51
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Rué P, Martinez Arias A. Cell dynamics and gene expression control in tissue homeostasis and development. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:792. [PMID: 25716053 PMCID: PMC4358661 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During tissue and organ development and maintenance, the dynamic regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation allows cells to build highly elaborate structures. The development of the vertebrate retina or the maintenance of adult intestinal crypts, for instance, involves the arrangement of newly created cells with different phenotypes, the proportions of which need to be tightly controlled. While some of the basic principles underlying these processes developing and maintaining these organs are known, much remains to be learnt from how cells encode the necessary information and use it to attain those complex but reproducible arrangements. Here, we review the current knowledge on the principles underlying cell population dynamics during tissue development and homeostasis. In particular, we discuss how stochastic fate assignment, cell division, feedback control and cellular transition states interact during organ and tissue development and maintenance in multicellular organisms. We propose a framework, involving the existence of a transition state in which cells are more susceptible to signals that can affect their gene expression state and influence their cell fate decisions. This framework, which also applies to systems much more amenable to quantitative analysis like differentiating embryonic stem cells, links gene expression programmes with cell population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Rué
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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52
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Gong T, Cui Y, Goh D, Voon KK, Shum PP, Humbert G, Auguste JL, Dinh XQ, Yong KT, Olivo M. Highly sensitive SERS detection and quantification of sialic acid on single cell using photonic-crystal fiber with gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:227-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sun H, Olsen T, Zhu J, Tao J, Ponnaiya B, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ, Lin Q. A Bead-Based Microfluidic Approach to Integrated Single-Cell Gene Expression Analysis by Quantitative RT-PCR. RSC Adv 2015; 5:4886-4893. [PMID: 25883782 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analysis at the single-cell level is critical to understanding variations among cells in heterogeneous populations. Microfluidic reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is well suited to gene expression assays of single cells. We present a microfluidic approach that integrates all functional steps for RT-qPCR of a single cell, including isolation and lysis of the cell, as well as purification, reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR of messenger RNA in the cell lysate. In this approach, all reactions in the multi-step assay of a single lysed cell can be completed on microbeads, thereby simplifying the design, fabrication and operation of the microfluidic device, as well as facilitating the minimization of sample loss or contamination. In the microfluidic device, a single cell is isolated and lysed; mRNA in the cell lysate is then analyzed by RT-qPCR using primers immobilized on microbeads in a single microchamber whose temperature is controlled in closed loop via an integrated heater and temperature sensor. The utility of the approach was demonstrated by the analysis of the effects of the drug (methyl methanesulfonate, MMS) on the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (CDKN1A) in single human cancer cells (MCF-7), demonstrating the potential of our approach for efficient, integrated single-cell RT-qPCR for gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Olsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Mammalian skin research represents the convergence of three complementary disciplines: cell biology, mouse genetics, and dermatology. The skin provides a paradigm for current research in cell adhesion, inflammation, and tissue stem cells. Here, I discuss recent insights into the cell biology of skin. Single-cell analysis has revealed that human epidermal stem cells are heterogeneous and differentiate in response to multiple extrinsic signals. Live-cell imaging, optogenetics, and cell ablation experiments show skin cells to be remarkably dynamic. High-throughput, genome-wide approaches have yielded unprecedented insights into the circuitry that controls epidermal stem cell fate. Last, integrative biological analysis of human skin disorders has revealed unexpected functions for elements of the skin that were previously considered purely structural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Abstract
Complement is traditionally known to be a system of serum proteins that provide protection against pathogens through direct cell lysis and the mobilization of innate and adaptive immunity. However, recent work indicates that the complement system has additional physiological roles beyond those in host defence. In this Opinion article, we describe the new modes and locations of complement activation that enable it to interact with other cell effector systems, such as growth factor receptors, inflammasomes and metabolic pathways. We propose that the location of complement activation dictates its function.
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Kegelman TP, Das SK, Emdad L, Hu B, Menezes ME, Bhoopathi P, Wang XY, Pellecchia M, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Targeting tumor invasion: the roles of MDA-9/Syntenin. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:97-112. [PMID: 25219541 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.959495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma differentiation-associated gene - 9 (MDA-9)/Syntenin has become an increasingly popular focus for investigation in numerous cancertypes. Originally implicated in melanoma metastasis, it has diverse cellular roles and is consistently identified as a regulator of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. As a potential target for inhibiting some of the most lethal aspects of cancer progression, further insight into the function of MDA-9/Syntenin is mandatory. AREAS COVERED Recent literature and seminal articles were reviewed to summarize the latest collective understanding of MDA-9/Syntenin's role in normal and cancerous settings. Insights into its participation in developmental processes are included, as is the functional significance of the N- and C-terminals and PDZ domains of MDA-9/Syntenin. Current reports highlight the clinical significance of MDA-9/Syntenin expression level in a variety of cancers, often correlating directly with reduced patient survival. Also presented are assessments of roles of MDA-9/Syntenin in cancer progression as well as its functions as an intracellular adapter molecule. EXPERT OPINION Multiple studies demonstrate the importance of MDA-9/Syntenin in tumor invasion and progression. Through the use of novel drug design approaches, this protein may provide a worthwhile therapeutic target. As many conventional therapies do not address, or even enhance, tumor invasion, an anti-invasive approach would be a worthwhile addition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Richmond, VA , USA
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Early lineage restriction in temporally distinct populations of Mesp1 progenitors during mammalian heart development. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:829-40. [PMID: 25150979 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac development arises from two sources of mesoderm progenitors, the first heart field (FHF) and the second (SHF). Mesp1 has been proposed to mark the most primitive multipotent cardiac progenitors common for both heart fields. Here, using clonal analysis of the earliest prospective cardiovascular progenitors in a temporally controlled manner during early gastrulation, we found that Mesp1 progenitors consist of two temporally distinct pools of progenitors restricted to either the FHF or the SHF. FHF progenitors were unipotent, whereas SHF progenitors were either unipotent or bipotent. Microarray and single-cell PCR with reverse transcription analysis of Mesp1 progenitors revealed the existence of molecularly distinct populations of Mesp1 progenitors, consistent with their lineage and regional contribution. Together, these results provide evidence that heart development arises from distinct populations of unipotent and bipotent cardiac progenitors that independently express Mesp1 at different time points during their specification, revealing that the regional segregation and lineage restriction of cardiac progenitors occur very early during gastrulation.
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58
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Tan KKB, Salgado G, Connolly JE, Chan JKY, Lane EB. Characterization of fetal keratinocytes, showing enhanced stem cell-like properties: a potential source of cells for skin reconstruction. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:324-38. [PMID: 25254345 PMCID: PMC4175556 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells have been in clinical application as a source of culture-generated grafts. Although applications for such cells are increasing due to aging populations and the greater incidence of diabetes, current keratinocyte grafting technology is limited by immunological barriers and the time needed for culture amplification. We studied the feasibility of using human fetal skin cells for allogeneic transplantation and showed that fetal keratinocytes have faster expansion times, longer telomeres, lower immunogenicity indicators, and greater clonogenicity with more stem cell indicators than adult keratinocytes. The fetal cells did not induce proliferation of T cells in coculture and were able to suppress the proliferation of stimulated T cells. Nevertheless, fetal keratinocytes could stratify normally in vitro. Experimental transplantation of fetal keratinocytes in vivo seeded on an engineered plasma scaffold yielded a well-stratified epidermal architecture and showed stable skin regeneration. These results support the possibility of using fetal skin cells for cell-based therapeutic grafting. Properties of fetal and adult keratinocytes are compared in tissue culture and grafts Fetal skin cells can be engrafted and show stable human-to-mouse skin regeneration Fetal keratinocytes are stem cell rich and need no differentiation before grafting Fetal keratinocytes are able to suppress proliferation of stimulated T cells in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K B Tan
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Giorgiana Salgado
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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59
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Kretzschmar K, Watt FM. Markers of epidermal stem cell subpopulations in adult mammalian skin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:cshperspect.a013631. [PMID: 24993676 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost layer of mammalian skin and comprises a multilayered epithelium, the interfollicular epidermis, with associated hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and eccrine sweat glands. As in other epithelia, adult stem cells within the epidermis maintain tissue homeostasis and contribute to repair of tissue damage. The bulge of hair follicles, where DNA-label-retaining cells reside, was traditionally regarded as the sole epidermal stem cell compartment. However, in recent years multiple stem cell populations have been identified. In this review, we discuss the different stem cell compartments of adult murine and human epidermis, the markers that they express, and the assays that are used to characterize epidermal stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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60
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Blumenberg M. Skinomics: past, present and future for diagnostic microarray studies in dermatology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:885-94. [PMID: 24151852 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.846827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Easily accessible, skin was among the first targets analyzed using 'omics' and dermatology embraced the approaches very early. Microarrays have been used to define disease markers, identify transcriptional changes and even trace the course of treatment. Melanoma and psoriasis have been explored using microarrays. Particularly noteworthy is the multinational mapping of psoriasis susceptibility loci. The transcriptional changes in psoriasis have been identified using hundreds of biopsies. Epidermal keratinocytes have been studied because they respond to UV light, infections, inflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines, toxins and so on. Epidermal differentiation genes are being characterized and are expressed in human epidermal stem cells. Exciting discoveries defining human skin microbiomes have opened a new field of research with great medical potential. Specific to dermatology, the non-invasive skin sampling for microarray studies, using tape stripping, has been developed; it promises to advance dermatology toward 'omics' techniques directly applicable to the personalized medicine of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, the NYU Cancer Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, NYU School of Medicine, 455 First Avenue, P.H.B. Room 874, New York NY 10016, USA
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61
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Ma Y, Neubauer MP, Thiele J, Fery A, Huck WTS. Artificial microniches for probing mesenchymal stem cell fate in 3D. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1661-1671. [PMID: 32481947 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics is combined with bio-orthogonal thiol-ene click chemistry to fabricate micrometer-sized, monodisperse fibrinogen-containing hyaluronic acid hydrogel microbeads in a mild, radical-free procedure in the presence of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The gel beads serve as microniches for the 3D culture of single hMSCs, containing hyaluronic acid and additional fibrinogen for cell surface binding, and they are porous and stable in tissue culture medium for up to 4 weeks with mechanical properties right in the range of soft solid tissues (0.9-9.2 kPa). The encapsulation procedure results in 70% viable hMSCs in the microbeads after 24 hours of culture and a very high degree of viability of the cells after long term culture of 2 weeks. hMSCs embedded in the microniches display an overall rounded morphology, consistent with those previously observed in 3D culture. Upon induction, the multipotency and differentiation potential of the hMSCs are characterized by staining of corresponding biomarkers, demonstrating a clear heterogeneity in the cell population. These hydrogel microbeads represent a versatile microstructured material platform with great potential for studying the differences of material cues and soluble factors in stem cell differentiation in a 3D tissue-like environment at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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62
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Bogdan P, Deasy BM, Gharaibeh B, Roehrs T, Marculescu R. Heterogeneous structure of stem cells dynamics: statistical models and quantitative predictions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4826. [PMID: 24769917 PMCID: PMC4001100 DOI: 10.1038/srep04826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding stem cell (SC) population dynamics is essential for developing models that can be used in basic science and medicine, to aid in predicting cells fate. These models can be used as tools e.g. in studying patho-physiological events at the cellular and tissue level, predicting (mal)functions along the developmental course, and personalized regenerative medicine. Using time-lapsed imaging and statistical tools, we show that the dynamics of SC populations involve a heterogeneous structure consisting of multiple sub-population behaviors. Using non-Gaussian statistical approaches, we identify the co-existence of fast and slow dividing subpopulations, and quiescent cells, in stem cells from three species. The mathematical analysis also shows that, instead of developing independently, SCs exhibit a time-dependent fractal behavior as they interact with each other through molecular and tactile signals. These findings suggest that more sophisticated models of SC dynamics should view SC populations as a collective and avoid the simplifying homogeneity assumption by accounting for the presence of more than one dividing sub-population, and their multi-fractal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bogdan
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2560, USA [2]
| | - Bridget M Deasy
- 1] CellStock, Pittsburgh, PA 15237, USA [2] McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine of UPMC and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA [3]
| | - Burhan Gharaibeh
- 1] Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213, USA [2] Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA [3]
| | - Timo Roehrs
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine of UPMC and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Radu Marculescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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63
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Nuutila K, Katayama S, Vuola J, Kankuri E. Human Wound-Healing Research: Issues and Perspectives for Studies Using Wide-Scale Analytic Platforms. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:264-271. [PMID: 24761360 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Revealing the basic mechanisms in the healing process and then regulating these processes for faster healing or to avoid negative outcomes such as infection or scarring are fundamental to wound research. The normal healing process is basically known, but to thoroughly understand the very complex aspects involved, it is necessary to characterize the course of events at a higher resolution with the latest molecular techniques and methodologies. Recent Advances: Various animal models are used in wound-healing research. Rodent and pig models are the ones most often used, probably because of pre-existing sophisticated research methodologies and as the proper care and ethical use of these species are highly developed and organized to serve science throughout the world. Critical Issues: Since several animal models are used, their anatomical and physiological differences varyingly affect the translation of results on healing mechanisms. Hence, to avoid species-specific misinformation, more ways to study wound healing directly in humans are needed. Future Directions: Fortunately, novel techniques have enabled high-end molecular-level research even from small samples of tissue. Since these methods require only a small amount of patient skin, they make it possible to study wound healing directly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristo Nuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jyrki Vuola
- Helsinki Burn Center, Töölö Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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64
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HGF accelerates wound healing by promoting the dedifferentiation of epidermal cells through β1-integrin/ILK pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2013:470418. [PMID: 24490163 PMCID: PMC3899705 DOI: 10.1155/2013/470418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a critical and complex biological process after trauma. This process is activated by signaling pathways of both epithelial and nonepithelial cells, which release a myriad of different cytokines and growth factors. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine known to play multiple roles during the various stages of wound healing. This study evaluated the benefits of HGF on reepithelialization during wound healing and investigated its mechanisms of action. Gross and histological results showed that HGF significantly accelerated reepithelialization in diabetic (DB) rats. HGF increased the expressions of the cell adhesion molecules β1-integrin and the cytoskeleton remodeling protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in epidermal cells in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of ILK gene expression by RNA interference reduced expression of β1-integrin, ILK, and c-met in epidermal cells, concomitantly decreasing the proliferation and migration ability of epidermal cells. β1-Integrin can be an important maker of poorly differentiated epidermal cells. Therefore, these data demonstrate that epidermal cells become poorly differentiated state and regained some characteristics of epidermal stem cells under the role of HGF after wound. Taken together, the results provide evidence that HGF can accelerate reepithelialization in skin wound healing by dedifferentiation of epidermal cells in a manner related to the β1-integrin/ILK pathway.
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66
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Nowell C, Radtke F. Cutaneous Notch signaling in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a017772. [PMID: 24296353 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of the skin are dependent on myriad signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cellular processes. In cutaneous epithelial cells, the Notch cascade plays a central role in ensuring that proliferation and differentiation are coordinated appropriately, a function that it imparts during both ontogeny and homeostasis. Aberrations of the Notch signaling pathway result in severe abnormalities in the epidermis and its appendages and cause functional defects such as perturbed barrier function. In addition, impaired Notch signaling is associated with diseases of the skin such as atopy and cancer. The pathology associated with aberrant cutaneous Notch signaling reflects the complex mechanisms underpinning its function in this tissue and involves both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of Notch signaling in the skin during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Nowell
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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67
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Padovan-Merhar O, Raj A. Using variability in gene expression as a tool for studying gene regulation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:751-9. [PMID: 23996796 PMCID: PMC4561544 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of quantitative tools for measuring gene expression in single cells, researchers have made the discovery that in many contexts, messenger RNA and protein levels can vary widely from cell to cell, often because of inherently stochastic events associated with gene expression. The study of this cellular individuality has become a field of study in its own right, characterized by a blend of technological development, theoretical analysis, and, more recently, applications to biological phenomena. In this review, we focus on the use of the variability inherent to gene expression as a tool to understand gene regulation. We discuss the use of variability as a natural systems-level perturbation, its use in quantitatively characterizing the biological processes underlying transcription, and its application to the discovery of new gene regulatory interactions. We believe that use of variability can provide new biological insights into different aspects of transcriptional control and can provide a powerful complementary approach to that of existing techniques.
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68
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Yamamoto H, Fara AF, Dasgupta P, Kemper C. CD46: the 'multitasker' of complement proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2808-20. [PMID: 24120647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement is undeniably quintessential for innate immunity by detecting and eliminating infectious microorganisms. Recent work, however, highlights an equally profound impact of complement on the induction and regulation of a wide range of immune cells. In particular, the complement regulator CD46 emerges as a key sensor of immune activation and a vital modulator of adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CD46-mediated signalling events and their functional consequences on immune-competent cells with a specific focus on those in CD4(+) T cells. We will also discuss the promises and challenges that potential therapeutic modulation of CD46 may hold and pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; The Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundations Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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69
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Dallaglio K, Petrachi T, Marconi A, Truzzi F, Lotti R, Saltari A, Morandi P, Puviani M, Maiorana A, Roop DR, Pincelli C. Isolation and characterization of squamous cell carcinoma-derived stem-like cells: role in tumor formation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19540-55. [PMID: 24077125 PMCID: PMC3821572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In human epidermis, keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) are characterized by high levels of β1-integrin, resulting in the rapid adhesion to type IV collagen. Since epithelial tumors originate from KSC, we evaluated the features of rapidly adhering (RAD) keratinocytes derived from primary human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (cSCC). RAD cells expressed higher levels of survivin, a KSC marker, as compared to non-rapidly adhering (NRAD) cells. Moreover, RAD cells proliferated to a greater extent and were more efficient in forming colonies than NRAD cells. RAD cells also migrated significantly better than NRAD cells. When seeded in a silicone chamber and grafted onto the back skin of NOD SCID mice, RAD cells formed tumors 2–4 fold bigger than those derived from NRAD cells. In tumors derived from RAD cells, the mitotic index was significantly higher than in those derived from NRAD cells, while Ki-67 and survivin expression were more pronounced in RAD tumors. This study suggests that SCC RAD stem cells play a critical role in the formation and development of epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Dallaglio
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Tiziana Petrachi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Truzzi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Roberta Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Morandi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Mario Puviani
- Ospedale Civile di Sassuolo, Via Francesco Ruini, 2, 41049 Sassuolo (MO), Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Laboratories and Pathologic Anatomy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; E-Mails: (K.D.); (T.P.); (A.M.); (F.T.); (R.L.); (A.S.); (P.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-59-422-2812; Fax: +39-59-422-4271
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Solanas G, Benitah SA. Regenerating the skin: a task for the heterogeneous stem cell pool and surrounding niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:737-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Williams SE, Fuchs E. Oriented divisions, fate decisions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:749-58. [PMID: 24021274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During development, the establishment of proper tissue architecture depends upon the coordinated control of cell divisions not only in space and time, but also direction. Execution of an oriented cell division requires establishment of an axis of polarity and alignment of the mitotic spindle along this axis. Frequently, the cleavage plane also segregates fate determinants, either unequally or equally between daughter cells, the outcome of which is either an asymmetric or symmetric division, respectively. The last few years have witnessed tremendous growth in understanding both the extrinsic and intrinsic cues that position the mitotic spindle, the varied mechanisms in which the spindle orientation machinery is controlled in diverse organisms and organ systems, and the manner in which the division axis influences the signaling pathways that direct cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Watt FM, Huck WTS. Role of the extracellular matrix in regulating stem cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:467-73. [PMID: 23839578 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of stem cells and regenerative medicine offers considerable promise as a means of delivering new treatments for a wide range of diseases. In order to maximize the effectiveness of cell-based therapies - whether stimulating expansion of endogenous cells or transplanting cells into patients - it is essential to understand the environmental (niche) signals that regulate stem cell behaviour. One of those signals is from the extracellular matrix (ECM). New technologies have offered insights into how stem cells sense signals from the ECM and how they respond to these signals at the molecular level, which ultimately regulate their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, London, UK.
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