregulation of p53 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1628-38. [PMID: 26847263 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S15A (RPS15A), which has been identified as a highly conserved 40S ribosomal protein, is essential for cell survival and proliferation. The present study evaluated the functional role of RPS15A in colorectal cancer (CRC), and our investigation found that RPS15A was highly expressed in a cohort of human CRC. High RPS15A expression was associated with older age (P=0.035), not receiving preoperative neoadjuvant treatment (P=0.048), higher primary pN stage (P=0.007) and slightly more synchronous distant metastases (P=0.058). The Cox univariate and multivariate hazard regression analysis revealed that higher expression of RPS15A led to a reduction of overall survival rate in CRC, indicating that enhanced RPS15A expression functions as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of CRC patients (P<0.001). Cell based analysis showed that RPS15A was widely expressed in human CRC cell lines. Knockdown of RPS15A significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation in HCT116 and DLD-1 cells, and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Genechip analysis suggested that knockdown of RPS15A might affect the p53 signaling pathway. Further study indicated that RPS15A knockdown upregulated p53 and p21 expression whereas downregulated CDK1 expression. In summary, the present study identified RPS15A as a novel univariate prognostic factor predicting a poor outcome in CRC patients. The RPS15A overexpression induced by malignant transformation of CRC might function through the p53 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qingyang Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guodong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Yi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Leclerc C, Haeich J, Aulestia FJ, Kilhoffer MC, Miller AL, Néant I, Webb SE, Schaeffer E, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Moreau M. Calcium signaling orchestrates glioblastoma development: Facts and conjunctures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1447-59. [PMID: 26826650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While it is a relatively rare disease, glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is one of the more deadly adult cancers. Following current interventions, the tumor is never eliminated whatever the treatment performed; whether it is radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. One hypothesis to explain this poor outcome is the "cancer stem cell" hypothesis. This concept proposes that a minority of cells within the tumor mass share many of the properties of adult neural stem cells and it is these that are responsible for the growth of the tumor and its resistance to existing therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ca(2+) might also be an important positive regulator of tumorigenesis in GBM, in processes involving quiescence, maintenance, proliferation, or migration. Glioblastoma tumors are generally thought to develop by co-opting pathways that are involved in the formation of an organ. We propose that the cells initiating the tumor, and subsequently the cells of the tumor mass, must hijack the different checkpoints that evolution has selected in order to prevent the pathological development of an organ. In this article, two main points are discussed. (i) The first is the establishment of a so-called "cellular society," which is required to create a favorable microenvironment. (ii) The second is that GBM can be considered to be an organism, which fights to survive and develop. Since GBM evolves in a limited space, its only chance of development is to overcome the evolutionary checkpoints. For example, the deregulation of the normal Ca(2+) signaling elements contributes to the progression of the disease. Thus, by manipulating the Ca(2+) signaling, the GBM cells might not be killed, but might be reprogrammed toward a new fate that is either easy to cure or that has no aberrant functioning. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium and Cell Fate. Guest Editors: Jacques Haiech, Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, Thierry Capiod and Olivier Mignen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France.
| | - Jacques Haeich
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, UMR 7200 Université de Strasbourg / CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Francisco J Aulestia
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France
| | - Marie-Claude Kilhoffer
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, UMR 7200 Université de Strasbourg / CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Isabelle Néant
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Etienne Schaeffer
- IREBS UMR7242 ESBS, Pôle API, Parc d'Innovation d'Illkirch, 67412 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Glial Plasticity, 7/9 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Glial Plasticity, 7/9 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Marc Moreau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
MacInnes AW. The role of the ribosome in the regulation of longevity and lifespan extension. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:198-212. [PMID: 26732699 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most energy-consuming process that a cell must undertake to stay viable is the continuous biogenesis of ribosomes for the translation of RNA into protein. Given the inextricable links between energy consumption and cellular lifespan, it is not surprising that mutations and environmental cues that reduce ribosome biogenesis result in an extension of eukaryotic lifespan. This review goes into detail describing recent discoveries of different and often unexpected elements that play a role in the regulation of longevity by virtue of their ribosome biogenesis functions. These roles include controlling the transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the translation of ribosomal protein (RP) genes, and the number of ribosomes overall. Together these findings suggest that a fundamental mechanism across eukaryotic species for extending lifespan is to slow down or halt the expenditure of cellular energy that is normally absorbed by the manufacturing and assembly of new ribosomes.
Collapse
|
100
|
Gallo S, Manfrini N. Working hard at the nexus between cell signaling and the ribosomal machinery: An insight into the roles of RACK1 in translational regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:e1120382. [PMID: 26824030 DOI: 10.1080/21690731.2015.1120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RACK1 is a ribosome-associated protein which functions as a receptor for activated PKCs. It also acts as a scaffold for many other proteins involved in diverse signaling pathways, e.g. Src, JNK, PDE4D and FAK signaling. With such a broad interactome, RACK1 has been suggested to function as a linker between cell signaling and the translation machinery. Accordingly, RACK1 modulates translation at different levels in several model organisms. For instance, it regulates ribosome stalling and mRNA quality control in yeasts and promotes translation efficiency downstream of specific cellular stimuli in mammals. However, the molecular mechanism by which RACK1 exerts these roles is widely uncharacterized. Moreover, the full list of ribosome-recruited RACK1 interactors still needs characterization. Here we discuss in vivo and in vitro findings to better delineate the roles of RACK1 in regulating ribosome function and translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gallo
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Unit; National Institute of Molecular Genetics - INGM "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi" ; Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Manfrini
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Unit; National Institute of Molecular Genetics - INGM "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi" ; Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|